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Student Delegates

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Committee Assignments

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Additional Resources

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The Name Game

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Guess Who

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String Toss

12

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8B(7I"#

Introduction to the UN

13

UN Organs Jigsaw

G./-B.H7-%#-+%#\2:.-%1#3,-.(:/#gB8,:/#

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Magic Wand

14

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Weekly News Summaries

9+%#2:.-%1#3,-.(:/#,&&(W/#(:&.:%#M./.-(B/#-(#W,-'+#1,.&>#&.M%#

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+--IfaaWWW"7:)7&-.)%1.,"(B8a-MaW%H',/-a'a%'(:().'O,:1O/('.,&O'(7:'.&"+-)&##

UN Direct Video Feed

15

6"2(*0?&.--)>(9$(*-&g:'%#>(7B#/-71%:-/#+,M%#B%'%.M%1#-+%.B#'(7:-B>#,//.8:)%:-/X#-+%>#W.&&#:%%1#-(#1(#,#&(-#(V#B%/%,B'+#-(#V.:1#(7-#.)I(B-,:-#.:V(B),-.(:#,H(7-#-+%.B#'(7:-B>"#?%',7/%# 0(1%&# 23# ),># .:'&71%# ,:># '(7:-B># .:# -+%# W(B&1X# >(7B# /-71%:-/#),>#+,M%#:%M%B#%M%:#+%,B1#(V# -+%.B#'(7:-B>#H%V(B%N#_(7#:%M%B#K:(W#W+,-#.:V(B),-.(:# ),># H%'()%# B%&%M,:-# .:# 1%H,-%X# ,:1# V(B# -+./# B%,/(:# .-# ./#.)I(B-,:-# V(B# >(7B# /-71%:-/# -(# ,1%h7,-%&># B%/%,B'+# -+%.B# '(7:-B>"# 9+%/%#,'-.M.-.%/#W.&&#+%&I#>(7B#/-71%:-/#&%,B:#,&&#,H(7-#-+%#'(7:-B>#-+%>#+,M%#H%%:#,//.8:%1"#

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Country Background Guide

16

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Country Scavenger Hunt

17

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Topic Background Guides

18

2/.:8#'7BB%:-#:%W/#,B-.'&%/#1./'7//.:8#-+%#M,B.(7/#1%H,-%#-(I.'/X#

+,M%#/-71%:-/#V.&&#(7-#,#j$U#'+,B-"#6-71%:-/#WB.-%#W+,-#-+%>#

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UN Daily News Centerf#E:#(:&.:%#:%W/#/(7B'%#1%,&.:8#1.B%'-&>#

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Current News Articles

19

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Partner Interview

20

!:#(B1%B#-(#8%:%B,-%#1./'7//.(:X#>(7#/+(7&1#1(#-W(#/+(B-#

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Topic Presentations

21

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Model UN Youtube Videos

22

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23

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Position Papers

24

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Resolutions

25

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Model United Nations Country and Committee Wish List

NAME: ____________________________

SCHOOL: ___________________________________

Please list below your top 4 country choices, and top 3 committee choices. You should put your

first choice in the number 1 slot, your second choice in the number 2 slot, etc.

Please note: Only certain countries are on the Security Council and ECOSOC Committees. If

you wish to be on these committees, please double-check that your country choices are on these

committees.

Top 4 Country Choices:

1. _____________________________

2. _____________________________

3. _____________________________

4. ______________________________

Top 3 Committee Choices:

1. _____________________________

2. _____________________________

3. _____________________________

Two delegates are assigned to each country. If you wish to work with a friend, be sure to make

the same country and committee choices above, and also list that person’s name here:

I would like to work with: ____________________________

We will do our best to accommodate your choices! However, remember that

you might not receive your number 1 choice. So be sure that you will be

happy if you receive any of the choices on this sheet! Thank you!

26

Model United Nations Additional Resources

IMUNA Manual:

Advisors’ manual with preparation ideas and activities

http://imuna.org/sites/default/files/IMUNA_Classroom_to_Conference.pdf

IMUNA Resources:

More resources, including research suggestions, rules of procedure, and glossary of terms

http://imuna.org/imuna-resources

UN Student Website:

Website run by the United Nations, aimed at students with information on specific countries

and current events

http://cyberschoolbus.un.org/

UNA-USA Preparation Guide:

Tips and information on preparing for a Model UN, including activities for students

http://www.unausa.org/munpreparation

Model UN Glossary:

Glossary of useful terms

http://www.unausa.org/munglossary

27

The United Nations: An Introduction for Students*

The UN emblem (above) shows the world held in the “olive

branches of peace”.

The United Nations officially came into existence on 24 October 1945, when the UN Charter had

been ratified by a majority of the original 51 Member States. The day is now celebrated each

year around the world as United Nations Day.

The purpose of the United Nations is to bring all nations of the world together to work for peace

and development, based on the principles of justice, human dignity and the well-being of all

people. It affords the opportunity for countries to balance global interdependence and national

interests when addressing international problems.

There are currently 192 Members of the United Nations. They meet in the General Assembly,

which is the closest thing to a world parliament. Each country, large or small, rich or poor, has a

single vote, however, none of the decisions taken by the Assembly are binding. Nevertheless, the

Assembly's decisions become resolutions that carry the weight of world governmental opinion.

The United Nations Headquarters is in New York City but the land and buildings are

international territory. The United Nations has its own flag, its own post office and its own

postage stamps. Six official languages are used at the United Nations - Arabic, Chinese, English,

French, Russian and Spanish. The UN European Headquarters is in the Palais des Nations,

Geneva, Switzerland. It has offices in Vienna, Austria and Economic Commissions in Addis

Ababa in Ethiopia, Amman in Jordan, Bangkok in Thailand and Santiago in Chile. The senior

officer of the United Nations Secretariat is the Secretary-General.

