multipulse ac-dc converters for … here 6, 12, 18, 24, ... because it facilitates analysis of the...

International Journal on

“Technical and Physical Problems of Engineering”

(IJTPE)

Published by International Organization of IOTPE

ISSN 2077-3528

IJTPE Journal

www.iotpe.com

[email protected]

March 2014 Issue 18 Volume 6 Number 1 Pages 210-219

210

MULTIPULSE AC-DC CONVERTERS FOR HARMONIC REDUCTION

N.M. Tabatabaei 1,2 M. Abedi 1 N.S. Boushehri 1,2 A. Jafari 1,2

1. Electrical Engineering Department, Seraj Higher Education Institute, Tabriz, Iran

[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

2. Taba Elm International Institute, Tabriz, Iran

Abstract- The issue of power quality now days is a major

concerned area of research in the power sector. With the

advancement in the technology now, it is possible to keep

power sector free from pollution. In the past few years, a

lot of work has been done for the reduction of Total

Harmonic Distortion using different concepts and

applications. Harmonic treatment can be performed by two

methods, filtering, or cancellation. Here we deal with the

reduction of Total Harmonic Distortion using Multi-Pulse

AC to DC Conversion scheme. This paper has given an

idea that power quality can be improved with multi pulse

converter, Here 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 48 pulse converters

have been modeled and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink

software. Every such converter provides 6-pulse AC to DC

conversion, so in order to produce more sets of 6-pulse

systems, a uniform phase-shift is required and hence with

proper phase-shifting angle, 12, 18, 24, 30, and higher

pulse systems have been produced. The performance

improvement of multi-pulse converter is achieved for total

harmonics distortion (THD) in supply current, DC voltage

ripples.

Keywords: Harmonics, Multi-Pulse, Total Harmonic

Distortion (THD), Power Quality, Ripple Content.

I. INTRODUCTION

Power system harmonic distortion has existed since the

early 1900s, as long as AC power itself has been available.

The earliest harmonic distortion issues were associated

with third harmonic currents produced by saturated iron in

machines and transformers, so-called ferromagnetic loads.

A better understanding of power system harmonic

phenomena can be achieved with consideration of some

fundamental concepts, especially, the nature of nonlinear

loads, and the interaction of harmonic currents and

voltages within the power system.

By definition, harmonic (or nonlinear) loads are those

devices that naturally produce a non-sinusoidal current

when energized by a sinusoidal voltage source (Figure 1).

Each “waveform” on right, represents the variation in

instantaneous current over time for two different loads

each energized from a sinusoidal voltage source. Both

current waveforms were produced by turning on some type

of load device. In the case of the current on the left, this

device was probably a resistance heater.

Figure 1. Current waveform in harmonic (or nonlinear) loads

The current on the right could have been produced by

an electronic variable-speed drive, in Figure 2. While the

visual difference in the above waveforms is evident,

graphical appearance alone is seldom sufficient for the

power engineer required to analyze the effects of non-

sinusoidal loads on the power system. One method of

describing the non-sinusoidal waveform is called its

Fourier series. Jean Fourier was a French mathematician

of the early 19th century who discovered a special

characteristic of periodic waveforms.

Figure 2. Current waveform in an electronic variable-speed drive

Fourier discovered that periodic waveforms could be

represented by a series of sinusoids summed together. He

frequency of these sinusoids is an integer multiple of the

frequency represented by the fundamental periodic

waveform. The waveform on the left above, for example,

is described entirely by one sinusoid, the fundamental,

since it contains no harmonic distortion. This example

waveform is represented by only three harmonic

components, but some real-world waveforms (square

wave, for example) require hundreds of sinusoidal

components to fully describe them.

The magnitude of these sinusoids decreases with

increasing frequency. Equivalent harmonic components

are just a representation the instantaneous current as

described by the distorted waveform is what is actually

flowing on the wire. This representation is necessary

because it facilitates analysis of the power system.

