muscle use during exercise: a comparison of conventional ... · a comparison of conventional weight...

Muscle Use During Exercise:A Comparison of ConventionalWeight Equipment to Pilates Withand Without a Resistive ExerciseDevice Jerrold S. Petrofsky, PhD, JDAmy Morris, BSJulie Bonacci, BSAshley HansonRachel Jorritsma, BSJennifer Hill, BS

Department of Physical Therapy, Azusa Pacific University, Azusa, CaliforniaDepartment of Physical Therapy, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California

Vol. 5, No. 1, 2005 • The Journal of Applied Research160

endurance training, resulted in onlyminimal muscle activity in core muscles(abdominal and paraspinal muscles)compared to exercise on commercialweight lifting equipment. However, theaddition of the resistive device toPilates exercise, increased the workloadsubstantially, such that exercise duringPilates was equivalent to a mediumintensity workout on commercial weightlifting equipment. However, unlike com-mercial exercise equipment, Pilates andthe resistive device exercised multiplemuscle groups simultaneously andthereby provided a more efficient work-out than commercial weight liftingequipment. The resistive device alsorestricted adverse movement at thejoints during exercise making exercisesmoother and safer.

INTRODUCTIONPhysical inactivity is a predisposing fac-tor to obesity. A key issue in obesity is

KEY WO R D S : e x e r c i s e, e x e r t i o n ,P i l a t e s, E M G, m u s c l e

ABSTRACTSix subjects between the ages of 18 and30 years old were examined to compareuse of the quadriceps, hamstring, gluteusmaximus, hip abductor, hip adductor,abdominal, gastrocnemius andparaspinal muscles as assessed by elec-tromyogram (EMG). Muscle use wasmeasured during all forms of exerciseand exercise using conventional weightlifting equipment was compared to exer-cise during Pilates with and without aresistive device called the “Zone PilatesSculpter” (Savvier LP, Santa Fe Springs,Calif). The ability of the Pilates deviceto restrict movement in adverse direc-tions and thereby, reduce potentialinjuries during exercise was alsoassessed. The results of the experimentsshowed that Pilates, while good for

Petrofsky3-vol5no1 3/19/05 11:43 AM 60

The Journal of Applied Research • Vol. 5, No. 1, 2005 161

that it is highly correlated with inflam-mation in the entire body.2 Adipogenesisis a highly regulated process and, withexcess adipose tissue in the body, hor-monal responses increase inflammatorycytokines.3-5 Chronic inflammation asso-ciated with obesity eventually leads todisorders such as diabetes.6,7

Simply reducing weight throughdieting, while increasing the uptake ofglucose in muscle,8 is not the bestanswer to the problem of obesity. Whiledieting increases thermogenesis9 andoxygen consumption,10 exercise and diet-ing together cause a twenty-four hourincrease in metabolism and a reductionin inflammation in the body.10-13

Unfortunately, for people with dis-abilities or the elderly, reducing caloricintake coupled with heavy exercise forweight loss14-16 is difficult due to physicallimitations.17 Because of the limitationsin rehabilitation due to age, back andknee injuries, a number of investigatorshave used Pilates as an exercise modali-ty.18,19 Pilates is a form of exercise thatoriginally involved low-impact floor andmat exercises without equipment.Subsequently, while some Pilates haveremained in this pure form, others havemodified Pilates exercise with the useequipment. Pilates has been used both inoutpatient settings and in acute hospitalsettings.17 Pilates has been tried aloneand in combination with manipulation.20

While Pilates has increased in popularity(10 years ago 5,000 people wereinvolved in Pilates; today the number is

over 5 million),21 muscle strengtheningwith Pilates, while acceptable, is not asextensive as that seen after weight liftingexercise.22

Thus, while strength-training exer-cise is useful for building musclestrength, and aerobic exercise is usefulfor building endurance, in many cases,people with disabilities are unable toperform either of these exercises. In con-trast, Pilates, without the use of equip-ment, increases cardiovascular fitnessand the range of motion of joints, butdoes not provide adequate strengthtraining compared to commercial weightlifting equipment.

An intermediary between the twotypes of exercise (Pilates and commer-cial weight lifting equipment) is a typeof Pilates called Zone Pilates. In ZonePilates, a light resistive band is used tokeep the joints in alignment during exer-cise and to provide resistance. The pres-ent investigation was conducted toexamine the effects of such a resistiveband on muscle use compared to Pilateswithout a resistive band and to commer-cial exercise equipment.