The Aims of the United Nations: ! To keep peace throughout the world.

! To develop friendly relations between nations.

! To work together to help people live better lives, to eliminate poverty, disease and

illiteracy in the world, to stop environmental destruction and to encourage respect for

each other's rights and freedoms.

! To be a centre for helping nations achieve these aims.

The Principles of the United Nations: ! All Member States have sovereign equality.

! All Member States must obey the Charter.

! Countries must try to settle their differences by peaceful means.

28

! Countries must avoid using force or threatening to use force.

! The UN may not interfere in the domestic affairs of any country.

! Countries should try to assist the United Nations.

The Predecessor: The League of Nations

The League of Nations was founded immediately after the First World War. It originally

consisted of 42 countries, 26 of which were non-European. At its largest, 57 countries were

members of the League. The League was created because a number of people in France, South

Africa, the UK and the US believed that a world organization of nations could keep the peace

and prevent a repetition of the horrors of the 1914-18 war in Europe. An effective world body

now seemed possible because communications were so much better and there was increasing

experience of working together in international organizations. Coordination and cooperation for

economic and social progress were becoming important.

The League had two basic aims. Firstly, it sought to preserve the peace through collective action.

Disputes would be referred to the League's Council for arbitration and conciliation. If necessary,

economic and then military sanctions could be used. In other words, members undertook to

defend other members from aggression. Secondly, the League aimed to promote international

cooperation in economic and social affairs.

The Covenant of the League of Nations begins...

In order to promote international cooperation and to achieve

international peace and security by the acceptance of obligations

not to resort to war, by the prescription of open, just and

honourable relations between nations, by the firm establishment

of the understandings of international law as the actual rule of

conduct among Governments, and by the maintenance of justice and

a scrupulous respect for all treaty obligations in the dealings

of organised peoples with one another, Agree to this Covenant of

the League of Nations."

The End of the League

As the Second World War unfolded, it became clear that the League had failed in its chief aim of

keeping the peace. The League had no military power of its own. It depended on its members'

contributions; and its members were not willing to use sanctions, economic or military. Moral

authority was insufficient.

Several Big Powers failed to support the League: the United States crucially never joined;

Germany was a member for only seven years from 1926 and the USSR for only five years from

1934; Japan and Italy both withdrew in the 30s. The League then depended mainly on Britain

and France, who were understandably hesitant to act forcefully. It was indeed difficult for

governments long accustomed to operating independently to work through this new organization.

29

The UN Charter

Even as the Second World War raged, the leaders of Britain, China, the US and the USSR, under

intense pressure from the press and public, discussed the details of a post-war organization. In

1944 representatives of China, the UK, the US and the USSR meeting at Dumbarton Oaks in

Washington, DC, prepared a blueprint for an international organization. Towards the end of the

war representatives of 50 countries gathered in San Francisco between April and June 1945 to

hammer out the final text that would lay the foundations of international cooperation. This was

the Charter of the United Nations, signed on 26 June by 50 countries. Poland, the 51st country,

was not able to send a representative to the San Francisco conference but is considered an

original member.

Although the League was abandoned, most of its ideals and some of its structure were kept by

the United Nations and outlined in its Charter. The ideals of peace and social and economic

progress remained the basic goals of the new world organization. However, these were

developed to fit the new and more complex post-war world.

The League's Council was transformed into the Security Council consisting of the five victors of

the war as permanent members and ten other countries serving two year terms. The five

permanent members - China, France, the UK, the USSR, and the US were also given veto power,

which means that decisions taken by the Security Council can be blocked by any of the five

permanent members. This is significant firstly because the Security Council is the principle UN

organ responsible for ensuring peace, and, secondly, because it is the only body whose decisions

are binding on all Member States. Since the creation of the UN the balance of Big Powers has

changed and over one hundred new Member States, mainly non-Western, have joined. With

these changes have come increasing demands to reform the Security Council.

The brief provision for Social Activities in the League's Covenant was turned into a

comprehensive prescription for international economic and social cooperation, with the aim of

achieving conditions of stability and well-being recognized as essential for peaceful relations

among nations. Under the aegis of a new organ, the Economic and Social Council, the work of

existing and anticipated Specialized Agencies in the fields of labor, education, health,

agriculture, development and many others would be coordinated within the UN system. Racism

and repression demanded that another, new, people's element should enter emphatically into the

Charter, that of rights. Many sorts of rights, from the right to self-determination, which

encouraged the independence of colonized peoples, to general human rights, which aimed to

protect individuals, are enshrined in the Charter, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and

two Covenants which have become major, standard-setting additions to international law.

The UN System

The basic structure of the United Nations is outlined in an organizational chart. What the

structure does not show is that decision-making within the UN system is not as easy as in many

other organizations. The UN is not an independent, homogeneous organization; it is made up of

sovereign states, so actions by the UN depend on the will of Member States, to accept, fund or

carry them out. Especially in matters of peace-keeping and international politics, it requires a

30

*Document taken from the UN Cyber Schoolbus, accessed at: http://cyberschoolbus.un.org/unintro/unintro.asp

complex, often slow, process of consensus-building that must take into account national

sovereignty as well as global needs.

The Specialized Agencies, while part of the UN system, are separate, autonomous

intergovernmental organizations which work with the UN and with each other. The agencies

carry out work relating to specific fields such as trade, communications, air and maritime

transport, agriculture and development. Although they have more autonomy, their work within a

country or between countries is always carried out in partnership with those countries. They also

depend on funds from Member States to achieve their goals.

Recently, international conferences organized by the UN have gained significance. UN

conferences have been held since the 1960s, but with the Conference on Environment and

Development, known as the Earth Summit, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1992, they turned into a

real forum for deciding on national and international policy regarding issues that affect everyone,

such as the environment, human rights and economic development. Since the Earth Summit, UN

conferences have turned into forums in which non-governmental organizations (NGOs) can

voice their concerns alongside those of governments. Such conferences focus world attention on

these issues and place them squarely on the global agenda. Yet, once the international

agreements produced by these conferences are signed, it is still up to each individual country to

carry them out. With the moral weight of international conferences and the pressures of media

and NGOs, Member States are more likely to endorse the agreements and put them into effect.

