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Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan

St. Joseph County

St. Joseph Emergency Management Agency 4714 Lathrop Street South Bend, IN 46628

The Polis Center IUPUI 1200 Waterway Boulevard Suite 100 Indianapolis, IN 46202

Michiana Area Council of Governments (MACOG) 227 West Jefferson Boulevard 1120 County-City Building South Bend, IN 46601

St. Joseph County Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan July 27, 2010

St. Joseph County Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan of 225

Hazard Mitigation Plan

St. Joseph County, Indiana

Adoption Date: -- _______________________ --

Primary Point of Contact

The Point of Contact for information regarding this plan is:

William A. Zimmerman Director

St. Joseph County Emergency Management Agency 4714 Lathrop Street

South Bend, IN 46628 P: 574-235-9234 F: 574-235-9779 [email protected]

Secondary Point of Contact

John Carlson St. Joseph County GIS

574-245-6583

Prepared by: Michiana Area Council of Governments (MACOG) 227 West Jefferson Boulevard

1120 County-City Building South Bend, IN 46601

and

The Polis Center

1200 Waterway Boulevard, Suite 100 Indianapolis, IN 46202

317-274-2455

St. Joseph County Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan Wednesday, May 27, 2009


Table of Contents………………………………………..……….................................. 3

Section 1 – Public Planning Process…………………………………………..……….... 6

1.1 Narrative Description

1.2 Planning Team Information

1.3 Public Involvement in Planning Process

1.4 Neighboring Community Involvement

1.5 Review of Technical and Fiscal Resources

1.6 Review of Existing Plans

Section 2 – Jurisdiction Participation Information…………………………..….….... 10

2.1 Adoption by Local Governing Body

2.2 Jurisdiction Participation

Section 3 – Jurisdiction Information………………………………………………...….. 11

3.1 Topography

3.2 Climate

3.3 Demographics

3.4 Economy

3.5 Industry

3.6 Land Use and Development Trends

3.7 Major Lakes, Rivers, and Watersheds

Section 4 – Risk Assessment………………………………………………….….…..…. 18

4.1 Hazard Identification/Profile

4.1 Hazard Identification/Profile

4.1.1 Existing Plans



4.1.2 National Hazard Records

4.1.3 Hazard Ranking Methodology

4.1.4 GIS and HAZUS-MH

4.2 Vulnerability Assessment

4.2.1 Asset Inventory

4.2.1.1 Processes and Sources for Identifying Assets

4.2.1.2 Essential Facilities List

4.2.1.3 Replacement Facility Costs

4.3 Future Development

4.4 Hazard Profiles

4.4.1 Tornado Hazard

4.4.2 Flood Hazard and Dam/Levee Failure

4.4.3 Earthquake Hazard

4.4.4 Thunderstorm Hazard

4.4.5 Winter Storm Hazard

4.4.6 Hazardous Materials Storage and Transport Hazard

Section 5 – Mitigation Strategy…………….…………………………………………….. 91

5.1 Community Capability Assessment

5.1.1 National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP)

5.1.2 Stormwater Management Stream Maintenance Ordinance

5.1.3 Zoning Management Ordinance

5.1.4 Erosion Management Program/Policy

5.1.5 Fire Insurance Rating Programs/Policy



5.1.6 Land Use Plan

5.1.7 Building Codes

5.2 Mitigation Goals

5.3 Mitigation Actions/Projects

5.3.1 Completed or Current Mitigation Actions/Projects

5.4 Implementation Strategy and Analysis of Mitigation Projects

5.5 Multi-Jurisdictional Mitigation Strategy

Section 6 – Plan Maintenance…………….………………………………………..…….106

6.1 Monitoring, Evaluating, and Updating the Plan

6.2 Implementation through Existing Programs

6.3 Continued Public Involvement

APPENDICES…………………….………………………………………..……….………..107

Appendix A Minutes of the Multi-Hazard Mitigation Planning Team Meetings

Appendix B Articles published by Local Newspaper

Appendix C Adopting Resolution

Appendix D Historical Hazards from NCDC

Appendix E Hazard Map

Appendix F Complete List of Critical Facilities

Appendix G Map of Critical Facilities

Appendix H Recorded NOAA Flood Data: USGS Stream Gauge Data

Appendix I Emergency Contacts for St. Joseph County

GLOSSARY OF TERMS…………………….………………………………………….…..225



Section 1 - Public Planning Process

1.1 Narrative Description

Hazard Mitigation is defined as any sustained action to reduce or eliminate long-term risk to human life and property from hazards. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) has made reducing hazards one of its primary goals; hazard mitigation planning and the subsequent implementation of resulting projects, measures, and policies is a primary mechanism in achieving FEMA’s goal.

The Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan (MHMP) is a requirement of the Federal Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 (DMA 2000). The development of a local government plan is a requirement in order to maintain eligibility for certain federal disaster assistance and hazard mitigation funding programs. In order for the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) communities to be eligible for future mitigation funds, they must adopt an MHMP.

The Michiana Area Council of Governments (MACOG) was established to define and prioritize the risks in the county and to develop this mitigation plan to minimize both the risks and the consequences of the defined hazards. MACOG, St. Joseph County, and The Polis Center have joined efforts to develop this mitigation plan, realizing that the recognition of and the protection from hazards impacting the county and its residents contribute to future community and economic development. The team will continue to work together to develop and implement mitigation initiatives developed as part of this plan. In recognition of the importance of planning in mitigation activities, FEMA created Hazards USA Multi-Hazard (HAZUS-MH), a powerful geographic information system (GIS)-based disaster risk assessment tool. This tool enables communities of all sizes to predict the estimated losses from floods, hurricanes, earthquakes, and other related phenomena and to measure the impact of various mitigation practices that might help reduce those losses. The Indiana Department of Homeland Security has determined that HAZUS-MH should play a critical role in Indiana’s risk assessments. The Polis Center (Polis) at Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) and the Indiana Geological Survey at Indiana University are assisting St. Joseph County planning staff with performing the hazard risk assessment.

1.2 Planning Team Information

The St. Joseph County Multi-Hazard Mitigation Planning Team is headed by Luther Taylor, who is the primary point of contact. Members of the planning team include representatives from various private, public, and governmental sectors. Table 1-1 identifies the planning team individuals and the organizations they represent.

Table 1-1: Multi-Hazard Mitigation Planning Team Members

Name Title Organization Jurisdiction

Luther Taylor EMA St. Joseph County Emergency Management

St. Joseph County

John Carlson GIS Coordinator St. Joseph County GIS St. Joseph County



Name Title Organization Jurisdiction

Gary Gilot Director South Bend Department of Public Works

South Bend

Dale Freeman Fire Chief Mishawaka Fire Department Mishawaka

Wade Stoller Town Clerk Indian Village Town Board Indian Village

John Kuhn Town Council Lakeville Town Council Lakeville

Vicki Kitchen Town Trustee Town of North Liberty North Liberty

Pat Cummings Director New Carlisle Public Works New Carlisle

Tom Baker Town St. Joseph New Carlisle Police New Carlisle

Robert Mark Clerk Treasurer Town Board of Osceola Osceola

Robin Ackerson Council Member Town of Roseland Roseland

Rae Rhodes EMT Walkerton Town Council Walkerton

Jeff Baker Fire Chief Walkerton Fire Department Walkerton

The Disaster Mitigation Act (DMA) planning regulations and guidance stress that planning team members must be active participants. The St. Joseph County MHMP committee members were actively involved on the following components:

Attending the MHMP meetings Providing available GIS data and historical hazard information Reviewing and providing comments on the draft plans Coordinating and participating in the public input process Coordinating the formal adoption of the plan by the county

An MHMP kickoff meeting was held at the St. Joseph Commissioner’s Office in South Bend, Indiana on January 29, 2009. Representatives of St. Joseph County attended the meeting. Representatives from The Polis Center explained the rationale behind the MHMP program and answered questions from the participants. The Polis Center also provided an overview of HAZUS-MH, described the timeline and the process of the mitigation planning project, and presented St. Joseph County with a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) for sharing data and information.

The St. Joseph County Multi-Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee met on January 29, 2009, February 25, 2009, June 16, 2009, July 22, 2009 and December 09, 2009. These meetings were held in the St. Joseph Commissioner’s Office. Each meeting was approximately two hours in length. The meeting agendas, minutes, and attendance sheets are included in Appendix A. During these meetings, the planning team successfully identified critical facilities, reviewed hazard data and maps, identified and assessed the effectiveness of existing mitigation measures, established mitigation projects, and assisted with preparation of the public participation information.

1.3 Public Involvement in Planning Process

An effort was made to solicit public input during the planning process and a public meeting was held during the formation of the plan on June 8, 2009. Appendix A contains the agendas and



minutes from the public meeting. Appendix B contains articles published by the local newspaper throughout the public input process.

1.4 Neighboring Community Involvement

The St. Joseph County planning team invited participation from various representatives of county government, local city and town governments, community groups, local businesses, and universities. The team also invited participation from adjacent counties to obtain their involvement in the planning process. Details of neighboring stakeholders’ involvement are summarized in Table 1-2.

Table 1-2: Neighboring Community Participation

Person Participating Neighboring Jurisdiction Organization Participation Description

Clyde Avery Marshall County Marshall County EMA Attended Regional organizational/kick-off meeting

Edward Rock Kosciusko County Kosciusko County EMA Attended Regional organizational/kick-off meeting

Elizabeth Barrett 2nd District of Indiana Congressman Joe Donnelly’s Office

Attended Regional organizational/kick-off meeting

Larry Magliozzi St. Joseph County County Area Plan Commission Discussed City, Town and County ordinances

Ken Prince City of Mishawaka City Planning Department Discussed ordinances for the City of Mishawaka

MACOG Policy Board

Elkhart, St. Joseph, Marshall and Kosciusko Counties and associated cities

Mayors, Council Members and Commissioners from Elkhart, St. Joseph, Marshall and Kosciusko Counties and associated cities

Presented timeline and outline of process. Reported updates to the Board. Will present final plan.

MACOG Transportation Technical Advisory Committee

Elkhart, St. Joseph, Marshall and Kosciusko Counties and associated cities

Engineers, Planners and Public Works from Elkhart, St. Joseph, Marshall and Kosciusko Counties and associated cities

Presented timeline and outline of process. Reported updates to the Board. Will present final plan.

1.5 Review of Technical and Fiscal Resources

The MHMP planning team has identified representatives from key agencies to assist in the planning process. Technical data, reports, and studies were obtained from these agencies. The organizations and their contributions are summarized in Table 1-3.

Table 1-3: Key Agency Resources Provided

Agency Name Resources Provided

Indiana Department of Homeland Security Provided repetitive loss information

Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water

Digital Flood maps and levee information

Indiana Geological Survey GIS data, digital elevation models

FEMA Earthquake liquefaction data



1.6 Review of Existing Plans

St. Joseph County and its associated local communities utilized a variety of planning documents to direct community development. These documents include land use plans, master plans, emergency response plans, municipal ordinances, and building codes. The MHMP planning process incorporated the existing natural hazard mitigation elements from previous planning efforts. Table 1-4 lists the plans, studies, reports, and ordinances used in the development of the plan.

Table 1-4: Planning Documents Used for MHMP Planning Process

Author(s) Year Title Description Where Used

St. Joseph County

2003 Comprehensive Plan Comprehensive plan for land use, transportation, and public facilities.

Sections related to hazards incorporated into MHMP.

St. Joseph County

2002 Comprehensive Plan for South Bend and St. Joseph County

Comprehensive plan for land use, transportation, and public facilities.

Section 3 and Section 5

City of South Bend

2006 City Plan – The City of South Bend Comprehensive Plan



Town of New Carlisle

1993 Comprehensive Master Plan and Annexation Study



Roseland 2005 Roseland Comprehensive Plan



Mishawaka 2003 Capital Avenue Corridor Land Use Plan





Section 2 - Jurisdiction Participation Information

The jurisdictions included in this multi-jurisdictional plan are listed in Table 2-1.

Table 2-1: Participating Jurisdictions

Jurisdiction Name

County of St. Joseph

Town of Indian Village

Town of Lakeville

City of Mishawaka

Town of New Carlisle

Town of North Liberty

Town of Osceola

Town of Roseland

City of South Bend

Town of Walkerton

2.1 Adoption by Local Governing Body

The draft plan was made available on December 9, 2009 to the planning team for review. Comments were then accepted. The St. Joseph County hazard mitigation planning team presented and recommended the plan to the County Commissioners, who adopted it on <date adopted>. Resolution adoptions are included in Appendix C of this plan.

2.2 Jurisdiction Participation

It is required that each jurisdiction participates in the planning process. Table 2-2 lists each jurisdiction and describes its participation in the construction of this plan.

Table 2-2: Jurisdiction Participation

Jurisdiction Name Participating Member Participation Description

St. Joseph County Luther Taylor, John Carlson Member, MHMP planning committee

South Bend Gary Gilot Member, MHMP planning committee

Mishawaka Dale Freeman Member, MHMP planning committee

Indian Village Wade Stoller Member, MHMP planning committee

Lakeville John Kuhn Member, MHMP planning committee

North Liberty Vicki Kitchen Member, MHMP planning committee

New Carlisle Pat Cummings, Tom Baker Member, MHMP planning committee

Osceola Robert Mark Member, MHMP planning committee

Roseland Robin Ackerson Member, MHMP planning committee

Walkerton Rae Rhodes, Jeff Baker Member, MHMP planning committee

Members of the planning committee were actively involved in developing the plan by attending meetings, providing resources, reviewing and editing the draft plans, coordinating and participating in the public input process, and coordinating the formal adoption of the plan.



Section 3 - Jurisdiction Information

St. Joseph County was named by early missionaries for the St. Joseph River, which flows through the county. The county was established in 1830 and is now the fourth largest county in Indiana. With eight colleges and universities—including Notre Dame University, extensions of Indiana and Purdue Universities, Bethel University, and St. Mary’s College—St. Joseph County is also the regional center for higher education.

Thirteen townships make up the county: Center, Clay, German, Greene, Harris, Liberty, Lincoln, Madison, Olive, Penn, Portage, Union, and Warren. The county seat is South Bend.

Sources: http://www.stjosephcountyindiana.com/; http://www.countyhistory.com/stjoseph/start.html

3.1 Topography

St. Joseph County is located on the northern border of the state of Indiana. It is bounded by Berrien County, Michigan to the northwest, Cass County, Michigan to the northeast, Elkhart County to the east, LaPorte County to the west, Marshall County to the south, and Starke County to the southwest.

The county is characterized by gentle terrain with few slopes. A ridge runs from the southwest to the county’s center, then parallel to the St. Joseph River to the east, creating a boundary for a gentle plateau that covers the southeastern portion of the county. Another plateau enters from the north (west of the St. Joseph River), and ends near U.S. 20, while a third plateau enters from the northeast. The St. Joseph River winds its way through these three plateaus before exiting the county to the north. A fourth plateau briefly enters the county on its west side. The area between this plateau and the other three is low and flat and constitutes the largest single area of floodplain within the county. Source: St. Joseph County 2002 Comprehensive Plan

3.2 Climate

In St. Joseph County, mid-summer temperatures can be excessively hot and the winter snowfall can vary greatly from one year to the next. Humidity averages 60% for the mid-afternoon and rises during the evening with dawn humidity around 80%. The possibility for sunshine is 70% during the summer and 40% during the winter. Rainfall is moderately heavy and averages 40 inches annually, falling mostly during the spring and summer months. The average seasonal snowfall is 70 inches. The prevailing wind is from the south-southwest at an average speed of 10 miles per hour.

Sources: http://www.city-data.com/county/St._Joseph_County-IN.html



3.3 Demographics

St. Joseph County has a population of 266,088. According to STATS Indiana, from 1990–2000, St. Joseph County experienced a population increase of 7.5%. The population is spread through 13 townships including Center, Clay, German, Greene, Harris, Liberty, Lincoln, Madison, Olive, Penn, Portage, Union, and Warren. The largest town in St. Joseph County is South Bend, which has a population of approximately 104,069. The breakdown of population by incorporated areas is included in Table 3-1.

Table 3-1: Population by Community

Community 2004 Population % of County

Indian Village 139 0.1%

Lakeville 551 0.2%

Mishawaka 49,439 18.6%

New Carlisle 1,663 0.6%

North Liberty 1,346 0.5%

Osceola 1,792 0.7%

Roseland 623 0.2%

South Bend 104,069 39.1%

Walkerton 2,181 0.8%

Source: STATS Indiana, 2006

3.4 Economy

STATS Indiana reported for 2006 that 89.8% of the workforce in St. Joseph County was employed in the private sector. The breakdown is included in Table 3-2. Health Care, Social Services, and Education represent the largest sector, employing approximately 11.9% of the workforce and generating approximately 12.4% of the earnings. The 2006 annual per capita income in St. Joseph County is $33,739 compared to an Indiana average of $32,288.

Table 3-2: Industrial Employment by Sector

Industrial Sector % of County Workforce

(2006)

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, hunting, and mining 0.5%

Construction 5.3%

Manufacturing 11.4%

Wholesale trade 4.9%

Retail trade 11.7%

Information 1.6%

Professional and technical services 4.9%

Educational, health, and social services 11.9%

Arts, entertainment, recreation, accommodation and food services 8.2%

Other services(except public administration) 26.9%

Public administration 9.7%

Source: STATS Indiana, 2006



3.5 Industry

St. Joseph County’s major employers and number of employees are listed in Table 3-3. The largest employer is the University of Notre Dame, which has nearly 4,800 employees. Memorial Health System is the second largest, with 3,500 full-time employees.

