munich - city of knowledge · munich occupies a prime position within the knowl-edge society:...

Munich – City of Knowledge

City of MunichDepartment of Labor and Economic Development

Published by:

City of MunichDepartment of Labor and Economic DevelopmentHerzog-Wilhelm-Strasse 15 80331 München

Economic Development and Employment Strategies Editorial office: Hans Peter HeidebachThomas Fischerwww.muenchen.de

Study and maps:Institute of Social Geography, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of MunichAnne von StreitDr. Michaela SchierDr. Sabine HafnerMap layout: Dipl.-Geogr. Florian Huber

Basis for all maps:© City of Munich – Department for Communal Services – Land Survey Office

Graphic design:Regler & Schleich GbR, Windach

Translation:Übersetzungsdienst Hoffmann, Triebes

Printed byJ. Gotteswinter GmbH

The contents of this brochure must not be used unless quoting the source:"Munich – City of Knowledge,Department of Labor and Economic Development, 2005"Any commercial use of the contents, including the maps, is prohibited.

Published by the Department of Labor and Economic Development, Brochure Number 190, December 2005

1

Foreword

This study is a follow-up of the booklet "Munich – City of Knowledge" published in 2002. The ability of creating and exchanging knowledge is becoming the decisive criterion of modern economic centers,knowledge a decisive resource. In this competition,the function of cities as hubs of competing regions is highlighted because even in an age of modernmeans of communication, direct contacts and individ-ual exchange remain an important basis for business, networks and cooperation are the basis of a sciencecity.

What is typical for a city of knowledge? Is it the institutions and establishments for gaining, communi-cating, storing or organizing knowledge? Or is not, inthe first place, the mixture of all these establishmentsand institutions which have a home in a city, especiallytheir links and readiness for cooperation? For this isthe only way by which knowledge and invention makeinnovation possible industrially and add attraction to asite. Information per se has no value, it gains valueonly by being assessed, weighted and put in a frame-work. A working knowledge and information manage-ment is the criterion by which organizations will begauged in future. Modern information and communi-cation media are considered as accelerators of thisstructural change, they help modernize the economiesof countries whose typical feature is the increasingdiversification of the services sector.

In addition to taking stock of Munich’s local infra-structure of knowledge, this study also identifies fieldsfor action and strategies for the city. The communescan and must become actively involved in this deve-lopment process. It is the combination of science andindustry that makes Munich distinctive as a city ofknowledge. Munich has a long tradition in this field.With the foundation of the Academy of Sciences and Humanities in the 19th century, the Ludwig-Maximilians-University, the foundation of the TechnicalUniversity and the Polytechnical Society in Munich,this city has been a center of science since the turn ofthat century and a synonym of high-quality industrialproducts.

Munich is home to a broad manufacturing basis and alarge number of research institutions. The economicprosperity of Munich can only be ensured if both sectors, i.e., science and industry, join forces.Because without direct contact with industry, no innovative production can evolve and, vice versa, industry cannot remain loyal to a site for a long termunless direct contact with research.

A total of 3,500 addresses was researched for themaps in this booklet, and all Munich-based companieswith more than 500 employees interviewed for theirresearch and development work. Like the first edition,this booklet is far from providing an exhaustive andcomplete description or even naming all knowledge-based establishments and companies in the Munichregion. It does, however, provide a useful overview ofwhat Munich makes typical as a city of knowledge:The great number and diversity of establishments, private research institutions, expenditure of compa-nies on research and development, the patent clusterand the generally high level of science-based infra-structure which make Munich attractive as a center of science and industry.

Dr. Reinhard WieczorekHead of the Department of Labor and Economic Development

Contents

Foreword 1

Munich – City of Knowledge 5Munich’s head start in knowledge 5

Metropolitan regions compared 7Munich – leading region of knowledge in Germany 7

The foundation: education, communication and accumulation of knowledge 9Schools in Munich 9Life-long-learning in Munich: Adult education and further education 11Universities and colleges in Munich 13

The generation of knowledge: research and development in the public and private sectors 15

Research and development in large companies in the Munich area 15Research and development at universities and colleges in Munich 19Research establishments in the Munich area 21

Prime movers of urban economic development:knowledge and technology intensive disciplines 23

Software industry in the Munich area 23The telecommunications industry in the Munich area 25Medical technology in Munich 27Environmental technology in the Munich area 29Munich as a center of the media 31Munich as a financial center 33

Synergies in the city of knowledge: institutions of knowledge transfer and knowledge clusters 35

Technology transfer and support for company founders in Munich 35Munich: center of the patent system 37The biotechnology region of Munich 39 The public health system in the Munich area 41

Munich – data hub and gateway 43Munich data hub 43Munich gateway 43

Culture and art in the city of knowledge: places of inspiration 45Libraries in Munich 45Museums and exhibition centers in Munich 47Theaters and music performance centers in Munich 49

Strategies for Munich as a City of Knowledge 50Strategic fields of activity 50Action plan for the further development of Munich as city of knowledge 52

Annex 53Notes on the study 53Sites of knowledge in Munich: selected addresses 53Bibliography and list of sources 56Picture credits 59

2

Maps

Map 1 Knowledge clusters in Munich 4Map 2 Comparison of major metropolitan areas 6Map 3 Schools for training and further education in Munich 8Map 4 Life-long-learning in Munich: adult and further education 10Map 5 Universities and colleges in Munich 12Map 6 Research and development in large firms in the Munich area 14Map 7 Research and development in the manufacturing sector in the Munich area 16Map 8 Research and development at universities and colleges in Munich 18Map 9 Research establishments in the Munich area 20Map 10 Software companies in the Munich area 22Map 11 Telecommunication companies in the Munich area 24Map 12 Medical technology companies in the Munich area 26Map 13 Environmental technology companies in the Munich area 28Map 14 Media companies in the Munich area 30Map 15 Munich financial hub 32Map 16 Technology transfer and assistance to start-ups in Munich 34Map 17 Patent system in Munich 36Map 18 Biotechnology cluster in the Munich area 38Map 19 Health in the Munich area 40Map 20 Munich as a traffic hub 42Map 21 Libraries in Munich 44Map 22 Museums and exhibition centers in Munich 46Map 23 Theaters and music performance centers in Munich 48

Illustrations

Fig. 1 Knowledge in the city 5Fig. 2 R&D cooperation among companies interviewed in the Munich area 17Fig. 3 R&D cooperation of the companies interviewed with universities, colleges and other

research institutions in the area of Munich 17Fig. 4 Location of the principal R&D cooperation partners of the companies interviewed 17Fig. 5 Take-offs and landings at Munich airport 43Fig. 6 Passenger statistics of Munich airport 43

Tables

Table 1 Students at state and municipal schools in Munich 2004/2005 9Table 2 Students at Munich´s universities and colleges (2003/04 winter term) 13Table 3 Development of job statistics in the software industry 23

3


Munich occupies a prime position within the knowl-edge society: Knowledge is available in the city as asocial and cultural resource and is the prime mover ofindustrial development. Knowledge as a resource canbe acquired by the city’s population through educationand life-long learning. Knowledge generates opportuni-ties for participating in social life and is a preconditionof skilled employment. Besides, technological andscientific knowledge in the city gives a leading edge inknowledge to be successful in the competition amongcities and regions (cf. fig. 1 and see maps 1 and 2).

Knowledge is imbued with life in an environment readyto embrace it, exciting to advance into areas that arenew and unknown. The desire for knowledge has along tradition in Munich: To educate oneself, learn,acquire knowledge are all elements of historic develop-ment. Urban knowledge society builds on a diversifiedschool system, renowned institutions for continuingeducation and adult education, universities and techni-cal colleges. These institutions provide broad generaleducation and also communicate intensive technicaland expert knowledge (see maps 3, 4, and 5).

In a knowledge economy, knowledge is becomingincreasingly important as a factor in production; insome cases, it has already overtaken labor and capital,the two traditional production factors: Knowledge isbecoming a source of value added in the production ofgoods and the provision of services.

Munich’s head start in knowledge

This society has changed from the industrial society to the knowledge society. In a knowledgesociety, big cities are primarily places in which new knowledge is produced and communicated. The aim of this booklet is to provide answers - in both textual and graphic formats – to thequestion of why Munich is a center of knowledge, innovation and creativeness.

Research activities in companies, universities, collegesand numerous research institutions generate innovationin the product and processes sectors of technology-intensive industries and thus improve the city’s stance(see maps 6, 7, 8, and 9).

Industries such as medical equipment, biotechnology,information and communication technology, environ-mental technology, the media, and financial services arethe prime movers of the knowledge-intensive urbaneconomy. They attract investment and provide high-skilljobs and define the future fields of growth of this cityby the Isar River (see maps 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15).

A special feature of the urban economy of Munich is thevariety of production clusters. The successful placementof high-tech industries in the world market is due to the regional concentration of innovation activities in clusters. Clusters while attracting new high-technologybusinesses and industries facilitate the actors in aninterlinked network of relations access to technologicalknow-how in the process of innovation. Such networkswith actors in universities, research institutions andcompanies of any size often emerge around research,supporting and qualification establishments and withpioneering firms as nucleus. Based on trust, mutualbenefit and frequent communication, these innovativeenvironments are not mobile in space at random andare therefore crucial factors in the regional competitionof sites (see maps 1, 16, 17, 18, and 19).

Even in the age of communication technologies, theexchange of knowledge among individuals remains animportant component of cooperation also in the know-ledge society. Fast and direct contact is an essential precondition for it (map 20).

An open approach to knowledge as a resource and aninspiring climate are important conditions to attract creative people and cause them to feel loyal to the city.This keynote is felt in places such as libraries, museumsor theaters. They promote the culture of meeting know-ledge and make people want to know more (see maps21, 22, and 23).

Strategies and an action plan for improving Munich ascity of knowledge are presented at the end of this booklet.

Source: Authors’ design


Knowledge as

production factor

Knowledge as social and

cultural resource

Opens sharing opportunities in the knowledge society and implementation of

„knowledge head start“ in the competition of urban regions

General knowledge and education

Technological and scientific

knowledge

Fig. 1: Knowledge in the city

5

7

Metropolitan regions compared

In terms of economic power and quality of life, theBavarian capital can regularly be found among the topperformers in Germany in most different city rankinglists. Also, virtually all statistics with information onthe innovation and competition capabilities of regionsand their positions in the knowledge society, Munichis invariably among the best.

The companies’ high expenditure on research anddevelopment (R&D) and a good knowledge base areimportant factors for the successful research anddevelopment of a region. The intensity of R&D effortsundertaken by companies can be gauged by the proportion of money spent on R&D in relation to theeconomic power. In 2001, Munich-based companiesspent well over 3 bn Euro on research and develop-ment; this was almost 3.8 per cent of the gross valueadded. This puts Munich on one of the foremost ranks(see map 2) and well over the 3-percent target set bythe German government.

Another input factor is the number of jobs in researchand development in relation to the total number ofpeople in gainful employment. Again, with 238 researchers and developers in every 10,000 gainfullyemployed persons, Munich occupies one of the foremost places in Germany.

Besides, the success of the process of innovationincreasingly depends on the availability of sufficientlytrained personnel because along with the importanceof knowledge-intensive products, the expectationscompanies have in the qualification and knowledge oftheir employees are constantly rising. In a comparisonof cities, Munich is clearly top in Germany as regardsthe number of persons with high qualification, i.e.,university or college graduates, with 73 graduates inevery 1,000 inhabitants (see map 2). Also, the propor-tion of employees with completed vocational trainingis above-average in Munich.

The number of patent applications is a suitable measure for research and development output.Patents are important because they give companieswith success in research a certain reassurance thatthey can realize pioneering profit from a monopolyposition temporarily protected by patent. Munichoccupies second place among the cities both inpatent applications filed by Munich-based companiesand also patents from science applicants. No otherGerman metropolitan region has a larger number ofpatent applications filed by private applicants thanMunich (see map 2).

Munich – leading region of knowledge in

Germany

Processes of Europeanization and globalization have made competition among cities andregions harsher. Knowledge as a resource has become a key factor in production and competition, mainly for new industries. Today, research and knowledge-intensive industries are the prime movers of innovation, growth and jobs. Where is Munich’s place here in comparison with other urban regions in Germany?

The regional economy is in a process of constantchange – companies expand, others shrink or disappear from the market altogether. New firms areof great importance to a sustained industrial develop-ment because creative ideas and innovations oftencome from new businesses. The high number of newcompanies formed (see map 2) and the positive balance of business registrations and deregistrationsare indicators of how attractive a region is for newfirms and underline the good business climate anddeveloped culture of independence prevailing inMunich.

English Garden

9

The foundation: education, communication andaccumulation of knowledge

The choice of school and training opportunities belongsto the most critical decisions which define opportuni-ties in life and the future of children and youth. Theycan choose from a wide variety of schools in Munich(see map 3). In addition to municipal and state-runschools, there are many private schools, among themthree international schools offering general education.With 39 general and 78 vocational training schools operated and teachers paid by the municipality, Munichhas the largest municipal school system in Germany.Equipped with some 26,000 computers and linked to acommon education server, most municipal schoolshave introduced multimedia forms of teaching and learning.