SUBJECTSThe 6 subjects were male (4) and female(2) aged 18 to 35 years old. All subjectswere fit and free of any cardiovascular,neuromuscular, or orthopedic injuries.All methods and procedures wereexplained to each subject who thensigned a statement of Informed Consentapproved by the Human Review

Table 1. General Characteristics of Subjects (group average)

Age (years) Height (cm) Weight (kg)

Mean 25.3 169.9 69.8SD 1.5 6.7 9.6

Male, n = 4; female, n=2

Petrofsky3-vol5no1 3/19/05 11:43 AM Page 161

Committee at Azusa Pacific University.The general characteristics of the sub-jects are shown in Table 1 including theiraverage age, height, and weight.

METHODSDetermination of Muscle ActivityMuscle activity was determined throughthe use of the electromyogram (EMG).The electromyogram represents aninterference pattern that reflects the

activity of the underlying muscle.23 Sincethe relationship between tension andEMG is linear,24,25 the electromyogramwas used to assess movement. Muscleactivity was assessed by determining themaximum EMG of the muscle during amaximal effort and then, during anyexercise, assessing the percent of maxi-mum EMG to calculate the percent ofmaximum muscle activity that wasused.25,26 Two electrodes were applied,one on the belly of the muscle and one 2cm distal to the belly for any given mus-cle. A third electrode, the ground, wasattached within 4 cm of the 2 activeelectrodes. The electrical output fromthe muscle was amplified with a biopo-tential amplifier whose frequencyresponse was flat from DC to 1000 Hzand amplified with a gain of 5000(Biopac Incorporated, Santa Barbara,Calif). The amplified EMG was digitizedwith an analog to digital converter (12bit) and sampled at a frequency of 2000


Figure 1. Measurement of maximum musclestrength in the hip adductors during manualresistance applied by one of the researchpersonnel.

Figure 2. A study participant engaged insquatting exercises with the resistive deviceplaced around the knees. EMG activity wasmeasured from 8 muscle groups.

Figure 3. A study participant engaged in hipadduction against the resistive device usedin the study. EMG was measured from 8 mus-cle groups.



samples per second and stored on anIBM Pentium 4 Digital Computer. Thedigitizer was an MP100 (BiopacIncorporated, Santa Barbara, Calif). Theamplitude of the EMG was analyzed bytaking the absolute value of the digitizeddata and then calculating the root meansquare value of the EMG.

Maximum strength was measuredover a three second period by asking thesubject to exert a maximal effort withthe body in a position to isolate eachmuscle being studied (Figure 1).27 Threesuch contractions were exerted with 1minute between contractions. The maxi-mum EMG recorded during the 3 con-tractions was recorded to normalize allEMG data. During exercise, EMG wassampled over a one second period andthe percent of muscle activity wasassessed by dividing the EMG duringexercise by the maximum EMG during amaximal effort. This technique isdescribed elsewhere.28

Resistive Device During Pilates The resistive device used during Pilatesis an oblong ring with a resistive bandincluded. On one part of the band thereis a hinge and by opening the other endof the band, resistance is applied to thebody (Figures 2 and 3). The relationshipbetween band separation and tension isshown in the graph in Figure 4. As seenin Figure 4, the relationship betweentension and stretch obeys Hook’s Lawand provides a linear change in resist-ance with the degree of expansion of theband. To exercise a given muscle, such asthe hip adductors, the band was placedin position on the body (as shown inFigure 3), and the legs would be adduct-ed while EMG was measured.

Commercial Weight Lifting EquipmentBack extensor and flexor, leg abduction-adduction (inner outer thigh machine),abdominal, quadriceps, and hamstringstrength measurements and muscle

Figure 4. The relationship between the distance of separation of the Pilates’ resistive device andforce is illustrated. The relationship, as predicted by Hook’s Law, is slightly non-linear. The regres-sion equation with the second order Polynomial fit is y = 0.1204x2 + 0.1235x – 0.1497. In use, how-ever, the distance used to open the resistive device in actual exercises never exceededapproximately 20 cm and therefore, the device is used in a fairly linear range of resistance ver-sus displacement.



activity during submaximal work wasaccomplished on a Keiser weight liftingsystem (Wilmington, Del). The systemuses compressed air to operate pistonsand to apply resistance during exercise.