The UN Organizational Chart

GENERAL

ASSEMBLY SECURITY

COUNCIL

ECONOMIC &

SOCIAL COUNCIL SECRETARIAT

INTERNATIONAL

COURT OF JUSTICE

TRUSTEESHIP

COUNCIL

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What is the “REAL” United Nations? The United Nations was established on October 24, 1945 with 51 member states (nations). Today, there are 190 member states. The primary purpose of the United Nations, as set out in its charter, is to maintain international peace and security; to develop friendly relations among nations, based on respect for the principals of equal rights and self-determination of peoples; to achieve international cooperation in solving economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian problems; to promote respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms; and to be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations in attaining these common ends. The UN has been called the “world’s town hall”. In fact, it is an international diplomatic conference that is permanently in session. It is not a world government, but more of a forum where nations meet to discuss international issues. The United Nations can offer solutions to international problems, but cannot force its member nations to accept any of its decisions, nor can it enforce any of its claims. This leads to a great deal of negotiation between nations to resolve disputes, concerns and issues.

FUNCTION AND STRUCTURE OF THE UNITED NATIONS

The United Nations is about the global efforts to solve the problems that challenge humanity. The UN has six core “organs” and over 30 affiliated organizations that are known as the UN system. The affiliated organizations may be directed and funded by the UN, like the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) or the United Nations Environment Program, or may be linked by special relationship agreements, like the International Monetary Fund (IMF) or International Telecommunication Union. Some of these organizations are actually older than the U.N.

The United Nations six “organs” are part of the core system. Each organ focuses on different aspects of international issues. The organs include:

General Assembly – This is a forum where all 190 member states meet to discuss matters of global concern. The General Assembly (GA) is divided up into several committees focusing on specific issues (for example, the Special Political Committee; the Social, Humanitarian and Cultural Committee; Legal Committee, etc.) Resolutions are drafted in these committees and then brought to the GA to be debated and voted on. Each country has one vote. In recent years an effort has been made to reach decisions through consensus rather than by formal votes, although votes are still taken on most major issues.

Security Council – The Security Council (SC) is made up of 15 members (including what are called the “Big 5” - China, the Russian Federation, United Kingdom, United States and France) and has as its main function maintaining international peace. It deals with the crisis situations amongst countries. It has the ability to veto resolutions from the GA, and any one of the “Big 5” has the ability to veto any action of the Security Council. Under the Charter, all member states are obligated to carry out the Security Council’s decisions. The Security Council can take actions to enforce its decisions. It can impose economic sanctions or order an arms embargo. On rare occasions, the SC has authorized member states to use “all necessary means”, including collective military action, to see that its decisions are carried out. The SC also makes recommendations to the GA on the appointment of a new Secretary General and on the admission of new members to the UN.

Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) – The ECOSOC is made up of 54 members (including the “Big 5”) and makes recommendations to the GA regarding economic and environmental issues and human rights issues. The GA votes on the ECOSOC resolutions. ECOSOC works closely with many of the affiliated organizations of the U.N. ECOSOC also develops and submits the U.N. Budget to the GA.

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International Court of Justice (ICJ) – Made up of 15 people who do not represent the countries they are from, but act as individuals. Ten of the positions on the ICJ rotate among nations, while 5 are always held by the “Big 5”. The ICJ presides over cases/hearings called “Memorials” that involve countries dealing with border disputes, fishing and mineral rights, and other issues dealing with international law. They do not deal with war crimes. The GA or Security Council will sometimes ask the ICJ for an advisory opinion.

Secretariat – The Secretariat is the “Resource Center” for the U.N. It carries out the bulk of the administrative work of the UN as directed by the SC, GA and other organs. The Secretariat is headed by the Secretary General, who provides overall administrative guidance. It provides knowledgeable experts for councils and committees, and is responsible for helping to select and prepare topics for each council and committee.

Trusteeship Council – Established to provide international supervision for the 11 trust territories administered by 7 member states (like Guam, Puerto Rico, etc.). Since all the trust territories have attained self-government or independence, its work is completed, and the Trusteeship Council only meets occasionally.

HOW IS THE U.N. RELEVANT TO OUR DAILY LIVES?

The U.N. has had a number of impacts on our lives. Some of these include:

! The flow of mail between countries is made possible by agreements supervised by the Universal Postal Union, an agency of the U.N.

! The World Health Organization led the effort to eradicate smallpox.

! The International Civil Aviation Agency has set safety standards for international airlines.

! UNAIDS, a joint program of six UN Agencies, provides health officials in all nations with the latest information and techniques for preventing and treating AIDS.

! The UN negotiated the treaty banning the production of gases that destroy the ozone layer.

! American farmers use reports from the World Weather Watch (part of the UN World Meteorological Organization) to determine when and where to plant their crops.

! Copyright and intellectual property rights of business are protected in other countries by the World Intellectual Property Organization.

US Scientists and educators engage in international exchanges and research projects under the sponsorship of the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).

OREGON’S AND COMMITTEES

SECURITY COUNCIL

BACKGROUND

The organ, which has primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security, is the Security Council. The Council is composed of five permanent members-- China, France, The Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, the

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United States, and 10 non-permanent members, elected by the General Assembly for two year terms and not eligible for immediate re-election. The number of nonpermanent members was increased from six to ten by an amendment of the Charter, which came into force in 1965.

FUNCTIONS AND POWERS

While other organs of the United Nations may make recommendations to governments, the Council alone has the power to make decisions, which all member States are obligated under the Charter to accept and carry out.

