muscle tone by clarys

8/13/2019 Muscle Tone by Clarys

1/12

58

Nuscl tone (?), -relaxation (?) aud -astivity ia an aquaticnviron| ent.

nthodological introduction.The elctronyography of cornplx novnents (swinning) andsinple positions (active and passive floating) in water. can beneasured with a teleroetric registration systn and/or ith anon-line systern vith or without portable abptifier and/or r.ritha renote (but not tlehetrj.c) syster. Indpendent of the water]rnent and of the regislration systn used, th eLectricaLpotenlials of a nuscle can be captured lrith different types ofelectrodes, such as passiv or active surface electrodes,intra muscular (concntric or bipolar or rnonopolar) nedleelectrods, single fiber eIctrodes, nulti-electrodes or intranuscular vire electrodes, Hovvr, it is not the registrationsystem, but the water element that puts a restriction on thel-ctrode possibilities and that is rcoghized as bing arnajor technicaL abstacle in recording hunan electrj.cal, sig-nals. Therefoi the types of eLectrods to b usd in waterare (i) the passive or classical surfac Iectrod (Ikai et aL1964, Lewi l l i L967, 1973, c la rys 1983) ; ( i i ) th ac t ive(pranplified) electrode (okanoto-Wolf 1975) . Since this lastlype of electrode is used in water at one occasion only andsince Jonsson and Koni (1973) found better test-retest and dayto day reliability for th (passj.ve) surface efectrode (tabl1) , it is obvious that our choice is arnongst th other twotypes o f sur fac eLec t rodes . . . . .

fab te 1 : The r l iab i l i t y of sur face & wi re e lec t rods .

Lvl oftension

Po

Test-retest reliabili ty Day to day rel iabil itysurfacelectrodes rireelectrodes surfaceelectrodes v1relectrodes

2 06 08 01 0 0

o . 8 10 . 8 70 . 9 5o . 9 20 . 8 4

0 . 9 10 . 3 90 . 6 70 , 7 50 , 7 90 . 5 70 7 8

0 . 1 2o . 2 3o 2 '7

vrqge 0 . 8 8 0 . 6 2 0 , 6 9 o . 2 2Fron Jonsson and Kon i (1973)


2/12

59

originaly v usd passive rasptype surface lctrodes butthes gave often 'rhun'r or rrartefac registrations (cIarys,1986) ; reason for which lre devefoped an active surface l-ec-t rode recent ly (C la rys -PubI i , l -985) .'rIn nost existing instrunentation an input inpedanc of 10l4egohrns or ven 1 Mgohto is cohlllon, thus th skin has to beDreDared until th rsistance is doitn to less than l-00 K' orven fo x. respctively. of course, thn th inpedance betweenth Iectrodes should be measurd ovr the vhole frequencyband. Ho ,rever, ttre use of a high perfornanc amplifier Iitl i-nats the pleparation of the skin and the ned of checking thresistance, thus simplifying the neasuring procedurer' (ctdf ron win te r e t a l , 1980) .consequently to captur a noise fre El4Gsignal, vte used pre-amplifiers in the Ictrods thenslvs of nore than l- gigohrn.Thes operational ahplifirs (opAlp) are coupled as voltagfollower adjacent to both of the signals. third opAhp (asdiffrential anplifi"r) provides an asyrnnetrical signal .i1ithrspect to the referenc. fourth non inverting coupled Oprnpprovides an anplification to 10dB and a low ohn output forbranching off the eLectrod signal. Until recently the Brus-sIs EMGproject used ntal rasp of sj-lvr, bu I'passive" typof lectrde; conbj.ned vith a sries of operationaf alpIi-fi.rs we obtain "active'r electrodes. finished active eLecLrode thus contains within a pleximouLded frarne, four oprational amplifiers. housd j.n a 14p ins dua l in l ine ( type TLo84 JFET) and s ix mta l f i ln rs is -tancs. The 2 rnn dep inlay of the g plates in the franallos electrolyte and avoids skin artefacts.hese active lectrodes and its plxi noulded frane is coupled,rith a spciaf tripl-e conductor, containing the sj'gnal trans-porting conductor, two conductors for synnetrical pov"er supply(+ and - 3 ,5 V) and sh ie ld j .ng .ihe advantage of the active electrode to th classic passivelectrod i a decrease of erronous registratj.ons. This hasbcom an ihportant featur sinc l.I have found that dspitethorough preautions (different tapings and plastic varnish onth electrodeprotcti.on) th water dos decreas the dtecta-bl electrici.tal output of hunan nuscle; in other words anirnaginary identical nuscle contraction, with identical intn-siti will produce nore electricity in the air, than in thwater ( f igure 1- c la rys , Robaux & De lbke L984) ,