Table 3-3: Major Employers

Manufacturing

Company Name Location Established Employees Type of Business

AM General South Bend, IN 1964 2,400 Manufacturing/Assembly

Honeywell South Bend, IN 1983 (Bendix

founded in 1924) 777 Manufacturing

Transportation

Towne Air Freight, Inc. South Bend, IN 1963 248 Air Transportation/Freight

Other

University of Notre Dame Notre Dame, IN 1842 4,707 College/University

Memorial Health System South Bend, IN 1945 3,545 Hospitals

South Bend Community School Corp South Bend, IN 3,212 Public Schools

Source: St. Joseph County Chamber of Commerce, 2006

Commuter Patterns

According to STATS Indiana information from 2006, St. Joseph County has approximately 164,868 residents who are in the work force. Of these, approximately 146,221 work in the county. Roughly 18,647 residents commute outside the county for work and 20,252 non-residents commute into the county to work. Figure 3-1 depicts the commuting patterns into and out of the top five surrounding jurisdictions.



Figure 3-1: Commuter patterns into and out of St. Joseph County

3.6 Land Use and Development Trends

St. Joseph County is 92% urban and 8% rural; however, through large-lot agricultural zoning, the county has been able to contain urban sprawl and preserve agricultural land. The mostly densely urban area is the north central-northeast portion of the county, where South Bend, Mishawaka, and Osceola are located. This area also houses most of St. Joseph County’s rail and roadway infrastructure. The county’s primary developed land use is residential, with most industrial and commercial uses located in South Bend. Figure 3-2 depicts St. Joseph County’s current land use map.



Figure 3-2: St. Joseph County’s Existing Land Uses



Figure 3-3 depicts St. Joseph County’s land use plan. The plan focuses on residential growth, which will be the most significant, commercial growth, and industrial growth.

Figure 3-3: St. Joseph County’s Land Use Plan



3.7 Major Lakes, Rivers, and Watersheds

St. Joseph River runs through the county flowing toward Lake Michigan. Other significant bodies of water in St. Joseph County include Chamberlin Lake and Riddles Lake. A list of 14-digit Hydrologic Unit Code (HUC) watersheds is included in Table 3-4.

Table 3-4: Watersheds

Watershed Name HUC Code

Dowling Creek 04040001100010

Cobus Creek 04050001220020

Baugo Creek-Wisler Ditch 04050001230010

Grimes Ditch 04050001230020

Baugo Creek-Township Ditch 04050001230030

Baugo Creek-Rogers Ditch 04050001230040

St. Joseph River-Eller Ditch 04050001240010

St. Joseph River-Willow Creek 04050001240020

St. Joseph River-Auten Ditch 04050001240030

St. Joseph River-Airport 04050001240040

Juday Creek 04050001240050

St. Joseph River-State Line/Bertrand (MI) 04050001240060

St. Joseph River-State Line/Bertrand (MI) 04050001240060

Brandywine Creek (Michigan) 04050001240070

McCoys Creek (Michigan) 04050001280020

Dixon West Place Ditch 07120001010010

Aldrich Ditch-Schang Ditch 07120001010020

Geyer Ditch-Headwaters 07120001010030

Hudson Lake Outlet 07120001010040

Geyer Ditch-Chain Lakes 07120001010050

Geyer Ditch-Gordon Airport/Crumstown 07120001010060

Laskowski/Niespodziany Ditches 07120001010070

Clear Lake Basin 07120001010080

County Line Ditch 07120001010090

Kankakee River-Sousley Lake-Tascher Ditch 07120001010100

Little Kankakee River-Mill Creek-Fish Lakes 07120001010130

Pine Creek-Peter Sarber Ditch 07120001020020

Yellow Bank Creek-Jordan Creek 07120001020030

Potato Creek-Headwaters 07120001020040

Potato Creek-Kartoffel Creek 07120001020050

Pine Creek-Horace Miller Ditch 07120001020060

Kankakee River-DeWaele Ditch 07120001030010

Kankakee River-Jensen/Place Ditches 07120001030040

Robbins Ditch-Amy Kelly Ditch 07120001040020

Lateral #5 Ditch-Lateral #15 Ditch 07120001050010

Yellow River-Newcomer/Herschberger Ditches 07120001050020

Kline Rouch Ditch 07120001050030

Stock Ditch-Headwaters 07120001050060

Stock Ditch-Bunch Branches 07120001050070

Source: U.S. Geological Survey HUC14 Watersheds, 2006



Section 4 - Risk Assessment

The goal of mitigation is to reduce the future impacts of a hazard including loss of life, property damage, disruption to local and regional economies, and the expenditure of public and private funds for recovery. Sound mitigation must be based on sound risk assessment. A risk assessment involves quantifying the potential loss resulting from a disaster by assessing the vulnerability of buildings, infrastructure, and people. This assessment identifies the characteristics and potential consequences of a disaster, how much of the community could be affected by a disaster, and the impact on community assets. A risk assessment consists of three components—hazard identification, vulnerability analysis, and risk analysis.

4.1 Hazard Identification/Profile 4.1.1 Existing Plans To facilitate the planning process, pre-existing plans were used for this risk assessment section. These existing plans included 2003 St. Joseph County Comprehensive Emergency Management Plan (CEMP) and Indiana digital flood maps. Previous planning efforts associated with the development of the 2003 St. Joseph County CEMP identified the principle natural hazards to St. Joseph County (in alphabetical order): 1) drought, 2) earthquakes, 3) floods, 4) tornadoes/severe storms, and 5) winter storms. The plan also identified St. Joseph County’s principal technological hazards (in alphabetical order): 1) energy emergencies, 2) hazardous materials releases, 3) pipeline ruptures, 4) transportation incidents, and 5) water shortages. 4.1.2 National Hazard Records To assist the planning team, historical storm event data was compiled from the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC). NCDC records are estimates of damage compiled by the National Weather Service from various local, state, and federal sources; however, these estimates are often preliminary in nature and may not match the final assessment of economic and property losses related to given weather events. The NCDC data included 404 reported events in St. Joseph County between January 1, 1950 and October 31, 2008. A summary table of events related to each hazard type is included in the hazard profile sections that follow. A full table listing all events, including additional details, is included as Appendix D. In addition to NCDC data, Storm Prediction Center (SPC) data associated with tornadoes, strong winds, and hail were plotted using SPC recorded latitude and longitude. These events are plotted and included as Appendix E. The list of NCDC hazards is included in Table 4-1.



Table 4-1: Climatic Data Center Historical Hazards

Hazard

Tornadoes

Severe Thunderstorms

Drought/Extreme Heat

Winter Storms

Flood/Flash flood

4.1.3 Hazard Ranking Methodology During Meeting #2, which occurred on February 25, 2009, the planning team developed and ranked a list of hazards it felt affected each jurisdiction. Hazards not considered significant threats are listed as “N/A.” Table 4-2 lists the jurisdictions and their respective hazard rankings (Ranking 1 being the highest concern).

Table 4-2: Hazard Rankings by Jurisdiction

Jurisdiction Hazard

Flooding Thunderstorm Tornado Winter Storm

Earthquake Hazmat Dam/Levee

Failure

St. Joseph County 5 3 2 1 6 4 7

Mishawaka 5 3 2 1 6 4 7

New Carlisle 5 3 2 1 6 4 7

Walkerton 5 1 2 3 6 4 7

Osceola 5 2 1 3 6 4 7

North Liberty 6 3 1 2 5 4 7

South Bend 7 1 3 2 6 4 5

Lakeville 4 2 3 1 6 5 N/A

Roseland 4 2 3 1 6 5 N/A

Indian Village 5 3 2 1 6 4 N/A

The first step in determining overall risk is to calculate the probability rating (Low, Medium, High) of each hazard based on the number of events that have occurred in the county within the past 50 years. Throughout the planning process, the MHMP team had the opportunity to update the NCDC data with more accurate local information. For example, the NCDC records often list the locations of hazards such as floods under the county, not accounting for how the individual communities were affected. In such situations, the probability rating assigned to the county was applied to all jurisdictions within the county. Team consensus was also important in determining the probability of hazards not recorded by NCDC, e.g. dam and levee failure and hazardous materials spills. The probabilities for these hazardous events were determined by the planning team’s estimation, derived from local experience and records, of the number of historical events that have occurred within the past 50 years. The probability ratings are based on the following guidelines:



Low = 0-5 events Medium = 6-15 events High = 16+ events

The second step is to determine each hazard’s potential impact on the communities. Some hazard events, e.g. an earthquake, may occur very infrequently, if at all, on a 50-year scale of time; however, if such a hazard were to occur in the county, the impact could be catastrophic. The impact rating (Minimal, Moderate, Significant) was based on the following guidelines.

Minimal = Few injuries, OR Critical facilities shut down for 24 hours, OR Less than 15% of property damage

Moderate = Multiple injuries, OR Critical facilities shut down for 1-2 weeks, OR At least 30% of property damaged

Significant = Multiple deaths, OR Critical facilities shut down for more than 1 month, OR More than 50% of property damaged

Finally, the overall hazard risk was determined by multiplying probability and impact. It is important to consider both probability and impact when determining risk. For example, if an asteroid were to collide with Earth, the impact would be extreme; but the probability of an asteroid strike (has not happened in billions of years) is so negligibly small that the overall risk is extremely low. There has never been a situation in human history in which a person was killed by a meteor. In contrast, other potentially damaging events like thunderstorms and floods are relatively less severe, but have occurred regularly in many places. Each hazard addressed within the plan will use sliding scales to represent the probability, impact, and overall risk ratings. The scales will be depicted as follows:

Probability Impact Hazard Risk

Overall, the planning team members ranked St. Joseph’s hazards as follows: 1) severe winter storms, 2) severe thunderstorms and tornadoes, 3) hazardous materials releases, 4) flooding, 5) earthquakes, and 6) dam/levee failure. Table 4-3 lists the hazards that the county will address in this multi-hazard mitigation plan.

Low Medium High

Minimal Moderate Significant

Low Elevated Severe



Table 4-3: Planning Team Hazard List

Hazard

Severe Winter Storms

Tornado

Thunderstorms/High Winds/Hail

Hazardous Materials Release

Flooding

Earthquake

Dam/Levee Failure

4.1.4 GIS and HAZUS-MH The third step in this assessment is the risk analysis which quantifies the risk to the population, infrastructure, and economy of the community. Where possible, the hazards were quantified using GIS analyses and HAZUS-MH. This process reflects a level two approach to analyzing hazards as defined for HAZUS-MH. The approach includes substitution of selected default data with local data. This process improved the accuracy of the model predictions. HAZUS-MH generates a combination of site-specific and aggregated loss estimates depending upon the analysis options that are selected and upon the input that is provided by the user. Aggregate inventory loss estimates, which include building stock analysis, are based upon the assumption that building stock is evenly distributed across census blocks/tracts. Therefore, it is possible that overestimates of damage will occur in some areas while underestimates will occur in other areas. With this in mind, total losses tend to be more reliable over larger geographic areas than for individual census blocks/tracts. It is important to note that HAZUS-MH is not intended to be a substitute for detailed engineering studies. Rather, it is intended to serve as a planning aid for communities interested in assessing their risk to flood-, earthquake-, and hurricane-related hazards. This documentation does not provide full details on the processes and procedures completed in the development of this project. It is only intended to highlight the major steps that were followed during the project. Site-specific analysis is based upon loss estimations for individual structures. For flooding, analysis of site-specific structures takes into account the depth of water in relation to the structure. HAZUS-MH also takes into account the actual dollar exposure to the structure for the costs of building reconstruction, content, and inventory. However, damages are based upon the assumption that each structure will fall into a structural class, and structures in each class will respond in a similar fashion to a specific depth of flooding or ground shaking. Site-specific analysis is also based upon a point location rather than a polygon; therefore the model does not account for the percentage of a building that is inundated. These assumptions suggest that the loss estimates for site-specific structures as well as for aggregate structural losses need to be viewed as approximations of losses that are subject to considerable variability rather than as exact engineering estimates of losses to individual structures. The following events were analyzed. The parameters for these scenarios were created though GIS, HAZUS-MH, and historical information to predict which communities would be at risk.



Using HAZUS-MH 1. 100-year overbank flooding 2. Earthquake scenarios

Using GIS 1. Tornado 2. Hazardous material release

4.2 Vulnerability Assessment 4.2.1 Asset Inventory 4.2.1.1 Processes and Sources for Identifying Assets The HAZUS-MH data is based on best available national data sources. The initial step involved updating the default HAZUS-MH data using State of Indiana data sources. At Meeting #1 the planning team members were provided with a plot and report of all HAZUS-MH critical facilities. The planning team took GIS data provided by The Polis Center, verified the datasets using local knowledge, and allowed The Polis Center to use their local GIS data for additional verification. Polis GIS analysts made these updates and corrections to the HAZUS-MH data tables prior to performing the risk assessment. These changes to the HAZUS-MH inventory reflect a level two analysis. This update process improved the accuracy of the model predictions. The default HAZUS-MH data has been updated as follows:

The HAZUS-MH defaults, critical facilities, and essential facilities have been updated based on the most recent available data sources. Critical and essential point facilities have been reviewed, revised, and approved by local subject matter experts at each county.

The essential facility updates (schools, medical care facilities, fire stations, police stations, and EOCs) have been applied to the HAZUS-MH model data. HAZUS-MH reports of essential facility losses reflect updated data.

The default aggregate building inventory tables have been replaced with the most recent Assessor records. St. Joseph County provided the parcel boundaries to The Polis Center, and Indiana Department of Local Government and Finance provided the St. Joseph County Assessor records. Records without improvements were deleted. The parcel boundaries were converted to parcel points located in the center of each parcel boundary. Each parcel point was linked to an Assessor record based upon matching parcel numbers. The generated building inventory points represent the approximate locations (within a parcel) of building exposure. The parcel points were aggregated by census block. Parcel-matching results for St. Joseph County are listed in Table 4-4.



Table 4-4: Parcel-Matching for St. Joseph County

Data Source Count

Assessor Records 119,511

County Provided Parcels 120,051

Assessor Records with Improvements 99,736

Matched Parcel Points 95,487

The following assumptions were made during the analysis:

The building exposure is determined from the Assessor records. It is assumed that the population and the buildings are located at the center of the parcel.

The algorithm used to match county-provided parcel point locations with the Assessor records is not perfect. The results in this analysis reflect matched parcel records only. The parcel-matching results for St. Joseph County are included in Table 4-4.

Population counts are based upon 2.5 persons per household. Only residential occupancy classes are used to determine the impact on the local population. If the event were to occur at night, it would be assumed that people are at home (not school, work, or church).

The analysis is restricted to the county boundaries. Events that occur near the county boundaries do not contain damage assessments from adjacent counties.

4.2.1.2 Essential Facilities List Table 4-5 identifies the essential facilities that were added or updated for the analysis. Essential facilities are a subset of critical facilities. A complete list of critical facilities is included as Appendix F. A map of all critical facilities is included as Appendix G.

Table 4-5: Essential Facilities List

Facility Number of Facilities

Care Facilities 51

Emergency Operations Centers 1

Fire Stations 35

Police Stations 15

Schools 116



4.2.1.3 Facility Replacement Costs Facility replacement costs and total building exposure are identified in Table 4-6. The replacement costs have been updated by local data. Table 4-6 also includes the estimated number of buildings within each occupancy class. The Assessor records often do not distinguish parcels by occupancy class when the parcels are not taxable; therefore, the total number of buildings and the building replacement costs for government, religious/non-profit, and education may be underestimated.

Table 4-6: Building Exposure

General Occupancy Estimated Total Buildings Total Building Exposure

(X 1000)

Agricultural 3,103 $476,111

Commercial 4,623 $2,153,566

Education 61 $452,252

Government 200 $387,249

Industrial 1,149 $1,364,928

Religious/Non-Profit 757 $1,460,125

Residential 85,594 $11,053,145

Total 95,487 $17,347,376

4.3 Future Development

As the county’s population continues to grow, the residential and urban areas will extend further into the county, placing more pressure on existing transportation and utility infrastructure; St. Joseph County will address specific mitigation strategies in Section 5 to alleviate such issues.



4.4 Hazard Profiles 4.4.1 Tornado Hazard Hazard Definition for Tornado Hazard Tornadoes pose a great risk to the State of Indiana and its citizens. Tornadoes can occur at any time during the day or night. They can also happen during any month of the year. The unpredictability of tornadoes makes them one of Indiana’s most dangerous hazards. Their extreme winds are violently destructive when they touch down in the region’s developed and populated areas. Current estimates place the maximum velocity at about 300 mph, but higher and lower values can occur. A wind velocity of 200 mph will result in a wind pressure of 102.4 pounds per square foot of surface area—a load that exceeds the tolerance limits of most buildings. Considering these factors, it is easy to understand why tornadoes can be so devastating for the communities they hit. Tornadoes are defined as violently-rotating columns of air extending from thunderstorms to the ground. Funnel clouds are rotating columns of air not in contact with the ground; however, the violently-rotating column of air can reach the ground very quickly and become a tornado. If the funnel cloud picks up and blows debris, it has reached the ground and is a tornado. Tornadoes are classified according to the Fujita tornado intensity scale. The tornado scale ranges from low intensity F0 with effective wind speeds of 40 to 70 mph to F5 tornadoes with effective wind speeds of over 260 mph. The Fujita intensity scale is included in Table 4-7.

Table 4-7: Fujita Tornado Rating

Fujita Number Estimated

Wind Speed Path Width Path Length Description of Destruction

0 Gale 40-72 mph 6-17 yards 0.3-0.9 miles Light damage, some damage to chimneys, branches broken, sign boards damaged, shallow-rooted trees blown over.