General knowledge of the type taught at school is ofgreat importance for orientation in the knowledgesociety. Also important is specialized knowledge taughtat vocational schools. For one, because most youngpeople undergo vocational training as a start-off intotheir working lives. For another, young people withexcellent technical training strengthen the economyand make the region attractive to companies. A total ofalmost 190 vocational training schools in Munich (seemap 3) teach many different occupations and can lookback on more than 100 years of existence. As early asin the school year 1900/’01, the first vocational schoolopened in Munich. Georg Kerschensteiner – Munich’sinspector of school from 1895 to 1919 – founded thisnew school type with practical orientation, which puttraining for a job in focus. The "dual system" which isbased on cooperation between schools and firms, is

Schools in Munich

A wide variety of schools and renowned institutions of training, further education and adulteducation are the basis on which the knowledge society of Munich thrives. Educational infrastructures, e.g., schools, communicate broad general knowledge and specialized institutions such as, e.g., universities and colleges, build intensive technical and expert knowledge. To attract creative people to receive training in Munich and stay here is a challenge which the region of Munich is facing, not least, by providing a number of high-quality training and further qualification establishments and a varied job market.

School type Primary Secondary Junior high Grammar School Vocational

Schools 128 48 23 37 189

Students 34,901 12,966 11,567 30,186 65,719Source: Schulreferat LH München

Table 1: Students at state and municipal schools in Munich 2004/2005

Vocational training center on Bergsonstrasse with students

still regarded as a model world-wide and earnedMunich the reputation of a city of schools. SinceKerschensteiner, the world of work, and along with it,the requirements on vocational training, have changedfundamentally: a new feature is the large number ofskilled jobs requiring knowledge-based work, the number of jobs with little mental challenge is droppingdramatically; new careers have emerged, most of all ininformation and communication technologies and flexibility and life-long learning are expected in mostcases. Munich is trying to meet these challenges withnew teaching concepts and also by setting up newschools. In the meantime, Munich has 36 highly specialized and exquisitely equipped vocational trainingcenters, among them the center on Bergsonstrassewhich is considered to be the most modern compe-tence center for electrical and information technologyjobs in all of Europe.

11

Life-long-learning in Munich:

Adult education and further education

The development of the knowledge society has dramatic repercussions on the work environment.Longevity of vocational qualification is becoming athing of the past and people are required to work indifferent occupations in the course of their lives. Theknowledge acquired during a person’s original trainingis becoming obsolete ever more quickly. Therefore,people must be able to learn in new fields and add to their knowledge constantly.

An important actor in continuing and adult educationis Münchner Volkshochschule GmbH (MVHS) (adulteducation center). With some 14,000 events and aquarter million participants every year, it is the largestEuropean adult education establishment in publicresponsibility and with public support. The MVHSunder responsibility of the city’s department of culturelooks back at over 100 years of existence. It was founded as "Volks-Hochschul-Verein München" in 1896. Today, MVHS organizes life-accompanying learning in the fields of languages, health, culture, politics, labor and occupation, frequently in coopera-tion with other Munich-based cultural and educationalinstitutions, universities, societies, associations andinitiatives. Besides, the Munich adult education centerprovides accepted second-chance education and nationally and internationally accredited examinationsin vocational training, and issues language diplomas.Courses, which can be attended by people from allwalks of life and of any age, are run at 27 sitesthroughout the city (see map 4) and at 95 schools in Munich.

Training external to companies is provided mainly bychambers of trade and industry in Munich and bygovernment-accredited state-wide organizations andsponsors of adult education (see map 4).

Besides, Munich is also a center of private furthereducation and training. Specialized and widely diversi-fied ranges of seminars are organized mainly by infor-mation technology and media companies, which havedeveloped a strong basis in Munich. Many languageschools and further education establishments arefavorable situated near the city’s main railroad station,so that people traveling to Munich by train can reachthem easily.

With Munich’s employment and qualification program,the city makes another important contribution to "life-long-learning" in the urban area. The aims of the program include the occupational and social integra-tion of individuals disadvantaged in the general labormarket and also to meet the need for qualification by companies, most of all in new fields of employment.In 2002, the program had a budget of about 10 millionEuro for some 60 different projects, measures andactivities. In the same year, about 1,000 persons tookpart employment, training, qualification, consultationor mediation projects.

Kulturzentrum Gasteig – HQ of Munich’s adult education center

13

To build specialized expert knowledge is the task ofeleven internationally renowned universities, collegesand universities of applied science with nearly 90,000students in Munich. This makes Munich the second-largest university center in Germany, after Berlin.

The most traditional and largest university in Munich isLudwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) with a presentstudent population of some 46,000 – 16 per cent ofthem from abroad. More than 800 professors teach at18 departments. The LMU is the focus of attraction forscientists representing the humanities, social and cultural sciences and a stronghold of the training ofstudents of medicine, law and the natural sciences.The university management and administration thesocial, cultural and economics departments of LMUare located in downtown Munich (see map 5). Newbuildings requiring more land, such as the depart-ments of medicine, veterinary medicine, biochemistryand physics, have – since the 1970s – been built atthe outskirts of the city, in München-Großhadern or tothe north of Munich, in Oberschleissheim, Garchingand Freising. An important biotechnology center hasbeen built on the newly established HighTechCampusLMU in Martinsried in direct neighborhood to thehospital complex of Grosshadern (see map 5).

Munich’s second-largest university, TechnicalUniversity (TU), is an internationally renowned research university with about 20,000 students, 20per cent of whom come from other countries. Thecore competencies of the TU are in the natural sci-ences and technology, medicine and the life sciences.The university management and administration as wellas the engineering, economics and sport sciencesdepartments, architecture and medicine are located in the urban region of Munich. Located 30 km awayfrom Munich, in Freising-Weihenstephan, is theWeihenstephan Center of Life and Food Science(WZW). The TU campus with the departments of physics, chemistry and mechanical engineering,mathematics and computer science is 15 km away, in Garching.

In comparison with the traditional universities, theMunich University of Applied Sciences is not a venera-ble temple of learning but a fairly recent establish-ment. It is the largest university of applied sciences inBavaria and the second-largest in Germany with a student population of 13,000 and 470 professors. The35 courses have all a high application and labor marketorientation.

In addition to three big universities, Munich has numerous smaller institutions with specialized programs, e.g., the Academy for Television and Film or the University of Music and Performing Arts.

Munich profits from this strong knowledge base: Over87,000 students from Germany and other countriesnot only make the city’s life more colorful and cosmo-politan, they are also an important reason for science-based firms to settle here where they find staff withthe high qualification they need.

Universities and colleges in Munich

Ludwig-Maximilians-University 46,203

Technical University Munich 19,887

Bundeswehr University 2,903

Munich Institute of Higher

Education for Politics 936

Munich School of Philosophy 447

Academy of Fine Arts 689

University of Music and Performing Arts 757

Munich Academy for Television and Film 386

Munich University of Applied Sciences 13,037

Stiftungsfachhochschule München 1,688

Munich Business School 152

Total 87,085

Students in front of the TU building

Source: Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik und Datenverarbeitung

Table 2: Students at Munich’s universities and colleges(2003/04 winter term)

15

The research and development (R&D) activities ofcompanies are considered to be important indicatorsfor gauging the innovation potential of an urbanregion. Large companies are in the forefront of thoseengaged in R&D: they spend over four-fifth of thenational expenditure on R&D and employ more than80 per cent of the R&D staff. Therefore, the R&D activities of 227 large companies with 500 or moreemployees based in or around Munich were includedin this study. Of these, 113 engaged in R&D activitiesduring the last three years. For the prior study in2002, firms of all sizes had been interviewed. So thecurrent results cannot directly be compared withthose of the earlier study.

In Munich, R&D activities take place in most differentareas and fields of technology. The following research-intensive manufacturing industries make a particularlystrong appearance in the R&D statistics (see map 7):information and communication technology (see maps10 and 11), electrical engineering, the chemical andpharmaceutical industries, mechanical engineering andautomobile industry as well as the space industry. For example, internationally renowned companieswith a strong commitment to R&D, e.g., aerospacecompanies, have their headquarters in or aroundMunich (see map 7). Recently, EADS-Astrium hasmade sizable investments in the development of thecivil Ariane rocket research and a solar center.Besides, Ottobrunn has been the principal place ofbusiness of Galileo Industries, the main contractor forthe new European satellite navigation system Galileo,since September 2003. In addition to the co-ordinationof development work for the first satellites to be laun-ched into orbit by the end of 2005, all the requiredhardware and software development is sited in

Ottobrunn, selected components are produced and all systems tested for full function.

The large companies with R&D interviewed belong tothe following industries (see map 7): optical industry,medical equipment, instrumentation, textiles and clothing, food, building, media, paper, printing andpublishing. Also small and medium-size companiesrepresenting biotechnology, environmental engineer-ing and medical equipment, the growth sectors with a strong basis in Munich, are heavily engaged in research and development (see maps 12, 13, and 18).

R&D is not a prerogative of manufacturing industriesbut also at home in knowledge-intensive service sector such as loans and insurance, corporate ser-vices as well as commerce (see map 6). Large companies have clear advantages when research requires high expenditure and a formalizedapproach is the quickest road to promise successfulinnovation. They have in-house R&D staff and in manycases run large R&D departments. In the Munich-based companies interviewed for this study, over20,500 employees work in corporate R&D. Four-fifth ofthe companies interviewed have their own R&D staff

Research and development in large

companies in the Munich area

The generation of knowledge: research and developmentin the public and private sectors

For urban regions, the production of new knowledge and technical progress are critical preconditions for maintaining competitiveness and continued attraction. Important actors doingresearch and development in the region are companies, universities and colleges as well aspublic and semi-public research establishments.

High-performance satellite at EADS Astrium

19%

58%

23%

n=83

Cooperation with universities /colleges and research establishments and with companies

Cooperation only with universities /colleges and research establishments

Cooperation only with companies

17

and over 60 per cent of all companies have R&Ddepartments in Munich. For example, BMW operatesa research and innovation center not far from the mainfactory in the north of Munich, which is considered to be one of the most advanced development centersin the automotive industry world-wide. Some 7,000 engineers, pattern makers, computer experts andresearchers from various disciplines, plus procure-ment personnel and supplier staff do research anddevelopment work for the BMW Group’s cars andtechnologies of the future.

In addition to the generation of new knowledge, theability of the companies to adapt technical knowledgefrom research institutions and other companies and to co-operate with these in the innovation process, isan essential component for technological capability.Nearly without exception, this ability can only befound in companies employing own R&D staff suffi-ciently familiar with R&D processes. Normally, coope-ration with research institutions and with other firmsis in addition to the internal R&D work and innovationefforts. Of the companies interviewed, over 80 percent established R&D cooperation with other compa-nies, universities, colleges or other research institu-tions. Over half of these companies work togetherwith universities/colleges and other research institutesin the Munich area and also with other companies (cf. fig. 2). Those interviewed made frequent use ofthe diversified research infrastructure in Munich (seemaps 8 and 9). Most ties of cooperation were withMunich’s Technical University, whose technologicalorientation most perfectly meets the profiles of thecompanies interviewed (see fig. 3).

Even in the time of modern communication technolo-gies, personal contacts in development and researchare important because the establishment and mainte-nance of relations of trust have proved to be inevitablein the harsh competitive environment among firms.This can be seen, inter alia, in the fact that one inevery four companies said their principal cooperationpartner in R&D was sited in the city or region ofMunich (cf. fig. 4).

Survey: Institute of Social Geography, LMU Munich

Fig. 4: Location of the principal R&D cooperation partners of the companies interviewed

14,0

10,0 11,0

38,0

20,0

6,0

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Stadt München Region München Bayern Deutschland EU/Europa außereuropäischeLänder

in %


Fig. 3: R&D cooperation of the companies interviewedwith universities, colleges and other research institutions in the area of Munich


Fig. 2: R&D cooperation among companies interviewedin the Munich area

Ludwig Maximilian University

Munich University of AppliedTechnology

Munich Technical University

Other public research institutions

17%

47%

18%

18%

n=107

Munich city

Munichregion Bavaria EU/Europe Countries out-

side EuropeGermany

19

Research and development at universities

and colleges in Munich

The universities and colleges are major actors for the generation of new knowledge in the regions ofMunich. Their research and training activities are critical contributions to the innovation and competitivepotential of the regions.

Munich’s universities and colleges (also see map 5)are engaged in research in almost all areas of thenatural, engineering, social sciences and the humani-ties (see map 8). The Technical University (TU) andalso Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) rank highon different lists assessing the research results and success in the solicitation of external funds amongresearch institutions in Germany. Totally, some 14,000persons were employed in science and art depart-ments of universities and colleges in the Munichregion in 2003 (see map 8).