PROCEDURESThree series ofexperiments wereperformed on eachsubject. In the firstseries, exercise wasperformed duringPilates and EMGwas sampled. Theexercises chosen areshown in Table 2.The exercises were

performed with and without the resist-ance device and included (as shown inTable 2) a variety of leg exercises involv-ing flexion, extension, abduction, andadduction of the hip.

Table 2. Exercises Performed in Study

Pilates Exercise Machine Exercise

45° squat Quad machine90° squat Quad machineLeft leg adduction Inner outer thighRight leg adduction Inner outer thighLeft hip extension Hamstring machineRight hip extension Hamstring machine

Table 3. Muscle Use Data from Commercial Weight Lifting Equipment as a Percentage ofMaximal Strength*

Exercise Abdominal Paraspinal Quads Hams Hip abs Hip ads Glut Gastroc

Quad low 22.67 24.05 24.85 5.83 8.67 12.19 18.92 3.67

Quad med 18.13 25.54 33.83 7.67 6.83 24.57 20.60 4.83

Quad high 28.60 31.37 49.50 8.67 12.17 27.93 25.48 5.50

Ham low 18.57 30.92 13.00 21.67 15.30 11.46 36.20 11.05

Ham med 26.56 33.40 13.64 29.35 15.75 24.82 40.41 5.50

Ham high 29.17 36.96 16.83 43.57 16.23 29.99 43.76 6.10

Abd low 26.33 6.50 6.00 14.83 8.00 13.12 16.75 6.50

Abd med 34.49 11.87 5.83 9.00 10.00 10.50 7.89 5.83

Abd high 44.00 4.83 4.50 10.00 6.50 7.00 20.89 4.33

Back low 5.00 27.54 7.17 6.50 9.24 8.70 4.67 8.51

Back med 8.50 31.25 6.50 6.50 8.27 7.00 5.83 6.83

Back high 8.83 40.94 7.67 7.47 6.00 7.86 7.50 10.24

*Quads indicates quadriceps; hams, hamstring; hip abs, hip abductor; hip ads, hip adductor; gluts, gluteus maximus;and gastroc, gastrocnemius.



In the second series of experimentson the same subjects, the same muscleswere exercised and assessed, but withthe addition of the rubber exercise band,as previously described. Finally, onceEMG was assessed, exercise was per-formed in a gymnasium on standardexercise equipment (ie, quadriceps andhamstring weight lifting machines) andthe weight applied on each exercisemachine was determined to comparewith the results of EMG activity duringPilates without resistance and withresistance. For the quadriceps machine,the workloads were 9 kg, 15.9 kg, and22.7 kg for light, medium, and heavyloads. The loads on the hamstringmachine were set at 9 kg (light), 13.6 kg(medium), and 18.18 kg (heavy). The

workloads for the abdominal flexionmachine were set somewhat higher at18.1 kg (light), 36.3 kg (medium), and54.5 kg (heavy). Finally, workloads wereset at 22.7 kg (light), 29.5 kg (medium),and 36.3 kg (heavy) for the back exten-sor muscles.

Statistical AnalysisStatistical analysis involved the calcula-tions of means, standard deviations, andt tests. ANOVA was also used to com-pare data between groups. The level ofsignificance was set at P < 0.05.

RESULTSAnalysis of muscle activity was accom-plished on 4 types of commercial exer-cise equipment, a quadriceps machine, a

Table 4. Muscle Use Data from Commercial Weight Lifting Equipment—Standard Deviations

Exercise Abdominals Paraspinals Quads Hams Hip Abs Hip Ads Glut GastrocQuad low 2.25 16.29 1.95 1.47 3.14 6.40 9.24 1.75 Quad med 10.19 11.08 4.40 2.16 2.48 6.73 6.50 2.64