1 Moderate 73-112 mph 18-55 yards 1.0-3.1 miles Moderate damage, roof surfaces peeled off, mobile homes pushed off foundations, attached garages damaged.

2 Significant 113-157 mph 56-175 yards 3.2-9.9 miles Considerable damage, entire roofs torn from frame houses, mobile homes demolished, boxcars pushed over, large trees snapped or uprooted.

3 Severe 158-206 mph 176-566 yards 10-31 miles Severe damage, walls torn from well-constructed houses, trains overturned, most trees in forests uprooted, heavy cars thrown about.

4 Devastating 207-260 mph 0.3-0.9 miles 32-99 miles Complete damage, well-constructed houses leveled, structures with weak foundations blown off for some distance, large missiles generated.

5 Incredible 261-318 mph 1.0-3.1 miles 100-315 miles Foundations swept clean, automobiles become missiles and thrown for 100 yards or more, steel-reinforced concrete structures badly damaged.



Previous Occurrences for Tornado Hazard There have been several occurrences of tornadoes within St. Joseph County during the past few decades. The NCDC database reported 25 tornadoes/funnel clouds in St. Joseph County since 1950. The most recent event occurred in May 2007. Local residents south of New Carlisle reported seeing a funnel pass over several rows of trees, causing some damage to the tree tops. The funnel subsequently touched down in an open field and moved rapidly east. No injuries occurred with the brief touch-down. There were some damages to an irrigation system, estimated at $13,000. Residential damages were not determined. The St. Joseph County NCDC recorded tornadoes are identified in Table 4-8. Additional details for NCDC events are included in Appendix D.

Table 4-8: St. Joseph County Tornadoes*

Location or County Date Type Magnitude Deaths Injuries Property Damage

Crop Damage

St. Joseph 7/3/1950 Tornado F 0 0 0K 0

St. Joseph 6/12/1954 Tornado F2 0 0 3K 0




St. Joseph 4/11/1965 Tornado F3 3 27 25.0M 0











Lakeville 8/16/1997 Tornado F0 0 0 0 0

Walkerton 7/3/1998 Tornado F0 0 0 0 0

Crumstown 10/24/2001 Tornado F3 1 2 3.0M 0

Westfield 10/24/2001 Tornado F0 0 0 250K 0

Mishawaka 10/24/2001 Tornado F2 0 0 1.3M 0

Osceola 10/24/2001 Tornado F1 0 0 300K 0

Mishawaka 8/26/2003 Tornado F1 0 0 10K 0

Granger 7/3/2004 Tornado F0 0 0 0 0

St. Joseph 5/15/2007 Tornado F0 0 0 13K 0K

* NCDC records are estimates of damage compiled by the National Weather Service from various local, state, and federal sources. However, these estimates are often preliminary in nature



and may not match the final assessment of economic and property losses related to a given weather event. Geographic Location for Tornado Hazard The entire county has the same risk for occurrence of tornadoes. They can occur at any location within the county. Hazard Extent for Tornado Hazard The historical tornadoes generally move from southwest to northeast across the county. The extent of the hazard varies both in terms of the extent of the path and the wind speed. Risk Identification for Tornado Hazard Based on historical information, the probability of a tornado is high. Tornadoes with varying magnitudes are expected to happen. Based on the guidelines discussed in Section 4.1.3 of this plan, the potential impact of a tornado is significant; therefore, the overall risk of a tornado hazard for St. Joseph County is severe.

Probability

(X)

Impact

(=)

Overall Risk

Vulnerability Analysis for Tornado Hazard Tornadoes can occur within any area in the county; therefore, the entire county population and all buildings are vulnerable to tornadoes. To accommodate this risk, this plan will consider all buildings located within the county as vulnerable. The existing buildings and infrastructure in St. Joseph County are discussed in Table 4-6. Critical Facilities All critical facilities are vulnerable to tornadoes. A critical facility will encounter many of the same impacts as any other building within the jurisdiction. These impacts will vary based on the magnitude of the tornado, but can include structural failure, debris (trees or limbs) causing damage, roofs blown off or windows broken by hail or high winds, and loss of facility functionality (e.g. a damaged police station will no longer be able to serve the community). Table 4-5 lists the types and numbers of all of the essential facilities in the area. Critical facility

Low Medium High


Low Elevated Severe



information, including replacement costs, is included in Appendix F. A map of the critical facilities is included in Appendix G. Building Inventory The building exposure in terms of types and numbers of buildings for the entire county is listed in Table 4-6. The buildings within the county can all expect the same impacts, similar to those discussed for critical facilities. These impacts include structural failure, debris (trees or limbs) causing damage, roofs blown off or windows broken by hail or high winds, and loss of building function (e.g. damaged home will no longer be habitable causing residents to seek shelter). Infrastructure During a tornado the types of infrastructure that could be impacted include roadways, utility lines/pipes, railroads, and bridges. Since the county’s entire infrastructure is equally vulnerable, it is important to emphasize that any number of these items could become damaged during a tornado. The impacts to these items include broken, failed, or impassable roadways, broken or failed utility lines (e.g. loss of power or gas to community), and railway failure from broken or impassable railways. Bridges could fail or become impassable causing risk to traffic. An example scenario is described as follows to gauge the anticipated impacts of tornadoes in the county, in terms of numbers and types of buildings and infrastructure.

GIS overlay modeling was used to determine the potential impacts of an F4 tornado. The analysis used a historical path based upon the F3 tornado event that ran for 24 miles just west of South Bend in 1962. The selected widths were modeled after a recreation of the Fujita-Scale guidelines based on conceptual wind speeds, path widths, and path lengths. There is no guarantee that every tornado will fit exactly into one of these six categories. Table 4-9 depicts tornado damage curves as well as path widths.

Table 4-9: Tornado Path Widths and Damage Curves

Fujita Scale Path Width (feet) Maximum Expected

Damage

F5 3,000 100%

F4 2,400 100%

F3 1,800 80%

F2 1,200 50%

F1 600 10%

F0 300 0%

Within any given tornado path there are degrees of damage. The most intense damage occurs within the center of the damage path with a decreasing amount of damage away from the center of the path. This natural process was modeled in GIS by adding damage zones around the tornado path. Figure 4-1 and Table 4-10 describe the zone analysis.



Figure 4-1: GIS Analysis Using Tornado Buffers

Once the hypothetical route is digitized on the map, several buffers are created to model the damage functions within each zone.

An F4 tornado has four damage zones, depicted in Table 4-10. Total devastation is estimated within 150 feet of the tornado path (the darker-colored Zone 1). The outer buffer is 900 feet from the tornado path (the lightest colored Zone 4), within which 10% of the buildings will be damaged.

Table 4-10: Tornado Zones and Damage Curves

Fujita Scale Zone Buffer (feet) Damage Curve

F-4 4 600-900 10%

F-4 3 300-600 50%

F-4 2 150-300 80%

F-4 1 0-150 100%

The selected hypothetical tornado path is depicted in Figure 4-2, and the damage curve buffers are shown in Figures 4-3 and 4-4.



Figure 4-2: Hypothetical F4 Tornado Path in St. Joseph County

Figure 4-3: Modeled F4 Tornado Damage Buffers in St. Joseph County



Figure 4-4: Modeled F4 Tornado Damage Buffers in St. Joseph County

The results of the analysis are depicted in Tables 4-11 and 4-12. The GIS analysis estimates that 1,387 buildings will be damaged. The estimated building losses were $274.5 million. The building losses are an estimate of building replacement costs multiplied by the percentages of damage. The overlay was performed against parcels provided by St. Joseph County that were joined with Assessor records showing property improvement. The Assessor records often do not distinguish parcels by occupancy class when the parcels are not taxable; therefore, the total number of buildings and the building replacement costs for government, religious/non-profit, and education may be underestimated.

Table 4-11: Estimated Numbers of Buildings Damaged by Occupancy Type

Occupancy Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4

Residential 204 203 394 408

Commercial 9 14 25 24

Industrial 6 7 7 7

Agriculture 5 6 23 12

Religious 7 1 9 6

Government 2 0 2 3

Education 0 0 3 0

Total 233 231 463 460



Table 4-12: Estimated Building Losses by Occupancy Type (X 1000)

Occupancy Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4

Residential $26,139 $23,332 $28,020 $4,925

Commercial $15,844 $25,026 $16,517 $2,409

Industrial $5,454 $6,377 $5,594 $953

Agriculture $422 $788 $1,666 $228

Religious $41,505 $96 $43,693 $2,843

Government $6,778 $0 $239 $120

Education $0 $0 $15,531 $0

Total $96,144 $55,619 $111,260 $11,477

Essential Facilities Damage There are five essential facilities located within 900 feet of the hypothetical tornado path. The model predicts that one medical care facility, one fire station facility and three schools would experience damage. The affected facilities are identified in Table 4-13, and their geographic locations are shown in Figure 4-5.

Table 4-13: Estimated Essential Facilities Affected

Name

Wood Ridge Assisted Living

German Township Station # 2

Warren Primary Center

Discovery Middle School

Horizon Elementary School

Figure 4-5: Essential Facilities within Tornado Path



Vulnerability to Future Assets/Infrastructure for Tornado Hazard The entire population and buildings have been identified as at risk because tornadoes can occur anywhere within the State of Indiana, at any time of the day, and during any month of the year. Furthermore, any future development in terms of new construction within the county will be at risk. The building exposure for St. Joseph County is included in Table 4-6. All critical facilities in the county and communities within the county are at risk. Critical facility information, including replacement costs, is included in Appendix F. A map of the critical facilities is included in Appendix G. Analysis of Community Development Trends Preparing for severe storms will be enhanced if officials sponsor a wide range of programs and initiatives to address the overall safety of county residents. New structures need to be built with more sturdy construction and those structures already in place need to be hardened to lessen the potential impacts of severe weather. Community warning sirens to provide warnings of approaching storms are also vital to preventing the loss of property and ensuring the safety of St. Joseph County residents.



4.4.2 Flood Hazard and Dam/Levee Failure Hazard Definition for Flooding Flooding is a significant natural hazard throughout the United States. The type, magnitude, and severity of flooding are functions of the amount and distribution of precipitation over a given area, the rate at which precipitation infiltrates into the ground, the geometry and hydrology of the catchment, and flow dynamics and conditions in and along the river channel. Floods can be classified as one of two types: upstream floods or downstream floods. Both types of floods are common in Indiana. Upstream floods, also called flash floods, occur in the upper parts of drainage basins and are generally characterized by periods of intense rainfall over a short duration. These floods arise with very little warning and often result in locally intense damage, and sometimes loss of life, due to the high energy of the flowing water. Flood waters can snap trees, topple buildings, and easily move large boulders or other structures. Six inches of rushing water can upend a person; another 18 inches might carry off a car. Generally, upstream floods cause damage over relatively localized areas, but they can be quite severe in the local areas where they occur. Urban flooding is a type of upstream flood. Urban flooding involves the overflow of storm drain systems and can be the result of inadequate drainage combined with heavy rainfall or rapid snowmelt. Upstream or flash floods can occur at anytime of the year in Indiana, but they are most common in the spring and summer months. Downstream floods, sometimes called riverine floods, refer to floods on large rivers at locations with large upstream catchments. Downstream floods are typically associated with precipitation events that are of relatively long duration and occur over large areas. Flooding on small tributary streams may be limited, but the contribution of increased runoff may result in a large flood downstream. The lag time between precipitation and time of the flood peak is much longer for downstream floods than for upstream floods, generally providing ample warning for people to move to safe locations and, to some extent, secure some property against damage. Riverine flooding on the large rivers of Indiana generally occurs during either the spring or summer.

Hazard Definition for Dam and Levee Failure Dams are structures that retain or detain water behind a large barrier. When full or partially full, the difference in elevation between the water above the dam and below creates large amounts of potential energy, creating the potential for failure. The same potential exists for levees when they serve their purpose, which is to confine flood waters within the channel area of a river and exclude that water from land or communities land-ward of the levee. Dams and levees can fail due to either: 1) water heights or flows above the capacity for which the structure was designed; or 2) deficiencies in the structure such that it cannot hold back the potential energy of the water. If a dam or levee fails, issues of primary concern include loss of human life/injury, downstream property damage, lifeline disruption (of concern would be transportation routes and utility lines required to maintain or protect life), and environmental damage. Many communities view both dams and levees as permanent and infinitely safe structures. This sense of security may well be false, leading to significantly increased risks. Both downstream of dams and on floodplains protected by levees, security leads to new construction, added infrastructure, and increased population over time. Levees in particular are built to hold back



flood waters only up to some maximum level, often the 100-year (1% annual probability) flood event. When that maximum is exceeded by more than the design safety margin, then the levee will be overtopped or otherwise fail, inundating communities in the land previously protected by that levee. It has been suggested that climate change, land-use shifts, and some forms of river engineering may be increasing the magnitude of large floods and the frequency of levee-failure situations. In addition to failure that results from extreme floods above the design capacity, levees and dams can fail due to structural deficiencies. Both dams and levees require constant monitoring and regular maintenance to assure their integrity. Many structures across the U.S. have been under-funded or otherwise neglected, leading to an eventual day of reckoning in the form either of realization that the structure is unsafe or, sometimes, an actual failure. The threat of dam or levee failure may require substantial commitment of time, personnel, and resources. Since dams and levees deteriorate with age, minor issues become larger compounding problems, and the risk of failure increases.

Previous Occurrences for Flooding The NCDC database reported 12 flood events in St. Joseph County since 1950. For example, in January 2008, nearly three inches of rain, combined with snow melt, allowed for flooding problems for much of St. Joseph County. US 331 south of Wyatt was closed for a short period of time due to flood waters covering and flowing over the roadway. An unseasonable moist atmosphere and slow moving cold front set the stage for the training of rain and thunderstorms across much of northern Indiana. The St. Joseph County NCDC recorded floods are identified in Table 4-14. Additional details for NCDC events are included in Appendix D. In addition, USGS stream gauge data of historical crests are listed in Appendix H.

Table 4-14: St. Joseph County Previous Occurrences of Flooding*


Crop Damage

St. Joseph 1/1/1993 Flood N/A 0 0 5.0M 0

Lake Michigan 7/27/1994 Waterspouts N/A 0 0 0 0

Lake Michigan 7/28/1994 Waterspouts N/A 0 0 0 0

South Bend 8/15/1995 Urban Flood N/A 0 0 0 0

Mishawaka 8/16/1995 Small Stream/ urban Flood

N/A 0 0 0 0

South Bend 5/9/1996 Flash Flood N/A 0 0 0 0

South Bend 5/16/1996 Flash Flood N/A 0 0 0 0

St. Joseph 6/9/1996 Flash Flood N/A 0 0 0 0

St. Joseph 7/17/1996 Flash Flood N/A 0 0 0 0

St. Joseph 6/26/1998 Flood N/A 0 0 0K 0

Mishawaka 7/18/2007 Flash Flood N/A 0 0 10K 0K

Wyatt 1/8/2008 Flash Flood N/A 0 0 10K 0K



* NCDC records are estimates of damage compiled by the National Weather Service from various local, state, and federal sources. However, these estimates are often preliminary in nature and may not match the final assessment of economic and property losses related to a given weather event.

Previous Occurrences for Dam and Levee Dam Failure According to the St. Joseph County CEMP, there are no records or local knowledge of any dam or certified levee failure in the county.

Repetitive Loss Properties FEMA defines a repetitive loss structure as a structure covered by a contract of flood insurance issued under the NFIP, which has suffered flood loss damage on two occasions during a 10-year period that ends on the date of the second loss, in which the cost to repair the flood damage is 25% of the market value of the structure at the time of each flood loss. Indiana Department of Natural Resources (IDNR) and the Indiana Department of Homeland Security (IDHS) were contacted to determine the location of repetitive loss structures. Table 4-15 lists 2006 data including the total amount paid for building replacement and building contents for damages to these repetitive loss structures.

Table 4-15: St. Joseph County Repetitive Loss Structures*

Jurisdiction Occupancy Type Number of Structures Number of Losses Total Paid

Osceola Single-Family 5 12 $136,032.12

Pierceton Single-Family 1 2 $73,228.50

Walkerton Single-Family 1 2 $23,022.27

Mishawaka Single-Family 3 9 $117,274.70

South Bend Single-Family 3 7 $46,843.94

Totals 13 32 $396,401.53

Geographic Location for Flooding Most river flooding occurs in early spring and is the result of excessive rainfall and/or the combination of rainfall and snowmelt. Severe thunderstorms may cause flooding during the summer or fall, but tend to be localized. The primary source of river flooding in St. Joseph County is the St. Joseph River. Flash floods, brief heavy flows in small streams or normally dry creek beds, also occur within the county. Flash flooding is typically characterized by high-velocity water, often carrying large amounts of debris. Urban flooding involves the overflow of storm drain systems and is typically the result of inadequate drainage following heavy rainfall or rapid snowmelt. The state of Indiana is in the process of completing the modernization of the Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs) for St. Joseph County. These preliminary digital files (DFIRMs) were used



to identify specific stream reaches for analysis. The areas of riverine flooding are depicted on the map in Appendix E. Flash flooding may occur countywide. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service provides information from gauge locations at points along various rivers across the United States. For St. Joseph County, data is provided for one point: St. Joseph River Michigan at South Bend. Appendix H lists information pulled from the NOAA website, which includes flood categories, historical crests, and details about anticipated impacts to agricultural lands, dams, levees, and other built structures at significant flood crest levels.

Geographic Location for Dam and Levee Failure

The National Inventory of Dams identified two dams in St. Joseph County. The map in Appendix E illustrates the location of St. Joseph County dams. Table 4-16 summarizes the National Inventory of Dams information.