At the LMU, nearly 5,900 persons worked in researchand teaching in 2003. As Munich’s largest university,LMU has the required critical mass for team workwith excellent results not only in the social sciencesand the humanities but also in the natural sciences.For example, the Center for NanoScience (CeNS),founded in 1998, bundles the competencies of LMUin the nanosciences. Excellent opportunities for linkingacademic with industry-oriented research are providedby the HighTechCampus of LMU in Martinsried-Grosshadern. Located in the direct neighborhood ofthe hospital complex of Grosshadern, the researchinstitutes of the Max Planck Society and an InnovationCenter for Biotechnology (IZB), the LMU Biocenter,which opened in 2004, and the Gene Center, in addi-tion to the pharmaceutical and chemical departments.

Munich Technical University (see map 8) employedsome 5,100 research and teaching staff in 2003. TheTU’s research competencies are mainly the naturalsciences and technology, medicine and the life sci-ences. Contacts with regional, national and inter-national companies are close: In 2003, the TU wonexternal funds in an amount of 124.5 million Eurofrom public and private sources. Main fields of research at the TU are, e.g., plant breeding and nutri-tion-related green biotechnology which is concen-trated in the Weihenstephan Center of Life and FoodScience (WZW). Besides, the Munich TU has an out-standing research institution at the Garching campus:the research neutron source Heinz Maier-Leibnitz(FRM-II). It attracts scientists from all over the worldwho use neutrons generated at the facility for funda-mental research in physics, chemistry, biology and thematerials sciences.

The Munich universities also maintain close researchties with other universities and colleges, government-funded research establishments and industry. At present, Bavaria is home to 15 research cooperationsand associations working on interdisciplinary, applica-tion-oriented research projects studying current social,economic and technological issues. Their commonplatform is the Association of Bavarian ResearchCooperations (abayfor). The Munich universities arerepresented on 14 of these research cooperations.

Close partnership among universities and colleges isuseful mainly in translating scientific inventions intomarketable innovations. For example, the technologytransfer centers of LMU, TU and the MunichUniversity of Applied Sciences (see map 16) try tosuccessfully bring together knowledge from researchwith high-tech firms.

Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich

Technical University Munich

21

The public and semi-public research establishmentscomplement the research activities of the universitiesand private industry in areas in which due to the subjects, interdisciplinary approach or scope of projects, universities and colleges are not the optimalpartners.

Munich has a high density of public research establishments in the natural sciences, economicsand social sciences. In addition to renowned researchinstitutions such as the Bavarian Academy of Sciencesand Humanities, 25 institutes of the Max PlanckSociety, the Fraunhofer Society, the HelmholtzAssociation and the Leibniz Association have settled in Munich (see map 9). They are important factors inthe successful development of the knowledge-inten-sive clusters in the city. The spatial closeness of theinstitutes to the technology-based companies enablesresearch cooperation und the transfer of knowledgeas boosters of the innovation potential of industry.

Some 3,750 employees of 13 Munich-based institutesof Max Planck Society, whose general administrationis also located in Munich, are engaged in research inthe natural and life sciences. The Max Planck institutesfor biochemistry und neurobiology in Grosshadern-Martinsried support for example, the small andmedium-size companies of the so-called red bio-technology with their medical and pharmaceuticalresearch.

Whereas the Max Planck Society concentrates on fun-damental research, the Fraunhofer Society focuses onapplication-oriented research in the engineering disciplines. Five research establishments are based in Munich, among them the Society’s headquartersand its patent center, which acts as consultant andprovides financial support to companies in obtainingpatents for their inventions from the German Patentand Trade Mark Office and the European Patent Office.

The Leibniz Association is also represented in Munichwith four institutes: the DFA – German research institute for food chemistry, the Deutsche Museum,the ifo Center for Economic Studies and the Ifz – Institute of Contemporary History. These fourinstitutes together have a budget of 54.59 million Euroand a total staff of 660.

The Helmholtz Association is the largest science organization in Germany and engages in application-oriented development as well as fundamental research. Three of 15 research establishments run by

the Helmholtz Association are resident in the Municharea: the German Aerospace Center in Oberpfaffen-hofen, the Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics inGarching and the GSF National Research Center forEnvironment and Health in Neuherberg.

In addition to the public research institutes, Munich is also center to 13 institutions of an industry-basedinnovation network, some of which are affiliated touniversities or colleges (see map 9): The GermanFederation of Industrial Research Associations "Ottovon Guericke" supports R&D projects undertaken bysmall and medium-size companies and acts as a consultant for practical innovation. In Munich, theassociation concentrates its activities on projects innutrition, e.g., at the Weihenstephan science center.

Max Planck Society headquarters

Research establishments in the

Munich area

23

Prime movers of urban economic development: knowledge and technology intensive branches

Information technology (IT), which comprises bothsoftware and hardware, is one of the key technologiesof the 21st century. It is the principal driving force oftechnical advance.

Going by the number of firms, Munich takes pride of place, followed by Berlin and Hamburg. Large companies, such as Siemens AG and big internationalplayers with a branch or a subsidiary in Germany, e.g.,Microsoft Deutschland in Unterschleissheim or CiscoSystems GmbH in Hallbergmoos, have a formativeinfluence on the IT industry in the area of Munich (see map 10). Numerous small and medium-size ITcompanies providing highly specialized products orservices are also typical of Munich.

With about 8,300 businesses, the software industry isthe largest IT segment in the area of Munich. Theportfolios of the software industry comprise webhosting, software development and consultation aswell as data processing and data acquisition.

Munich’s software industry, including e-commercefirms, had a total turnover exceeding ten billion Euroin 2003, which is 15 per cent of the total earnings ofthe German information and communication industry.

The software industry is a major employer in theregion: In the last few years, the number of em-ployees went up to over 54,000 in 2003 (cf. table 3).

Software firms find Munich a site with ideal con-ditions: They can hire highly qualified personnel, use a specialized infrastructure, e.g., technology transfer points and an extensive potential customerbase. Users of software systems are the knowledgeand technology-intensive sectors, e.g., biotechnology,medicine, aerospace industry, media firms, the auto-motive sector, producers of car electronic equipmentand mechanical engineering companies. Numerousspin-offs of the computer science departments atMunich’s universities and colleges add to the growthof the industry.

Political and financial support is available to the industry under the Bavarian Software Initiative, initiated by the Bavarian state government in 1998.The focus of the software initiative is on research,company foundation and qualification.

Software industry in the Munich area

Knowledge and technology-intensive branches are the prime movers of regional urban development. They are the backbone of investment, employment and sustainable jobs in theknowledge economy. Especially successful sectors and future growth industries in Munichare medical equipment, biotechnology, information and communication technology, the mediaindustry, financial services, the aerospace and automotive sector. These industries secure theinternational competitiveness of Munich.

Source: LH München, Referat für Arbeit und Wirtschaft, und Industrie- undHandelskammer für München und Oberbayern 2004

1999 47,544

2000 46,149

2001 48,402

2002 54,138

2003 54,021

Year Number of jobs

Table 3: Development of job statistics in the softwareindustry

German outlet of Microsoft

25

The telecommunication industry in the

Munich area

More often than ever before, data, information andknowledge are transmitted by electronic means. Thetelecommunication industry provides the requiredequipment and infrastructure for it. The deregulationand privatization of telecommunication during the1990s was the starting point of strong competitionleading to dynamic growth in this young, technology-driven industry. Today, Munich is the second-largesttelecommunication center in Germany, after Frankfurt

am Main. Over 100 telecommunication firms inMunich and the area around it (see map 11) achieved a turnover of 14.7 billion Euro in 2003, one fifth of thetotal revenue of the Munich-based information andcommunication sector; investments amounted toabout 3.1 billion Euro and the industry employed short of 19,000 people.

Some telecommunication companies in the Municharea have global activities, e.g., Siemens AG, O2GmbH, or BT Germany. Besides, network operators,UMTS license holders, network carriers and internetservice providers also are part and parcel of this industry in Munich.

Carriers are telephone companies and service firmsspecializing in the transport of data and voice and selling or leasing services of their own systems. Inaddition to the original telecommunication firms, suchas Deutsche Telekom AG, electricity supply compa-nies, such as E.ON, also act as carrier. A separate linenetwork in Munich is operated, e.g., by the city carrierM”net, co-founded by Munich’s municipal utility in1996, which operates some 1,300 km of glass fibercable for telephone and internet services in the areasof Munich, Ingolstadt, Nürnberg, Erlangen and Fürth.

M”net has become one of the leading regional telecommunication service providers. In addition to77,000 private customers, M“net also has 7,500 business customers.

In connection with the introduction of UMTS techno-logies, the mobile radio standard of the third genera-tion, Munich turned into a virtual hub for this withinGermany: In addition to O2 with headquarters here,

all other UMTS license holders, such as E-Plus,Vodafone, and T-Mobile are present in Munich.

Besides, a wide range of firms providing internet services has settled in Munich; they cater for theneeds of corporate and private customers by providinghosts and servers for the storage of home pages anddata bases (see map 14).

The periodical Focus referred to Munich as the "internet capital of Germany". One in four internetfirms has its principal place of business in Munich and 24 per cent of all German internet start-ups are at home in the Munich area (see map 14).

Building of Siemens AG O2 headquarters

27

With annual growth rates of five to six per cent inGermany, the medical technology industry is a primemover of economic development with favorable jobprospects.

Over 200 producers of medical technology are con-centrated in the area of Munich (see map 12), theyemploy about 14,000 people. Thus, about one in threeemployees in this industry in Bavaria is posted in theMunich area.

The city and district of Munich were among the territories with the largest number of new medicaltechnology companies formed in the period from 1995 to 2002. The background of this encouragingdevelopment is the favorable site factors whichMunich provides: a strong basis of university andother research institutions (see maps 8 and 9) whichturn out highly qualified graduates and also act as cooperation partners for start-up firms. Besides, thescientific research institutes often are the basis forspin-offs.

On the other hand, the large number of hospitals andresident doctors in Munich generates extensive poten-tial demand (see map 19). Another factor is that industries which are of special importance to innova-tion in medical technology, such as biotechnology,nanotechnology and computer technology, are strongly represented in the urban region (see maps 10and 18). Also important for the medical technologyindustry is the local presence of independent certifica-tion agencies, such as TÜV, which issue the CE label –a statutory requirement for any medical technologyitem.

Medical technology in Munich

Production of multifocal glasses by RodenstockSiemens computer tomograph

The product range of strongly technology-oriented,innovative Munich-based firms comprises laboratoryequipment and services relating to medical techno-logy, software for medical applications and a variety ofhighly-specialized products for surgery, ophthalmologyand dental medicine (see map 12). Going by the number of firms, especially producers of diagnostic, therapeutic and orthopedic products are concentratedin Munich. Many of these firms are among the globalmarket leaders in their respective narrow market segment.

In terms of size, small and medium-size firms withless than 50 employees dominate in and aroundMunich. Only a few companies employ more than 100 people. Examples of these firms are the highlytraditional company Rodenstock in downtown Munichor the company Stöckert Instrumente, a supplier ofheart-ling machines. Located in the area aroundMunich are several other larger companies, for example, BrainLAB, a supplier of cancer treatmentsoftware, or the supplier of diagnostic instrumentsand precision optical products, Heine Optotechnik, inHerrsching. Besides, the GE Global Research Centerof the global technology group General Electric inGarching has a development and research departmentspecializing in medical technology in the area ofMunich.

29

The environment sector has experienced a dramatictechnical development since the 1980s, making environmental technology an important growth sectortoday.

Numerous firms in this shared-service industry have their centers in or around Munich. The positive dynamic development in environmental managementin Munich is illustrated by the fact that the number ofjobs in this industry increased by almost 30 per centin the years from 1994 to 2003. If the jobs created inthe craft and trades sector and in the municipal wastedisposal and waste water treatment facilities in thecity and region of Munich are included, there werealmost 9,000 jobs in environmental technology in2003.

Going by turnover, the most important environmenttechnology segment in Munich is waste managementand recycling, followed by rehabilitation of contamina-ted sites and renewable energies. An important sup-plier of environmental technology and strongly basedin the area of Munich are instrumentation and controlsystems and many environmental consultants alsohave their offices here (see map 13). Most local firmsin environmental management are small or medium-size with activities not only in environmental techno-logy but also in other fields.

Munich is a German leader also in renewable ener-gies, most of all photovoltaics, geothermal energy andbiomass utilization, which are considered to be themost innovative segments of the environmentindustry. Munich is not only home to a number of producers, e.g., of solar cells, it is also the center ofdevelopment and research in this field. The research and development center set up by GeneralElectric (GE) in Garching in 2004 employs about 150people and also does research and development inthe production of renewable energies. The dynamicfield of fuel cell technology is also of great relevancein Munich. Many firms in this segment succeeded inbecoming European market leaders with their innovations.

The Munich area is the base from which many university and non-university research institutionscarry on important environmental activities, e.g., theGSF – National Research Center for Environment andHealth (see map 9). These institutes do research in thefields of energy, waste and water management, plantconstruction, combustion and fuel cell technology.

Environmental technology in

the Munich area

Solar thermal power system

Engineers at Linde Gas AG

Munich is an attractive site for environment firms alsobecause the city itself has a strong commitment torenewable energies and their use and has institutedenvironment awards and initiatives such as theÖKOPROFIT environmental consultation program forcompanies and supports the regional environmentindustry. In 2005, Deutsche Umwelthilfe (Germanenvironment aid) named Munich winner of the"German energy saving capital" competition amongcities and towns.