The Council may investigate any dispute or situation, which might lead to international friction and may recommend methods of adjusting such disputes or the terms of settlement. Disputes and situations likely to endanger international peace and security may be brought to the attention of the Council by any Member State, by a Non-Member State which accepts in advance the obligations of pacific settlement contained in the Charter, by the General Assembly, or by the Secretary-General.

The Council may determine the existence of any threat to the peace, breach of the peace or act of aggression. It may make recommendations or decide to take enforcement measures to maintain or restore international peace and security. Enforcement actions may include a call on Members to apply economic sanctions and other measures short of the use of armed force. Should it consider such measures inadequate, the Council may take military action against an aggressor. Under the Charter, all Members undertake to make available to the Council on its call, in accordance with special agreements to be negotiated on the Council's initiative, the armed forces, assistance and facilities necessary for maintaining international peace and security. The Council is also responsible for formulating plans to regulate armaments. In addition, the Security Council exercises the Trusteeship functions of the United Nations in areas designated as strategic. The Security Council makes annual and special reports to the General Assembly.

The Security Council and the General Assembly, voting independently, elect the judges of the International Court of Justice. On the Security Council's recommendation, the General Assembly appoints the Secretary-general.

VOTING & PROCEDURE

Each member of the Council has one vote. Decisions on matters of procedure are taken by an affirmative vote of at least nine of the 15 Members. Decisions on substantive matters also require nine votes, including the concurring votes of all five permanent Members. This is the rule of "great power unanimity," often referred to as the "veto." All five permanent Members have exercised the right of veto at one time or another. If a permanent member does not support a decision but has no desire to block it through a veto, it may abstain; an abstention is not regarded as a veto.

A state which is a member of the United Nations, but not of the Security Council, may participate, without vote, in its discussions when the Council considers that the country's interests are specially affected. Both Members of the United Nations and Nonmembers, if they are parties to a dispute being considered by the Council, are invited to take part, without vote, in the discussions. However, the Council lays down the conditions for participation by a Nonmember state.

The presidency of the Council is held monthly in turn by members in English alphabetical order. The Council decides its own rules of procedure and may establish subsidiary organs.

There are two standing committees; the Committee of Experts, which studies and advises the Council on rules of procedure and other technical matters, and the Committee on Admission of New Members; each is composed of representatives of all Council Members. Over the years, the Council has also established many ad hoc bodies.

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The Military Staff committee, composed of the Chiefs of Staff of the five permanent members of their representatives, was established under the Charter to advise and assist the Security Council on such questions as the Council's military requirements for the maintenance of peace, the strategic direction of armed forces placed at its disposal, the regulation of armaments and possible disarmament.

UNITING FOR PEACE

The General Assembly in November 1950 adopted a three-part resolution entitled "United for Peace." Under that resolution, if the Security Council, because of the lack of unanimity of its permanent Members, failed to exercise its primary responsibility in the maintenance of peace, in a case where there appeared to be a threat to the peace, breach of the peace or act of aggression, the Assembly would consider the matter immediately with a view to making recommendations to Members of collective measures, including the use of armed force when necessary, to maintain international peace and security. If not in session, the Assembly would meet in emergency special session within 24 hours of a request for such a session by seven members of the Security Council (now amended to nine) or by a majority of General Assembly members.

DECISIONS OF THE SECURITY COUNCIL

Resolutions of the Security Council: The resolution has been the major vehicle of Security Council action. There are two distinct types of resolutions: 1) consensus resolutions and 2) resolutions adopted by vote. The consensus resolution is a creation of the post-1966 Council. The consensus form is ideal for the council for several reasons. It places the emphasis on an image of unanimity when, in some cases, the members would feel obliged to vote against or abstain on a resolution that was formally voted on.

The resolution adopted by vote is the more traditional approach. Resolutions are adopted by vote when, in spite of consultations, the Council members have failed to reach a consensus; any member may object to an attempt to adopt a resolution by consensus, and thereby force such a vote.

Presidential Statements of Consensus: Often the Council finds that its consensus does not fit conveniently into a resolution form. In this case the Council will resort to a Presidential Statement of consensus. The President may, if he perceives a consensus and sees no resolution, wish to consult with Members concerning the substance of a formal statement. The President then reads that statement in a formal session, and the statement is made an official decision of the Council.

Communications of the President of the Consensus of the Body: This is the subtlest of forms available to the Council. This form is like the Presidential Statement of Consensus except that it is less public. This technique is used when the Council wishes to minimize damaging debate.

To learn more about resolutions see Writing Resolutions in the supplemental section of this manual.

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

BACKGROUND

In 1920, the League of Nations approved the Statute of the Permanent World Court. Neither the United States nor the Soviet Union became parties to the statute, but the court did play a role in world affairs throughout its fife (1920 - 1940). In 1945, the Permanent Court was reconstructed as the International Court of Justice by a statute annexed to the United Nations Charter. Thus, all United Nations members are parties to the statute.

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REPRESENTATION

Fifteen justices sit on the court. Ten positions are rotated, while five are always held by "The Big Five" (China, France, Russian Federation, United Kingdom and United States). When disputes involve parties not already represented on the Court, an "ad hoc" justice may be appointed by the unrepresented country to act as a full, voting member for that case.

Technically, the justices are to act as neutral arbitrators in all matters presented to them. All but the President, however, do represent a flag and thus, are concerned with serving their nation's best interests. In preparing for the conference, familiarize yourself with your country's stance on a wide range of international issues. Members of the Court are expected to strike a balance between serving their country and serving the international community. The more you know, the better a justice you will be.

FUNCTIONS AND POWERS

The basic function of the International Court is to decide, in accordance with international law, such disputes as are submitted to it. Its jurisdiction comprises all cases on a truly international level that parties submit to it and all matters specifically provided for in the Charter of the United Nations. In resolving issues, the court is not limited to the suggestions made by the submitting parties. They can render any decision that they deem the best solution to the problem. The Court's power in enforcing its decisions is, however, limited. The strongest move the Court can make is recommending that the Security Council or the General Assembly take action against a nation.