Quad high 15.43 12.65 6.09 2.58 5.56 9.34 6.16 2.43

Ham low 7.81 16.55 5.10 8.84 11.53 6.37 10.33 5.62

Ham med 11.40 13.75 4.24 3.79 7.85 6.91 10.98 1.87

Ham high 6.55 19.48 5.34 24.68 10.96 12.35 9.47 1.87

Abd low 4.18 1.87 1.41 4.17 3.03 8.94 8.23 3.27

Abd med 10.33 1.73 1.72 2.10 6.99 4.32 6.57 1.94

Abd high 6.36 1.47 1.05 4.65 1.87 4.43 13.56 3.33

Back low 1.79 11.65 3.76 1.87 6.18 2.62 2.50 6.49

Back med 2.88 16.02 1.05 1.87 6.86 1.41 1.72 1.60

Back high 2.32 15.02 2.73 1.03 1.79 4.43 2.43 6.23

*Quads indicates quadriceps; hams, hamstring; hip abs, hip abductor; hip ads, hip adductor; gluts, gluteus max-imus; and gastroc, gastrocnemius.



hamstring machine, an abdominal flex-ion machine, and a back extensionmachine, as described under methods.The results of the analysis of EMG ofthe abdominals (abs), paraspinal muscles(erector spinae), quadriceps, hamstring,hip abductors/adductor, gastrocnemius,and gluteus maximus muscles are shownin Tables 3 and 4. Table 3 shows theaverage EMG data, whereas Table 4illustrates the respective standard devia-tions. The exercise was somewhat specif-ic to the type of machine (Table 3). Forexample, exercise on the quadricepsmuscles by leg extension with the lowestweight yielded muscle activity of 24.85%maximum strength. For the mediumload, the muscle activity was 33.83%,and for high loads, it averaged 49.5%.The loads were different on differentmachines. Exercise on each machineshowed a progressive increase in muscleuse associated with an increase in theworkload. However, it was surprisingthat the abdominals and paraspinalswere also active. For example, to lift amedium load on the quadriceps

machine, quadriceps activity was 33.8%of total muscle activity (Table 3). At thesame time, the abdominal flexors were18.1% active and paraspinals 25.54%active. Since the abdominal andparaspinal muscles are agonist/antago-nist pairs, this seems to show an isomet-ric component of the exercise, stabilizingthe core muscles to extend the quadri-ceps muscles. This was also true duringexercise on the quadriceps and ham-string machines.

The EMG activity of the quadriceps,hamstring, gluteus maximus, gastrocne-mius, hip adductors, hip abductors, andthe abdominal and paraspinal muscles isshown in Tables 5 to 9 for exercise usingPilates. The specific exercises performedwere the 45˚ squat, 90˚ squat (Figure 2),left hip adduction (Figure 3), right hipadduction, left hip extension, and righthip extension. Muscle use was minimalduring Pilates exercise as demonstratedby the EMG activity (Table 5, 6). In par-ticular, abdominal activity averaged lessthan 10% of the strength of the musclesduring any of the activities listed in

Table 5. Muscle Use for subjects with No Resistance Band During Pilates Exercise asPercentage of Maximum Activity*

Exercise Abdominal Paraspinal Quads Hams Hip abs Hip ads Glut Gastroc45° squat 23.7 27.7 28.2 4.8 22.1 20.7 27.2 19.1

90° squat 31.2 37.0 37.5 8.2 28.4 30.7 35.2 26.5

Left hipadduction 28.1 31.0 23.8 13.0 16.0 13.8 24.9 21.7

Right hip adduction 24.2 35.1 3.7 11.5 3.8 20.7 34.1 5.3

Left hip extension 29.9 37.4 29.8 12.3 13.0 9.8 24.3 15.2

Right hip extension 32.2 42.7 21.7 20.6 13.2 12.6 48.5 11.5




Table 5. However, some muscles didbecome active in specific exercises. Themost difficult exercise was the 90˚ squat,in which case the quadriceps muscleswere approximately 40% active (Table5,6). Thus for the 6 subjects shown inthese experiments, normal extension androtation of the hip (hip adduction, hipabduction, and hip extension) showedlittle muscle activity during standardPilates exercises. Only when there was asignificant load on the muscle, such asduring the 90˚ squat, did muscle activityincrease to higher levels.