International Journal on “Technical and Physical Problems of Engineering” (IJTPE), Iss. 18, Vol. 6, No. 1, Mar. 2014

211

The current drawn by non-linear loads passes through

all of the impedance between the system source and load.

This current produces harmonic voltages for each

harmonic as it flows through the system impedance. These

harmonic voltages sum and produce a distorted voltage

when combined with fundamental. The voltage distortion

magnitude is dependent on the source impedance and the

harmonic voltages produced. Figure 3 illustrates how the

distorted voltage is created. As illustrated, nonlinear loads

are typically modeled as a source of harmonic current [1].

Figure 3. Creation of distorted current

II. PROBLEMS RESULTING FROM HARMONICS

There are many problems, which can arise from

harmonic currents flowing in a power system. Harmonic

Currents cause higher RMS current and voltage in the

system, this can result in any of problems listed as below:

Table 1. Problems resulting from harmonics

Equipment Effect of Harmonics

Motor Overheating, production of

non-uniform torque, increased vibration

Transformer Overheating and insulation failure, noise

Switch gear and cables Neutral link failure, increased losses due to

skin effect and overheating of cables

Capacitors Life reduces drastically due to harmonic

overloading

Protective Relays Malfunction and nuisance tripping

Power electronic

equipment

Misfiring of Thyristors and failure of

semiconductor devices

Control &

instrumentation

Electronic equipment

Erratic operation followed by nuisance

tripping and breakdowns

Communication

equipment / PC’s Interference

Neutral cable

Higher Neutral current with 3rd harmonic

frequency, Neutral overheating and or

open neutral condition

Telecommunication

equipment

Telephonic interference, malfunction of

sensitive electronics used, failure of

telecom hardware

III. APPLICATION GUIDE FOR SOLVING

HARMONICS PROBLEMS

In the past few years, a lot of work has been done for

the reduction of total harmonic distortion using different

concepts and applications. In Figure 4, depict various

techniques used widely for reduction of harmonics.

Harmonic treatment can be performed by two methods,

filtering or cancellation [2, 3]. Many efforts have been

performed to reduce harmonic contents in the utility line

currents of controlled converters [8]. Passive filters have

been used in many researches with different

configurations, but this technique suffers from bulky,

heavy filter elements and sometimes causes resonance

problems [9].

Figure 4. Various Harmonic Reduction Techniques

Active filters have been used in many researches and it

seems to be an interesting option, but this technique suffers

from complexity and high cost [10]. Hybrid solutions

using active filters and passive filters are used in

high-power applications to improve passive filter

performance. However, this technique is heavy, has high

cost, complex construction, needs to be large, and it is not

readily available from the manufacturer [11, 12]. The

multi-pulse converter theory deals with the reduction of

harmonics present on the source side.

This theory involves with the phase shifting of the

input voltage and thereby breaking the input voltage into

number of pulses. As the pulse number increases, the

harmonics present in the input decreases and the total

harmonic distortion (THD) reduces. The use of six-pulse

diode bridge rectifier is the integral part of this system.

Using multi-pulse converters allows a reduction in the size

of the filtering element. Multi-pulse converter is a suitable

configuration to reach high power rating and high quality

output waveform besides.

Bridge rectifier is the basic block required for AC-DC

conversion, however, full wave and half-wave rectifiers

are also used up to 120 kW ratings [2]. In recent years, the

high power self-commutated AC-DC converters have

become an Intrinsic constituent in many industry and

power system applications, mainly due to their superior

features over conventional line commutated Thyristor

based converters, Such as the flexibility of controlling

reactive power from lead to lag and the ability of supplying

active power to weak or even passive networks.

The need to maintain high efficiency, forced these

converters to be connected to high voltages, typically few

hundreds of kilo volts. Three-phase controlled rectifiers

have a wide range of applications, from small rectifiers to

large High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission

systems. They are used for electro-chemical process, many

kinds of motor drives, traction equipment, controlled

power supplies, and many other applications.