Moreover, Munich is the place of important authorities, such as the Bavarian State Ministry of theEnvironment, Public Health and Consumer Protectionand the municipal Department of Health and Environ-ment. Besides, environmental societies and agencies,e.g., Deutsche Gesellschaft für Sonnenenergie(German solar energy society), have their principal offices in or near Munich. The internationally mostimportant environment exhibition – IFAT – takes placein Munich every three years.

31

Television, radio, the print media and the internet are not only means for knowledge storage and trans-mission, the media are also a knowledge-intensiveand promising industry offering many jobs in Munich.Hardly any other city in Germany has profited morefrom the media boom during the last few decadesthan the Bavarian capital. Contrary to the generaltrend in the industry and despite the difficult situationin the media industry, the print, multimedia, advertis-ing and information services segments have been growing in recent years. For example, the number ofmedia companies in and around Munich went up from11,425 to over 14,000 in the period from 1999 to2002, the number of permanently employed and freelance persons rose from 116,000 to 187,000 andthe turnover of the industry increased from 19.2 bn.Euro to 24.5 bn. Euro.

Munich is positioned excellently both in the traditionalaudio-visual media, such as radio and television, andalso in the new media segment and the internet industry (see map 14). In addition to the BayerischeRundfunk, with over 4,000 permanent and freelanceradio and television workers in Munich, and ZweitesDeutsches Fernsehen (ZDF), most national privatetelevision companies can be found in and aroundMunich (see map 14). There are more than ten localradio stations in the city. The area of Munich has thehighest density of studio and production capacity andis the center of German film production. As for eachfilm, radio or television product the most diversetalents and services must be brought together, a comprehensive supply industry has sprung up inMunich: studio operators and production firms, filmtechnicians, casting agencies and even film distribution companies. Many of them can be found in the downtown area or in one of the media clusters(see map 14). Synergy effects due to the closeness of sites are of particular importance in this industrywith its intensive division of labor. More than 1,000people work on the premises of Bavaria Film. It is the site of the Bavaria Film group, two radio stations and almost 30 other independent firms pro-viding different film-related services (see map 14). Even in the print segment, the traditional main pillar ofthe local media industry, Munich is top in Germany,with internationally acclaimed publishers such as C.H. Beck and Langenscheidt: In 2003, a total of 234Munich-based publishers put out the largest numberof titles in all of Germany (8,527 titles). The picture ofMunich as publishing center is complemented by fivedaily newspapers, some of them with a supraregionalreadership, and the editorial offices of about 200general and technical periodicals.

The local concentration of media, most of all, IT companies, has made the city a preferred site of firmswith activities in the new media, i.e., internet serviceproviders, web agencies und e-commerce (see map14). This young, innovative industry is looking forwardto a promising future: first, because access to theinternet is common practice for half the German population – and the figure will go up further –,second, the conventional media are in a process ofmerging with the contents of the information and communication industry: for example, interactive television or video-on-demand are options of new hardware and software solutions.

One of the strong points of Munich is also the largenumber of well-known media training and educationinstitutions, such as the universities, the BayerischeFilmzentrum (Bavarian filmcenter) Geiselgasteig or the Deutsche Journalistenschule (German school for journalists). They turn out a stream of well-trained and– most of all – creative graduates, probably the mostimportant factor pro settlement in Munich.

Munich as a center of the media

Studio situation at Pro Sieben

Shooting of the Bavaria Film production "Die Manns – Ein Jahrhundertroman"

33

Banks also find Munich an attractive place to do business from. Some 160 banks can be found here;about 50 of them manage their business from aMunich HQ (see map 15).

The bank landscape of Munich is varied. Cooperativebanks and savings banks add to the range of financialservice providers. Banks with international services inMunich include HypoVereinsbank and BayerischeLandesbank. In addition to these, a large number ofprivate banks takes care of the needs of their clients.Munich is also a preferred place for domestic andforeign venture capital firms (see map 15). Almost onein two venture capital firms in Germany is head-quartered in Munich. Venture capital is a ‘must’ forinnovative and knowledge-based start-ups, whichoften do not have the necessary capital to fund theirbusiness. Reasons why venture capital firms findMunich most attractive are: for one, the large numberof young, innovative companies – at present, one inthree firms financed with venture capital is located inthe Munich area. Secondly, the presence of capitalavailable for new forms of investment.

To strengthen and maintain Munich’s attractivenessalso in future, important companies, institutions aswell as scientific and government entities have formed the "Munich Financial Center Initiative".

Munich as a financial center

Walking Man in front of Münchener RückBrokers at the Munich stock exchange

Product and process innovations also take place in theservice sector. Financial services, in particular, areknowledge-intensive and provide a large proportion ofjobs requiring high qualification. Besides, new know-ledge often needs capital to make it work. Therefore,the availability of venture capital is an important factorfor siting young, technology-oriented companies.Munich is a major financial center in this respect: AfterFrankfurt, Munich is Germany’s second most impor-tant center of the banking sector, the Number Oneplace for insurance companies, and also a top locationfor asset management firms, funds, leasing com-panies and venture capital firms. In 2003, over 60,000people, i.e., over nine per cent of all employeespaying social contributions in Munich, were employedin the loan/credit and insurance sectors.

The Bavarian capital is Germany’s largest insurancecenter both by the number of people working in theinsurance sector and the total revenue earned frominsurance premiums. Nearly 80 insurance companieshave their headquarters in Munich (see map 15). Theyinclude large groups, such as Allianz, the world’s largest primary insurer, D.A.S., Europe’s largest defense insurer, and the Bavarian insurance chamber,the biggest public-law insurance group in Germany.Reinsurance companies have a particularly strong presence in Munich: The Münchener Rück, the world’slargest reinsurance company, has headquarters inMunich. Other companies in this segment, such asSwiss Re or GE Frankona Re, manage their businessactivities from Munich. Just over 60 per cent of thereinsurance business in Germany, namely some 33bn. Euro a year, were handled in the Munich area in2003. The asset management sector of the insurancegroups and the companies formed for this purposehandled some 860 billion Euro in 2000. Thus, Munichnow ranks before Frankfurt am Main in asset manage-ment.

35

Synergies in the city of knowledge: institutions of knowledgetransfer and knowledge clusters

Munich is the place for many quality institutions specializing in technology transfer and the formationof firms and acting as consultants to and assisting up-and-coming companies: technology transfer points,technology and founder centers, so called incubatorsand accelerators, founder consultants and start-up andventure capital lenders (see map 16).

Technology transfer points encourage the intensivenetworking of science and industry. They assist in the search for suitable cooperation partners, make contacts with know-how owners and engage in activeknowledge transfer. For example, Munich’s universi-ties, several research institutes, such as the GermanAerospace Center, the patent offices and the BavarianState Ministry of Sciences, Research and the Artshave their own technology transfer points.

The Munich Technology Center (MTZ), which was initiated by the city, also communicates technologicalknowledge and provides science and technology-oriented firms with low-rent space, services, consul-tation and marketing. The target of settlement in theMTZ and the other 13 founder centers in the city is to improve the start-up and growth opportunities offuture-oriented, high-risk firms.

A similar function is that of the so called incubatorsand accelerators of local industry which, in addition to fully equipped rooms and office services provideindustry competence and venture capital in the IT,multimedia and life sciences sectors.

The supply of venture capital by a number of venturecapital companies and venture capital providers in the

area of Munich makes it easier for firms to developinnovative technical products and processes (see map 15).

The diversified infrastructure for technological know-ledge transfer and support of companies in the star-ting and growth phases, plus a number of initiatives, e.g., the Munich business plan competition, provide excellent framework conditions for start-ups inMunich. This also includes the Munich BusinessStartup Office (MEB), a cooperation of the Chamberof Industry and Commerce with the Department ofLabor and Economic Development of the City ofMunich. The MEB provides interested parties withfree consultation and information on all matters of business formation. A favorable climate for the formation of new firms was also confirmed by studiesundertaken by the universities of Cologne andLüneburg: Potential business founders and start-upfirms ranked the economic region of Munich numberone.

Technology transfer and support for

company founders in Munich

Networks of actors from universities, colleges, research establishments and companies of allkinds and size spring up around research, support and qualification institutions and pioneeringfirms. The numerous institutions for technology transfer and for supporting start-ups, plus their location close to the patent institutions in Munich, provide an encouraging environmentespecially for research-intensive clusters, e.g., biotechnology and the health system.

MTZ – Munich Technology Center

The generation of new knowledge in the form ofinventions and innovations is crucial to the com-petitiveness of a region. A high number of patentapplications is an indicator of intensive research anddevelopment activities in a region.

As the site of the German Patent and Trade MarkOffice and the European Patent Office, Munich occupies a key position in the German and Europeanpatent systems (see map 17). The German Patent andTrade Mark Office, the central institution for copyrightand intellectual property protection in Germany, received applications for totally 48,448 domesticpatents in 2004. The locations of the patent applicantsconcentrate very much on a few regions with higheconomic success. In addition to Stuttgart, Munichhas for years been the region with the highest number of patent applications in Germany. Altogether14 per cent of all domestic and one third of allBavarian patent applications come from the Munichregion. The strong focus on technology and innovationin the area of Munich can also be seen in the highpatent density: by head of population, twice as manypatent applications are filed here than on the Germanaverage (see map 2).

Most patents from Munich-based applicants are filedfor inventions in electrical engineering, electronics andradio communication, health, instrumentation and control systems. Munich is consistently cementing itsleading position also in biotechnology patents witheleven per cent of all domestic patent applications inbiotechnology.

Looking at the patent applications by categories offilers, i.e., industry, science or private inventors, it will be seen that most applications are the result ofindustrial research.

Most patent applications in Germany have for yearsbeen filed by the Munich-based Siemens AG. There are another three Munich companies amongthe top-20 filers: Infineon Technologies, BayerischeMotoren Werke (BMW) and BSH Bosch und SiemensHaushaltgeräte.

Munich’s importance to the patent system is also illustrated by the large number of institutions with offices here, such as the patent department ofGerman research of the Fraunhofer Society or theMax Planck Institute for Intellectual Property,Competition and Tax Law (see maps 9 and 17). In addition, there exists a close network of informationoffices and service providers specialized in patents.Numerous technology transfer and inventor consul-tation centers in Munich provide services for themediation and marketing of innovations from uni-versities, colleges, research institutes and firms (see maps 16 and 17).

Moreover, with one in three practicing patent lawyersas well as publicly appointed and sworn patentexperts come from the Munich region; this is the highest density in this category in Germany.

With the Munich Intellectual Property Law Center andthe European Patent Academy, Munich also plays animportant role in training and further education in thepatent system (see map 17).

37

Munich: center of the patent system

German Patent and Trade Mark OfficeEuropean Patent Office

39

The biotechnology region of Munich

The city of Munich and the surrounding region hasdeveloped into one of Germany’s most successful bio-technology clusters during the last ten years and is aleader among the international biotechnology regions.A particular advantage of the Munich-based biotechno-logy firms is that the Bavarian capital with its researchinstitutions in the natural sciences and the life sciences, competent application centers in the healthcare sector and a multitude of medical equipmentcompanies (see maps 12 and 19) has a high life science profile. Munich’s life science sector providesalmost 24,000 people with jobs, many of them inresearch.

Meanwhile, about 100 biotechnology firms, most of them small or medium-size, and over 20 largerpharmaceutical companies (e.g., Bristol-Myers SquibbGmbH, GlaxoSmithKline GmbH & Co KG) are sited in and around Munich. Most of them concentrate onmedical and pharmaceutical development and biotech-nological application (red biotechnology) but are alsoactive in green biotechnology (plants and food), bio-informatics and the manufacture of biotechnologicalimplements and reagents (see map 18). The small andmedium-size firms (SMEs) of the industry have over2,200 employees, more than one in two of these working in the development of therapeutic and diagnostic drugs. In addition to those employed in thebiotechnology SMEs, another about 8.000 peoplework in branches or subsidiaries of international orlocal pharmaceutical companies.

Major factors of the success of the biotechnologycompanies in the area of Munich include: close coope-ration with many well-known research and teachinginstitutions in the life sciences, the availability of capi-tal from technology-oriented lenders, specialized service providers, extensive support and technologytransfer (see map 18) and a large pool of personnelwith excellent training.

Grosshadern-Martinsried: red biotechnology

cluster

Grosshadern-Martinsried has become known as a center of red biotechnology (see map 18). In additionto many other biotechnology firms close by, the MaxPlanck institutes of biochemistry and neurobiology, the Grosshadern complex of hospitals, several sciencedepartments and the genetic center of the universityof Munich (LMU) as well as the innovation center forbiotechnology (IZB) are located there. The BioM AG, the coordination center of the Munich biotechnologyregion, is also sited there. Meanwhile, more biotech-

nology companies have set up facilities in nearbyGräfelfing and Planegg.