This was not the result when theresistance band was added. When theresistive band was stretched from 0 cmto 40 cm, there was almost a linear rela-tionship between load and the distancestretched (Figure 7). There was a slightnon-linearity at higher loads, althoughthis fits Hooks Law of elasticity.However, the maximum distance thatwas used to stretch the band during nor-mal exercise was not even half this

amount (Table 7). For example, duringleft hip abduction to a 45˚ angle of thehip, the total stretch of the bands wasonly 21 cm. This puts the band in the lin-ear range of force versus stretch andremoves the non-linearity’s that are nor-mally seen with any elastic structureunder Hook’s Law. As shown in thistable, the greatest degree of stretch inthe band was for hip adduction followedvery closely by hip extension. Bandmovement was very slight during 45˚and 90˚ squats. Thus, for example, theforce exerted on the legs during a lefthip abduction for a typical subject is 12kg, whereas the force averaged approxi-mately 10.5 kg for hip extension. Theforce exerted on legs during squats aver-aged 4.6 kg for a 45˚ squat and 5.5 kg fora 90˚ squat.

Forty-five degree and 90˚ squats, ascited above, have their own inherentworkload placed on the body because ofthe fact that body alignment is from theneutral position where weight is born by

Table 6. Standard Deviation of Muscle Use for Subjects with No Resistance Band DuringPilate Exercise*


45° squat 4.5 6.9 7.4 2.9 9.3 2.8 7.0 3.7

90° squat 4.3 3.2 13.4 4.9 6.7 6.1 3.9 11.8

Left hip adduction 4.6 6.4 3.6 4.3 3.8 7.2 3.4 2.6







the joints (Table 8). Weight bearing is nolonger down the axis of the bones andweight must be compensated for at thehips, knees, abdominal area, and backthrough muscle activity. Therefore, this

exercise provides a good form of exer-cise. The bands reduce the amount ofabductor/adductor activity; so withabductor/adductor activity low, the fol-lowing conclusion can be drawn: it isobvious that there is more stability dur-ing the exercise provided by the bandsthan was achieved by voluntary controlof joints, since muscles are not necessaryto stabilize the joints (Table 8).

The results of muscle use duringPilates without resistance bands areshown in Table 6, and the standard devi-ations are shown in Table 7. The averagemuscle use of the subjects with theresistance bands for Pilates is shown inTable 8 and the standard deviations forthese measurements are shown in Table9. Muscle use during the 45˚ and 90˚squat showed significantly higher use inthe quadriceps, paraspinals, abdominals,gluteus maximus, and gastrocnemiusmuscles in the 90˚ squat compared to the45˚ squat (P < 0.05) (Tables 8 and 9).The activity of the quadriceps muscles

Table 7. Forces Applied by a TypicalSubject During Exercise with Resistive Band

Exercise Distance (cm) Force (kg)45° squat 4.5 4.6

90° squat 6.5 5.5

Left hip adduction 21.5 12.0

Right hip adduction 21.0 11.8

Left hip extension 17.5 10.3

Right hip extension 18.5 10.7

Table 8. Muscle Use for Subjects with Resistance Band During Pilates Exercise as Percentageof Muscle Strength*


45° squat 27.1 29.5 27.2 3.3 11.2 11.3 29.0 22.1

90° squat 36.8 42.1 40.4 4.7 9.6 12.6 39.4 29.4








corresponded to the load on the quadri-ceps leg extension machine (commercialweight trainer) with equivalent activitybetween the low and medium load set-tings for the 45˚ squat and was equiva-lent to almost the highest load that weexamined for the 90˚ squat. Therefore,abdominal and paraspinal activity, dur-ing the 90˚ squat without resistance, washigher than that seen on the commercialweight lifting equipment during quadri-ceps activity, but less than during activityon the abdominal exercising machine.

When resistance was added duringsquat exercises with the Pilates resist-ance device, intensity of muscle activityincreased in the abdominal, paraspinal,and quadriceps muscles, while it did notaffect the hamstring muscles. The activi-ty in the hip abductors/adductors wasreduced by over 50%. Gluteus maximusactivity and gastrocnemius activityshowed no significant difference (P >0.05). In other words, the resistive deviceincreased the workload slightly on thequadriceps and abdominal muscles andseemed to stabilize the hip joint, butlowered activity on the hip abductors

and adductors (Tables 8 and 9).The muscle use during left and right

hip abduction and adduction with andwithout the use of the Pilates resistancedevice are also shown (Tables 8 and 9).For example, when performing Pilateswith no resistance, the muscle use forthe abdominals and paraspinals stillremained somewhat high, but was notstatistically different from that used tostabilize the core during squats (P >0.05). With electrodes on the right sideof the body, when the left hip wasadducted, quadriceps activity averaged23.8% of total muscle activity, this beingequivalent to the lowest workload onthe quadriceps leg extension machine.Hamstring activity was low, but hipabduction and adduction showed lowlevels of activity, while gluteus maximusactivity was high to help stabilize thebody. In contrast, when the opposite legwas adducted, abdominal and paraspinalactivity again remained at about 25%with quadriceps activity no longer need-ed, while to extend the leg the hipabductors activity increased to about20% of total muscle activity. Gluteus