Table 4-16: National Inventory of Dams

Dam Name River Hazard EAP

POTATO CR. DAM NO. E3-331 Potato Creek S N

BALL BAND DAM St. Joseph River L N

A review of the Indiana Department of Natural Resource’s files identified one levee in St. Joseph County—Pine Creek Levee on the Kankakee River. The levee is documented from historical IDNR data; its physical presence was not confirmed and it may no longer exist. * The dams and levees listed in this multi-hazard mitigation plan are recorded from historical IDNR data. Their physical presences were not confirmed; therefore, new or unrecorded structures may exist.

Hazard Extent for Flooding The HAZUS-MH flood model is designed to generate a flood depth grid and flood boundary polygon by deriving hydrologic and hydraulic information based on user-provided elevation data or by incorporating selected output from other flood models. HAZUS-MH also has the ability to clip a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) with a user-provided flood boundary, thus creating a flood depth grid. For St. Joseph County HAZUS-MH was used to extract flood depth by clipping the DEM with the IDNR FIRMs Base Flood Elevation (BFE) boundary. The BFE is defined as the area that has a 1% chance of flooding in any given year. Flood hazard scenarios were modeled using GIS analysis and HAZUS-MH. The flood hazard modeling was based on historical occurrences and current threats. Existing IDNR flood maps were used to identify the areas of study. These digital files, although not official FIRMs, provided the boundary which was the basis for this analysis. Planning team input and a review of historical information provided additional information on specific flood events.



Hazard Extent for Dam and Levee Failure When dams are assigned the low (L) hazard potential classification, it means that failure or incorrect operation of the dam will result in zero human life losses and no low economic and/or environmental losses. Losses are principally limited to the owner’s property. Dams assigned the significant (S) hazard classification are those dams in which failure or incorrect operation results in no probable loss of human life; however it can cause economic loss, environment damage, disruption of lifeline facilities, or impact other concerns. Dams classified as significant hazard potential dams are often located in predominantly rural or agricultural areas, but could be located in populated areas with a significant amount of infrastructure. Dams assigned the high (H) hazard potential classification are those dams in which failure or incorrect operation has the highest risk to cause loss of human life and significant damage to buildings and infrastructure. According to the IDNR and the National Inventory of Dams, no dams are classified as high hazard dams. No dams have an Emergency Action Plan (EAP). An EAP is not required by the State of Indiana but is recommended in the 2003 Indiana Dam Safety & Inspection Manual. Accurate mapping of the risks of flooding behind levees depends on knowing the condition and level of protection the levees actually provide. FEMA and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers are working together to make sure that flood hazard maps clearly reflect the flood protection capabilities of levees, and that the maps accurately represent the flood risks posed to areas situated behind them. Levee owners—usually states, communities, or in some cases private individuals or organizations—are responsible for ensuring that the levees they own are maintained according to their design. In order to be considered creditable flood protection structures on FEMA's flood maps, levee owners must provide documentation to prove the levee meets design, operation, and maintenance standards for protection against the one-percent-annual chance flood. Risk Identification for Flood Hazard Based on historical information, the probability of a flood is medium. Based on the guidelines discussed in Section 4.1.3 of this plan, the potential impact of a flood is moderate; therefore, the overall risk of a flood hazard for St. Joseph County is elevated.

Probability

(X)

Impact

(=)

Overall Risk

Low Medium High


Low Elevated Severe



Risk Identification for Dam/Levee Failure Based on historical information, the probability of dam/levee failure is low. Based on the guidelines discussed in Section 4.1.3 of this plan, the potential impact of dam/levee failure is minimal; therefore, the overall risk of dam/levee failure for St. Joseph County is low.

Probability

(X)

Impact

(=)

Overall Risk

HAZUS-MH Analysis Using 100-Year Preliminary DFIRM Boundary and County Parcels HAZUS-MH generated the flood depth grid for a 100-year return period by clipping the IGS 1/3 ArcSecond (approximately 10 meters) Digital Elevation Model (DEM) to the St. Joseph County preliminary DFIRM. Next, HAZUS-MH utilized a user-defined analysis of St. Joseph County with site-specific parcel data provided by the county. NOTE: The DFIRM used in this analysis is preliminary and yet to be approved by the public. It is understood that the DFIRM used could change. HAZUS-MH estimates that the 100-year flood would damage 640 buildings at a replacement cost of $17.3 million. The total estimated numbers of damaged buildings are given in Table 4-17. Figure 4-6 depicts the St. Joseph County parcel points that fall within the 100-year floodplain. Figures 4-7, 4-8, and 4-9 highlight damaged buildings within the floodplain areas in South Bend, North Liberty, and Walkerton.

Table 4-17: St. Joseph County HAZUS-MH Building Damage

General Occupancy Number of Buildings

Damaged Total Building Damage

(x1000)

Residential 442 13,032

Commercial 42 1,039

Industrial 10 1,621

Agricultural 134 1,041

Religious 7 470

Government 4 61

Education 1 36

Total 640 17,301

Low Medium High


Low Elevated Severe



Figure 4-6: St. Joseph County Buildings in Floodplain (100-Year Flood)

Figure 4-7: St. Joseph County Urban Areas (South Bend) Flood-Prone Areas (100-Year Flood)



Figure 4-8: St. Joseph County Urban Areas (North Liberty) Flood-Prone Areas (100-Year Flood)

Figure 4-9: St. Joseph County Urban Areas (Walkerton) Flood-Prone Areas (100-Year Flood)



Essential Facilities An essential facility will encounter many of the same impacts as other buildings within the flood boundary. These impacts can include structural failure, extensive water damage to the facility and loss of facility functionality (e.g. a damaged police station will no longer be able to serve the community). A complete list of all the critical facilities, including replacement costs, is included in Appendix F. A map of the critical facilities is included in Appendix G.

The HAZUS-MH analysis identified one care facility and one fire station facility that may be subject to flooding. A list of the essential facilities within St. Joseph County is given in Table 4-18. A map of essential facilities potentially at risk to flooding is shown in Figures 4-10.

Table 4-18: St. Joseph County Damaged Essential Facilities

Facility Name

Atria Tanglewood Trace

South Bend Fire Department. Station # 8

Figure 4-10: Boundary of 100-Year Flood Overlaid with Essential Facilities



Infrastructure

The types of infrastructure that could be impacted by a flood include roadways, utility lines/pipes, railroads, and bridges. Since an extensive inventory of the infrastructure is not available for this plan, it is important to emphasize that any number of these items could become damaged in the event of a flood. The impacts to these items include broken, failed, or impassable roadways; broken or failed utility lines (e.g. loss of power or gas to community); or railway failure from broken or impassable railways. Bridges could fail or become impassable, causing a traffic risk. Vulnerability Analysis for Flash Flooding Flash flooding could affect any location within this jurisdiction; therefore, the entire county’s population and buildings are vulnerable to a flash flood. These structures can expect the same impacts as discussed in a riverine flood. Critical facility information, including replacement costs, is included in Appendix F. A map of the critical facilities is included in Appendix G.

Vulnerability Analysis for Dam and Levee Failure An EAP is required to assess the effect of dam failure on these communities. In order to be considered creditable flood protection structures on FEMA's flood maps, levee owners must provide documentation to prove the levee meets design, operation and maintenance standards for protection against the "one-percent-annual chance" flood. Vulnerability to Future Assets/Infrastructure for Flooding Flash flooding may affect nearly every location within the county; therefore all buildings and infrastructure are vulnerable to flash flooding. Currently, the St. Joseph County planning commission reviews new development for compliance with the local zoning ordinance. At this time no construction is planned within the area of the 100-year floodplain. Therefore, there is no new construction which will be vulnerable to a 100-year flood.

Vulnerability to Future Assets/Infrastructure for Dam and Levee Failure

The St. Joseph County planning commission reviews new development for compliance with the local zoning ordinance. Analysis of Community Development Trends Areas with recent development within the county may be more vulnerable to drainage issues. Storm drains and sewer systems are usually most susceptible. Damage to these can cause the back up of water, sewage, and debris into homes and basements, causing structural and mechanical damage as well as creating public health hazards and unsanitary conditions. Controlling floodplain development is the key to reducing flood-related damages.



4.4.3 Earthquake Hazard Hazard Definition for Earthquake Hazard An earthquake is a sudden, rapid shaking of the Earth caused by the breaking and shifting of rock beneath the Earth's surface. For hundreds of millions of years, the forces of plate tectonics have shaped the Earth as the huge plates that form the Earth's surface move slowly over, under, and past each other. Sometimes the movement is gradual. At other times, the plates are locked together unable to release the accumulating energy. When the accumulated energy grows strong enough the plates break free causing the ground to shake. Most earthquakes occur at the boundaries where the plates meet; however, some earthquakes occur in the middle of plates, as is the case for seismic zones in the Midwestern United States. The most seismically active area is referred to as the New Madrid Seismic Zone. Scientists have learned that the New Madrid fault system may not be the only fault system in the Central U.S. capable of producing damaging earthquakes. The Wabash Valley fault system in Illinois and Indiana shows evidence of large earthquakes in its geologic history, and there may be other, as yet unidentified, faults that could produce strong earthquakes. Ground shaking from strong earthquakes can collapse buildings and bridges; disrupt gas, electric, and phone service; and sometimes trigger landslides, avalanches, flash floods, fires, and huge destructive ocean waves (tsunamis). Buildings with foundations resting on unconsolidated landfill and other unstable soil and trailers and homes not tied to their foundations are at risk because they can be shaken off their mountings during an earthquake. When an earthquake occurs in a populated area it may cause deaths, injuries, and extensive property damage. The possibility of the occurrence of a catastrophic earthquake in the central and eastern United States is real as evidenced by history and described throughout this section. The impacts of significant earthquakes affect large areas, terminating public services and systems needed to aid the suffering and displaced. These impaired systems are interrelated in the hardest struck zones. Power lines, water and sanitary lines, and public communication may be lost; and highways, railways, rivers, and ports may not allow transportation to the affected region. Furthermore, essential facilities, such as fire and police departments and hospitals, may be disrupted if not previously improved to resist earthquakes. As with hurricanes, mass relocation may be necessary, but the residents who are suffering from the earthquake can neither leave the heavily impacted areas nor receive aid or even communication in the aftermath of a significant event. Magnitude, which is determined from measurements on seismographs, measures the energy released at the source of the earthquake. Intensity measures the strength of shaking produced by the earthquake at a certain location and is determined from effects on people, human structures, and the natural environment. Tables 4-19 and 4-20 list earthquake magnitudes and their corresponding intensities. http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learning/topics/mag_vs_int.php



Table 4-19: Abbreviated Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale

Mercalli Intensity

Description

I Not felt except by a very few under especially favorable conditions.

II Felt only by a few persons at rest, especially on upper floors of buildings.

III Felt quite noticeably by persons indoors, especially on upper floors of buildings. Many people do not recognize it as an earthquake. Standing motor cars may rock slightly. Vibrations similar to the passing of a truck. Duration estimated.

IV Felt indoors by many, outdoors by few during the day. At night, some awakened. Dishes, windows, doors disturbed; walls make cracking sound. Sensation like heavy truck striking building. Standing motor cars rocked noticeably.

V Felt by nearly everyone; many awakened. Some dishes, windows broken. Unstable objects overturned. Pendulum clocks may stop.

VI Felt by all, many frightened. Some heavy furniture moved; a few instances of fallen plaster. Damage slight.

VII Damage negligible in buildings of good design and construction; slight to moderate in well-built ordinary structures; considerable damage in poorly built or badly designed structures; some chimneys broken.

VIII Damage slight in specially designed structures; considerable damage in ordinary substantial buildings with partial collapse. Damage great in poorly built structures. Fall of chimneys, factory stacks, columns, monuments, walls. Heavy furniture overturned.

IX Damage considerable in specially designed structures; well-designed frame structures thrown out of plumb. Damage great in substantial buildings, with partial collapse. Buildings shifted off foundations.

X Some well-built wooden structures destroyed; most masonry and frame structures destroyed with foundations. Rails bent.

XI Few, if any (masonry) structures remain standing. Bridges destroyed. Rails bent greatly.

XII Damage total. Lines of sight and level are distorted. Objects thrown into the air.

Table 4-20: Earthquake Magnitude vs. Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale

Earthquake Magnitude Typical Maximum Modified Mercalli Intensity

1.0 - 3.0 I

3.0 - 3.9 II - III

4.0 - 4.9 IV - V

5.0 - 5.9 VI - VII

6.0 - 6.9 VII - IX

7.0 and higher VIII or higher

Previous Occurrences for Earthquake Hazard Approximately 40 earthquakes have occurred in Indiana for which reasonably accurate records exist. They vary in Moment Magnitude from a low of approximately M=2.0 to a high of M=5.2. The consensus of opinion among seismologists working in the Midwest is that a magnitude 5.0 to 5.5 event could occur virtually anywhere at any time throughout the region. The last earthquake to occur in Indiana—as of the date of this report—occurred on September 12, 2004 just north of Shelbyville and measured 3.6 in magnitude. The largest prehistoric earthquake documented in the state occurred at Vincennes 6,100 years ago and is known by the size and physical character of sandblows formed during the quake to have had a Moment Magnitude of 7.4.



According to the Indiana Geological Survey (IGS), no earthquakes have been recorded with epicenters in St. Joseph County. Statewide historical epicenters outside of St. Joseph County are included in Figure 4-11, although information related to the impacts to St. Joseph County from these events is limited.

Figure 4-11: Historical Earthquake Epicenters

The most damaging Indiana earthquake originating within the state occurred on September 27, 1909 near the Indiana border between Vincennes and Terre Haute. Some chimneys fell, several building walls cracked, light connections severed, and pictures shook from the walls. It was felt



throughout Indiana and parts of Iowa, Kentucky, Missouri, Arkansas, and probably in parts of Kansas, covering an area of 30,000 square miles. Another damaging earthquake originating in Indiana occurred on April 29, 1899; it rated intensity VI to VII on the Modified Mercalli Scale. It was strongest in Jeffersonville and Shelbyville, and in Vincennes, chimneys crumbled and walls cracked. It was felt over an area of 40,000 square miles. In 1876, twin shocks 15 minutes apart were felt over an area of 60,000 square miles. A shock in 1887 centered near Vincennes was felt over 75,000 square miles; an 1891 shock damaged property and frightened people in a church in Evansville. Indiana has also suffered from damage caused by earthquakes originating in neighboring states. The worst occurred on November 9, 1968, and centered near Dale in southern Indiana. The shock, a magnitude of 5.3, was felt over 580,000 square miles and 23 states including all of Indiana. Intensity VII was reported from Cynthiana, where chimneys cracked, twisted, and toppled; at Fort Branch, where groceries fell from shelves and a loud roaring noise was heard; and in Mount Vernon, New Harmony, Petersburg, Princeton, and Stewartsville, all of which had similar effects. At Poseyville, "Fish jumped out of the rivers, ponds, and lakes." Almost exactly 10 years earlier on November 7, 1958, an earthquake originating near Mt. Carmel, Indiana causing plaster to fall at Fort Branch. Roaring and whistling noises were heard at Central City, and the residents of Evansville thought there had been in an explosion or plane crash. It was felt over 33,000 square miles of Indiana, Indiana, Missouri, and Kentucky. On March 2, 1937, a shock centering near Anna, Ohio threw objects from shelves at Fort Wayne and some plaster fell. Six days later, another shock originating at Anna brought pictures crashing down and cracked plaster in Fort Wayne and was strongly felt in Lafayette. The great New Madrid earthquakes of 1811 and 1812 must have strongly affected the state, particularly the southwestern part, but there is little information available from these frontier times.

[The above history was abridged from Earthquake Information Bulletin, Volume 4, Number 4, July-August 1972.] 1827 Jul 5 11:30 4.8M Intensity VI Near New Harmony, Indiana (38.0N 87.5W) The earthquake cracked a brick store at New Harmony, Indiana, and greatly alarmed some people. It was described as violent at New Madrid, Missouri, and severe in St. Louis. It also alarmed many in Cincinnati, Ohio, and Frankfort, Kentucky. 1827 Aug 7 04:30 4.8M Intensity V Southern Indiana (38.0N 88.0W) 1827 Aug 7 07:00 4.7M Intensity V Southern Indiana (38.0N 88.0W)



1887 Feb 6 22:15 4.6M Intensity VI Near Vincennes, Indiana (38.7N 87.5W) This shock was strongest in southwest Indiana and southeast Indiana. Plaster was shaken from walls in Vincennes, west of Terre Haute, and in Martinsville; a cornice reportedly fell from a building in Huntington, Indiana. It was felt distinctly in Evansville, Indiana, but only slightly in the outskirts of St. Louis, Missouri. The shockwave was also reported in Louisville, Kentucky. 1891 Jul 27 02:28 4.1M Intensity VI Evansville, Indiana (37.9N 87.5W) A strong local earthquake damaged a wall on a hotel, broke dishes, and overturned furniture in Evansville. The shock also was strong near Evansville in Mount Vernon, and Newburgh Indiana; and at Hawesville, Henderson, and Owensboro, Kentucky. 1921 Mar 14 12:15 4.4M Intensity VI Near Terre Haute, Indiana (39.5N 87.5W) This earthquake broke windows in many buildings and sent residents rushing into the streets in Terre Haute. Small articles were overturned in Paris, Indiana, about 35 km northwest of Terre Haute. 1925 Apr 27 04:05 4.8M Intensity VI Wabash River valley, near Princeton, Indiana (38.2N 87.8W) Chimneys were downed in Princeton and in Carmi, Indiana; 100 km southwest chimneys were broken in Louisville, Kentucky. Crowds fled from the theaters in Evansville, Indiana. The affected area included parts of Indiana, Indiana, Kentucky, Missouri, and Ohio. The above text was taken from http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/indiana/history.php Geographic Location for Earthquake Hazard St. Joseph County occupies a region susceptible to one earthquake threats: the threat of an earthquake along the Wabash Valley Fault System. Return periods for large earthquakes within the New Madrid System are estimated to be 500 years; moderate quakes between magnitude 5.5 and 6.0 can recur within approximately 150 years or less. The Wabash Valley Fault System is a sleeper that threatens the southwest quadrant of the state and may generate an earthquake large enough to cause damage as far north and east as St. Joseph County. Hazard Extent for Earthquake Hazard The extent of the earthquake is countywide. One of the most critical sources of information that is required for accurate assessment of earthquake risk is soils data. A National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) compliant soils map was used for the analysis which was provided by IGS. The map identifies the soils most susceptible to failure. Risk Identification for Earthquake Hazard Based on historical information, the probability of an earthquake is low; however, USGS and IGS research and studies attest that future earthquakes in St. Joseph County are possible. Based



on the guidelines discussed in Section 4.1.3 of this plan, the potential impact of an earthquake is moderate; therefore, the overall risk of an earthquake hazard for St. Joseph County is low.