SUBMITTING CASES

To present a case to the ICJ, a party must prepare a memorial. The Memorials must contain (1) the submitting party's (applicant's) name and signature, (2) the responding party's name(s), (3) Claims of Fact, (4) Assertions of Law and (5) Prayers for Relief. All Memorials must be typed. An example is included in the Supplemental Information section of this manual.

CLAIMS OF FACT

This is a brief outline of issues and facts relevant to the case. The facts detail the events leading up to the

dispute. Historical, legal and political research will aid the finding and stating of relevant facts. The facts

must be truthful but may be stated in a manner favorable to the applicant.

ASSERTIONS OF LAW

These are the pertinent principles and laws in question. Examples of valid sources of law are international treaties, international conventions, customary law, previous ICJ decisions, United Nations resolutions and the works of noted international law writers and jurists.

PRAYERS FOR RELIEF

This is the section where the submitting party asks the court to act in its favor and states its recommended action. Applicants generally request that the Court direct the Respondent to correct the wrong, recommend sanctions against the Respondent or declare what rights and duties exist between the disputing parties. Respondents generally request dismissal or seek counter relief against Applicants.

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PRESENTATION OF CASES

Each party has a designated amount of time to present its case. Judges may ask questions of the presenters at any time throughout the presentation. The basic format for presentation is 10 minutes for Applicant presentation, 10 minutes for Respondent presentation and five minutes for rebuttals per side. The format can be altered by the current Model Court.

DELIBERATION

Judges deliberate for as long as they deem necessary. No justices may leave during presentations of deliberations if they plan to vote on the case at hand. They may, however, participate in deliberations even if they have forfeited their vote.

DECISIONS OF THE COURT

Voting is done in closed chambers by roll call. Official opinions must then be written for the majority opinion and for each dissenting opinion. The President will make the assignments. All opinions will be collected and announced in the General Assembly.

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL

The Charter established the Economic and Social Council as the principal organ to coordinate the economic, social, and related work of the United Nations and the specialized agencies and institutions - known as the United Nations family of organizations.

FUNCTION AND POWERS:

! To serve as the central forum for the discussion of international economic and social issues of a global or inter-disciplinary nature and the formulation of policy recommendations on those issues addressed to Member States and to the United Nations system;

! To make or initiate studies and reports and make recommendations on international economic, social, cultural, educational, health and related matters;

! To promote respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms;

! To call international conferences and prepare draft conventions for submission to the General Assembly on matters falling within its competence;

! To negotiate agreements with the specialized agencies defining their relationship with the United Nations;

! To coordinate the activities of the specialized agencies by means of consultations with and recommendations to them and by means of recommendations to the General Assembly and the Members of the United Nations;

! To perform services, approved by the Assembly, for Members of the United Nations and, on request, for the specialized agencies;

! To consult with non-governmental organizations concerned with matters with which the Council deals.

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MEMBERS

The Economic and Social Council has 54 members, elected for three-year terms by the General Assembly. Voting in the Council is by simple majority; each member has one vote.

SESSIONS

The Council generally holds several short sessions throughout the year to deal with the organization of its work, as well as one four-week substantive session in July, alternating between New York and Geneva. The session includes a high-level segment, attended by Ministers and other high officials, to discuss major economic, social and humanitarian issues. The year-round work of the Council is carried out in its subsidiary and related bodies.

SUBSIDIARY AND RELATED BODIES

The Council's subsidiary machinery includes:

! Nine functional commissions, which are deliberative bodies whose role is to consider and make recommendations on issues in their areas of responsibility and expertise: Statistical Commission, Commission on Population and Development, Commission for Social Development, Commission on Human Rights, Commission on the Status of Women, Commission on Narcotic Drugs, Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, Commission on Science and Technology for Development and Commission on Sustainable Development;

! Five Regional Commissions: Economic Commission for Africa (Addis Ababa, Ethiopia), Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (Bangkok, Thailand), Economic Commission for Europe (Geneva, Switzerland), Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (Santiago, Chile) and Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (Beirut, Lebanon).

! Five standing committees and expert bodies: Committee for Program and Coordination, Commission on Human Settlements, Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations, Committee on Negotiations with Intergovernmental Agencies and Committee on Energy and Natural Resources;

! A number of expert bodies on subjects such as development planning, natural resources, and economic, social and cultural rights.

The Council also cooperates with and to a certain extent coordinates the work of United Nations programs (such as UNDP, UNEP, UNICEF and UNFPA) and the specialized agencies (such as FAO, WHO, ILO and UNESCO), all of which report to the Council and make recommendations for its substantive sessions.

RELATIONS WITH NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS

Under the Charter, the Economic and Social Council consults with non-governmental organizations (NGOs) concerned with matters within its competence. Over 1,600 NGOs have consultative status with the Council. The Council recognizes that these organizations should have the opportunity to express their views, and that they possess special experience or technical knowledge of value to its work.

NGOs with consultative status may send observers to meetings of the Council and its subsidiary bodies and may submit written statements relevant to its work. They may also consult with the United Nations Secretariat on matters of mutual

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concern. Over the years, the relationship between the United Nations and affiliated NGOs has developed significantly. Increasingly, NGOs are seen as partners who are consulted on policy and program matters and seen as valuable links to civil society. NGOs around the world, in increasing numbers, are working daily with the United Nations community to help achieve the objectives of the Charter.

GENERAL ASSEMBLY

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

The General Assembly is the main deliberative organ of the United Nations. It is composed of representatives of all Member States, each of which has one vote. Decisions on important questions, such as those on peace and security, admission of new Members and budgetary matters, require a two-thirds majority. Decisions on other questions are reached by a simple majority. These decisions may be adopted without a vote, or with a vote, which may be recorded, non-recorded or by roll call.