Freising-Weihenstephan: a center of green

biotechnology

A center of green biotechnology has been establishedin Freising-Weihenstepahn, in the north of Munich. The firms set up there in the last few years have theadvantage of being in direct neighborhood of theTechnical University of Munich, which has expandedits science center for nutrition, land use and environ-ment, and Fachhochschule Weihenstephan, Germany’slargest "green" university of applied sciences, (seemap 8). The application and research cluster estab-lished here is complemented by other research andsupport institutions such as the Bavarian State research center for agriculture (LfL), the BavarianState brewery Weihenstephan, the FraunhoferInstitute for Process Engineering and Packaging (IVV)and another innovation center for biotechnology (IZB).

The Munich Technology Center (MTZ) and the munici-pal industry estates offer biotechnology start-ups withspace and services. Another attractive site for biotech-nology firms, the Freiham life science park, initiated bythe municipality, is emerging at the western fringe ofthe city.

Research in the laboratory of a biotechnology firm

41

The public health system in the Munich

area

Health management is a growing industry. Its impor-tance is growing in view of the demographic changeand also due to new developments in diagnosticmethods and available treatment options. In additionto hospitals, doctors’ surgeries, pharmacies and otherhealth care institutions as core institutions, healthmanagement also includes the pharmaceutical, bio-medical and medical engineering industries and research institutes.

Health is one of the most employment-intensive service sectors of all, with some 100,000 jobs in andaround Munich alone. Three first-rate university hospitals, over 70 municipal, non-profit or privatehospitals with more than 13,000 in-patient beds andabout 4,000 medical doctors (see map 19), plus a multitude of doctors’ practices and laboratories in thearea, provide a high level of health care. The city ofMunich alone runs five large hospitals with almost4,000 beds, which have merged to form the KlinikMünchen GmbH and provide all main areas of treat-ment.

Whereas the biotechnological and pharmaceuticalindustries (see map 18) develop new drugs andmethods for treatment of in-patients and out-patients,the medical technology companies develop and supplymedical devices and machines (see maps 12 and 19).The development and market launch of products andmethods is closely related with the existence of aclose network of capital providers, specialized servicefirms and a potent support and technology transferinfrastructure (see maps 15 and 16). For example, theinnovation center for therapeutic medical technology,ITEM GmbH, set up as medical technology consultantin 2003, prepares feasibility studies and provides consultation in all matters of development and filing of patents also for start ups. The public health system as such, i.e., the out-patient and in-patient care institutions, is not only a consumer of medical technology, pharmaceutical and biotechnological products, it also is instrumental to product develop-ment and clinical testing right to the level of productlaunch.

The conurbation of Munich provides best conditionsfor cooperation among the different actors in thehealth system and health industry (see map 19).

Companies, hospitals and clinics as well as universityand non-university research institutions in Munich’shealth system and industry maintain close relationsamong each other (see maps 18 and 19). Industrycooperates with the Technical University, first and

foremost, in nutritional medicine and assists research,for example, by funding university chairs. The universi-ty hospitals of LMU and the hospital complex "Rechtsder Isar", which belong to the Technical University,maintain close ties with the medical departments of both universities. Many university teachers areinvolved in clinical research. Besides, students can get first-hand experience from work at the hospitals.

In the operating room, Klinikum Rechts der Isar

Klinikum Grosshadern

Munich – data hub and gateway

High-speed data lines and the smooth and uncomp-licated provision of the telecommunication infras-tructure are the basis of modern economic sites. Theindustrial area of Munich has several city loops and alarge number of television transmission networks andurban links. Many carriers have settled in Munich, e.g.,the municipal company M“net, providing the fullrange of telecommunication services such as tele-phone, broadband internet service and local area net-works from a single source (see map 11).

Munich gateway

Munich’s importance as gateway city has grown withaccess to eastern Europe. Airport, railroad stations,the rail and road networks and the public commutingservice are the physical basis for the transfer of people and goods (see map 20).

A high-capacity international airport became availablewith the construction of the new airport in 1992. Since business started, the number of flights and passengers went up constantly. From 12.7 million in1993, the figure rose to well over 26.8 million pas-sengers in 2004; the number of flights went up from192,200 in 1993 to 383,100 in 2004. Looking at thesefigures, the present discussion about the constructionof a third runway is understandable.

In the passenger statistics, Munich airport rankssecond as passenger airport after Frankfurt am Main.Non-stop or direct flights from Munich go to almost allmajor international destinations outside Europe.Business passengers from Upper and Lower Bavariaand Swabia, even Salzburg and Tyrol, take flights fromMunich. Munich airport is also a major driving force ofeconomic development in Bavaria: over 23,000 peoplehave jobs there. As the airport expands, about threejobs are created new every day.

Munich data hub

Today, modern means of communication transfer data and information to any place on theglobe is a matter of seconds. The exchange of technical knowledge through the internet isgrowing; broadband and digital television open new possibilities. Munich is a leading data hubfor electronic communication. To produce new knowledge requires direct contact amongthose who have it, also at this time of modern communication. An efficient hardware infrastructure is an absolute ’must’ for increasing international, national and urban mobility.

Co

mm

erci

al p

asse

ng

ers

in b

n.

1992

12,02

5,9% 6,0% 10,2% 5,5% 14,1% 8,0% 10,2% 8,7% 2,3% -2,0% 4,4% 10,8%

12,73 13,5014,87 15,69

17,8919,32

21,2823,13 23,65 24,19

26,81

23,16

0

5

10

15

29

25

30

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Fig. 5: Take-offs and landings at Munich airport

Fig. 6: Passenger statistics of Munich airport

Source: www.munich-airport.de

Munich is also a central rail hub for goods and passen-gers. Long-distance and Bayerntakt regional trains arrive at or leave from three terminal stations. FourIntercity long-distance lines are served by a train everyhour between Munich, Stuttgart and Nuremberg.Trains also run from Munich to the neighboring countries.

Public commuter transport is served by the rapid transit system network, two lines serving the airportand high-level urban transport system, which takelocals and visitors to their destinations quickly andsafely.

Tota

l mov

emen

ts in

th

ou

san

d

1992

192,2 192,2 199,8214,0

233,3267,8

278,4 299,1319,0

337,7355,6

383,1

344,4

0

100

200

300

400

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

0,0% 4,0% 7,1% 9,0% 14,8% 7,4%3,9% 6,7% 5,8% 2,0% 3,3% 7,7%

43

45

Culture and art in the city of knowledge: places of inspiration

"The amount of information which everyone facesevery day is growing. However, information which isnot possible to get at is lost for ever. This is why weneed libraries."

These were the words with which the president ofLudwig-Maximilians-University in Munich, Prof. Dr.Bernd Huber, characterized the importance of a diversified library landscape for today’s knowledgesociety. There are about 700 libraries in Munich.

By making their stocks of books, periodicals, audioand video volumes and electronic publications available for the public and archiving them, librariesserve research and also provide the general publicwith literature and information.

To make knowledge available to the urban society ofMunich is the task of the Munich City Library. Withshort of 30 branches in different parts of the city andthe central library at Gasteig, it is at present the biggest municipal library association in all of Germany.Some 3.2 million books, periodicals and new mediacan be borrowed or read, viewed or listened to in thelibrary rooms. Readings, talks and exhibitions in thebranch libraries add to the cultural life in out-of-down-town Munich (see map 21). Hospitals, old peoples’homes and church parishes also have sizable stocksof books (see map 21).

The Bavarian State Library is one of the biggest scientific libraries in the German-speaking area. It is also the central library of the Free State of Bavaria and the state’s authority in all matters concerning the Bavarian library system. Founded by duke HerzogAlbrecht V as Wittelsbach court library in 1558, it nowhas over eight million volumes and an outstandingstock of old books with choice specimens from the

early times of book printing as well as numerous special collections such as valuable maps, bequests,portraits and painters’ books and one of the world’smost outstanding collections of autographs. With atpresent over 40,000 periodicals and newspapers, theBavarian State Library is the second-biggest periodicalsLibrary in Europe, after the British Library in London(see map 21).

The University Library of Munich (with about 6.5 million volumes), the Library of the Technical

Libraries in Munich

Places such as libraries, museums or theaters make meeting knowledge easy and people wantto know more. They radiate a positive atmosphere and an open approach to knowledge as aresource. Munich is a city with an open and inspiring climate, an important precondition toattract creative people and make them want to stay.

University (with at present 1.9 million volumes), the Library of the University of Applied Sciences(270,000 media and 700 periodicals) cater for scientific research and the training of students; libraries in other institutions, such as the DeutscheMuseum (over 850,000 volumes) or the GermanPatent and Trade Mark Office (over 9000,000 volumes)are also important stocking places of knowledge (see map 21).

Entrance of the Bavarian State Library

47

Museums and exhibition centers in

Munich

The Pinakothek der Moderne The Deutsche Museum

Museums transmit knowledge by collecting, treating,cataloging and exhibiting interesting objects fromhistory, technology and art.

Munich, with its large number and variety of exhibitioncenters, is an important city of museums of inter-national standing. About 4.4 million people visitedmuseums in Munich in 2003 informed themselves ofdifferent fields of knowledge and were inspired byworks of art.

Munich has museums focusing on natural science andscientific and technological areas; others concentrateon history, including cultural history. Museums of artare a major category (see map 22).Important museums of art include the Alte Pinakothekwith master works of European painting from the 14th through 18th centuries and the Neue Pinakothek showing European art from classicist to Art Nouveaustyles. By opening the third Pinakothek – thePinakothek der Moderne – in the fall of 2002, Munichadded further to its array of outstanding art collec-

tions. The building has over 12,000 sq.m. exhibitionarea for four collections: the Sammlung ModerneKunst, the Munich Technical University’s museum ofarchitecture, the Neue Sammlung of the StaatlicheMuseum für angewandte Kunst and the StaatlicheGraphische Sammlung.

With the construction of the Pinakothek der Moderne,a unique art quarter has developed in Munich: the three Pinakotheken, the Antikensammlung, the

Glyptothek, the Lenbachhaus, the Kunstbau amKönigsplatz and many private galleries form what iscalled the art quarter of Munich.

The Deutsche Museum with an exhibition area of55,000 sq.m. is one of the biggest and best knownmuseums of technology and natural sciences in theworld. It was founded by Oskar von Miller in 1903.Visitors can see some 18,000 historical and rebuiltapparatuses, machines, models and test setups frommany different technical fields. In addition to the bigmuseums, there are small and sometimes highly dedicated exhibitions such as the Kartoffelmuseum or the Valentin "Musäum" (museum in vernacular)dedicated to Karl Valentin, Munich actor and author of plays, cabaret songs and comic scenes, and hispartner of many years, Liesl Karlstadt.

The varied museumscape is financed primarily by theFree State of Bavaria or State-run institutions and byfoundations. The Bavarian capital also has many municipal museums: the Münchner Stadtmuseum

(Munich Municipal Museum), the Villa Stuck, theLenbachhaus, and the Münchner Jüdisches Museum(Jewish Museum).

Munich’s museums organize a special highlight everyyear: In the "Long Night of Museums" all museums intown are open to visitors until 2 o’clock next morningand entry is possible only with a single ticket. An extra program of music, dance and staged playscomplements the night-time event.

49

Theater in Munich means culture at high level, whether in representative places or an alternative cellar theater. At one place, a world famous conductorand outstanding singers give demonstrations of theirskills, at others experimental plays are staged. In addition to providing entertainment, the theater alsotransmits high culture, literary texts and subjects critical of society. In this way, theaters stage culturalknowledge.

With some 100 theaters and places at which music isperformed, the theater landscape of Munich is bothhistorical and diverse: Whereas the Residenztheater,the Nationaltheater and the Cuvilliés-Theater onMaximilianstraße were set up as court theaters asearly as in the 18th century, the second half of the19th century, on bourgeois initiative, saw the emer-gence of the Theater am Gärtnerplatz, the Prinzregen-tentheater in Bogenhausen and the Kammerspiele(chamber theater) in downtown Munich (see map 23).At the same time, artists’ pubs sprang up, in whichartists and writers such as Karl Valentin, Liesl Karstadtor Bertolt Brecht staged stories and plays, some ofthem went down in theater history.

Munich also has numerous small private theaters, set up during the protest movement in 1968. A large number of amateur theaters in pubs, civic centers,societies and parish halls, enrich the cultural life in thecity and contribute to the cultural identity of the people. Theaters for children and youth also have ahome in Munich: the "Schauburg – Theater derJugend" on Elisabethplatz is one of the best-knownchildren and youth theater in Germany. Vicious politicalsatire shows, for example the Lach- und Schiess-gesellschaft or in Heppel & Ettlich, are part and parcelof Munich’s theater culture (see map 23).

In recent years, the local theater landscape has seen efforts to take up topics cutting across theaterborders. For example, in October 1998 the MetropolTheater started its creative theater work under a non-profit making company, staging film adaptationson the music and spoken theater stages in the northof Munich, an area of little cultural development.

Theater in Munich is also staged outdoors. In thewarm season, many outdoor stages in parks attractmany people. During that time, the city turns into astage: Theaters find their audiences betweenShakespeare and the picnic basket.