Table 9. Standard Deviation of Muscle Use for Subjects with Resistance Band During Pilates Exercise*


45° squat 4.7 5.3 4.3 6.7 5.1 7.3 8.2 5.1

90° squat 7.2 6.4 5.9 5.5 3.7 7.1 5.2 5.3








maximus muscle activity also increasedto 34.1% of total muscle activity, where-as the gastrocnemius muscle was quies-cent because of its lack of use on theextended leg. In contrast, once the resis-tive device was added, muscle activitychanged (Tables 8 and 9). Since theresistance device provided resistance toadduction, the increased workloadcaused increased activity in theparaspinals and abdominal muscles(Tables 8 and 9). For example, duringright hip abduction, (the side the elec-trodes were on) muscle activity rangedfrom 24% with no resistive device to45.0% when the resistive device wasused, more than doubling of muscleactivity. This also was true of theparaspinal muscles. Quadriceps musclesalso worked harder during left hipabduction, and hip abductors and adduc-tors doubled their activity during theexercise. Gluteus maximus muscle activi-ty increased by approximately 25%, asdid the gastrocnemius muscle. Thus, theoverall effect of adding a resistive devicewas to increase workload dramaticallyduring hip adduction on both the leftand right side of the body. It should benoted that with the resistance device forright hip abduction, the abdominal mus-cle activity was equal to the highestabdominal exercise used on the com-mercial gym equipment. Thus, the use ofthe resistive device provided a substan-tial increase in the level of workoutequivalent to that of a heavy workouton commercial gym equipment, at leastfor the abdominal and paraspinal mus-cles.

Data was also collected showingmuscle activity during left hip extensionand right hip extension. Again here,electrodes were on the right leg.Quadriceps were more active during lefthip extension than right hip extensionbecause when the left hip was extended,the right quadriceps were used to helpstabilize the body. Therefore, 29.8% of

the quadriceps was active. Further, dur-ing left and right extension, there wassignificant activity in the abdominalsand paraspinal muscles, amounting toabout one-third maximum strength ofthe muscles as shown in the tables. Thegastrocnemius muscle was slightly activeto stabilize the lower leg but was barelyused during these exercises. The greatestactivity in the gastrocnemius was duringleft hip extension since the gastrocne-mius muscle was used to help stabilizethe fixed leg.

The change in muscle use for exer-cise involving left and right hip exten-sion with the Pilates resistance band isshown in Table 8. With the resistanceband applied, there was a significant (P< 0.01) increase in activity in the gluteusmaximus, abdominal muscles,paraspinals, quadriceps muscles, andhamstring muscles. The hipabductor/adductors had only a smallincrease in activity whereas for the othermuscles, there was a much largerincrease in muscle activity. Obviously,for the side of body not involved in theexercise, there was still an increase inmuscle activity but the increase was lessthan during active exercise. For example,when comparing the right hip extensionwith no resistance, the EMG activity forthe gluteus maximus muscle on the righthip was 48.5% of total muscle activity(Table 6). Muscle activity increased to71.5% with the resistive band applied.Abdominal muscle activity, with theband applied, was over 40% of totalactivity. On the commercial weight lift-ing equipment, abdominal crunchmachine, this is equivalent to a resist-ance of 54.5 kg. Thus, with the resistanceadded during Pilates, muscle activity forthe abdominals, paraspinals, gluteusmaximus muscles, and hamstring mus-cles was equivalent to workouts exceed-ing 50 kg on commercial weight liftingequipment. The difference, however, wason the weight lifting equipment where



the exercise was fairly specific for themuscle being tested whereas duringPilates exercise was seen on all 8 mus-cles groups examined here.

However, during hip adduction/abduction and extension/flexion, theadditional load caused substantialincreases in EMG activity. This is notsurprising since the resistance band wasplaced halfway between the hip jointand the knee. As such then, by placingthe resistance further away from theactual hip, the body had to work againsta lever arm to extend the band.Therefore, the resistance of the bandwas amplified providing average muscleactivity for the hip abductors of 44.3%(Table 8) compared to 13% with noband being used (Table 6). Thus exercisewas substantially higher in intensityusing the band for the exercises exam-ined here.