3/12

6 0MAXIMAL ISOMETRICBICEPS CONTRACTION

CONVENTIONAL

TELEMETRIC

WATERC O N V E N T I O N A LT E L E M E R I C

Figure 1 .Identical \uscl-e activity in air and j.n vater( C l a r y s e t a I 1 9 8 4 ) .These findings - resulting frorn a comparative study betveenlelenetric and conventonal on-lin El,G n air and vaterrieasurd sinultaneously with on single pair of passive e1c-trodes (figure 2) - hav very important consequencs withregard to the interpretatlons of {whateverr nuscular activitvin an aquatic environnent.


4/12

6 L

stejskal (1972) statd: rrclinical experince suggsts thatpostural rflex activity of the spastic rnuscle is lss narkedif the body is lying in waterrr.

1l iilil{i\u II> - I - oooo

Figure 2 .Telenetric & conventionaL EMGReglistration set-up star-ting fron one pair of electrodes(c la rys e t a l 1984 .In our Et'c in air and water stuily 'e attributed the decreaseof electrical output of a muscle in lrater partially to thetelenric registration systen. partially to the loss ofsignals du the physical presence of the vJater . .. . But whatif i t lrr the rnuscle itself etnitting less electrical activitybecause of che lrater? In that case it does explain stejskalrsstatement and i-t would nean that the stat of contraction ofnuscles rnaintaining a certain posture, is differenL an arrthan in water .... in a therapeutical snce to the advantageof water (?)ahis ida rnight b sustaind by Banztt, Lansing and Reid(1985) ['ho found that sirnilar adjustnents occur during volun-tary respiratory naneuvres. Their naiv subjcts whre satedin a tank \. ' i th watr of hip levl. surface E 1Gof diaphragn(?) and intercostal nuscle was registrd vrith the water atthe hip and thn again aftr raising the vater lvel to thx ipho id . In 30 o f 42 t r ia ls thr was a subs tan t j "a l , fa l l inEl.c pak activity.conbining both, our findings (clarys et aI L984) and those ofBanzett et aI (1985) , it nay crate a better understanding ofMcMi l lan 's (1986) r rd i f f i cu l t concept o f the body reac t ions to


5/12

water. being differnt to thos whn on land'r and it .rfihrvdoes .con f i rm h is assunpt ion tha t " the apparh t , . iq f , t i l l - - " - 'conctltron contributes to a Ioss of rnuscl tone comlromisingproprioceptive fedback 'ith a. consequentui i=.-i-.putrurrelaionships (sic) . But what is neait lV n"=ci ir,"r r" it:I"1ii: activity? or hyperronia? or hypotonia? llus-ie activitya E r e s c , a n p o s t u r , i n r I a x a t i o n . . . ?Muscle [tone or tonusl is a lern used in c].inical neurolocvrneaning resistance to strtch. clinicians ."g"i"-hyp".nj..and hypotoniar betveen thes two pathological tates i nornatton, Hypertonia is due to J.owering of treshotd u.r ,.r,"a"a""rn tb response in tonic strtch rflexs together r.ri th cert_ain visco-lastic properties of the musclesi nornal tone isque t'o the visco-lastic propertis, often rith the additionoI normal stretch reflexs, and hypotonia is due only to they:":3 ?1":ti" properries of heni:3ctes twiir,in-rJr .I n the i r l a ts t ed i t i on o f rnusc fes a l i ve , Basna j ian and DLuca (L98 5 ) p rec ise tha t :lI::: :I.?phys iotogists now agre rhar erctronyosraphy shor^,sconcrusrvely th complete rlaxation of nornal hurnn striatedIy :c l " 1 res t (C le r unesen, .951 t Basmaj ian , 1952; Ra ls ton and r -be . , 1 .953) . In o ther l ro rds , by re lax ing a nusc l , a norna lhunan being can abotish neuronu;cular uci.rity i" i t . r i , i .dos not nean that ther is (or [toius' ) in skeletalrnuscle, as sone enthusiasts have cl.aind. It does n;an, how_ver, that th definition of trtonr should includ both thpassive stiffness of rruscufar (and fibrous) tissues and thactiv (although not continous) contraction of nuscl inrespons to the reactiob of the nrvous systetn to stinuli.Thus , . a t - compLet res t , a nusc le has no t ios t i ts ton avaFthough ther is no neurornuscu ta rac t iv i i y i " - t i - fe . " ; ; " j i i l "w i th .a l . I . th is and p rev ious knowLedgwe can aqree wi th McMi l_-Lan . r n r .s ida of tone is our idea o f ac t iv iay . . . than i tindeed decreases in vatr. Hovever if muscle tne is according::_Y1: 11 Ge'13),- Basnajian & De Luca (19ss) ana ^o.t ,rerrrop--nys1orogr.sts, we have difficulty to understand [a ]oss ofsonthing that is alleady non elistand" ... In othr words thes taemnt wou ld no t be masurab l .we know hat th speed lrith nhich voluntary relaxation canoccur is quit irnpressive. Miyashita t aI (1972) found thenean valus for reLaxation tine ih the bicps of nornat heal_thy adults to b the same as those for contiaction ieactionttne .Howevr, no EI,IG ecord can b found \rhich coul.d confirm thessituations in water ... although we assum relaxation pertodsin. between EMGpeaks during frntcr"rf ""irl.inq ;i;;; ; ;-;;;;norlccr a return to the base line at several occasions (figure3. - C la rys e aI 1983. 1984, C la rys 1985) and under d i i fe ;n tresearch circunstancs and using passive rasp electrodes,