Locals and their guests can enjoy a special theaterhighlight since this summer: The Olympic Stadium isno longer the venue of "King Soccer". It is now thescene of gigantic stagings of opera shows such as Giacomo Puccini’s Turandot with fireworks and afascinating light show outdoors.

Besides, the "Opera for Everyone" has become a synonym of the Munich opera festival. The Bavarianstate opera transmits a major performance of thefestival live from the National Theater to a large videowall on Max Joseph Platz. The free "Opera for Every-one" is a present to the local people in return of thesupport it extends to the Bavarian State Opera throughout the year.

Theaters and music performance centers

in Munich

The National Theater

The Philharmonie in Gasteig

50

Strategies for Munich as a City of Knowledge

Strategic fields of activity

In a current European comparative study by the university of Rotterdam looking at the strategic fieldsof action of cities of knowledge, in which Munich participated, seven factors were identified as definingthe basis of a city of knowledge. These are:

• Quality of life• Knowledge base • Economic base• Urban Scale• Social Equity • Accessibility • Urban diversity

With its vast number of knowledge-based institutionsand a sound economic basis, Munich’s position isexcellent, both nationally and internationally. In termsof quality of life, this city is among those on top in theworld by international comparison. As core city in anagglomeration with over 2.3 million inhabitants,Munich has the required urban size for quick and versatile turnover of knowledge. With airport, long-distance railroads and motorway links, Munich is amajor traffic hub in Germany. Social conditions havebecome harsher in Munich also in connection with therising national unemployment statistics. Despite that,the city has the lowest unemployment rate of all bigGerman cities. The so called subculture scene inMunich is of a type different than that, say, of Berlinmainly due to the lack of cheap studio locations, butdue to the high concentration of cultural institutionsrun by the municipality or the state, Munich is knownas a city of culture. Generally, all basic factors must be interlinked with each other. They can be improved

in the medium and long-term by an integrated urban development policy, whose basis is the "Munich Perspectiv" concept. Under this concept,

This follow-up of the stocktaking study shows the impressive diversity, density and quality ofknowledge-based institutions in Munich. This outstanding level of the city is the outcome ofnumerous individual initiatives and of prospective actors and supporters of science. However,Munich should not rest on its laurels. Because, in the meantime, many other cities have recognized the great importance of knowledge as a resource of their further development. SoMunich requires an explicit strategy and plan of action to maintain its top position as city ofknowledge. This strategy should fathom and identify all possible activities it can undertake andwhere accompanying measures by other actors, most of all the state government or the federal government, are needed and desirable.

the Department of Labor and Economic Developmentwill prepare a "City of Knowledge" guideline document.

In line with the results of the comparative study,Munich’s potentials for further development as city ofknowledge are in the following strategic fields ofaction:

Bring new knowledge and new ideas into the city

Strengthening the science location is a general taskfor Munich as a whole. First and foremost, the conditions provided for the generation of new knowl-edge should be as good as possible. For this, it isimportant that the available research institutions thrivein an agreeable environment, the settlement of new

Olympic Park

51

establishments should be encouraged as far as possi-ble. Of course, a city of knowledge should providemore than just the general conditions for traditionalresearch and knowledge available for industrial exploitation. The full range of knowledge-basedinstitutions in a broader sense must be in focus. This also includes institutions with access to large sections of the population, such as museums, librariesand theaters, which are abundant in Munich.

Intensify the application and translation of

knowledge

The transfer of knowledge must be supported. Thismeans that the cooperation of science and industrymust be advanced. Not all research results that wouldbe eligible really take all the hurdles from invention toinnovation, i.e., that they are translated into marketable products. So the target is to maintain a wide innova-tive production basis in Munich. Only by the inter-action of the translation of research findings in theproduction process and the feedback of results ofpractical application can innovation be sustainable.

Support growth industries

Support must be directed to growth sectors becauseinnovation policy is always also economic and locationpolicy. This is the only way to maintain an attractivepool of high-quality jobs whose high value-added content is a precondition for production at any cost-intensive conurbation. The Munich technology centerand the provision of industrial land is a purposefulapproach which Munich takes in this respect.

Attract knowledge-workers

The city and region must be attractive to researchers,entrepreneurs, generally to talented people and creative minds. Because not only the infrastructure isimportant for a city of knowledge, the people workingin it are a decisive factor. A strong and diversified

knowledge-based workforce makes Munich attractivefor companies and research institutions.

Use the organizational capacity of the municipality

It is also important to make all relevant actors in thecity share in common projects. Because knowledgesociety is a network society, this needs more intensive networking in key technologies acrossbranch-specific and organizational borders in companies and scientific research. Knowledge andinnovation are generated increasingly on the fringes of individual research realms. Only by networking canso called spill overs of knowledge be utilized more meaningfully. The city and the state, science and industry must work together intensively as a regionalnetwork.

Königsplatz Frauenkirche and new town hall

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Action plan for the future development of

Munich as a City of Knowledge

The city is already active in all strategic fields. Despitethis, it is important to follow up these fields with afocal approach in which the large research institutions,universities and colleges, in addition to the city andthe Free State of Bavaria, are major actors, primarily in the framework of the government’s university policyand support of high-tech clusters. Viewed from theangle of the Department of Labor and EconomicDevelopment, the city should give priority to the following activities:

To strengthen the knowledge basis, knowledgeshould be transmitted at a broad front and the desirefor knowledge encouraged already at preschool ageand at school, to introduce children and youth to thesciences in a manner appropriate to their age and inthis way create a basis for vocational qualification andlife-long learning early in life. This is the task of thecity as the entity responsible for schooling as well asfor universities and research institutions, for which itshould open itself to joint projects involving childrenand other young people. The activities organized bythe children’s university are promising in this respect.University professors present scientific topics so thatchildren can understand them. Also worth a mentionin this context is the „school and science" networkwhich is being set up on the initiative of the depart-ment of schools with the aim to give school classes ahands-on experience of scientific institutes and labora-tories in Munich. Strengthening the knowledge baseis also the task of adult education traditionally athome in the local college for adult education, thelargest of its kind in Germany.

Only occasionally can a city support the generation ofnew knowledge. It can advance future-oriented technologies mainly by internal innovative projects,such as the introduction of open source for municipalcomputers. In addition, the city can accompany theapplication of knowledge across the full chain of utilization. For example, in the field of patent, which isso important in Munich, it can assist potential foun-ders in patent realization and matters of industrial pro-perty right. Through its consultation offices, the city, inaddition to assisting business founders and resear-chers in the sale of patents, can also recommendalternatives, such as setting up new firms, and fastersuch processes. Technology centers provide founderswith suitable and variable space at reasonable termsto advance economic exploitation of new business concepts mainly in the initial years. This enablespotential founders to realize their own patents andadvance their industrial application as patent, license,own brand or by sale or outsource.

To support growth industries, which implies to getyoung and innovative firms to settle in the region asdriving forces of regional economic development andto assist the development of companies establishedon site. The available tools, viz. technology and founder centers, business plan competition, businessfounder loans, and coaching programs, should beextended further. The development and application ofnew technologies and services should be encouraged.This also includes the provision of suitable industrialland to companies at different phases of their develop-ment.

The competition for creative people among muni-cipalities will become much harsher in view of thedemographic development. Therefore, it is importantto win and hold talented people. The universitiesand colleges throw their courses open to internationalenrollment and try to win more foreign guest students.The city should emphasize and maintain its role as auniversity center more than it did in the past, also inview of the fact that the state has sited several univer-sity institutes outside the city boundaries. A positiveapproach taken by the city is the institution of universi-ty awards to students for outstanding work on topicsrelating to Munich. Besides, the city should give moreattention to students as a group of the municipalpopulation.

To strengthen the organizational capacity of the

region is another task, also of the city. As manyactors from industry, science, politics and society aspossible should be integrated in regional networkssupporting knowledge as a resource. The basis ofsuch a network could be an internet platform. On theother hand, the close neighborhood of the differentactors in the city and the region facilitates the ex-change of ideas and the development of new ap-proaches. The city as a local partner can create a suitable environment in which regional cooperationcan flourish. A concrete starting point is the "Scienceand Economy" working party initiated and managed by the city’s Department of Labor and EconomicDevelopment, which is a clearing house of new ideasamong the city, universities, colleges and industry-related institutions to make the city of knowledgeknown to a wider public.

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Annex

Notes on the study

The aim of this study is twofold: • to list and map knowledge-intensive and technology-

oriented companies and institutions in the city andregion of Munich;

• to get detailed information about the research anddevelopment (R&D) activities of big companies inthe city and region of Munich.

This booklet is a follow-up of the study "Munich – Cityof Knowledge" published in 2002 and updates theresults of that study.

For this study, the Institute of Social Geography of theLudwig-Maximilians-University of Munich collectedand geocoded a total of about 3,500 addresses withinplanning region 14 (state capital of Munich and thedistricts of Dachau, Ebersberg, Erding, Freising,Fürstenfeldbruck, Landsberg am Lech, Munich andStarnberg) from various lists of companies and institutions (see list of sources) during the first half-year of 2005.

The R&D activities of the big companies were inquired by a telephone poll in the spring of 2005.Based on the Hoppenstedt corporate database, all big companies with more than 500 employees in planning region 14 were identified. In contrast withthe benchmark study, this study focuses on the

specific conditions and structures of R&D activities in big companies. A total of 281 companies was con-tacted by telephone. Of these, 54 companies refusedparticipation, bringing the total number of companiesresponding to our queries to 227. There were 113 companies with R&D activities and 114 companieswithout.

The following questions were asked on the telephone: • Industry, year of formation and principal place of

business of the company,• Number of social contribution paying employees

worldwide and in Munich,• Number of social contribution paying employees in

R&D worldwide and in Munich,• Cooperation of the companies with R&D activities

with universities, colleges and other public researchestablishments and other companies in the Munichregion,

• Location of the principal R&D cooperation partner.

Sites of knowledge in Munich: selected addresses

Companies with research and development activities The following companies took part in the survey of the Institute of Social Geography of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich and stated that they have R&D activities.

Manufacturing sector Company Street ZIP City/town Internet address

Alkor GmbH Kunststoffe Morgensternstr. 9 81479 München www.alkor.deAlkor-Venilia GmbH Am Haag 8 82166 Gräfelfing www.alkor-venilia.comARD- Erstes Deutsches Fernsehen Arnulfstr. 42 80335 München www.ard.deARRI Arnold & Richter Cine Technik Betriebs GmbH & Co KG Türkenstr. 89 80799 München www.arri.deAutoliv GmbH Werk Süd Theodor-Heuss-Str. 2 85221 Dachau www.autoliv.deAvon Cosmetics GmbH Am Hart 2 85375 Neufahrn www.avon.deBalfour Beatty Rail GmbH Garmischer Str. 35 81377 München www.bbrail.comBayerischer Rundfunk Rundfunkplatz 1 80335 München www.br-online.deBEA Systems GmbH Einsteinring 35 85609 Aschheim www.bea.comBMW AG Petuelring 130 80809 München www.bmwgroup.comBrain Force Software GmbH Carl-von-Linde-Str. 38 85716 Unterschleißheim www.brainforce.comBristol-Myers Squibb GmbH & KGaA Saporrobogen 6 80637 München www.b-ms.deBRUNATA WÄRMEMESSER GmbH & Co. KG Aidenbachstr. 40 81379 München www.brunata-muenchen.deBSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH Carl-Wery-Str. 34 81739 München www.bsh-group.de

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Company Street ZIP City/town Internet address