In modern power electronics converters, a three-phase

controlled converter is commonly used especially as a

rectifier in interfacing Adjustable Speed Drives (ASD) [4],

[5] and renewable energy in electric utilities [6, 7]. Here

we deal with the reduction of total harmonic distortion

using multi-pulse AC to DC conversion scheme.

IV. TOTAL HARMONICS REDUCTION BY

MULTI PLUSE CONVERTORS

The present work is an effort towards analyzing the

different multi-pulse AC to DC converters (Figure 5) in

solving the harmonic problem in a three-phase converter

system [13].

Active Passive

Harmonic Reduction Techniques

Filters PWM

Rectifiers

Multipulse

Converters

Six Twelve Eighteen Twenty-Four Thirty Thirty-Six Forty-Eight


212

Figure 5. Multi-pulse converter configurations

Figure 6. Uncontrolled six-pulse converter

Figure 7. THD for input current of uncontrolled six-pulse converter

Figure 8. Uncontrolled twelve-pulse converter

Figure 9. THD for input current of uncontrolled twelve-pulse converter

Figure 10. Uncontrolled eighteen-pulse converter

Figure 11. THD for input current of uncontrolled eighteen-pulse converter

Figure 12. Uncontrolled twenty-four pulse converter

The effect of increasing the number of pulses on the

performance of AC to DC converters has been analyzed.

The three-phase multi-pulse AC to DC conversion system

employs a phase-shifting transformer and a three-phase.

Every such converter provides 6-pulse AC to DC

conversion, so in order to produce more sets of 6-pulse

systems, a uniform phase-shift is required and hence with

proper phase-shifting angle, 12, 18, 24, 30, and higher

pulse systems have been produced. The performance

improvement of multi-pulse converter is achieved for total

harmonics distortion (THD) in supply current, DC voltage

ripples.

Continuous

powergui

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Figure 13. THD for input current of uncontrolled twenty-four pulse

converter

Figure 14. Uncontrolled thirty-pulse converter

Figure 15. THD for input current of uncontrolled thirty-pulse converter

The results are obtained for both uncontrolled and

controlled converters for RL load. For uncontrolled

conversion, diodes have been preferred, while for the

controlled conversion, Thyristor have been implemented.

The presented simulation results show the reduced THD at

supply side. These results agree with the IEEE Standards

519-1992.

Figure 16. Uncontrolled thirty six-pulse converter

Figure 17. THD for input current of uncontrolled six-pulse converter

Multi-pulse methods involve multiple converters

connected so that the harmonics generated by one

converter are a celled by harmonics produced by other

converters. By this means, certain harmonics related to

number of converters are eliminated from the power

source. In multi-pulse converters, reduction of AC input

line current harmonics is important as regards to the impact

the converter has on the power system. In Figure 5 depict

the various multi-pulse converter configurations.

V. SIMULATION OF UNCONTROLLED

MULTI-PULSE CONVERTERS

A. Six-Pulse Converter

The six pulse converter bridge shown in Figure 6. As

the basic converter unit of HVDC transmission is used for

rectification, where electrical power flows from the AC

side to the DC side and inversion where the power flow is

from the DC side to the AC side (Figures 6 and 7).

Continuous

powergui

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Figure 18. Uncontrolled forty eight-pulse converter

Figure 19. THD for input current of uncontrolled forty eight-pulse

converter

Figure 20. Controlled six-pulse converter

The characteristic AC side current harmonics

generated by 6-pulse converters are 6n ± 1, Characteristic

DC side voltage harmonics generated by a 6-pulse

converter are of the order 6n ±1.

B. Twelve Pulse Converter

Twelve-pulse converter is a series connection of two

fully controlled six pulse converter bridges and requires

two 3-phase systems, which are spaced apart from each

other by 30 electrical degrees (Figures 8 and 9).