Probability

(X)

Impact

(=)

Overall Risk

Vulnerability Analysis for Earthquake Hazard

This hazard could impact the entire jurisdiction equally; therefore, the entire county’s population and all buildings are vulnerable to an earthquake and can expect the same impacts within the affected area. To accommodate this risk this plan will consider all buildings located within the county as vulnerable.

Critical Facilities

All critical facilities are vulnerable to earthquakes. A critical facility would encounter many of the same impacts as any other building within the county. These impacts include structural failure and loss of facility functionality (e.g. a damaged police station will no longer be able to serve the community). A complete list of all of the critical facilities, including replacement costs, is included in Appendix F. A map of the critical facilities is included in Appendix G.

Building Inventory

A table of the building exposure in terms of types and numbers of buildings for the entire county is listed in Table 4-6. The buildings within the county can all expect the same impacts, similar to those discussed for critical facilities. These impacts include structural failure and loss of building function which could result in indirect impacts (e.g. damaged homes will no longer be habitable causing residents to seek shelter).

Infrastructure

During an earthquake the types of infrastructure that could be impacted include roadways, utility lines/pipes, railroads, and bridges. Since an extensive inventory of the infrastructure is not available to this plan it is important to emphasize that any number of these items could become damaged in the event of an earthquake. The impacts to these items include broken, failed or impassable roadways, broken or failed utility lines (e.g. loss of power or gas to community), and railway failure from broken or impassable railways. Bridges could fail or become impassable causing risk to traffic. Typical scenarios are described to gauge the anticipated impacts of earthquakes in the county in terms of numbers and types of buildings and infrastructure.

Low Medium High


Low Elevated Severe



The Polis team contacted IGS to obtain existing geological information. Four earthquake scenarios—two based on deterministic scenarios and two based on probabilistic scenarios—were developed to provide a reasonable basis for earthquake planning in St. Joseph County. Note that a deterministic scenario, in this context, refers to hazard or risk models based on specific scenarios without explicit consideration of the probability of their occurrences. The first deterministic scenario was a 7.1 magnitude epicenter along the Wabash Valley fault zone. Shake maps provided by FEMA were used in HAZUS-MH to estimate losses for St. Joseph County based on this event. The second deterministic scenario was a Moment Magnitude of 5.5 with the epicenter located in St. Joseph County. This scenario was selected based upon the opinion of the IGS stating it could occur in the selected location and that it would therefore represent a realistic scenario for planning purposes. Additionally, the analysis included two different types of probabilistic scenarios. These types of scenarios are based on ground shaking parameters derived from U.S. Geological Survey probabilistic seismic hazard curves. The first probabilistic scenario was a 500-year return period scenario. This scenario evaluates the average impacts of a multitude of possible earthquake epicenters with a magnitude that would be typical of that expected for a 500-year return period. The second probabilistic scenario allowed calculation of annualized loss. The annualized loss analysis in HAZUS-MH provides a means for averaging potential losses from future scenarios while considering their probabilities of occurrence. The HAZUS-MH earthquake model evaluates eight different return period scenarios including those for the 100-, 250-, 500-, 750-, 1000-, 1500-, 2000-, and 2500-year return period earthquake events. HAZUS-MH then calculates the probabilities of these events as well as the interim events, calculates their associated losses, and sums these losses to calculate an annualized loss. These analysis options were chosen because they are useful for prioritization of seismic reduction measures and for simulating mitigation strategies. The following earthquake hazard modeling scenarios were performed:

7.1 magnitude earthquake on the Wabash Valley Fault System 5.5 magnitude earthquake local epicenter 500-year return period event Annualized earthquake loss

Modeling a deterministic scenario requires user input for a variety of parameters. One of the most critical sources of information that is required for accurate assessment of earthquake risk is soils data. Fortunately, a National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) soil classification map exists for Indiana. NEHRP soil classifications portray the degree of shear-wave amplification that can occur during ground shaking. The IGS supplied soils map was used for the analysis. FEMA provided a map for liquefaction potential that was used by HAZUS-MH. An earthquake depth of 10.0 kilometers was selected based on input from IGS. HAZUS-MH also requires the user to define an attenuation function unless ground motion maps are supplied.



Because St. Joseph County has experienced smaller earthquakes, the decision was made to use the Central Eastern United States (CEUS) attenuation function. The probabilistic return period analysis and the annualized loss analysis do not require user input.

The building losses are broken into two categories: direct building losses and business interruption losses. The direct building losses are the estimated costs to repair or replace the damage caused to the building and its contents. The business interruption losses are the losses associated with inability to operate a business because of the damage sustained during the earthquake. Business interruption losses also include the temporary living expenses for those people displaced from their homes because of the earthquake. Results for 7.1 Magnitude Earthquake Wabash Valley Scenario The results of the 7.1 Wabash Valley earthquake are depicted in Table 4-21, Table 4-22, and Figure 4-12. HAZUS-MH estimates that approximately 36 buildings will be at least moderately damaged. It is estimated no buildings will be damaged beyond repair. The total building related losses totaled $8.48 million; 8% of the estimated losses were related to the business interruption of the region. By far, the largest loss was sustained by the residential occupancies, which made up more than 38% of the total loss.

Table 4-21: Wabash Valley Scenario-Damage Counts by Building Occupancy



Table 4-22: Wabash Valley Scenario-Building Economic losses in Millions of Dollars

Figure 4-12: Wabash Valley Scenario-Building Economic Losses in Thousands of Dollars

Wabash Valley Scenario—Essential Facility Losses Before the earthquake, the region had 4,074 care beds available for use. On the day of the earthquake, the model estimates that only 2,037 care beds (50%) are available for use by patients already in medical care facilities and those injured by the earthquake. After one week, 97% of the beds will be back in service. By day 30, 100% will be operational.



Results for 5.5 Magnitude Earthquake in St. Joseph County The results of the initial analysis, the 5.5 magnitude earthquake with an epicenter in the center of St. Joseph County, are depicted in Tables 4-23 and 4-24 and Figure 4-13. HAZUS-MH estimates that approximately 18,886 buildings will be at least moderately damaged. This is more than 20% of the total number of buildings in the region. It is estimated that 797 buildings will be damaged beyond repair. The total building related losses totaled $1.8 billion; 12% of the estimated losses were related to the business interruption of the region. By far, the largest loss was sustained by the residential occupancies, which comprised more than 48% of the total loss.

Table 4-23: St. Joseph County 5.5M Scenario-Damage Counts by Building Occupancy

Table 4-24: St. Joseph County 5.5M Scenario-Building Economic Losses in Millions of Dollars



Figure 4-13: St. Joseph County 5.5M Scenario-Building Economic Losses in Thousands of Dollars

St. Joseph County 5.5M Scenario—Essential Facility Losses Before the earthquake, the region had 4,074 care beds available for use. On the day of the earthquake, the model estimates that only 95 care beds (2%) are available for use by patients already in medical care facilities and those injured by the earthquake. After one week, 41% of the beds will be back in service. By day 30, 71% will be operational. Results 5.0 Magnitude 500-Year Probabilistic Scenario The results of the 500-year probabilistic analysis are depicted in Tables 4-25 and 4-26. HAZUS-MH estimates that approximately 588 buildings will be at least moderately damaged. This is more than 1% of the total number of buildings in the region. It is estimated that six buildings will be damaged beyond repair. The total building-related losses totaled $25.25 million; 29% of the estimated losses were related to the business interruption of the region. By far, the largest loss was sustained by the residential occupancies, which made up more than 39% of the total loss.



Table 4-25: 500-Year Probabilistic Scenario-Damage Counts by Building Occupancy

Table 4-26: 500-Year Probabilistic Scenario-Building Economic Losses in Millions of Dollars

500-Year Probabilistic Scenario—Essential Facility Losses Before the earthquake, the region had 4,074 care beds available for use. On the day of the earthquake, the model estimates that only 2,437 care beds (60%) are available for use by patients already in medical care facilities and those injured by the earthquake. After one week, 98% of the beds will be back in service. By day 30, 100% will be operational. Results Annualized Risk Scenario HAZUS-MH estimates that approximately 289 buildings will be at least moderately damaged. It is estimated that no building will be damaged beyond repair. Vulnerability to Future Assets/Infrastructure for Earthquake Hazard New construction, especially critical facilities, will accommodate earthquake mitigation design standards.



Analysis of Community Development Trends Community development will occur outside of the low lying areas in floodplains that have a water table within five feet of grade and are susceptible to liquefaction. In Meeting #4 on July 22, 2009, the MHMP team discussed specific mitigation strategies for potential earthquake hazards. The discussion included strategies to harden and protect future, as well as existing, structures against the possible termination of public services and systems including power lines, water and sanitary lines, and public communication.



4.4.4 Thunderstorm Hazard Hazard Definition for Thunderstorm Hazard Severe thunderstorms are defined as thunderstorms with one or more of the following characteristics: strong winds, large damaging hail, or frequent lightning. Severe thunderstorms most frequently occur in Indiana during the spring and summer months, but can occur any month of the year at any time of day. A severe thunderstorm’s impacts can be localized or can be widespread in nature. A thunderstorm is classified as severe when it meets one or more of the following criteria.

Hail of diameter 0.75 inches or higher Frequent and dangerous lightning Wind speeds equal to or greater than 58 mph

Hail Hail is a product of a strong thunderstorm. Hail usually falls near the center of a storm, however strong winds occurring at high altitudes in the thunderstorm can blow the hailstones away from the storm center, resulting in damage in other areas near the storm. Hailstones range from pea-sized to baseball-sized, but hailstones larger than softballs have been reported on rare occasion. Lightning Lightning is a discharge of electricity from a thunderstorm. Lightning is often perceived as a minor hazard, but in reality lightning causes damage to many structures and kills or severely injures numerous people in the United States each year. Severe Winds (Straight-Line Winds) Straight-line winds from thunderstorms are a fairly common occurrence across Indiana. Straight-line winds can cause damage to homes, businesses, power lines, and agricultural areas, and may require temporary sheltering of individuals who are without power for extended periods of time. Previous Occurrences for Thunderstorm Hazard

The NCDC database reported 105 hailstorms in St. Joseph County since 1950. Hailstorms occur nearly every year in the late spring and early summer months. The most recent significant occurrence was in July 2006. The St. Joseph County hailstorms are identified in Table 4-27. Additional details for NCDC events are included in Appendix D.



Table 4-27: St. Joseph County Hailstorms*


Crop Damage

St. Joseph 5/6/1961 Hail 1.75 in. 0 0 0 0

St. Joseph 4/17/1963 Hail 3.50 in. 0 0 0 0

St. Joseph 4/22/1963 Hail 0.75 in. 0 0 0 0

St. Joseph 6/21/1964 Hail 1.00 in. 0 0 0 0

St. Joseph 6/21/1964 Hail 1.00 in. 0 0 0 0

St. Joseph 4/11/1965 Hail 1.50 in. 0 0 0 0

St. Joseph 6/2/1971 Hail 1.75 in. 0 0 0 0

St. Joseph 6/6/1971 Hail 1.75 in. 0 0 0 0

St. Joseph 6/28/1971 Hail 1.75 in. 0 0 0 0

St. Joseph 3/31/1973 Hail 0.75 in. 0 0 0 0

St. Joseph 6/14/1974 Hail 0.75 in. 0 0 0 0

St. Joseph 3/20/1976 Hail 1.75 in. 0 0 0 0

St. Joseph 7/26/1978 Hail 1.75 in. 0 0 0 0

St. Joseph 4/5/1979 Hail 1.75 in. 0 0 0 0

St. Joseph 8/5/1979 Hail 1.00 in. 0 0 0 0

St. Joseph 5/12/1980 Hail 1.75 in. 0 0 0 0

St. Joseph 5/13/1980 Hail 1.75 in. 0 0 0 0

St. Joseph 6/2/1980 Hail 1.75 in. 0 0 0 0

St. Joseph 6/2/1980 Hail 1.75 in. 0 0 0 0

St. Joseph 6/2/1980 Hail 1.75 in. 0 0 0 0

St. Joseph 9/22/1980 Hail 0.75 in. 0 0 0 0

St. Joseph 7/29/1983 Hail 0.75 in. 0 0 0 0

St. Joseph 7/31/1983 Hail 0.75 in. 0 0 0 0

St. Joseph 7/31/1983 Hail 0.75 in. 0 0 0 0

St. Joseph 3/28/1985 Hail 0.75 in. 0 0 0 0

St. Joseph 8/24/1985 Hail 1.75 in. 0 0 0 0

St. Joseph 4/25/1986 Hail 0.75 in. 0 0 0 0

St. Joseph 9/26/1986 Hail 0.75 in. 0 0 0 0

St. Joseph 9/26/1986 Hail 0.75 in. 0 0 0 0

St. Joseph 6/12/1987 Hail 1.00 in. 0 0 0 0

St. Joseph 4/3/1988 Hail 1.75 in. 0 0 0 0

St. Joseph 10/16/1988 Hail 1.75 in. 0 0 0 0

St. Joseph 10/16/1988 Hail 0.75 in. 0 0 0 0

St. Joseph 3/14/1989 Hail 1.50 in. 0 0 0 0

St. Joseph 3/17/1989 Hail 1.50 in. 0 0 0 0

St. Joseph 7/9/1989 Hail 0.75 in. 0 0 0 0

St. Joseph 7/11/1989 Hail 0.75 in. 0 0 0 0

St. Joseph 7/16/1990 Hail 1.50 in. 0 0 0 0

St. Joseph 7/16/1990 Hail 1.00 in. 0 0 0 0

St. Joseph 7/16/1990 Hail 1.75 in. 0 0 0 0

St. Joseph 3/27/1991 Hail 0.75 in. 0 0 0 0

St. Joseph 6/14/1992 Hail 0.75 in. 0 0 0 0

St. Joseph 6/14/1992 Hail 0.75 in. 0 0 0 0




Crop Damage

Lakeville 6/13/1994 Hail 1.75 in. 0 0 0 0

Riddles Lake 6/17/1994 Hail 1.00 in. 0 0 0 0


South Bend 7/6/1994 Hail 0.75 in. 0 0 0 0

Michiana Regional Air 7/6/1994 Hail 0.75 in. 0 0 0 0

Mishawaka 7/6/1994 Hail 0.75 in. 0 0 5K 0

St. Joseph 9/26/1994 Hail 1.75 in. 0 0 0 0

Culver 9/26/1994 Hail 1.00 in. 0 0 0 0

St. Joseph 9/26/1994 Hail 0.75 in. 0 0 0 0


St. Joseph 4/12/1996 Hail 1.00 in. 0 0 0 0





New Carlisle 7/15/1996 Hail 1.75 in. 0 0 0 0


Mishawaka 7/15/1996 Hail 1.00 in. 0 0 0 0






Osceola 6/29/1998 Hail 1.00 in. 0 0 0 0

Granger 7/21/1998 Hail 0.88 in. 0 0 0 0


Sbn Michiana Arpt 4/10/1999 Hail 0.75 in. 0 0 0 0





Osceola 4/10/1999 Hail 1.00 in. 0 0 0 0


Osceola 4/10/1999 Hail 0.75 in. 0 0 0 0






Osceola 4/20/2000 Hail 1.00 in. 0 0 0 0









Crop Damage

North Liberty 7/6/2003 Hail 0.75 in. 0 0 0 0

North Liberty 7/6/2003 Hail 1.25 in. 0 0 0 0




Roseland 7/6/2003 Hail 1.00 in. 0 0 0 0


Roseland 5/30/2004 Hail 0.88 in. 0 0 0 0






Roseland 4/16/2006 Hail 0.88 in. 0 0 0 0

Osceola 5/25/2006 Hail 1.00 in. 0 0 0 0




The NCDC database reported eight occurrences of significant lightning strikes in St. Joseph County since 1950. The most recent event occurred in August 2007. Two separate bolts of lightning struck two South Bend residences during the morning hours. The collective damage was estimated at $120,000. The St. Joseph County lightning strikes are identified in Table 4-28. Additional details for NCDC events are included in Appendix D. Lightning occurs in St. Joseph County every year. The following list only represents those events which were recorded by the NCDC.