While the decisions of the Assembly have no legally binding force for Governments, they carry the weight of world opinion on major international issues, as well as the moral authority of the world community.

The work of the United Nations year-round derives largely from the decisions of the General Assembly-- that is to say, the will of the majority of the Members as expressed in resolutions adopted by the Assembly. That work is carried out by committees and other bodies established by the Assembly to study and report on specific issues, such as disarmament, outer space, peace-keeping, decolonization and human rights; in international conferences called for by the Assembly; and by the Secretariat of the United Nations-- the Secretary General and his staff of international civil servants.

FUNCTIONS AND POWERS

Under the Charter, the functions and powers of the General Assembly include:

! To consider and make recommendations on cooperation in the maintenance of international peace and security, including disarmament and arms regulation;

! To discuss any question relating to international peace and security and, except where a dispute or situation is being discussed by the Security Council, to make recommendations on it;

! To discuss and, with the same exception, make recommendations on any question within the scope of the Charter or affecting the powers and functions of any organ of the United Nations;

! To initiate studies and make recommendations to promote international political cooperation, the development and codification of international law; the realization of human rights and fundamental freedoms for all, and international collaboration in economic, social, cultural, educational and health fields;

! To make recommendations for the peaceful settlement of any situation, regardless of origin, which might impair friendly relations among nations;

! To receive and consider reports from the Security Council and other United Nations organs;

! To consider and approve the United Nations budget and to apportion the contributions among Members;

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! To elect the non-permanent members of the Security Council, the members of the Economic and Social Council and those members of the Trusteeship Council that are elected;

! To elect jointly with the Security Council the Judges of the International Court of Justice; and, on the recommendation of the Security Council, to appoint the Secretary-General.

Under the "Uniting for Peace" resolution adopted by the General Assembly in November 1950, the Assembly may take action if the Security Council, because of a lack of unanimity of its permanent members, fails to act in a case where there appears to be a threat to the peace, breach of the peace or act of aggression. The Assembly is empowered to consider the matter immediately with a view to making recommendations to Members for collective measures, including, in the case of a breach of the peace or act of aggression, the use of armed force when necessary to maintain or restore international peace and security.

GENERAL ASSEMBLY SESSIONS

The General Assembly's regular session begins each year on the third Tuesday in September and continues usually until the third week of December. In recent years, the Assembly has been in session throughout the year. At the start of each regular session, the Assembly elects a new President, 21 Vice-Presidents and the Chairmen of the Assembly's six Main Committees. The Assembly also holds a general debate, in which Member States express their views on a wide range of matters of international concern. To ensure equitable geographical representation, the presidency of the Assembly rotates each year among five groups of States: African, Asian, Eastern European, Latin American and Caribbean, and Western European and other States.

In addition to its regular sessions, the Assembly may meet in special sessions at the request of the Security Council, of a majority of Members of the United Nations or of one Member if the majority of Members concurs. Emergency special sessions may be called within 24 hours of a request by the Security Council on the vote of any nine members of the Council, or by a majority of the United Nations Members, or by one Member if the majority of Members concurs.

MAIN COMMITTEES

Because of the great number of questions that the Assembly is called upon to consider (166 separate agenda items at the 51st (1996/1997) session of the Assembly, for example), the Assembly allocates most questions to its six Main Committees:

! First Committee--Disarmament and International Security Committee

! Second Committee--Economic and Financial Committee

! Third Committee--Social, Humanitarian and Cultural Committee

! Fourth Committee--Special Political and Decolonization Committee

! Fifth Committee--Administrative and Budgetary Committee

! Sixth Committee--Legal Committee

There is also a General Committee, composed of the President and 21 Vice-Presidents of the Assembly and the chairmen of the six Main Committees and a Credentials Committee. The Credentials Committee consists of nine members appointed by the Assembly on the proposal of the President at each session who reports to the Assembly on the credentials of

42

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What is the “Real” United Nations, Page 10

representatives. Some questions are considered directly in plenary meetings, rather than in one of the Main Committees. All questions are voted on in plenary meetings, usually towards the end of the regular session, after the committees have completed their consideration of them and submitted draft resolutions to the plenary Assembly.

THE SECRETARIAT

The Secretariat -- an international staff working in duty stations around the world -- carries out the diverse day-to-day work of the Organization. It services the other principal organs of the United Nations and administers the programs and policies laid down by them. At its head is the Secretary General, who is appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council for a five-year, renewable term.

The duties carried out by the Secretariat are as varied as the problems dealt with by the United Nations. These range from administering peacekeeping operations to mediating international disputes, from surveying economic and social trends and problems to preparing studies on human rights and sustainable development. Secretariat staff also inform the world's communications media about the work of the United Nations; organize international conferences on issues of worldwide concern; and interpret speeches and translate documents into the Organization's official languages.

The Secretariat has a staff of about 8,900 under the regular budget drawn from some 170 countries. As international civil servants, staff members and the Secretary General answer to the United Nations alone for their activities, and take an oath not to seek or receive instructions from any Government or outside authority. Under the Charter, each Member State undertakes to respect the exclusively international character of the responsibilities of the Secretary General and the staff and to refrain from seeking to influence them improperly in the discharge of their duties.

The United Nations, while headquartered in New York, maintains a significant presence in Addis Ababa, Bangkok, Beirut, Geneva, Nairobi, Santiago and Vienna, and has offices all over the world.

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POINTS AND MOTIONS – WHAT DO YOU SAY?

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53

POINTS AND MOTIONS – WHAT DO YOU SAY?

PAGE 75

THE 2006 UNA-USA MODEL UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ADVISORS GUIDE

HANDOUT I: WHAT DO YOU SAY?