C. Eighteen Pulse Converter

In this 18-pulse topology, the magnetic circuit involved

is same as that of a 6-pulse converter. Therefore, this

topology is comparatively a preferred one. A phase shift of

20° has been provided between all three-phase shift

transformers with star connected secondary (Figures 10

and 11).

D. Twenty-Four Pulse Converter

The connection for 24-pulse converter and the

corresponding connections are shown in Figure 12. Four

six pulse converters phase shifted by 15 degrees from each

other, can provide twenty four pulse rectification,

obviously with much lower harmonics on AC and DC side.

Its AC output voltage would have 24n ± 1 order

harmonics i.e., 23rd, 25th, 47th, 49th harmonics with

magnitudes of 1/23rd, 1/25th, 1/47th, 1/49th, …

respectively, of the phase shift.

E. Thirty-Pulse Converter


corresponding connections are shown in Figure 14,

six-pulse converters phase shifted by 12 degrees from each

other, can provide thirty-pulse conversion, and obviously

with much lower harmonics on AC and DC side. Its AC

output voltage would have 30n ± 1 order harmonics i.e.,

29th, 31st, 59th, 61st harmonics with magnitudes of

1/29th, 1/31st, 1/59th, 1/61st, respectively, of phase shift.

F. Thirty Six-Pulse Converter


corresponding connections are shown in Figure 16. Six

six-pulse converters phase shifted by 10° from each other,

can provide thirty-six pulse conversion, and obviously

with much lower harmonics on AC and DC side. Its AC

output voltage would have 30n ± 1 order harmonics.

G. Forty Eight-Pulse Converter

For high power FACTS controllers, from the point of

view of the AC systems even a twenty four, thirty or

Thirty-six pulse converter without AC filters could have

voltage harmonics, which are higher than the acceptable

level. The alternative is to go for 48-pulse (Figure 18)

operation with eight six-pulse converters phase shifted

from each other by 7.5 degrees.

V. SIMULATION OF CONTROLLED

MULTI-PULSE CONVERTERS

A. Six-Pulse Converter

For the simulation of controlled multi pulse converters

instead of the diode bridge, we use the Thyristor Bridge

and the corresponding pulses are given (Figure 20).

Continuous

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Figure 21. THD for input current of controlled six-pulse converter

B. Twelve-Pulse Converter (Figure 22)

Figure 22. Controlled twelve-pulse converter

Figure 23. THD for input current of controlled twelve-pulse converter

C. Eighteen-Pulse Converter (Figure 24)

Figure 24. Controlled eighteen-pulse converter

Figure 25. THD for input current of controlled eighteen-pulse converter

D. Twenty Four-Pulse Converter (Figure 26)

Figure 26. Controlled twenty four-pulse converter

Figure 27. THD for input current of controlled twenty four-pulse converter

E. Thirty-Pulse Converter (Figure 29)

Figure 28. THD for input current of controlled thirty-pulse converter

Continuous

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Figure 29. Controlled thirty-pulse converter

F. Thirty Six-Pulse Converter (Figure 30)

Figure 30. Controlled thirty six-pulse converter

Figure 31. THD for input current of controlled thirty six-pulse converter

G. Forty-Eight Pulse Converter (Figure 32)

Figure 32. Controlled forty eight-pulse converter

Figure 33. THD for input current of controlled forty eight-pulse

converter

VI. SIMULATION RESULTS

All the data obtained after simulation of previously

mentioned models using MATLAB/Simulink has been

collected here to ease the comparison of factors accounted

for i.e. THD, ripple content and between uncontrolled and

controlled multi-pulse converters.