Table 4-28: St. Joseph County Lightning Strikes*


Crop Damage

Lakeville 4/24/1993 Lightning N/A 0 0 0 0

Osceola 5/9/2000 Lightning N/A 0 0 100K 0

Mishawaka 8/22/2001 Lightning N/A 0 1 0 0

Mishawaka 9/8/2001 Lightning N/A 0 2 0 0

South Bend 11/4/2003 Lightning N/A 0 0 250K 0

South Bend 5/25/2006 Lightning N/A 0 1 30K 0

Mishawaka 10/2/2006 Lightning N/A 0 0 750K 0K

South Bend 8/9/2007 Lightning N/A 0 0 120K 0K



* NCDC records are estimates of damage compiled by the National Weather Service from various local, state, and federal sources. However, these estimates are often preliminary in nature and may not match the final assessment of economic and property losses related to a given weather event. The NCDC database identified 202 wind storms reported since 1950. For example, in April 2008, a wind storm was responsible for an estimated $50,000 in damages. As shown in Table 4-29, wind storms have historically occurred year-round with the greatest frequency and damage between May and July. The following table includes available top wind speeds for St. Joseph County.

Table 4-29: St. Joseph County Wind Storms*


Crop Damage

St. Joseph 6/18/1957 Tstm Winds 0 kts. 0 0 0 0


































Crop Damage

















































Crop Damage





























Wyatt 6/13/1994 Tstm Winds 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

Lakeville 6/13/1994 Tstm Winds 0 kts. 0 0 5K 0

Potato Creek 6/13/1994 Tstm Winds 2 kts. 0 0 0 0

Walkerton 6/13/1994 Tstm Winds 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

Mishawaka 7/6/1994 Tstm Winds 0 kts. 0 0 5K 0

Walkerton 7/25/1994 Tstm Winds 0 kts. 0 0 5K 0

St. Joseph 11/21/1994 High Wind 0 kts. 0 0 50K 0


Blackford City 4/8/1995 Tstm Winds 0 kts. 0 0 50 0

Jay City 4/8/1995 Tstm Winds 0 kts. 0 0 3 0

South Bend 4/18/1995 Tstm Winds 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

Lagrange City 4/18/1995 Tstm Winds 0 kts. 0 0 10 0

Noble City 4/18/1995 Tstm Winds 0 kts. 0 0 10 0

South Bend 6/24/1995 Tstm Winds 0 kts. 0 0 5K 0


South Bend 7/16/1995 Tstm Winds Urban Flood

0 kts. 0 0 0 0




Crop Damage

North Liberty 1/18/1996 Tstm Winds 0 kts. 0 0 0 0

St. Joseph 3/25/1996 High Wind 46 kts. 0 0 0 0





Mishawaka 4/30/1997 Tstm Winds 0 kts. 0 0 0 0





St Joseph Res 5/29/1998 Tstm Winds 50 kts. 0 0 0 0

St Joseph Res 5/29/1998 Tstm Winds 50 kts. 0 0 0 0

New Carlisle 6/18/1998 Tstm Winds 0 kts. 0 0 0K 0




New Carlisle 7/21/1998 Tstm Winds 61 kts. 0 0 0 0





St. Joseph 11/10/1998 Tstm Winds 0 kts. 0 0 50K 0

St. Joseph 7/23/1999 Tstm Winds 0 kts. 0 0 0K 0














Sbn Michiana Arpt 8/9/2001 Tstm Winds 0 kts. 0 0 0 0


Osceola 10/24/2001 Tstm Winds 0 kts. 0 0 0 0









Crop Damage
















Granger 7/3/2004 Tstm Winds 65 kts. 0 0 0 0




Granger 8/4/2004 Tstm Winds 50 kts. 0 0 2K 0




St. Joseph 10/30/2004 Strong Wind 48 kts. 0 0 9K 0

Roseland 7/4/2005 Tstm Winds 50 kts. 0 0 10K 0

Walkerton 7/21/2005 Tstm Winds 65 kts. 0 0 350K 5K


Lakeville 7/25/2005 Tstm Winds 50 kts. 0 0 0 0

Granger 5/30/2006 Tstm Winds 55 kts. 0 0 50K 0

South Bend 7/18/2006 Heavy Rain N/A 0 0 100K 0

South Bend 5/15/2007 Tstm Wind 60 kts. 0 0 20K 0K



Twin Branch Jct 12/23/2007 Tstm Wind 56 kts. 0 0 5K 0K


(sbn)michiana Arpt S 4/25/2008 Tstm Wind 53 kts. 0 0 0K 0K

Sportsman Arpt 4/25/2008 Tstm Wind 50 kts. 0 0 50K 0K




Geographic Location for Thunderstorm Hazard The entire county has the same risk for occurrence of thunderstorms. They can occur at any location within the county. Hazard Extent for Thunderstorm Hazard The extent of the historical thunderstorms varies in terms of the extent of the storm, the wind speed, and the size of hail stones. Thunderstorms can occur at any location within the county. Risk Identification for Thunderstorm Hazard Based on historical information, the probability of a thunderstorm is high. Based on the guidelines discussed in Section 4.1.3 of this plan, the potential impact of a thunderstorm is significant; therefore, the overall risk of a thunderstorm hazard for St. Joseph County is severe.

Probability

(X)

Impact

(=)

Overall Risk

Vulnerability Analysis for Thunderstorm Hazard Severe thunderstorms are an equally distributed threat across the entire jurisdiction; therefore, the entire county’s population and all buildings are vulnerable to a severe thunderstorm and can expect the same impacts within the affected area. This plan will therefore consider all buildings located within the county as vulnerable. The existing buildings and infrastructure in St. Joseph County are discussed in Table 4-6.

Critical Facilities All critical facilities are vulnerable to severe thunderstorms. A critical facility will encounter many of the same impacts as any other building within the jurisdiction. These impacts include structural failure, debris (trees or limbs) causing damage, roofs blown off or windows broken by hail or high winds, fires caused by lightning and loss of function of the facility (e.g. a damaged police station will no longer be able to serve the community). Table 4-5 lists the types and numbers of all of the essential facilities in the area. Critical facility information, including replacement costs, is included in Appendix F. A map of the critical facilities is included in Appendix G.

Low Medium High


Low Elevated Severe



Building Inventory A table of the building exposure in terms of types and numbers of buildings for the entire county is provided in Table 4-6. The buildings within the county can all expect the same impacts, similar to those discussed for critical facilities. These impacts include structural failure, debris (trees or limbs) causing damage, roofs blown off or windows broken by hail or high winds, fires caused by lightning, and loss of building functionality (e.g. a damaged home will no longer be habitable causing residents to seek shelter). Infrastructure During a severe thunderstorm the types of infrastructure that could be impacted include roadways, utility lines/pipes, railroads, and bridges. Since the county’s entire infrastructure is equally vulnerable it is important to emphasize that any number of these items could become damaged during a severe thunderstorm. The impacts to these items include broken, failed, or impassable roadways; broken or failed utility lines (e.g. loss of power or gas to community); or railway failure from broken or impassable railways. Bridges could fail or become impassable causing risk to traffic. Potential Dollar Losses for Thunderstorm Hazard

A HAZUS-MH analysis was not completed for thunderstorms because the widespread extent of such a hazard makes it difficult to accurately model outcomes. To determine dollar losses for a thunderstorm hazard, the available NCDC hazard information was condensed to include only thunderstorm hazards that occurred within the past ten years. St. Joseph County’s MHMP team then reviewed the property damages reported to NCDC and made any applicable updates. It was determined that since 1998, St. Joseph County has incurred $2.7 million in damages relating to thunderstorms, including hail, lightning, and high winds. The resulting information is listed in Table 4-30.

Table 4-30: St. Joseph County Property Damage (1998–2008)

Location or County Date Type Property Damage

St Joseph Res 5/29/1998 Tstm Wind $ -

St Joseph Res 5/29/1998 Tstm Wind $ -

South Bend 6/12/1998 Hail $ -

New Carlisle 6/18/1998 Tstm Wind $ -

South Bend 6/18/1998 Tstm Wind $ -

Osceola 6/29/1998 Hail $ -

Mishawaka 7/3/1998 Tstm Wind $ -

Granger 7/21/1998 Hail $ -



South Bend 7/21/1998 Tstm Wind $ 500,000








St. Joseph 11/10/1998 Tstm Wind $ 50,000

1998 Subtotal $ 750,000

Sbn Michiana Arpt 4/10/1999 Hail $ -



Mishawaka 4/10/1999 Hail $ -





St. Joseph 7/23/1999 Tstm Wind $ -


1999 Subtotal $ -






Osceola 5/9/2000 Lightning $ 100,000


North Liberty 5/9/2000 Tstm Wind $ -








2000 Subtotal $ 115,000

St. Joseph 4/12/2001 High Wind $ -




St. Joseph 8/9/2001 Tstm Wind $ -

Sbn Michiana Arpt 8/9/2001 Tstm Wind $ -


Mishawaka 8/22/2001 Lightning $ -

Mishawaka 9/8/2001 Lightning $ -


Osceola 10/24/2001 Tstm Wind $ -

2001 Subtotal $ -








2002 Subtotal $ -




Lakeville 7/6/2003 Hail $ -

North Liberty 7/6/2003 Hail $ -

North Liberty 7/6/2003 Hail $ -




Roseland 7/6/2003 Hail $ -










South Bend 11/4/2003 Lightning $ 250,000

St. Joseph 11/12/2003 High Wind $ 50,000

2003 Subtotal $ 305,000








Granger 7/3/2004 Tstm Wind $ -



Walkerton 7/13/2004 Tstm Wind $ -


Granger 8/4/2004 Tstm Wind $ 2,000







St. Joseph 10/30/2004 Strong Wind $ 9,000




2004 Subtotal $ 31,000

Roseland 7/4/2005 Tstm Wind $ 10,000

Walkerton 7/21/2005 Tstm Wind $ 350,000

North Liberty 7/21/2005 Tstm Wind $ -

Lakeville 7/25/2005 Tstm Wind $ -

2005 Subtotal $ 360,000





Granger 5/30/2006 Tstm Wind $ 50,000



South Bend 7/18/2006 Heavy Rain $ 100,000

Mishawaka 10/2/2006 Lightning $ 750,000

2006 Subtotal $ 930,000





Twin Branch Jct 12/23/2007 Tstm Wind $ 5,000


2007 Subtotal $ 150,000

(sbn)michiana Arpt S 4/25/2008 Tstm Wind $ -

Sportsman Arpt 4/25/2008 Tstm Wind $ 50,000

2008 Subtotal $ 50,000

Total Property Damage $ 2,691,000

The historical data is erratic and not wholly documented or confirmed. As a result, potential dollar losses for a future event cannot be precisely calculated; however, based on averages in the last decade, it can be determined that St. Joseph County incurs an annual risk of approximately $269,100 per year. Vulnerability to Future Assets/Infrastructure for Thunderstorm Hazard All future development within the county and all communities will remain vulnerable to these events. Analysis of Community Development Trends Preparing for severe storms will be enhanced if officials sponsor a wide range of programs and initiatives to address the overall safety of county residents. New structures need to be built with more sturdy construction, and those structures already in place need to be hardened to lessen the potential impacts of severe weather. Community warning sirens to provide warning of approaching storms are also vital to preventing the loss of property and ensuring the safety of St. Joseph County residents.



4.4.5 Winter Storm Hazard Hazard Definition for Winter Storm Hazard Severe winter weather consists of various forms of precipitation and strong weather conditions. This may include one or more of the following: freezing rain, sleet, heavy snow, blizzards, icy roadways, extreme low temperatures, and strong winds. These conditions can cause human health risks such as frostbite, hypothermia, and death.

Ice (glazing) and Sleet Storms

Ice or sleet, even in the smallest quantities, can result in hazardous driving conditions and can be a significant cause of property damage. Sleet can be easily identified as frozen raindrops. Sleet does not stick to trees and wires. The most damaging winter storms in Indiana have been ice storms. Ice storms are the result of cold rain that freezes on contact with objects having a temperature below freezing. Ice storms occur when moisture-laden gulf air converges with the northern jet stream causing strong winds and heavy precipitation. This precipitation takes the form of freezing rain coating power lines, communication lines, and trees with heavy ice. The winds will then cause the overburdened limbs and cables to snap; leaving large sectors of the population without power, heat, or communication. Falling trees and limbs can also cause building damage during an ice storm. In the past few decades numerous ice storm events have occurred in Indiana.

Snowstorms

Significant snowstorms are characterized by the rapid accumulation of snow, often accompanied by high winds, cold temperatures, and low visibility. A blizzard is categorized as a snowstorm with winds of 35 miles per hour or greater and/or visibility of less than ¼ mile for three or more hours. The strong winds during a blizzard blow falling and already existing snow, create poor visibility and impassable roadways. Blizzards have the potential to result in property damage.

Indiana has repeatedly been struck by blizzards. Blizzard conditions can not only cause power outages and loss of communication, but also make transportation difficult. The blowing of snow can make visibility less than ¼ mile, but the resulting disorientation makes even travel by foot dangerous if not deadly.

Severe Cold Severe cold is characterized by the ambient air temperature dropping to around 0°F or below. These extreme temperatures can increase the likelihood of frostbite and hyperthermia. High winds during severe cold events can enhance the air temperature’s affects. Fast winds during cold weather events can lower the wind chill factor (how cold the air feels on your skin). As a result, the time it takes for frostbite and hypothermia to affect a person’s body will decrease.



Previous Occurrences for Winter Storm Hazard

The NCDC database identified 48 winter storm and extreme cold events for St. Joseph County since 1950. For example, in February 2008, Two to four inches of a combination of sleet and snow fell, as well as up to a tenth of an inch of ice, creating difficult travel conditions. A winter storm developed in the Southern Plains and tracked into the area with a swath of mainly snow for northern Indiana. Most areas north and west of a Marion to south of Fort Wayne line received six to eight inches of snow as well as blowing and drifting snow. The NCDC winter storms are listed in Table 4-31. Additional details for NCDC events are included in Appendix D.

Table 4-31: Winter Storm Events*

Location or

County Date Type Magnitude Deaths Injuries

Property Damage

Crop Damage

St. Joseph 2/3/2007 Blizzard N/A 0 0 0K 0K

St. Joseph 2/3/2007 Blizzard N/A 0 0 0K 0K

St. Joseph 1/14/1994 Extreme Cold N/A 3 0 5.0M 0

St. Joseph 2/2/1996 Extreme Cold N/A 0 0 0 0

St. Joseph 2/15/1993 Heavy Snow N/A 0 0 50K 0

St. Joseph 3/13/1993 Heavy Snow N/A 0 0 0 0

















St. Joseph 2/25/1994 Heavy Snow/ blowing Snow

N/A 0 0 0 0

St. Joseph 2/11/1993 Ice Storm N/A 0 0 500K 0

St. Joseph 4/10/1995 Ice Storm N/A 0 0 0 0

St. Joseph 1/31/2002 Ice Storm N/A 0 1 10K 0

St. Joseph 12/9/2007 Ice Storm N/A 0 0 0K 0K

St. Joseph 12/9/2007 Ice Storm N/A 0 0 0K 0K

South Bend 1/15/2007 Lake-effect Snow N/A 0 0 0K 0K

St. Joseph 1/15/2007 Lake-effect Snow N/A 0 0 0K 0K



Location or County

Date Type Magnitude Deaths Injuries Property Damage

Crop Damage



St. Joseph 2/4/1995 Snow N/A 0 0 0 0

St. Joseph 2/7/1995 Snow N/A 0 0 0 0

St. Joseph 12/8/1995 Winter Storm N/A 0 0 0 0








St. Joseph 12/15/2007 Winter Storm N/A 0 0 0K 0K






* NCDC records are estimates of damage compiled by the National Weather Service from various local, state, and federal sources. However, these estimates are often preliminary in nature and may not match the final assessment of economic and property losses related to a given weather event. Geographic Location for Winter Storm Hazard Severe winter storms are regional in nature. Most of the NCDC data is calculated regionally or in some cases statewide. Hazard Extent for Winter Storm Hazard The extent of the historical winter storms varies in terms of storm location, temperature, and ice or snowfall. A severe winter storm can occur anywhere in the jurisdiction.



Risk Identification for Winter Storm Hazard Based on historical information, the probability of a winter storm is high. Based on the guidelines discussed in Section 4.1.3 of this plan, the potential impact of a winter storm is significant; therefore, the overall risk of a winter storm hazard for St. Joseph County is severe.

Probability

(X)

Impact

(=)

Overall Risk

Vulnerability Analysis for Winter Storm Hazard Winter storm impacts are equally distributed across the entire jurisdiction; therefore, the entire county is vulnerable to a winter storm and can expect the same impacts within the affected area. The building exposure for St. Joseph County, as determined from the building inventory, is included in Table 4-6. Critical Facilities All critical facilities are vulnerable to a winter storm. A critical facility will encounter many of the same impacts as other buildings within the jurisdiction. These impacts include loss of gas or electricity from broken or damaged utility lines, damaged or impassable roads and railways, broken water pipes, and roof collapse from heavy snow. Table 4-5 lists the types and numbers of the essential facilities in the area. Critical facility information, including replacement costs, is included in Appendix F. A map of the critical facilities is included in Appendix G.

Building Inventory

A table of the building exposure in terms of types and numbers of buildings for the entire county is listed in Table 4-6. The impacts to the general buildings within the county are similar to the damages expected to the critical facilities. These include loss of gas of electricity from broken or damaged utility lines, damaged or impassable roads and railways, broken water pipes, and roof collapse from heavy snow.