Probably the best example of thehigh work levels being accomplished isto compare exercise on conventionalweight lifting equipment to exercise withPilates. Lifting 3 progressive loads dur-ing quadriceps leg extension, hamstringflexion, and other exercise, as shown inTable 4, established an equivalent work-load to compare Pilates against. Muscleactivity during Pilates with the bandswas equivalent to the medium weightlevel on commercial exercise equipment.However, as noted in Table 4, most ofthe muscles were quiescent on thesepieces of equipment except for the mus-cle being studied, ie, a quadricepsmachine exercised the quadriceps mus-cle. In performing Pilates with a resistiveband, all muscles were active, providinga more balanced workout for more mus-cle groups than provided on one pieceof commercial exercise equipmentalone.

DISCUSSIONIt has been estimated in a recent maga-zine article in Newsweek that over 5 mil-

lion people are using Pilates for exercisein the United States.21 Harvard’sWomen’s Health Watch promotesPilates as a good, safe method for exer-cise and conditioning.22 Chiropractorshave also promoted Pilates for the treat-ment of adult scoliosis.20 Pilates has alsobeen used with acutely ill hospitalizedadults.17 While Pilates has been effectivefor treating lower back pain and otherdisorders,18 it provides only minimalresistance exercise.17 Without resistanceduring exercise, aerobic demand is notat a high enough level to reduce inflam-matory cytokines, and increase wholebody metabolism for weight control.29,10,13 Thus to reduce leptin and reducecytokines, heavier exercise is necessary.30

In the present investigation, the use of aresistive device during Pilates increasedthe workload dramatically. The work-load for Pilates alone in the presentinvestigation was very light averaging20% of the total muscle activity for thehamstring, quadriceps, and gluteus max-imus muscles respectively. With the addi-tion of resistive bands, the workloaddramatically increased by at least 50%.This increase in muscle activity, in turn,will be beneficial for weight loss, muscleconditioning (firming, toning, andstrength conditioning), and reducinginflammatory cytokines associated withdiabetes and obesity. When compared toconventional weight lifting equipment,the exercise load is moderate. Muchheavier activity in muscles can be seenwith the use of conventional weight lift-ing equipment as shown in the presentinvestigation, but such heavy loadswould be detrimental to patients withdisabilities or individuals wishing to sim-ply increase aerobic fitness and muscletone. Commercial weight lifting equip-ment generally causes an increase inmuscle strength and hypertrophy inmuscle without aerobic conditioning.31

Therefore, the goals of lifting with con-ventional weight lifting equipment are



very different than that of aerobic exer-cise. By adding a resistive device toPilates, aerobic exercise can be done at amuch greater level and should increasemuscle tone more effectively thanPilates without the resistance device.

An added benefit of the resistivedevice is that by using an oblong resis-tive device that can circumvent the limb,the joints are stabilized and kept inalignment during exercise (ie, helps toguide the user through the movement).From an orthopedic standpoint, thisplaces less stress on knees, hips, andankle joints as well as upper body joints,so that there is less chance of injury. Thepresent investigation then, showed amarked advantage in using this deviceduring Pilates.

REFERENCES1. Tremblay MS, Willms JD. Is the Canadian

childhood obesity epidemic related to physi-cal inactivity? Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord.2003;27(9):1100-1105.

2. Harp JB. New insights into inhibitors of adi-pogenesis. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2004;15(3):303-307.

3. Bray GA. Medical consequences of obesity. JClin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89(6):2583-2589.

4. Juge-Aubry CE, Somm E, Chicheportiche R,et al. Regulatory effects of interleukin (IL)-1,interferon-beta, and IL-4 on the productionof IL-1 receptor antagonist by human adiposetissue. J Clin Endocrinol Metab.2004;89(6):2652-2658.

5. Cottam DR, Mattar SG, Barinas-Mitchell E,et al. The chronic inflammatory hypothesisfor the morbidity associated with morbidobesity: implications and effects of weightloss. Obes Surg. 2004;14(5):589-600.