6/12

6 3

A t w/ '-'-^/

MultjclEnnl EYC rt.t 0 - :- 3000 -4000 -y- 1000Frgure 3 .swinn ing ac t iv i ty and re laxa t ion pr iods( c l a r y s 1 9 8 s ) .Since ther is a nd fo nore quatification, ,.e hav investi-gated th l". pectoralis najor, the t"t. biceps brachii, th M,extensor digitorun, th M. triceps, th M. flxor digitorurrand the M. latissinus dorsi in 15 healthy subjects during thearro{ prone positionrr in its propulsive trajectory and duringa I'fulIy relaxed pron - medusa position" using activ elc-t rodes . . . In o thr vords : EMGof a tu rbu ln t g t id ing (N ico le t a l 1979) and a grav i ty - buoyancy s i tua t ion .


7/12

6 4

Procsilules for agulLng actl,v. aDd lrassivq ftoating.In order to neasure nuscle activity of conplex isotonj.c move-nents and i.sonetric positions under field (e.g. aquatic)circumstances different features are taken into cnsiderationl- the EMGdata aquisitlon systen lrith lts electrodes shouldallows total kinesiological freedon o the subjecr; or anovement without additional resistance t- the set-up should allolr adaptation to the characteristicsof the fietd and novement circunstances, expecialty thesynchronisation systen lpplicable not only to svirniring butto other sports and various novenents als;- the j.nfluences of the conplex skin resistance phenonena onthe signal nust be onnited by neans of ultra high inpedan-ce amplifiels as suggesled by the ad-hoc comnitaee of theInternatj,onal society of Elctrophysiological Kinesiology(Wrn te r_e t a l 1980) , es l rc ia l l y i f an a t tempt to neasurrrtonerr is made- 6 or 7 nuscles should be monitored sinuLtaneously;- the cornbined registration and data aquisition set-upshould be usrs frienally.Separately, all these features are no inovative bcause theyare actually applied in exiting conrnercial systems. Howeverlcombind. r^'ithin one st-up they are unigu in icinesiological(e. g. slrrnunrng) EMG.To allov such a combination, we integrated a rrultchannel FMlecorder. active" electrodes, a regulation - arnplificatj.onunit and different synchronisation lnods into on systen uithd i f fe ren t poss ib i l i t ies ( f igure 4 -C la rys - pub l te i985) ,


8/12

6 5

f igu re 4 . rultichannt f'U recorder active electrods and a regula-t ion - and anp l i f i ca t lon Un i t( C l a r y s - P u b l i e 1 9 8 5 ) .The active flating - or - the roedusa pogition - or - rlaseilbuoyany.Th subjcts propulss himself fron the srinming pool vall andraw LMGand I inear enve lope a re reg js te red f roh tbe hornnt ,th fu l l y e r rc td p rone pos i t ion is reached un t i l ' , f loa t ing


9/12

6 6

s tand s t i -11 .For al1 muscles, and for all subjects investigated an activitywith variable intnsities vras masured over the fulI distanceof the active floating (figur 5.). The intensity of the EMGshowd no constanqy, nor in arnplitude, nor in time (distance)and there 'as no rlation bet ,reen the EllG activi.tv and thedecreas ing ve loc i ty a f t r the push-o f f .