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54

POINTS AND MOTIONS – WHAT DO YOU SAY?

PAGE 76

THE 2006 UNA-USA MODEL UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ADVISORS GUIDE

ANSWER KEY TO HANDOUT I: WHAT DO YOU SAY?

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55

Model United Nations

Procedures and Guidelines

I. Committee Chairs welcome delegates.

II. In clockwise circle around the room, delegates present their position on the session topic.

III. Committee Chairs ask for a motion to open the Speakers’ List.

a. Delegate motions to open Speakers’ List.

b. Chair call for a vote – with simple majority, Speakers’ List is open.

IV. Debate opens and continues through Speakers’ List.

a. Speakers have 90 seconds per turn.

b. Speakers may yield to questions, the chair, or another delegate if time remains.

c. Delegates may be added to Speakers’ List by raising their placard between speakers.

d. Delegates may, between speakers, motion to suspend debate for moderated or

unmoderated caucus.

V. Suspension of debate

a. Delegate motions to suspend debate for purposes of caucus (delegate should indicate

moderated or unmoderated caucus).

i. If moderated caucus – delegate must indicate topic of discussion and

speaking time. Delegates raise placard when they wish to speak and Chair

calls on each delegate.

ii. If unmoderated caucus – delegates stand up and discuss topics informally

with each other.

b. Chair calls for a vote – with simple majority, caucus begins.

c. To leave caucus, there must be a motion to open Speakers’ List (to continue with

debate) or to close debate (to vote on resolution).

VI. Writing of resolutions

a. Delegates may take handwritten notes on paper or whiteboard, but ONLY the Chair

will type the final resolution on the laptop.

b. Delegates discuss final ideas for resolution in moderated and unmoderated caucuses,

indicating to the Chair what should be typed and included in the resolution.

VII. Closure of debate

a. Delegate motions to close debate for purposes of voting on resolution.

b. Chair calls for a vote – with two-thirds majority, voting begins.

VIII. Resolution voting

a. Resolution needs two-thirds majority to pass.

b. If passed, resolution is adopted.

c. If not passed, delegates can call for caucus or debate to continue discussing.

Resolution is not adopted.

56

Model United Nations Writing a Position Paper

Position papers and resolutions are the most important components of your Model UN

experience. Without them, you are essentially a lost nation. Position papers will be your guide to

your country’s stance on the committee topics. You are an ambassador from your country.

Remember, you are not here to advocate your own views, but rather the views of the nation you

are representing. Your position paper will be your main guide, and will aid you in keeping your

views consistent and focused when forming a resolution in committee.

Writing Position Papers

A position paper is your country's official opinion on a topic being addressed by the Model

United Nations. You are required to write a position paper on each topic that your committee is

addressing and submit them to the Lyceum. There is no required length to each position paper,

although they are expected to be about one page. It is to your own benefit to include as much

information as you can regarding your country's stance on each topic. Position papers will be

used to lead in to writing resolutions in committees.

Each position paper is to be submitted to the Lyceum. The due date for position papers will be

listed on the Lyceum’s website. Some tips to writing position papers are:

! Keep it concise and thoughtful. You want to make your position clear to everyone.

! Be accurate and organized in writing your paper.

! You should be presenting your country's official opinion. This may not reflect your own

personal opinion, but, since you are the ambassador for your country, you should remain

consistent with their views.

! Use your background guide. If you are unable to find your country's views explicitly,

then you can use your background guide to help lead you towards a position.

! If possible, include statistics and graphs as evidence. It may come in handy in convincing

other countries to agree with your view.

! Keep focused on the topic at hand.

During the session, copies of the position papers will be available to all the delegates in each

committee. These papers will be critical to finding out who your allies or enemies are and what

compromises might be reached with them. Your goal is to have as many of your country’s views

and ideas as possible included in the resolution. However, there will be opposing countries

attempting to do the same and conflicts are sure to arise. Use your position papers as a guide!

Strong ideas and statistical proof will be helpful to sway votes in your favor.

57

Model United Nations

Position Paper Outline

Name:

Country:

Topic:

I. Introduction

Your introduction should present the topic as it affects the global community.

What is the history of the problem? What is currently being done to combat

the issue? What specifically has the United Nations done to address the issue?

II. The issue in your country

This paragraph should include a history of the topic as it specifically relates to

your country. How has the issue affected your country? What steps have been

taken within your country to combat the problem? This paragraph should

explain your country’s history with the topic.

III. What should be done?

This paragraph should include the steps your country believes should be taken

by the United Nations. What does your country what to accomplish during the

Model UN Conference? You should explain your country’s opinion on the

topic and further steps your country believes should be taken.

IV. Conclusion

Don’t forget to conclude your paper by stating the most important points that

your country believes in!

58

Model United Nations Writing Resolutions*

The final results of discussion, writing and negotiation are resolutions—written

suggestions for addressing a specific problem or issue. Resolutions, which are drafted by

delegates and voted on by the committee, normally require a simple majority to pass

(except in the Security Council). Only Security Council resolutions can compel nations to

take action. All other UN bodies use resolutions to make recommendations or

suggestions for future action.

Draft Resolutions Draft resolutions are all resolutions that have not yet been voted on. Delegates write draft

resolutions alone or with other countries. There are three main parts to a draft resolution:

the heading, the preamble and the operative section. The heading shows the committee

and topic along with the resolution number. It also lists the draft resolution’s sponsors

and signatories (see below). Each draft resolution is one long sentence with sections

separated by commas and semicolons. The subject of the sentence is the body making the

statement (e.g., the General Assembly, Economic and Social Council, or Security

Council). The preamble and operative sections then describe the current situation and

actions that the committee will take.