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C+

A-

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75


217

A. Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) (Figure 34)

(a) six-pulse converter

(b) twelve-pulse converter

(c) eighteen-pulse converter

(d) twenty four-pulse converter

(e) thirty-pulse converter

(f) thirty six-pulse converter

(g) forty eight-pulse converter

Figure 34. Percentage THD for RL load, (a) six-pulse converter, (b)

twelve-pulse converter, (c) eighteen-pulse converter, (d) twenty four-

pulse converter, (e) thirty-pulse converter, (f) thirty six-pulse converter,


B. Percentage Ripple Content (Figure 35)

(a) six-pulse converter

(b) twelve-pulse converter

(c) eighteen-pulse converter


218

(d) twenty four-pulse converter

(e) thirty-pulse converter

(f) thirty six-pulse converter


Figure 35. Percentage ripple content for RL load, (a) six-pulse

converter, (b) twelve-pulse converter, (c) eighteen-pulse converter, (d)

twenty four-pulse converter, (e) thirty-pulse converter, (f) thirty six-

pulse converter, (g) forty eight-pulse converter

VII. CONCLUSIONS

The objective of the present work is to investigate the

performance of controlled and uncontrolled multi-pulse

converters. These converters are studied in terms of

harmonic spectrum of AC supply current, total harmonic

distortion, ripple content and form factor in the AC mains.

It is concluded therefore that in general with increase in

number of pulses in multi-pulse case the performance

parameters of these converters are remarkably improved.

All the data obtained after simulation of previously

mentioned models using MATLAB/Simulink has been

collected here to ease the comparison of factors accounted

for i.e. THD, ripple content between uncontrolled and

controlled multi-pulse converters. Therefore, we can

clearly infer that THD improves as the number of

converter pulses is increased and is in permissible limits

according to IEEE standards. The ripple in the input

current waveform decreases as the converter with higher

pulse number is being used and the high quality output DC

current wave is obtained.

REFERENCES

[1] L. Ray, L. Hapeshis, “Power System Harmonic

Fundamental Considerations”, Schneider Electric USA

Inc., p. 22, 2011.

[2] L. Weilin, “Design and Realization of Star Connected

Autotransformer Based 24-Pulse AC-DC Converter”,

International Conference on Power System Technology,

IEEE, 2010.

[3] P. Srivastava, K. Sanjiv, “Simulation of Multi-Pulse

AC-DC Converters for Medium Voltage ASD’s”, VSRD

International Journal of Electrical, Electronics &

Communications Engineering. Vol. 1, No. 10,

pp. 542-554, Dec. 2011.

[4] V. Nedic, T.A. Lipo, “Low-Cost Current-Fed PMSM

Drive System with Sinusoidal Input Currents”, IEEE

Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. 42, No. 3,

pp. 753-762, May/June 2006.

[5] A.I. Maswood, A.K. Yusop, M.A. Rahman, “A Novel

Suppressed-Link Rectifier-Inverter Topology with Near

Unity Power Factor”, IEEE Transactions Power

Electronics, Vol. 17, No. 5, pp. 692-700, Sep. 2002.

[6] R. Naik, N. Mohan, M. Rogers, A. Bulawka, “A Novel

Grid Interface, Optimized for Utility-Scale Applications of

Photovoltaic, Wind-Electric, and Fuel-Cell Systems”,

IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 10, No. 4,

pp. 1920-1926, Oct. 1995.

[7] N. Mohan, “A Novel Approach to Minimize Line

Current Harmonics in Interfacing Renewable Energy

Sources with 3-Phase Utility Systems”, IEEE Conf.

APEC, pp. 852-858, Boston, MA, Feb. 1992.

[8] H.A. Pacheco, G. Jimenez, J. Arau, “Optimization

Method to Design Filters for Harmonic Current Reduction

in a Three Phase Rectifier”, IEEE Conf. CIEP,

pp. 138-144, Puebla, Mexico, Aug. 1994.

[9] S. Bhattacharya, D.M. Divan, B.B. Banerjee, “Control

and Reduction of Terminal Voltage Harmonic Distortion

(THD) in Hybrid Series Active and Parallel Passive Filter

System”, IEEE PESC, Seattle, WA, pp. 779-786, Jun.