Infrastructure

During a winter storm the types of infrastructure that could be impacted include roadways, utility lines/pipes, railroads, and bridges. Since the county’s entire infrastructure is equally vulnerable it is important to emphasize that any number of these items could become damaged during a winter

Low Medium High


Low Elevated Severe



storm. Potential impacts include broken gas and/or electricity lines or damaged utility lines, damaged or impassable roads and railways, and broken water pipes. Potential Dollar Losses for Winter Storm Hazard A HAZUS-MH analysis was not completed for winter storms because the widespread extent of such a hazard makes it difficult to accurately model outcomes. To determine dollar losses for a winter storm hazard, the available NCDC hazard information was condensed to include only winter storm hazards that occurred within the past ten years. St. Joseph County’s MHMP team then reviewed the property damages reported to NCDC and made any applicable updates. It was determined that since 1998, St. Joseph County has incurred $10,000 in damages relating to winter storms, including sleet/ice and heavy snow. The resulting information is listed in Table 4-32.

Table 4-32: St. Joseph County Property Damage (1998–2008)


St. Joseph 3/9/1998 Heavy Snow $ -

1998 Subtotal $ -


1999 Subtotal $ -





2000 Subtotal $ -


2001 Subtotal $ -

St. Joseph 1/31/2002 Ice Storm $ 10,000

St. Joseph 2/26/2002 Winter Storm $ -



2002 Subtotal $ 10,000


2003 Subtotal $ -




2004 Subtotal $ -





2005 Subtotal $ -




South Bend 1/15/2007 Lake-effect Snow $ -

St. Joseph 1/15/2007 Lake-effect Snow $ -



St. Joseph 2/3/2007 Blizzard $ -

St. Joseph 2/3/2007 Blizzard $ -

St. Joseph 12/9/2007 Ice Storm $ -

St. Joseph 12/9/2007 Ice Storm $ -


2007 Subtotal $ -






2008 Subtotal $ -

Total Property Damages $ 10,000

The historical data is erratic and not wholly documented or confirmed. As a result, potential dollar losses for a future event cannot be precisely calculated; however, based on averages in the last decade, it can be determined that St. Joseph County incurs an annual risk of approximately $1,000 per year. Vulnerability to Future Assets/Infrastructure for Winter Storm Hazard Any new development within the county will remain vulnerable to these events. Analysis of Community Development Trends Preparing for severe storms will be enhanced if officials sponsor a wide range of programs and initiatives to address the overall safety of county residents. New structures need to be built with more sturdy construction, and those structures already in place need to be hardened to lessen the potential impacts of severe weather. Community warning sirens to provide warning of approaching storms are also vital to preventing the loss of property and ensuring the safety of St. Joseph County residents.



4.4.6 Hazardous Materials Storage and Transport Hazard Hazard Definition for Hazardous Materials Storage and Transport Hazard The State of Indiana has numerous active transportation lines that run through many of the counties in the state. Active railways transport harmful and volatile substances between our borders every day. The transportation of chemicals and substances along interstate routes is commonplace in Indiana. The rural areas of Indiana have considerable agricultural commerce creating a demand for fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides to be transported along rural roads. Finally, Indiana is bordered by two major rivers and Lake Michigan. Barges transport chemicals and substances along these waterways daily. These factors increase the chance of hazardous material releases and spills throughout the State of Indiana. The release or spill of certain substances can cause an explosion. Explosions result from the ignition of volatile products such as petroleum products, natural and other flammable gases, hazardous materials/chemicals, dust, and bombs. An explosion can potentially cause death, injury, and property damage. In addition, a fire routinely follows an explosion which may cause further damage and inhibit emergency response. Emergency response may require fire, safety/law enforcement, search and rescue, and hazardous materials units. Previous Occurrences for Hazardous Materials Storage and Transport Hazard St. Joseph County has not experienced a significantly large-scale hazardous material incident at a fixed site or during transport resulting in multiple deaths or serious injuries, although there have been many minor releases that have put local firefighters, hazardous materials teams, emergency management, and local law enforcement into action to try to stabilize these incidents and prevent or lessen harm to St. Joseph County residents. Geographic Location for Hazardous Materials Storage and Transport Hazard The hazardous material hazards are countywide and are primarily associated with the transport of materials via highway, railroad, and/or river barge. Hazard Extent for Hazardous Materials Storage and Transport Hazard The extent of the hazardous material hazard varies both in terms of the quantity of material being transported as well as the specific content of the container. Risk Identification for Hazardous Materials Release Based on historical information, the probability of a hazmat hazard is low. Based on the guidelines discussed in Section 4.1.3 of this plan, the potential impact of a hazmat release is significant; therefore, the overall risk of a hazmat hazard for St. Joseph County is elevated.



Probability

(X)

Impact

(=)

Overall Risk

Vulnerability Analysis for Hazardous Materials Storage and Transport Hazard Hazardous material impacts are an equally distributed threat across the entire jurisdiction; therefore, the entire county is vulnerable to a hazardous material release and can expect the same impacts within the affected area. The main concern during a release or spill is the populations affected. The building exposure for St. Joseph County, as determined from building inventory, is included in Table 4-6. This plan will therefore consider all buildings located within the county as vulnerable. Critical Facilities

All critical facilities and communities within the county are at risk. A critical facility will encounter many of the same impacts as any other building within the jurisdiction. These impacts include structural failure due to fire or explosion and loss of function of the facility (e.g. a damaged police station will no longer be able to serve the community). Table 4-5 lists the types and numbers of all essential facilities in the area. Critical facility information, including replacement costs, is included in Appendix F. A map of the critical facilities is included in Appendix G.

Building Inventory

A table of the building exposure in terms of types and numbers of buildings for the entire county is listed in Table 4-6. The buildings within the county can all expect the same impacts, similar to those discussed for critical facilities. These impacts include structural failure due to fire or explosion or debris and loss of function of the building (e.g. a damaged home will no longer be habitable causing residents to seek shelter).

Infrastructure

During a hazardous material release the types of infrastructure that could be impacted include roadways, utility lines/pipes, railroads, and bridges. Since an extensive inventory of the infrastructure is not available to this plan it is important to emphasize that any number of these items could become damaged in the event of a hazardous material release. The impacts to these items include broken, failed, or impassable roadways; broken or failed utility lines (e.g. loss of

Low Medium High


Low Elevated Severe



power or gas to community); and railway failure from broken or impassable railways. Bridges could fail or become impassable causing risk to traffic. In terms of numbers and types of buildings and infrastructure, typical scenarios are described to gauge the anticipated impacts of hazardous material release events in the county.

The U.S. EPA’s ALOHA (Areal Locations of Hazardous Atmospheres) model was utilized to assess the area of impact for an anhydrous ammonia release at the Conrail that runs parallel to CSS and SB Railroad (Chicago South Shore and South Bend Railroad) in East South Bend. Anhydrous ammonia is a clear colorless gas with a strong odor. Contact with the unconfined liquid can cause frostbite. Though the gas is generally regarded as nonflammable, it can burn within certain vapor concentration limits with strong ignition. The fire hazard increases in the presence of oil or other combustible materials. Vapors from an anhydrous ammonia leak initially hug the ground, and prolonged exposure of containers to fire or heat may cause violent rupturing and rocketing. Long-term inhalation of low concentrations of the vapors or short-term inhalation of high concentrations has adverse health effects. Anhydrous ammonia is generally used as a fertilizer, a refrigerant, and in the manufacture of other chemicals. Source: CAMEO ALOHA is a computer program designed especially for use by people responding to chemical accidents, as well as for emergency planning and training. Anhydrous ammonia is a common chemical used in industrial operations and can be found in either liquid or gas form. Rail and truck tankers commonly haul anhydrous ammonia to and from facilities. For this scenario, moderate atmospheric and climatic conditions with a slight breeze from the west were assumed. The target area was chosen due to its proximity to residential and commercial areas and essential facility locations. The geographic area covered in this analysis is depicted in Figure 4-14.



Figure 4-14: Location of Chemical Release

Analysis The ALOHA atmospheric modeling parameters, depicted in Figure 4-15, were based upon a Westerly wind speed of five miles per hour. The temperature was 68 °F with 75% humidity and cloud cover of five-tenths skies. The source of the chemical spill is a horizontal, cylindrical-shaped tank. The diameter of the tank was set to 10.4 feet and the length set to 53 feet (33,500 gallons). At the time of its release, it was estimated that the tank was 90% full. The anhydrous ammonia in this tank is in its liquid state. This release was based on a leak from a 2.5-inch-diameter hole, 12 inches above the bottom of the tank.



Figure 4-15: ALOHA Plume Modeling Parameters

According to the ALOHA parameters, approximately 7,750 pounds of material would be released per minute. The image in Figure 4-16 depicts the plume footprint generated by ALOHA.



Figure 4-16: Plume Footprint Generated by ALOHA

The Emergency Response Planning Guidelines (ERPGs) were developed by the ERPG committee of the American Industrial Hygiene Association. The ERPGs were developed as planning guidelines, to anticipate human adverse health effects caused by exposure to toxic chemicals. The ERPGs are three-tiered guidelines with one common denominator—a one-hour contact duration. Each guideline identifies the substance, its chemical and structural properties, animal toxicology data, human experience, existing exposure guidelines, the rationale behind the selected value, and a list of references. Figure 4-17 illustrates the ERPG three-tiered guidelines.



Figure 4-17: Three-Tiered ERPG Public Exposure Guidelines

The definitions and format are from the ERPG publication.

The ERPG guidelines do not protect everyone. Hypersensitive individuals would suffer adverse reactions to concentrations far below those suggested in the guidelines. In addition, ERPGs, like other exposure guidelines, are based mostly on animal studies, thus raising the question of applicability to humans. The guidelines are focused on one period of time—one hour. Exposure in the field may be longer or shorter. However, the ERPG committee strongly advises against trying to extrapolate ERPG values to longer periods of time. The most important point to remember about the ERPGs is that they do not contain safety factors usually incorporated into exposure guidelines such as the TLV. Rather, they estimate how the general public would react to chemical exposure. Just below the ERPG-1, for example, most people would detect the chemical and may experience temporary, mild effects. Just below the ERPG-3, on the other hand, it is estimated that the effects would be severe, although not life-threatening. The TLV differs in that it incorporates a safety factor into its guidelines, to prevent ill effects. The ERPG should serve as a planning tool, not a standard to protect the public. Source: http://archive.orr.noaa.gov/cameo/locs/expguide.html As the substance moves away from the source, the level of substance concentration decreases. Each color-coded area depicts a level of concentration measured in parts per million (ppm). For the purpose of clarification, this report will designate each level of concentration as a specific zone. The zones are as follows:



Zone 1 (ERPG-3): The red buffer (>=750 ppm) extends no more than 1.5 miles from the point of release after one hour.

Zone 2 (ERPG-2): The orange buffer (>=150 ppm) extends no more than 3.7 miles from the point of release after one hour.

Zone 3 (ERPG-1): The yellow buffer (>=25 ppm) extends more than six miles from the point of release after one hour.

Zone 4 (Confidence Lines): The dashed lines depict the level of confidence in which the exposure zones will be contained. The ALOHA model is 95% confident that the release will stay within this boundary.

The image in Figure 4-18 depicts the plume footprint generated by ALOHA.

Figure 4-18: ALOHA Plume Footprint Overlaid in ArcGIS

The St. Joseph County Building Inventory was added to ArcMap and overlaid with the plume footprint. The Building Inventory was then intersected with each of the four footprint areas to classify each point based upon the plume footprint in which it is located. Figure 4-19 depicts the St. Joseph County Building Inventory after the intersect process.



Figure 4-19: St. Joseph County Building Inventory Classified By Plume Footprint

Results By summing the building inventory within all ERPG zones (Zone 1: > = 750 ppm, Zone 2: > = 150 ppm, Zone 3: > = 25 ppm), the GIS overlay analysis predicts that as many as 14,607 buildings could be exposed at a replacement cost of $948.9 million. If this event were to occur, approximately 32,398 people would be affected. Building Inventory Damage The results of the analysis against the Building Inventory points are depicted in Tables 4-33 through 4-36. Table 4-33 summarizes the results of the chemical spill by combining all ERPG zones.



Table 4-33: Estimated Exposure for all Threat Zones (all ppm)

Occupancy Population Building Counts

Building Exposure

(thousands)

Residential 32,398 12,959 $492,948

Commercial 0 1,230 $211,114

Industrial 0 116 $67,215

Agriculture 0 0 $0

Religious 0 242 $66,461

Government 0 52 $73,845

Education 0 8 $37,351

Total 32,398 14,607 $948,933

Tables 4-34 through 4-36 summarize the results of the chemical spill for each zone separately.

Table 4-34: Estimated Exposure for Threat Zone 1 (> = 750 ppm)


Building Exposure

(thousands)

Residential 2,998 1,199 $104,826

Commercial 0 59 $15,353


Agriculture 0 0 $0

Religious 0 29 $11,039


Education 0 0 $0

Total 2,998 1,325 $162,594



Building Exposure

(thousands)

Residential 6,500 2,600 $340,851



Agriculture 0 0 $0

Religious 0 153 $235,792


Education 0 0 $0

Total 6,500 3,467 $1,098,740





Building Exposure

(thousands)

Residential 22,900 9,160 $1,115,458



Agriculture 0 0 $0

Religious 0 60 $163,235


Education 0 8 $68,848

Total 22,900 9,815 $1,617,939

Essential Facilities Damage There are 58 essential facilities within the limits of the chemical spill plume. The affected facilities are identified in Table 4-37. Their geographic locations are depicted in Figures 4-20 and 4-21.

Table 4-37: Essential Facilities within Plume Footprint

Name

CARE FACILITIES

Riverside Hospital Corporation

Our Lady Of Peace Hospital

St. Joseph's Regional Medical Center S

Memorial Hospital Of South Bend

Madison Hospital Corporation

South Bend Clinic & Surgicenter

Community Health Center



St Joseph Regional Medical Center

Memorial Hospital

Mary Crest Building


Cardinal Nursing And Rehabilitation Center

The Manor

The Milton Home

St. Mary Medical Plaza

Health Quest Corporation

SCHOOL FACILITIES

Adams High School

Edison Intermediate Center

Jefferson Intermediate Center



Name

Kennedy Primary Center

Mckinley Primary Center

Madison Primary Center

Muessel Primary Center

Perley Primary Center

Madison Center

John J Young Middle School

Holy Cross School

Saint Anthony De Padua School

St. Joseph School

Veritas Academy

Saint Monica School

Trinity School

St. Patrick's School

Special Needs Assessment Program

Phillips Elementary School

First Baptist Christian School

Bethel College

POLICE FACILITIES

Sheriff-Investigative Div

Sheriff-Civil Div

South Bend Police Special Crime

FIRE STATION FACILITIES

Mishawaka Fire Station #2

South Bend Fire Department Station #2





Figure 4-20: Essential Facilities within Plume Footprint



Figure 4-21: Essential Facilities at Greatest Risk

Vulnerability to Future Assets/Infrastructure for Hazardous Materials Storage and Transport Hazard Any new development within the county will be vulnerable to these events, especially development along major roadways. Analysis of Community Development Trends Because the hazardous material hazard events may occur anywhere within the county, future development will be impacted. The major transportation routes and the industries located in St. Joseph County pose a threat of dangerous chemicals and hazardous materials release.



Section 5 - Mitigation Strategy The goal of mitigation is to reduce the future impacts of a hazard including property damage, disruption to local and regional economies, and the amount of public and private funds spent to assist with recovery. The goal of mitigation is to build disaster-resistant communities. Mitigation actions and projects should be based on a well-constructed risk assessment, which is provided in Section 4 of this plan. Mitigation should be an ongoing process adapting over time to accommodate a community’s needs. 5.1 Community Capability Assessment The capability assessment identifies current activities used to mitigate hazards. The capability assessment identifies the policies, regulations, procedures, programs, and projects that contribute to the lessening of disaster damages. The assessment also provides an evaluation of these capabilities to determine whether the activities can be improved in order to more effectively reduce the impact of future hazards. The following sections identify existing plans and mitigation capabilities within all of the communities listed in Chapter 2 of this plan. 5.1.1 National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) The county and all of the communities within the county, except New Carlisle, are members of the NFIP. New Carlisle is not located within an identified flood hazard area and chooses not to participate. HAZUS-MH identified approximately 442 households located within the St. Joseph County Special Flood Hazard Area; 232 households paid flood insurance, insuring $39,016,500 in property value. The total premiums collected amounted to $142,776, which on average was $615.41 annually. As of November 30, 2006, 105 claims were filed totaling $404,605. The average claim was $3,853.

The county and incorporated areas do not participate in the NFIP’S Community Rating System (CRS). The CRS is a voluntary incentive program that recognizes and encourages community floodplain management activities that exceed the minimum NFIP requirements. As a result, flood insurance premium rates are discounted to reflect the reduced flood risk resulting from the community actions meeting the three goals of the CRS: 1) reduce flood losses; 2) facilitate accurate insurance rating; and 3) promote the awareness of flood insurance.

Table 5-1 identifies each community and the date each participant joined the NFIP.

Table 5-1: Additional Information on Communities Participating in the NFIP

Community Participation

Date FIRM Date CRS Date

CRS Rating

Flood Plain Zoning Ordinance Adopted Last

Town of Indian Village 10/18/74 04/15/81 N/A N/A 06/13/05

Town of Lakeville 11/23/73 09/30/76 N/A N/A 06/02/03

City of Mishawaka 05/28/76 02/17/88 N/A N/A 06/07/93

Town of North Liberty 11/30/73 08/19/85 N/A N/A 2000

Town of Osceola 12/05/75 NSFHA N/A N/A 2001

Town of Roseland 05/04/73 05/04/73 N/A N/A 08/09/01

City of South Bend 08/16/74 02/01/78 N/A N/A 04/07/04



Community Participation

Date FIRM Date CRS Date

CRS Rating

Flood Plain Zoning Ordinance Adopted Last

St. Joseph County 12/27/74 08/15/78 N/A N/A 06/13/05

Town of Walkerton 11/23/73 04/15/81 N/A N/A 06/13/05

5.1.2 Stormwater Management Stream Maintenance Ordinance

Under the 1987 Clean Water Act Amendments, the United States EPA developed regulations to that concentrated on the potential impact of storm water on water quality. These new "Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System" (MS4) regulations were set up in two Phases dependent upon population and are enforced by the U.S. EPA, and more specifically in Indiana, through the Indiana Department of Environmental Management (IDEM).