P U S H O F F G L I D I N G

Figure 5.Raw EMGof 7 rnuscles during Push-off and turbulent g1i-ding through th rrater.obviously the nuscular activity found is an interndiate statebetween restand activity, cornbining relaxation and the rnainte-nance of posture or atttude (stretch).The pasgiv floating - or - the nealuga pogition - or - relaxealbuoya4cy.t the end of the turbutent qliding, th subjcts ar asked tofloat "at the spot'r with arns and legs spread. but fully re-


10/12

laxed (apart fron holding th rsPirati-on) during the regist-ra t ion ."n thousands of electlomyograns on nornal nuscLes there hasbeen complete and alnost instantaneous relaxation lthn thsubjct as been ordered to rIax. llowever, a snall nurnbr ofnoral subjects do have great difficulty in rIaxing quickly(Basna j ian & D Luca 1985) .'iconptte rst[ requires son qualification. nontra]- persona"". '""t cornpletelf relax all his rnuscles at onc, bu reali-sing the los of rnuscular el-ectrj 'city in the.lrater and rali-sin tfre absenc of EMGpotentials at rst, it is not surpri-sin tnat we have founil no EMGat alli in othr words: a".f.t" silenc for all huscles and all subjects, herwithconiinning the findings of Leavitt and Beasley (1964) andBirtoan and Ralston (1965) n.Repeatd EMG studies of recunbent posture in air have drnon-stiated beyond the shailow of a doubt that rsting musclsexibit no ireurornuscular activity and there s no randon acti-vity of notor units in a resting nuscl to provlde what isoftn hazeLy called huscular tone (Basnajian l-955) In thlrater, vere th electrical signal dcreases (clarys et aI,1984) it iE however difficult to separate relaxation andunvoiuntary contractions, bcause sone nuscles will rspondimnrediately to any change endangerng the loss of balanc orbuoyancY.uusulai tonr is a useful eoncept only if ve kep i-n tnindthat at rest a muscle relaxes rapidly and compltely' Thia hasnow been conrnon knowledge arnonqneurophys iologists for rnorethan a decade. If one keps onrs hand off a resting nornalnuscl.e, it shows no nor neuronuscuLar activity than oh withit. ,,"..r" cut. n fact, it shot{s less becaug the fibers ofdenervated nuscle ngge j'n many fine randon contractionsinvisible through th kin but detected by Iectromyography astrfibril lation potntiaLs'r, The r0usc1s in lolder notor nurondenrvation actually exhibit very fin invisible contractionswhil nornal restin-g nuscles exhibit conplte neuronuscularsilence (Ths fibril lations are not to b confused 'ithfascicultion, the coarse contractions of rnoor units visiblethrough the skin and aLso often called fibril lations by oldernuro log is ts ) (Basna j ian & de Luca 1985) .References i1 . B a n z t t , R . 8 . . L a n s i n g , R . W . & R e i d , M . B . ( 1 9 8 5 ) . R e f l e xcompnsalion of voluntary inspirati.on when anmrsronchanges diaphragr length. .l ' ppl. Physiol. 59 (2) | 611--2. Basrna j ian , J .v . ( l -952) . E fec t romyography . un iv ' Toron toMd ica l J . 30 : 10-18 .3 . Basmaj ian , J .V . (1955) Pr inary Anatorny ' w i l " l ians & w i I -k ins PubI . Ba t t j .nore (3rd ed i t ion) .4 . Basna j ian , J .v . (195?) . Nw v iews on nuscu la r tone &re lax t ion . can . Med. ssoc . J . 7 ' l t 2o3-2o5 '