1993.

[10] J. Ortega, M. Esteve, M. Payan, A. Gomez,

“Reference Current Computation Methods for Active

Power Filters - Accuracy Assessment in the Frequency

Domain”, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.,

Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 446-456, Mar. 2005.

[11] B.S. Lee, “New Clean Power Reactor Systems for

Utility Interface of Static Converters”, Ph.D. Dissertation,

Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, Aug. 1998.

[12] M. Saxena , S. Gupta, “Simulation of Multi-Pulse

Converter for Harmonic Reduction Using Controlled

Rectifier”, International Journal of Science and Research

(IJSR), Issue 4, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 2319-7064, Apr. 2013.

[13] D. Singh, H. Mahala, P. Kaur, “Modeling and

Simulation of Multi-Pulse Converters for Harmonic

Reduction”, International Journal of Advanced Computer

Research, Issue 5,Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 24-32, Sept. 2012.


219

BIOGRAPHIES

Naser Mahdavi Tabatabaei was

born in Tehran, Iran, 1967. He

received the B.Sc. and the M.Sc.

degrees from University of Tabriz

(Tabriz, Iran) and the Ph.D. degree

from Iran University of Science and

Technology (Tehran, Iran), all in

Power Electrical Engineering, in

1989, 1992, and 1997, respectively. Currently, he is a

Professor in International Organization of IOTPE. He is

also an academic member of Power Electrical Engineering

at Seraj Higher Education Institute (Tabriz, Iran) and

teaches power system analysis, power system operation,

and reactive power control. He is the General Secretary of

International Conference of ICTPE, Editor-in-Chief of

International Journal of IJTPE and Chairman of

International Enterprise of IETPE all supported by IOTPE.

He has authored and co-authored of six books and book

chapters in Electrical Engineering area in international

publishers and more than 130 papers in international

journals and conference proceedings. His research

interests are in the area of power quality, energy

management systems, ICT in power engineering and

virtual e-learning educational systems. He is a member of

the Iranian Association of Electrical and Electronic

Engineers (IAEEE).

Mohammad Abedi was born in

Ardabil, Iran, 1981. He received the

B.Sc. degree from Ardabil Branch,

Islamic Azad University, Ardabil,

Iran in 2004. Currently he is pursuing

the M.Sc. degree in the Electrical

Engineering Department, Seraj

Higher Education Institute, Tabriz,

Iran, all in Power Electrical Engineering.

Narges Sadat Boushehri was born in

Iran. She received her B.Sc. degree in

Control Engineering from Sharif

University of Technology (Tehran,

Iran), and Electronic Engineering

from Central Tehran Branch, Islamic

Azad University, (Tehran, Iran), in

1991 and 1996, respectively. She

received the M.Sc. degree in Electronic Engineering from

International Ecocenergy Academy (Baku, Azerbaijan), in

2009. She is the Member of Scientific and Executive

Committees of International Conference of ICTPE and

also the Scientific and Executive Secretary of International

Journal of IJTPE supported by International Organization

of IOTPE (www.iotpe.com). Her research interests are in

the area of power system control and artificial intelligent

algorithms.

Ali Jafari was born in Zanjan, Iran in

1988. He received the B.Sc. degree in

Electrical Engineering from Abhar

Branch, Islamic Azad University,

Abhar, Iran in 2011. He is currently

the M.Sc. student in Seraj Higher

Education Institute, Tabriz, Iran. He is

the Member of Scientific and

Executive Committees of International Conference of

ICTPE and also the Scientific and Executive Secretary of

International Journal of IJTPE supported by International

Organization of IOTPE (www.iotpe.com). His research

fields are intelligent algorithms application in power

systems, power system dynamics and control, power

system analysis and operation, and reactive power control.

multipulse ac-dc converters for … here 6, 12, 18, 24, ... because it facilitates analysis of the...

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