Burger King GmbH Peschelanger 3 81735 München www.burgerking.deComputacenter Holding GmbH Hörselbergstr. 7 81677 München www.computacenter.deConvaTec Vertriebs-GmbH Saporrobogen 6 80809 München www.convatec.comdba Luftfahrtgesellschaft mbH Wartungsallee 13 85356 Freising www.flydba.comDeutsche DOKA Schalungstechnik GmbH Frauenstr. 35 82216 Maisach www.doka.comDYWIDAG-Systems International GmbH Dywidagstr. 1 85609 Aschheim www.dywidag-systems.comEADS Astrium GmbH Ludwig-Bölkow-Allee 85521 Ottobrunn www.astrium.eads.netEM.TV AG Beta-Str. 11 85774 Unterföhring www.em.tvEssex Pharma GmbH Thomas-Dehler-Str. 27 81737 München www.essex.deF.X. Meiller Fahrzeug- u. Maschinenfabrik GmbH & Co KG Untermenzinger Str. 1 80997 München www.meiller.comFJH AG Leonhard-Moll-Bogen 10 81373 München www.fjh.comFujisawa Deutschland GmbH Berg-am-Laim-Str. 129 81673 München www.fujisawa-deutschland.deGeorg Fritzmeier - GmbH & Co. KG Forststr. 2 85655 Großhelfendorf www.fritzmeier.deGiesecke & Devrient GmbH Prinzregentenstr. 159 81677 München www.gi-de.comGlaxoSmithKline GmbH & Co KG Theresienhöhe 11 80339 München www.glaxosmithkline.deHAWE Hydraulik GmbH & Co. KG Streitfeldstr. 25 81673 München www.hawe.deHeine Optotechnik GmbH & Co. KG Kientalstr. 7 82211 Herrsching www.heine.comHilti Deutschland GmbH Hiltistr. 2 86916 Kaufering www.hilti.deHirschvogel Umformtechnik GmbH Mühlstr. 6 86920 Denklingen www.hirschvogel.comHoffmann GmbH Haberlandstr. 55 81241 München www.hoffmann-group.comHubert Burda Media Holding GmbH & Co. KG Arabellastr. 23 81925 München www.burda.deInfineon Technologies AG St.-Martin-Str. 53 81669 München www.infineon.comInformatik-Zentrum Bayern Richard Reizner Allee 8 85540 Haar www.izb-soft.deIVM Automotive Holding GmbH & Co. KG Hufelandstr. 13 80939 München www.ivm-automotive.comiwis Ketten Albert-Roßhaupter-Str. 53 81369 München www.iwis.comJungheinrich Aktiengesellschaft Mittenheimer Straße 56 85764 Oberschleißheim www.jungheinrich.deKabel Deutschland GmbH Beta-Str. 6 85774 Unterföhring www.kabeldeutschland.deKnorr-Bremse AG Moosacher Str. 80 80809 München www.knorr-bremse.deKontron AG Oskar-von-Miller-Str. 1 85386 Eching www.kontron.deKufner Textilwerke GmbH Irschenhauser Str. 10 81379 München www.kufner-textil.comLinde AG Geschäftsbereich Linde Engineering Dr.-Carl-von-Linde-Str. 6 82049 Höllriegelskreuth www.linde-anlagenbau.deLutz Fleischwaren AG Justus v. Liebig Str. 48 86899 Landsberg/Lech www.lutz-fleischwaren.deMAN AG Ungererstr. 69 80805 München www.man.deMc Donald's Deutschland Inc. Drygalski-Allee 51 81477 München www.mcdonalds.deMichael Huber München GmbH Feldkirchener Str. 15 85551 Kirchheim www.mhm.deMicrosoft Deutschland GmbH Konrad-Zuse-Str. 1 85716 Unterschleißheim www.microsoft.comMRF Michael Rosenthal GmbH Freisinger Str. 1 85716 Unterschleißheimmsg systems AG Robert-Bürkle-Str. 1 85737 Ismaning www.msg.deMTU Aero Engines GmbH Dachauer Str. 665 80995 München www.mtu.deO2 (Germany) GmbH & Co. OHG Georg-Brauchle-Ring 23 80992 München www.o2online.deOce Printing Systems GmbH Siemensallee 2 85586 Poing www.oce.comOptische Werke G. Rodenstock Isartalstr. 39 80469 München www.rodenstock.deOsram GmbH Hellabrunner Str. 1 81543 München www.osram.deParametric Technology GmbH Edisonstr. 8 85716 Unterschleißheim www.ptc.comPaulaner Brauerei GmbH & Co. KG Hochstr. 75 81541 München www.paulaner.dePhilip Morris GmbH Fallstr. 40 81369 München www.philipmorrisinternational.comRATIONAL Aktiengesellschaft Iglinger Str. 62 86899 Landsberg/Lech www.rational-ag.deRefratechnik Holding GmbH Adalperostr. 22 85737 Ismaning www.refratechnik.comRohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG Mühldorfstr. 15 81671 München www.rohde-schwarz.comSandoz Pharmaceuticals GmbH Carl-Zeiss-Ring 3 85737 Ismaning www.sandoz.deSankyo Pharma GmbH Zielstattstr. 9 81379 München www.sankyo-pharma.deSchaltbau Holding AG Klausenburger Str. 6 81677 München www.schaltbau.deSchiedel GmbH & Co. Lerchenstr. 9 80995 München www.schiedel.deSCHWENK Dämmtechnik GmbH & Co. KG Isotex-Str. 1 86899 Landsberg/Lech www.schwenk.desd&m software design & management AG Carl-Wery-Str. 42 81739 München www.sdm.deSerena Software Germany GmbH Oskar-Messter-Str. 33 85737 Ismaning www.serena.comSHS Informationssysteme AG Leopoldstr. 230 80804 München www.shs.deSiemens AG Wittelsbacherplatz 2 80333 München www.siemens.deSiemens Building Technologies Fire & Security Products oHG Richard-Strauss-Str. 76 81679 München www.sbt.siemens.deSiltronic AG Hanns-Seidel-Platz 4 81737 München www.siltronic.comsoftlab GmbH Zamdorfer Str. 120 81677 München www.softlab.deSpinner GmbH Elektrotechnische Fabrik Erzgießereistr. 33 80335 München www.spinner.deSteico AG Hans-Riedl-Str. 21 85622 Feldkirchen www.steico.deSüd-Chemie AG Lenbachplatz 6 80333 München www.sud-chemie.comSüdfleisch GmbH Zenettiplatz 1 80337 München www.suedfleisch.deSun Microsystems GmbH Sonnenallee 1 85551 Kirchheim de.sun.comSüss MicroTec AG Schleißheimer Str. 90 85748 Garching www.suss.comSV-Druckzentrum Steinhausen GmbH & Co. KG Zamdorfer Str. 40 81677 München www.sv-druckzentrum.de

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Company Street ZIP City/town Internet address

Texas Instruments Deutschland GmbH Haggertystr. 1 85356 Freising www.ti.comThyssenKrupp Präzisionsschmiede GmbH Frankfurter Ring 227 80807 München www.thyssenkrupp.deTriumph International AG Marsstr. 40 80335 München www.triumph.comVinnolit GmbH & Co. KG Carl-Zeiss-Ring 25 85737 Ismaning www.vinnolit.deVolke Consulting Engineers GmbH & Co. Planungs KG Schleißheimer Str. 377 80935 München www.volke-muc.deW.E.T. Automotive Systems AG Rudolf-Diesel-Str. 12 85235 Odelzhausen www.wet.deWacker Construction Equipment AG Preußenstr. 41 80809 München www.wackergroup.comWacker-Chemie GmbH Hanns-Seidel-Platz 4 81737 München www.wacker.comWalter-Heilit Verkehrswegebau GmbH Klausenburger Str. 9 81677 München www.walter-heilit-vwb.deWebasto AG Kraillinger Str. 5 82131 Stockdorf www.webasto.deWilly Bogner GmbH & Co. St.-Veit-Str. 4 81673 München www.bogner.com

Services sector Company Street ZIP City/town Internet address

AAL Allgemeine Autoleasing GmbH Tölzer Str. 15 82031 GrünwaldAllianz AG Königinstr. 28 80802 München www.allianz.deAugustinum gemeinnützige GmbH Stiftsbogen 74 81375 München www.augustinum.deBayerische Hypo- und Vereinsbank AG Am Tucherpark 16 80538 München www.hypovereinsbank.deBayern LB Brienner Str. 18 80333 München www.bayernlb.deBayern-Versicherung Lebensversicherung AG Maximilianstr. 53 80538 München www.vkb.deBerufliche Fortbildungszentren d. Bay. Wirtschaft gGmbH Infanteriestraße 8 80797 München www.bfz.deBulthaup München GmbH Herrnstr. 44 80539 München www.bulthaup.deD.A.S. Allg. Rechtsschutz AG Thomas-Dehler-Str. 2 81737 München www.das.deDAB Bank AG Landsberger Str. 428 81241 München www.dab-bank.comE.ON Energie AG Brienner Str. 40 80333 München www.eon-energie.comEstee Lauder Companies GmbH Leopoldstr. 256 80807 München www.esteelauder.deHVB Payments & Services GmbH Margaretha-Ley-Ring 10 85609 Aschheim www.hvbgroup.comMarsh GmbH Marstallstr. 11 80539 München www.marsh.deMünchener Rück AG Königinstr. 107 80802 München www.munichre.comObermeyer Planen + Beraten GmbH Hansastr. 40 80686 München www.opb.dePlaut Consulting GmbH Max-von-Eyth-Str. 3 85737 Ismaning www.plaut.comRoland Berger Strategy Consultants GmbH Arabellastr. 33 81925 München www.rolandberger.comS-Bahn München GmbH Orleansplatz 9a 81667 München www.s-bahn-muenchen.deStadtsparkasse München Sparkassenstr. 2 80331 München www.sskm.de

Other knowledge-intensive locations

Research institutes

Fraunhofer Society www.fraunhofer.deMax Planck Society for the Advancement of Science www.mpg.deHelmholtz Association of German Research Centers www.helmholtz.deLeibniz Association www.wgl.deBavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities www.badw.de

Patent system

German Patent and Trade Mark Office www.dpma.deEuropean Patent Office www.european-patent-office.orgFederal Patent Court www.bundespatentgericht.deMax Planck Institute for Intellectual Property, Competition and Tax Law www.ip.mpg.dePatentanwaltskammer (patent lawyers' association) www.patentanwaltskammer.deFraunhofer Patent Center for German Research www.pst.fraunhofer.deMunich Intellectual Property Law Center www.miplc.de

Technology transfer centers and founder centers

Start-up in Bavaria www.startup-in-bayern.deBavarian Technology Transfer Network www.tt-netz-bayern.deChamber of Handicrafts for Munich and Upper Bavaria (HWK) www.hwk-muenchen.deChamber of Industry and Commerce for Munich and Upper Bavaria (IHK) www.muenchen.ihk.deCity of Munich, Department of Labor and Economic Development www.muenchen.de/businessTUM-Tech GmbH www.tumtech.deKontaktstelle für Forschungs- und Technologietransfer der LMU München (Technology Transfer Point of the University of Munich) www2.uni-muenchen.de/kft/index.htm

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Incubators and accelerators

Incubators and accelerators www.213.183.19.252/publikationen/Inkubatoren_d.pdf

Trade fairs

Munich Trade Fairs International Group www.messe-muenchen.deM,O,C Exhibition Center Munich www.moc-muenchen.de

Schools

Städtischer Schul- und Bildungsserver(Municipal information on schools in Munich) www.musin.de

Universities/colleges

Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich www.uni-muenchen.deTechnical University Munich www.tum.deMunich University of Applied Sciences www.fh-muenchen.deBundeswehr University Munich www.unibw.deMunich Academy for Television and Film www.hff-muenchen.de

Further education and adult education

Bundesagentur für Arbeit, München(Employment center, Munich) www.arbeitsagentur.deMedienCampusBayern e.V. www.mediencampus-bayern.deMünchner Volkshochschule(Adult Education Center, Munich) www.mvhs.de

Libraries

Bavarian State Library www.bsb-muenchen.deLibrary of the Deutsche Museum www.deutsches-museum.de/bib/biblio/biblio.htmUniversity Library of LMU Munich www.ub.uni-muenchen.deUniversity Library of TU Munich www.biblio.tu-muenchen.deLibraries in Munich www.muenchen.de/Rathaus/lhm_alt/mde/referat/kultur/

institute/43783/literat.html#bibLibrary of the Munich University of Applied Sciences www.fhm.edu

Museums and exhibition centers

Museums in Bavaria www.museen-in-bayern.deMuseums in Munich www.muenchen.de/Rathaus/raw/Tourismusamt/

Sehenswuerdigkeiten791/Museen/114992/index.html

Theaters

Theaters in Munich www.muenchen.de/Rathaus/kult/theater/37928

City of Munich / Free State of Bavaria

Information about Munich in the web www.muenchen.deCity of Munich, Economic informations in the web www.muenchen.de/arbeitundwirtschaftState of Bavaria in the web www.bayern.de

Bibliography and list of sources

Munich´s head start in knowledge

Matthiesen, U. (Hrsg.) 2004: Stadtregion und Wissen Analysen und Plädoyers für eine wissensbasierte Stadtpolitik. Wiesbaden.

Metropolitan regions compared

Munich – leading region of knowledge in GermanyMetropolitan regions comparedMunich – leading region of knowledge in GermanyIHK München und Oberbayern 2003: Metropolregion München – das Kraftzentrum Deutschlands. München. Map: see above

The foundation: education, communication and accumulation of knowledge

Schools in MunichLH München, Schul- und Kultusreferat 2004. Schulstadt München. Gestern – heute – morgen. München; Schul- und Kultusreferat der LHMünchen. http://www.musin.deMap: Schul- und Kultusreferat der LH München

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Life-long-learning in Munich: adult education and further eductionLH München, Referat für Arbeit und Wirtschaft 2005: Projekte - Handbuch – 2005 Münchener Beschäftigungs- und Qualifizierungsprogramm.Heft Nr. 180. München; Münchener Volkshochschule. http://www.mvhs.de/Map: Pressestelle der Münchner Volkshochschule

Universities and colleges in MunichBayerisches Landesamt für Statistik und Datenverarbeitung 2004: Die Studenten an den Hochschulen Bayerns. München; Euricur (Hrsg.)2003: The Student City. Strategic Planning for Students’ Communities in EU Cities. Rotterdam; Euricur (Hrsg.) 2004: European Cities in the Knowledge Economy. Rotterdam; Pressestelle der FH München; Pressestelle der LMU München; Pressestelle der TU MünchenMap: Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik und Datenverarbeitung 2004: Die Studenten an den Hochschulen Bayerns. München.