11/12

6 8

5. Basna j ian , J .V . and De Luca , C.J . ( f985) . t usc les l ive .Thir functions Releaved by Eleetronyography. Williarns &wi lk ins pub l . Ba l t inore (5 the ed i t ion) .6 . B innan, W and Rals ton . g .J . (1965) . E tec t ronyograph ic

study during passive and active flexion and eitnsion ofthe knee of the nornal hunan subject. rch, phys. Med, 46| 7 L - 7 5 .7 . C l -a rys , J .P . (1983) . rev ie \ r o f EUc ln Swinming I Exp la -nation of facts and/or feedback infornation. In: A.p.Ho l landr , P . Euy ing and c . de c roo t (eds . ) , B ionechan icsand Medicine in s 'irnning, Hunan Kinetics, chanpaign,I I I i n o i s . 1 4 : 1 2 3 - 1 3 5L C la rys , J .P . (1986) . The Brusse ls Swinn ing & EI {c pro jec t ,Paper presented at th Vth Int. S)':mposiurtBionechanics &

swinriing. University of BieLefeld.9 . C la rys , J .P , , Robeaux , R. & De lbeke , c . (1984) . Te lene l r i -cal versus conventionaL EMG n air & water. In: winter,D, , Noman, R. , We l ls , R. . Hayes , X. & pat l -a , . B ionecha-nics Ixr chanpaign, IIl inois, HurnanKinetics, 296-294.10 . C l .a rys , .J .P . (1985) . Hydrodynan ics and e lec t ronyography :Brgonotnic aspect in aquatics. J. ppled frgonomis fO- 1f;I L L i 2 4 .11 . C le rnnesn, S. (1951) , Somstud ies of nusc le ton . p roc .Roy . Soc . Med. 44 | 637-646.12 . Ika i , M. , Ish i i . X . , & l f j . yash i ta , l . . (1964) . n e lec t ro rny -ografphicat study of svirnrning. Research Journal of physi:cal Education, ? . 47-54 (Japan) ,13 , Jonsson, B. and Norn i , p , (19?3) . Reproduc ib i l i t y p rob lenswhen using wire electrodes in E G Kj.nesiology. In: J.E.Desnedt (Ed.) Ne , developnents in EMG, Basel, Karger, Vol.t : 5 4 0 - 5 4 6 ,14 . Lav i t t , L . , and Beas ley , W.C. (1964) . c l in ica l app l ica -tion of quantitative methods in the study ot spastiity.C l in . Pharmaco l . Therapy , 5 | 919-941.15 . Lewi l l ie , L . (1967) . Ana lyse te le rne t r ique d 1 'e lec t ronyo-granme du nageur. Trav. de la Soc. M il. Belge drEduc,Phys . e t Spor ts , 20 | L74-L7?.16 . Lev i l l ie , L . (1973) . l tuscu la r ac t iv i ty in sv i r in ing . In s .cerquiglini, . venerando & ,f. wartenveiler (Eds.t, Bi.one-chan ics 1 I I . Base l , Kargr Ver lag , 440-445.1?. McMillan, ,1. (1986) . The Hallivick ltethod - 4 aspects ofrotation. bstract of the congress "Hallivick in 19a6

Ni.jngen, Th Nethertands. ugust 13-15.


12/12

18. Miyash i ta , . , M iu ra , l . t . , Matsu i , I { . and Minan i ta te , K .(L973) . Masurenent of the reaction time of nuscularrelaxation. Ergonorics 15 : 555-562.19. Nathan, P. (1973). sone Connents on Spasticity and Rigidi-ty. In: J.E. Desnedt (Ed.) New. developnents in El-ectrony-ography and clinical Neurophysiology. Base1, Karger'Vo I . 3 : l -3 -14 .20 . N ico l , K . , schn id t -Hansberg , H. , & l ' I c I i I Ian , J . (1979) .Biomchanical Principles pp1id to the Halli lrick nethodof teaching swirining to physicatly handicapped individu-a ls . In : J . e rauds & E.w. Bed ing f ie ld (Eds . ) . s l r immingI I I , Ba l t inore , Un ivers i ty Park Press , 173-181.2 t - . oka tno to , T . , s . t . wo l - f (1975) . undrwater Record ing o flluscular ctiviy UEing Fine-wir Elctrodes. n: J.

Terauds and w. Bedinqfild (Eds.), swinning III, Baltino-r , Un ivers i ty Park Press , 160-166.22 . Ste jska l , L . (19?2) . Pos tu ra l Ref lexs in thory and no to rre-education. Monograph, Praque Universi.ty.23 . w in te r , D .. , Rau, G. , Kadefors , R. , Bronan, H. & d Luca,c .J . (1980) . un i ts , t r rns and s tandards in repor t ing ofEllG rsearch. Repolt by the d-Hoc conmittee of th Iner-national society of Electro-Physiological Kensiology.

muscle tone by clarys

Documents