6. Lee YH, White MF. Insulin receptor substrateproteins and diabetes. Arch Pharm Res.2004;27(4):361-370.

7. Weiss R, Dziura J, Burgert TS, et al. Obesityand the metabolic syndrome in children andadolescents. N Engl J Med.2004;350(23):2362-2374.

8. Martin B, Robinson S, Robertshaw D.Influence of diet on leg uptake of glucoseduring heavy exercise. Am J Clin Nutr.1978;31(1):62-67.

9. Thorne A. Diet-induced thermogenesis. Anexperimental study in healthy and obese indi-viduals. Acta Chir Scand Suppl. 1990;558:6-59.

10. Bahr R, Sejersted OM. Effect of feeding andfasting on excess postexercise oxygen con-sumption. J Appl Physiol. 1991;71(6):2088-2093.

11. Hill JO, Heymsfield SB, McMannus C 3rd,DiGirolamo M. Aug Meal size and thermicresponse to food in male subjects as a func-tion of maximum aerobic capacity.Metabolism. 1984;33(8):743-749.

12. Bahr R, Gronnerod O, Sejersted OM. Effectof supramaximal exercise on excess postexer-cise O2 consumption. Med Sci Sports Exerc.1992;24(1):66-71.

13. Samueloff S, Beer G, Blondheim SH.Influence of physical activity on the thermiceffect of food in young men. Isr J Med Sci.1982;18(1):193-196.

14. Petrofsky J, Macnider BS, Navarro BS, BweirS, Lee S. Toward a more objective analysis ofgait in patients with diabetes. Diabetes.2003;52;2465.

15. Petrofsky JS, Bonacci J, Bonilla, T, et al.Cardiovascular and fitness benefits of a one-month home exercise and weight loss pro-gram. J Appl Res. 2004;4:610-624.

16. Petrofsky JS, Bonacci J, Bonilla T, et al. Can aone-week diet and exercise program causesignificant changes in weight, girth and bloodchemistry? J Appl Res. 2004;4:369-375.

17. Mallery LH, MacDonald EA, Hubley-KozeyCL, Earl ME, Rockwood K, MacKnight C.The Feasibility of performing resistance exer-cise with acutely ill hospitalized older adults.BMC Geriatr. 2003;3(1):3.

18. Maher CG. Effective physical treatment forchronic low back pain. Orthop Clin NorthAm. 2004;35(1):57-64.

19. Shand D. Pilates to pit. Lancet. 2004;363:1340.

20. Blum CL. Chiropractic and pilates therapyfor the treatment of adult scoliosis. JManipulative Physiol Ther. 2002;25(4):E3.

21. Chang Y. Grace under pressure. Ten yearsago, 5,000 people did the exercise routinecalled Pilates. The number now is 5 million inAmerica alone. But what is it, exactly?Newsweek. 2000;135(9):72-73.

22. Exercise: Pilates incorporates mind and body.Harvard Women’s Health Watch. February2000:6.

23. Bigland B, Lippold, O. The relation betweenforce, velocity and integrated EMG. JPhysiol. 1954;123:214-224.



24. Lind, AR, Petrofsky JS. The amplitude of thesurface electromyogram during fatiguing iso-metric contractions. Muscle Nerve.1979;2:257-264.

25. Petrofsky JS. Frequency and amplitude analy-sis of the EMG during exercise on the bicycleergometer. Eur J Appl Physiol OccupPhysiol. 1979;41:1-15.

26. Petrofsky JS. Computer analysis of the sur-face EMG during isometric exercise. CompBiol Med. 1980;10:83-95.

27. Kendall FP, Kendall McCreary E. Muscles:Testing and Function. 4th ed. Hagerstown,Maryland: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins;1993.

28. Petrofsky JS, Lind AR. Frequency analysis ofthe surface electromyogram during sustainedisometric contractions. Eur J Appl PhysiolOccup Physiol. 1980;43:173-182.

29. Pacy PJ, Barton N, Webster JD, Garrow JS.The energy cost of aerobic exercise in fed andfasted normal subjects. Am J Clin Nutr.1985;42(5):764-768.

30. Hickey MS, Calsbeek DJ. Plasma leptin andexercise: recent findings. Sports Med.2001;31(8):583-589.

31. Astrand PO, Rodahl K. Physiology of workcapacity and fatigue. New York, NY:McGraw Hill; 1970.


muscle use during exercise: a comparison of conventional ... · a comparison of conventional weight...

Documents