The generation of knowledge: research and development in the public and private sectors

Research and development in large companies in the Munich areaStifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft (Hrsg.) 2004: FuE-Datenreport 2003/04. Forschung und Entwicklung in der Wirtschaft. Berichtüber die FuE-Erhebungen 2001 und 2002. Essen; Grenzmann, C. 2003: FuE im Wirtschaftssektor Deutschland. Studien zum deutschenInnovationssystem, Nr. 22, Berlin; Fraunhofer-Institut für Systemtechnik und Innovationsforschung et al. (Hrsg.) 2000: Regionale Verteilungvon innovations- und Technologiepotentialen in Deutschland und Europa. Endbericht an das Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung,Karlsruhe.Map: Erhebung Sozialwissenschaftliche Geographie, LMU München

Research and development at universities and colleges in MunichBayerisches Landesamt für Statistik und Datenverarbeitung 2004: Personalbestand an den Hochschulen in Bayern. Stand: 1. Dezember 2003.München; Bayer. Staatsmin. f. Wissensch., Forsch. u. Kunst http://www.wissenschaftsministerium.bayern.de/hochschule/uni/unis_liste.html;Pressestelle LMU; Pressestelle TUM Map: Erhebung Sozialwissenschaftliche Geographie, LMU München

Research establishments in the Munich areaFraunhofer-Gesellschaft. http://www.fraunhofer.de/fhg/index.jsp; Helmholz-Gemeinschaft. http://www.helmholtz.de; Max-Planck-Gesellschaft.http://www.mpg.de/portal/index.html; Leibniz-Gemeinschaft. http://www.wgl.de/Map: see above

Prime movers of urban economic development: knowledge and technology intensive disciplines

Software industry in the Munich areaLH München, Referat für Arbeit und Wirtschaft und Industrie und Handelskammer München und Oberbayern 2004: IuK-Standort München.München; Software Offensive Bayern. http://www.software-offensive-bayern.deMap: Hoppenstedt Firmendatenbank, Stand März 2005. Branchen-Nomenklatur 72100 bis 72604: Datenverarbeitung und Datenbanken.

The telecommunications industry in the Munich areaLH München, Referat für Arbeit und Wirtschaft und Industrie und Handelskammer München und Oberbayern 2004: IuK-Standort München.MünchenMap: Hoppenstedt Firmendatenbank, Stand März 2005. Branchen-Nomenklatur 64301 bis 64304: Erbringung von festnetzgebundenenTelekommunikationsdienstleistungen, Erbringung von Mobilfunkdienstleistungen, Erbringung von Satellitenfunkdienstleistungen, Erbringungvon sonstigen Telekommunikationsleistungen; Branchen-Nomenklatur 32200: Herstellung von Geräten und Einrichtungen derTelekommunikationstechnik.

Medical technology in MunichLH München, Referat für Arbeit und Wirtschaft/Referat für Gesundheit und Umwelt 2004: Wachstumsmarkt Medizintechnik. Eine Standortbestimmung für den Wirtschaftsraum München. München; BMBF 2005: Studie zur Situation der Medizintechnik in Deutschlandim internationalen Vergleich. Bonn, Berlin.Map: Bayern International GmbH (Hrsg.): Key Technologies in Bavaria 2005. CD-Rom, München; LH München, Referat für Arbeit undWirtschaft/Referat für Gesundheit und Umwelt 2004: Wachstumsmarkt Medizintechnik. Eine Standortbestimmung für den WirtschaftsraumMünchen. München; BioM AG: http://www.bio-m.de/web/index_content.php4?sx=b2.1.0&lg=de; Forum MedizinTechnik & Pharma @ BayernInnovativ GmbH.

Environmental technology in the Munich areaLH München, Referat für Arbeit und Wirtschaft 2005: Die Umweltwirtschaft in der Region München. München.Map: IHK-Umweltfirmen-Informationssystem UMFIS, April 2005; Bayern International GmbH (Hrsg.): Key Technologies in Bavaria 2005. CD-Rom, München

Munich as a center of the media IHK München und LH München Referat für Arbeit und Wirtschaft 2003: Der Medienstandort München. München; von Streit, A. 2003: Der Aufstieg zur Medienstadt. In: Heinritz, G./ Wiegandt, C.-C./ Wiktorin, D. (Hrsg.): Der München-Atlas. Die Metropole im Spiegel faszinierender Karten. Köln. S. 166 – 167. Map: HighText-Verlag (Hrsg.) 2005: iBusiness Jahrbuch 2005. München; FilmFernsehFonds Bayern. http://www.fff-bayern.de; Messe TreffVerlag 2005: Media Guide Bayern 2005. Köln.

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Munich as a financial centerBayerisches Staatsministerium für Wirtschaft, Infrastruktur, Verkehr und Technologie o.J.: Finanzplatz München. München. http://www.invest-in-bavaria.de; Initiative Finanzplatz München: Leistungsfähiger Finanzplatz München.http://www.fpmi.de/pdf/Finanzplatzzahlen_2004.pdf; Referat für Arbeit und Wirtschaft 2005: München. Der Wirtschaftsstandort. Fakten undZahlen. München. Map: Anderer, T. 2005: Financial Yearbook Germany 2005. München; Bayerischer Bankenverband e.V.: Mitgliederverzeichnis Januar 2005.http://www.verband-bbv.de; Arbeitgeberverband der Versicherungsunternehmen in Deutschland. http://www.agv-vers.de; Initiative FinanzplatzMünchen. http://www.fpmi.de

Synergies in the city of knowledge: institutions of knowledge transfer and knowledge clusters

Technology transfer and support for company founders in MunichMünchner Wirtschaftsinfos: http://213.183.19.252/publikationen/Inkubatoren_d.pdf; Tamásy, C. 2004: Technologie- und Gründerzentren. In Leibniz-Institut für Länderkunde (Hrsg.): Nationalatlas Bundesrepublik Deutschland: Unternehmen und Märkte, Leipzig, S. 84f.Map: Münchner Wirtschaftsinfos. http://213.183.19.252/publikationen/Inkubatoren_d.pdf; Manager Magazin. http://www.manager-magazin.de;Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Wirtschaft, Infrastruktur, Verkehr und Technologie. http://www.startup-in-bayern.de; Technologie-Transfer-Netz-Bayern. http://www.tt-netz-bayern.de; Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Wirtschaft, Infrastruktur, Verkehr und Technologie.http://www.stmwivt.bayern.de/pdf/ existenzgruendung/Existenzgruendung_0902.pdf

Munich: center of the patent systemGreif, S. u. Schmiedl, D. 2002: Patentatlas Deutschland. Dynamik und Strukturen der Erfindertätigkeit. München; Deutsches Patent- undMarkenamt 2005: Jahresbericht 2004. München; Steppes, W. 2004: München als Patentstadt. In: Münchner Statistik, 1. Quartalsheft, S. 3.Map: Patentserver des BMBF. http://www.patente.bmbf.de; Deutsches Patent- und Markenamt http://www.dpma.de; Deutsches Patent- und Markenamt: Verzeichnis der Patentberichterstatter

The biotechnology region of MunichBioM AG 2005: Die BioTech-Region München 2004. Ein Cluster im Umbruch. München; LH München, Referat für Arbeit und Wirtschaft 2005:München – Die Biotechnologie-Region Deutschlands. Brancheninfo. MünchenMap: Bayern International GmbH (Hrsg.): Key Technologies in Bavaria 2005. CD-Rom, München; Datenbank der BioM AG. http://www.bio-m.de; IZB-Online: http://www.izb-online.de; Patentserver des BMBF. http://www.patente.bmbf.de

The public health system in the Munich areaLH München, Referat für Arbeit und Wirtschaft/Referat für Gesundheit und Umwelt 2004: Wachstumsmarkt Medizintechnik. Eine Standortbestimmung für den Wirtschaftsraum München. München; LH München, Referat für Arbeit und Wirtschaft/Referat für Gesundheitund Umwelt 2004: Gesundheit als Wirtschaftsfaktor. Entwicklungschancen für den Cluster Gesundheit in München. München.Map: Bayern International GmbH (Hrsg.): Key Technologies in Bavaria 2005. CD-Rom, München; LH München, Referat für Arbeit undWirtschaft/Referat für Gesundheit und Umwelt 2004: Wachstumsmarkt Medizintechnik. Eine Standortbestimmung für den WirtschaftsraumMünchen. München; BioM AG: http://www.bio-m.de/web/index_content.php4?sx=b2.1.0&lg=de; Forum MedizinTechnik & Pharma @ BayernInnovativ GmbH; Verband forschender Arzneimittelhersteller; Bayerisches Krankenhausregister.http://www.dktig.de; Planungskrankenhäusernach dem Krankenhausplan des Freistaates Bayern http://www.regierung.oberbayern.bayern.de

Munich – data hub and gatewayData hub and gateway MunichJanssen, L. u. Kirchhoff, P. 1998: MünchenMobil. Handbuch Verkehr und Umwelt München und Region. München; LH München, Referat fürStadtplanung und Bauordnung 2001: Mobilität in München. Der neue Verkehrsentwicklungsplan in der Diskussion. Dokumentation der Öffentlichkeitsphase zum Vorentwurf des VEP. München; Münchner Verkehrsgesellschaft. http://www.mvg-mobil.de; Flughafen München.http://www.munich-airport.deMap: LH München, Referat für Arbeit und Wirtschaft 2005: München der Wirtschaftsstandort. Fakten und Zahlen. München.

Culture and art in the city of knowledge: places of inspiration

Libraries in MunichBayerische Staatsbibliothek. http://www.bsb-muenchen.de; Münchner Stadtbibliothek. http://www.muenchner-stadtbibliothek.de/page.php?pageid=1Map: LH München, Bibliotheken, Archive von A-Z. http://www.muenchen.de; LH München, Münchner Stadtbibliothek. http://www.muenchen.de;Bibliotheken der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München http://www.ub.uni-muenchen.de/pdfs/lmu-bibliotheken.pdf

Museums and exhibition centers in MunichKlee, A. u. Purker, E. 2003: Kostbares und Kurioses –Museen in München. In: Heinritz, G./ Wiegandt, C.-C./ Wiktorin, D. (Hrsg.): Der MünchenAtlas. Die Metropole im Spiegel faszinierender Karten. Köln, S. 204-205; Deutsches Museum. http://www.deutsches-museum.de/Map: LH München, Museen und Ausstellungen. http://www.muenchen.de

Theaters and music performance centers in MunichDucar, D. u. Groß, R. 2003: Vorhang auf – Theater in München. In: Heinritz, G./ Wiegandt, C.-C./ Wiktorin, D. (Hrsg.): Der München Atlas. Die Metropole im Spiegel faszinierender Karten. Köln, S. 206-207; Münchner Volkstheater. http://www.muenchner-volkstheater.de;Metropoltheater. http://www.metropoltheater.com/v960/home960.htmlMap: LH München, Theater. http://www.muenchen.de

Strategies for Munich as a City of Knowledge

Strategic fields of activityEuricur (Hrsg.) 2005: European Cities in the Knowledge Economy. Rotterdam.

Picture credits

Cover: Deutsches Museum/S. Wameser; Rudolf Schleich; BundesverbandSolarindustrie (BSi); LMU München; Flughafen München GmbH, W. Hennies; Forschungszentrum für Umwelt und Gesundheit; Linde GasAG; LH München, Tourismusamt, H. Gebhardt; Pinakothek der Moderne, J. Weber; München Stadion GmbH; Siemens AG; Presse- undInformationsamt München, M. Nagy;

Page 7 LH München, Tourismusamt, T. KrügerPage 9 Presse- und Informationsamt München, M. NagyPage 11 Gasteig München GmbH / Ansorg, Hans Georg EschPage 13 TU MünchenPage 15 Hot bird 2 © EADS, F. WatbledPage 19 LMU München; TU MünchenPage 21 Max-Planck-GesellschaftPage 23 Microsoft Deutschland GmbHPage 25 Siemens AG; O2 GmbH & Co. OHGPage 27 Siemens AG; Rodenstock GmbHPage 29 Bundesverband Solarindustrie (BSi); Linde Gas AG Page 31 Pro Sieben, H. Rauner; Bavaria Film, S. AnneckPage 33 Börse München; LH München, Tourismusamt, C. ReiterPage 35 MTZ – Münchner Technologie- und TransferzentrumPage 37 Europäisches Patentamt; Deutsches Patent- und MarkenamtPage 39 BioM AGPage 41 Klinikum Großhadern; S. Hartmann; Klinikum Rechts der IsarPage 45 Bayerische StaatsbibliothekPage 47 Pinakothek der Moderne, J. Weber; Deutsches MuseumPage 49 Nationaltheater, W. Hösl; Landeshauptstadt München,

Tourismusamt, R. HertzPage 50 LH München, Tourismusamt, Aerobild LuftbildPage 51 LH München, Tourismusamt, A. Müller; LH München,

Tourismusamt, C. Reiter

munich - city of knowledge · munich occupies a prime position within the knowl-edge society:...

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