Bringing a Resolution to the Floor for Debate A draft resolution must always gain the support of a certain number of member states in

the committee before the sponsors (the delegates who created the resolution) may submit

it to the committee staff. Many conferences require signatures from 20 percent of the

countries present in order to submit a draft resolution. A staff member will read the draft

resolution to ensure that it is relevant and in proper format. Only when a staff member

formally accepts the document and assigns it a number can it be referred to in formal

debate.

In some cases a delegate must make a motion to introduce the draft resolution, while in

other cases the sponsors are immediately called upon to read the document. Because

these procedures can vary, it is essential to find out about the resolution process for the

conference you plan to attend.

Tips for Resolution Writing ! Be sure to follow the format for resolutions provided by the conference

organizers. Each conference may have a slightly different format.

! Create a detailed resolution. For example, if your resolution calls for a new

program, think about how it will be funded and what body will manage it.

! Try to cite facts whenever possible.

59

! Be realistic. Do not create objectives for your resolution that cannot be met.

Make sure your body can take the action suggested. For example, the General

Assembly can’t sanction another country – only the Security Council can do so.

! Try to find multiple sponsors. Your committee will be more likely to approve the

resolutions if many delegates contribute ideas.

! Preambulatory clauses are historic justifications for action. Use them to cite past

resolutions, precedents and statements about the purpose of action.

! Operative clauses are policies that the resolution is designed to create. Use them

to explain what the committee will do to address the issue.

Preambulatory Clauses The preamble of a draft resolution states the reasons for which the committee is

addressing the topic and highlights past international action on the issue. Each clause

begins with a present participle (called a preambulatory phrase) and ends with a comma.

Preambulatory clauses can include:

! References to the UN Charter;

! Citations of past UN resolutions or treaties on the topic under discussion;

! Mentions of statements made by the Secretary-General or a relevant UN body or

agency;

! Recognition of the efforts of regional or nongovernmental organizations in

dealing with the issue; and

! General statements on the topic, its significance and its impact.

Sample Preambulatory Phrases

Affirming

Alarmed by

Approving

Aware of

Bearing in mind

Believing

Confident

Contemplating

Convinced

Declaring

Deeply concerned

Deeply conscious

Deeply convinced

Deeply disturbed

Deeply regretting

Desiring

Emphasizing

Expecting

Expressing its appreciation

Expressing its satisfaction

Fulfilling

Fully alarmed

Fully aware

Fully believing

Further deploring

Further recalling

Guided by

Having adopted

Having considered

Having considered further

Having devoted attention

Having examined

Having heard

Having received

Having studied

Keeping in mind

Noting with regret

Noting with deep concern

Noting with satisfaction

Noting further

Noting with approval

Observing

Reaffirming

Realizing

Recalling

Recognizing

Referring

Seeking

Taking into account

Taking into consideration

Taking note

Viewing with appreciation

Welcoming

60

*Document taken from the UNA-USA’s Global Classroom, accessed at:

http://www.unausa.org/munpreparation/resolutions

Operative Clauses Operative clauses identify the actions or recommendations made in a resolution. Each

operative clause begins with a verb (called an operative phrase) and ends with a

semicolon. Operative clauses should be organized in a logical progression, with each

containing a single idea or proposal, and are always numbered. If a clause requires further

explanation, bulleted lists set off by letters or roman numerals can also be used. After the

last operative clause, the resolution ends in a period.

Sample Operative Phrases

Accepts

Affirms

Approves

Authorizes

Calls

Calls upon

Condemns

Confirms

Congratulates

Considers

Declares accordingly

Deplores

Designates

Draws the attention

Emphasizes

Encourages

Endorses

Expresses its appreciation

Expresses its hope

Further invites

Deplores

Designates

Draws the attention

Emphasizes

Encourages

Endorses

Expresses its appreciation

Expresses its hope

Further invites

Further proclaims

Further reminds

Further recommends

Further requests

Further resolves

Has resolved

Notes

Proclaims

Reaffirms

Recommends

Regrets

Reminds

Requests

Solemnly affirms

Strongly condemns

Supports

Takes note of

Transmits

Trusts

61

*Sample Resolution taken from the UNA-USA’s Global Classroom, accessed at:

http://www.unausa.org/munpreparation/resolutions/sample

Model United Nations Sample Resolution*

Resolution GA/3/1.1

General Assembly Third Committee

Sponsors: United States, Austria and Italy

Signatories: Greece, Tajikistan, Japan, Canada, Mali, the Netherlands and Gabon

Topic: “Strengthening UN coordination of humanitarian assistance in complex emergencies”

The General Assembly,

Reminding all nations of the celebration of the 50th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of

Human Rights, which recognizes the inherent dignity, equality and inalienable rights of all global

citizens, [use commas to separate preambulatory clauses]

Reaffirming its Resolution 33/1996 of 25 July 1996, which encourages Governments to work

with UN bodies aimed at improving the coordination and effectiveness of humanitarian

assistance,

Noting with satisfaction the past efforts of various relevant UN bodies and nongovernmental

organizations,

Stressing the fact that the United Nations faces significant financial obstacles and is in need of

reform, particularly in the humanitarian realm,

1. Encourages all relevant agencies of the United Nations to collaborate more closely with

countries at the grassroots level to enhance the carrying out of relief efforts; [use

semicolons to separate operative clauses]

2. Urges member states to comply with the goals of the UN Department of Humanitarian

Affairs to streamline efforts of humanitarian aid;

3. Requests that all nations develop rapid deployment forces to better enhance the

coordination of relief efforts of humanitarian assistance in complex emergencies;

4. Calls for the development of a United Nations Trust Fund that encourages voluntary

donations from the private transnational sector to aid in funding the implementation of

rapid deployment forces;

5. Stresses the continuing need for impartial and objective information on the political,

economic and social situations and events of all countries;

6. Calls upon states to respond quickly and generously to consolidated appeals for

humanitarian assistance; and

7. Requests the expansion of preventive actions and assurance of post-conflict assistance

through reconstruction and development. [end resolutions with a period]

62