In order to meet the new EPA requirements of Rule 5 and Rule 13 each designated MS4 (i.e. city town, county, etc within mapped urbanized area) was required to obtain a permit from IDEM. The permit application required the development of a Storm Water Quality Management Plan (SWQMP) and during this time many jurisdictions adopted stormwater and erosion control ordinances. The goal of these plans and ordinances are to address six core control measures. These include:

1. Public Involvement and Participation 2. Illicit Discharge Detection and Elimination 3. Construction Site Storm Water Runoff Control 4. Post-Construction Storm Water Management in New Development and Redevelopment 5. Pollution Prevention/Good Housekeeping for Municipal Operations Maintenance.

5.1.3 Zoning Management Ordinance The county and the jurisdictions of South Bend, Mishawaka, Roseland, North Liberty, Lakeville, New Carlisle, Walkerton and Osceola have land use planning and zoning ordinances within the county. The following table identifies the dates of adoption or most recent update of the Comprehensive Plans, Zoning Ordinances, Subdivision Control Ordinance, and other plans.

Table 5-2: Description of Zoning Plans/Ordinances

Community Comp Plan Zoning

Ord Subd

Control Ord Erosion Control

Storm Water Mgmt

Burning Ord.

Seismic Ord.

Bldg. Stndrds.

St. Joseph County 04/2002 06/13/05 06/27/08 04/18/06 04/18/06 10/17//05 N/A State

Indian Village N/A N/A N/A County County County N/A State

Lakeville N/A 06/02/03 06/02/03 N/A N/A County N/A State

Mishawaka 2000 05/07/01 02/20/96 12/04/06 12/04/06 05/07/90 N/A State

New Carlisle 2007 1958 04/26/83 N/A N/A County N/A State

North Liberty N/A 7/7/99 7/7/99 N/A N/A County N/A State

Osceola N/A 02/21/94 02/21/94 06/19/06 06/19/06 County N/A State

Roseland 12/2005 2/18/97 N/A 12/27/06 12/27/06 County N/A State

South Bend 11/2006 1/22/08 1/22/08 07/10/06 07/10/06 10/09/89 N/A State

Walkerton 04/2002 06/13/05 06/27/08 N/A N/A County N/A State



5.1.4 Erosion Management Program/ Policy St. Joseph County utilizes Rule 5, administered by the Indiana Department of Environmental Management, with assistance of the Indiana Department of Natural Resources and the Soil and Water Conservation. This requires the submission of an erosion control plan for projects involving more than five acres of land disturbance. 5.1.5 Fire Insurance Rating Programs/ Policy Table 5-3 lists St. Joseph County’s fire departments and respective information.

Table 5-3: Listing of Fire Departments, Ratings, and Number of Firefighters

Fire Department Fire Insurance Rating Number of Firefighters

Harris Township Fire Dept. 13981 State Road 23 Granger, IN 46530

7 48

Mishawaka Fire Dept. 333 E. Douglas Road Mishawaka, IN 46545

4 107

Penn Township Fire 13960 Jackson Rd. Mishawaka, IN 46601

6 & 9 27

Clay Fire Territory 18355 Auten Road South Bend, IN 46637

5 69

SW Central Fire 23626 Fillmore Road South Bend, IN 46619

5 day, 9 night

40

South Bend Fire Dept. 1222 S. Michigan Street South Bend, IN 46601

3 248

Liberty Township (VFD) P.O. Box 201 112 W. Rupel Street North Liberty, IN 46554

6 & 9 22

North Liberty Fire Dept. 112 S. State St. North Liberty, IN 46554

6 & 9 22

Osceola (VFD) 620 Rogers Street Osceola, IN 46561

5 & 9 18

Warren Township (VFD) 54837 Quince Road South Bend, IN 46628

9 24



Fire Department Fire Insurance Rating Number of Firefighters

Walkerton (VFD) 504 Washington P.O. Box 217 Walkerton, IN 46574

N/A 24

Madison Township (VFD) 65801 State Rd 331 Wyatt, IN

9 20

University of Notre Dame Notre Dame, IN

N/A 30

5.1.6 Land Use Plan St. Joseph County and the City of South Bend have land use plans adopted in April 2002 and November 2006, respectively. The plans outline the vision of the community as expressed by its residents, goals, objectives, and policies to help steer the community toward its vision. 5.1.7 Building Codes St. Joseph County uses the Indiana State Building Code as their guide for Building Standards. 5.2 Mitigation goals In Section 4 of this plan, the risk assessment identified St. Joseph County as prone to six hazards. The MHMP committee members understand that although hazards cannot be eliminated altogether, St. Joseph County can work toward building disaster-resistant communities. Following are a list of goals, objectives, and actions. The goals represent long-term, broad visions of the overall vision the county would like to achieve for mitigation. The objectives are strategies and steps that will assist the communities to attain the listed goals.

Goal 1: Lessen the impacts of hazards to new and existing infrastructure

a) Objective: Retrofit critical facilities with structural design practices and equipment that will withstand natural disasters and offer weather-proofing.

b) Objective: Equip public facilities and communities with means to guard against damage

caused by secondary effects of hazards.

c) Objective: Minimize the amount of infrastructure exposed to hazards.

d) Objective: Evaluate and strengthen the communication and transportation abilities of emergency services throughout the county.

e) Objective: Improve emergency sheltering in St. Joseph County.



Goal 2: Create new or revise existing plans/maps for St. Joseph County

a) Objective: Support compliance with the NFIP for each jurisdiction in St. Joseph County.

b) Objective: Review and update existing community plans and ordinances to support hazard mitigation.

c) Objective: Conduct new studies/research to profile hazards and follow up with mitigation strategies.

Goal 3: Develop long-term strategies to educate St. Joseph County residents on the hazards affecting their county

a) Objective: Raise public awareness on hazard mitigation.

Objective: Improve education and training of emergency personnel and public officials.

5.3 Mitigation Actions/Projects

Upon completion of the risk assessment and development of the goals and objectives, the planning committee was provided a list of the six mitigation measure categories from the FEMA State and Local Mitigation Planning How to Guides. The measures are listed as follows:

Prevention: Government, administrative, or regulatory actions or processes that influence the way land and buildings are developed and built. These actions also include public activities to reduce hazard losses. Examples include planning and zoning, building codes, capital improvement programs, open space preservation, and stormwater management regulations.

Property Protection: Actions that involve the modification of existing buildings or

structures to protect them from a hazard or removal from the hazard area. Examples include acquisition, elevation, structural retrofits, storm shutters, and shatter-resistant glass.

Public Education and Awareness: Actions to inform and educate citizens, elected

officials, and property owners about the hazards and potential ways to mitigate them. Such actions include outreach projects, real estate disclosure, hazard information centers, and school-age and adult education programs.

Natural Resource Protection: Actions that, in addition to minimizing hazard losses,

preserve or restore the functions of natural systems. These actions include sediment and erosion control, stream corridor restoration, watershed management, forest and vegetation management, and wetland restoration and preservation.



Emergency Services: Actions that protect people and property during and immediately after a disaster or hazard event. Services include warning systems, emergency response services, and protection of critical facilities.

Structural Projects: Actions that involve the construction of structures to reduce the

impact of a hazard. Such structures include dams, levees, floodwalls, seawalls, retaining walls, and safe rooms.

After Meeting #3, held June 16th, MHMP members were presented with the task of individually listing potential mitigation activities using the FEMA evaluation criteria. The MHMP members brought their mitigation ideas to Meeting #4 which was held July 22, 2009. The evaluation criteria (STAPLE+E) involved the following categories and questions. Social:

Will the proposed action adversely affect one segment of the population? Will the action disrupt established neighborhoods, break up voting districts, or cause the

relocation of lower income people?

Technical: How effective is the action in avoiding or reducing future losses? Will it create more problems than it solves? Does it solve the problem or only a symptom? Does the mitigation strategy address continued compliance with the NFIP?

Administrative: Does the jurisdiction have the capability (staff, technical experts, and/or funding) to

implement the action, or can it be readily obtained? Can the community provide the necessary maintenance? Can it be accomplished in a timely manner?

Political: Is there political support to implement and maintain this action? Is there a local champion willing to help see the action to completion? Is there enough public support to ensure the success of the action? How can the mitigation objectives be accomplished at the lowest cost to the public?

Legal: Does the community have the authority to implement the proposed action? Are the proper laws, ordinances, and resolution in place to implement the action? Are there any potential legal consequences? Is there any potential community liability? Is the action likely to be challenged by those who may be negatively affected? Does the mitigation strategy address continued compliance with the NFIP?



Economic: Are there currently sources of funds that can be used to implement the action? What benefits will the action provide? Does the cost seem reasonable for the size of the problem and likely benefits? What burden will be placed on the tax base or local economy to implement this action? Does the action contribute to other community economic goals such as capital

improvements or economic development? What proposed actions should be considered but be “tabled” for implementation until

outside sources of funding are available?

Environmental: How will this action affect the environment (land, water, endangered species)? Will this action comply with local, state, and federal environmental laws and regulations? Is the action consistent with community environmental goals?

The development of the MHMP is the first step in a multi-step process to implement projects and policies to mitigate hazards in the county and the communities in the county. Table 5-4 presents the mitigation actions and projects. 5.3.1 Completed or Current Mitigation Actions/Projects Since this is the first mitigation plan developed for St. Joseph County, there are no deleted or deferred mitigation items. Table 5-4 refers to completed or ongoing mitigation actions. Table 5-4 presents the completed and ongoing mitigation actions and projects in the county.

Table 5-4: Mitigation Actions and Projects

Mitigation Item Goals and Objects Satisfied Hazards

Addressed Jurisdictions

Covered Comments

Develop a countywide ordinance prohibiting development in floodplains

Goal: Create new or revise existing plans/maps for St. Joseph County Objective: Support compliance with the NFIP for each jurisdiction in St. Joseph County.

Flood

Indian Village, Lakeville, Mishawaka, North Liberty, New Carlisle, Osceola, Roseland, South Bend, St. Joseph County, Walkerton

This project was successfully completed.

Establish park lands along floodway

Goal: Lessen the impacts of hazards to new and existing infrastructure Objective: Equip public facilities and communities to guard against damage caused by secondary effects of hazards.

Flood South Bend This project has already been implemented.

Install real time controls or smart valves for storm water management


Flood South Bend This project has already been implemented.





Covered Comments

Carry out sediment/erosion projects (i.e. North Shore Dr, Juday Creek)


Flood St. Joseph County This project has already been implemented.

Establish an Emergency Action Plan


Dam Failure St. Joseph County This plan has already been implemented.

Implement Prioritized Plowing (i.e. ambulances, bus routes)

Goal: Lessen the impacts of hazards to new and existing infrastructure Objective: Minimize the amount of infrastructure exposed to hazards.

Winter Storm AEP and NIPSCO-served areas

This project has already been implemented.

Establish a Cooling and Warming Policy

Goal: Create new or revise existing plans/maps for St. Joseph County Objective: Conduct new studies/research to profile hazards and follow up with mitigation strategies.

Winter Storm South Bend, St. Joseph County

This plan has already been implemented.

Implement an annual winter weather emergency news release

Goal: Develop long-term strategies to educate St. Joseph County residents on the hazards affecting their county Objective: Raise public awareness on hazard mitigation.

Winter Storm


This project was successfully completed.

Cross train departments (i.e. Parks, Streets) and make vehicles ready for winter weather plowing


Winter Storm South Bend This project was successfully completed.

Determine a plan for use of 4WD vehicles in the event of emergency rescue


Winter Storm St. Joseph County

This project was successfully completed with Hummers from AM General

Determine a plan for use of snowmobiles in the event of emergency rescue


Winter Storm North Liberty This project was successfully completed.





Covered Comments

Install new warning sirens within the county

Goal: Lessen the impacts of hazards to new and existing infrastructure Objective: Evaluate and strengthen the communication and transportation abilities of emergency services throughout the county.

Tornado, Flood, Earthquake,

Thunderstorm, Winter Storm,

Hazmat

New Carlisle The Town recently installed a new siren.

Continue regular testing of sirens




Hazmat


This is an ongoing project.

Establish an active LEPC to mitigate and respond to hazards

Goal: Develop long-term strategies to educate St. Joseph County residents on the hazards affecting their county Objective: Improve education and training of emergency personnel and public officials.



Hazmat

St. Joseph County This project was successfully completed.

Implement emergency response training and/or annual “event or situational” training for LEPC




Hazmat

St. Joseph County This project was successfully completed.

Create smaller circuits for electrical service and have multiple tie-ins for substations


Tornado, Thunderstorm, Winter Storm

AEP and NIPSCO-served areas


Implement tree trimming throughout the county



AEP and NIPSCO-served areas


Install backup battery packs for vital signalized intersections



South Bend This project has already been implemented.

5.4 Implementation Strategy and Analysis of Mitigation Projects Implementation of the Mitigation Plan is critical to the overall success of the Mitigation Planning Process. The first step is to decide based upon many factors, which action will be undertaken



first. In order to pursue the top priority first, an analysis and prioritization of the actions is important. Some actions may occur before the top priority due to financial, engineering, environmental, permitting and site control issues. Public awareness and input of these mitigation actions can increase knowledge to capitalize on funding opportunities and monitoring the progress of an action. In Meeting #4, the planning team prioritized mitigation actions based on a number of factors. A rating of High, Medium, or Low was assessed for each mitigation item and is listed next to each item in Table 5-6. The factors were the STAPLE+E (Social, Technical, Administrative, Political, Legal, Economic, and Environmental) criteria listed in Table 5-5. For each mitigation action related to infrastructure, new and existing infrastructure was considered. Additionally, the mitigation strategies address continued compliance with the NFIP. While an official cost benefit review was not conducted for any of the mitigation actions, the estimated costs were discussed. The overall benefits were considered when prioritizing mitigation items from High to Low. An official cost benefit review will be conducted prior to the implementations of any mitigation actions.

Table 5-5: STAPLE+E planning factors

S – Social Mitigation actions are acceptable to the community if they do not adversely affect a particular

segment of the population, do not cause relocation of lower income people, and if they are

compatible with the community’s social and cultural values.

T – Technical Mitigation actions are technically most effective if they provide a long-term reduction of losses and

have minimal secondary adverse impacts.

A – Administrative Mitigation actions are easier to implement if the jurisdiction has the necessary staffing and funding.

P – Political Mitigation actions can truly be successful if all stakeholders have been offered an opportunity to

participate in the planning process and if there is public support for the action.

L – Legal It is critical that the jurisdiction or implementing agency have the legal authority to implement and

enforce a mitigation action.

E – Economic Budget constraints can significantly deter the implementation of mitigation actions. Hence, it is

important to evaluate whether an action is cost-effective, as determined by a cost benefit review,

and possible to fund.

E – Environmental Sustainable mitigation actions that do not have an adverse effect on the environment, comply with

federal, state, and local environmental regulations, and are consistent with the community’s

environmental goals, have mitigation benefits while being environmentally sound.

For each mitigation action related to infrastructure, new and existing infrastructure was considered. Additionally, the mitigation strategies address continued compliance with the NFIP. While an official cost benefit review was not conducted for any of the mitigation actions, the estimated costs were discussed. The overall benefits were considered when prioritizing mitigation items from High to Low. An official cost benefit review will be conducted prior to the implementations of any mitigation actions. Table 5-6 presents mitigation projects developed by the planning committee.



Table 5-6: Mitigation Strategies



Covered Priority Comments

Assess and upgrade drainage systems in various location (i.e. US 20, 56000 Block of Oak Road, East portion of County near Heather Lake)


Flood New Carlisle, South Bend, St. Joseph County

High

The County will work with the INDOT to implement these projects. Funding has not been secured as of 2009, but INDOT and IDNR are potential sources. Implementation or design, if funding is available, will begin within three years.

Conduct a study to determine potential buy-out properties (i.e. Kline St., Bowman Creek, 56000 Block of Oak Road)


Flood

St. Joseph County, South Bend, Mishawaka

Medium

The County EMA oversees the implementation of the project. Local resources will be used to determine potential buy-out areas. Additional funding will be sought from funding sources such as IDHS. Implementation, if funding is available, is forecasted to begin within one year.

Conduct a Drainage Study for Charles St.


Flood St. Joseph County, Mishawaka

Medium

The County EMA oversees the implementation of the project. Additional funding will be sought from funding sources such as IDHS. The study, if funding is available, will be started within one year.

Procure permanent signage to warn of flood hazards

Goal: Lessen the impacts of hazards to new and existing infrastructure Objective: Equip public facilities and communities with means to guard against damage caused by secondary effects of hazards.

Flood


Low to Medium

The County EMA, Highway Departments and Public Works Department will oversee the implementation of this project. Local resources will be used as much as possible and additional funding will be sought from the PDM program. Implementation, if funding is available, is forecasted to begin within five years.

Install real time river gauges


Flood Mishawaka, South Bend, St. Joseph County

Low to Medium

The County EMA will oversee the implementation of this project. Funding will be sought from the PDM program and community grants. If funding is available, implementation will begin within three years.

Acquire SWIFT water response equipment and launch training


Flood St. Joseph County

High


Install emergency culvert pipes


Flood


High







Improvements to local dams (Twin Branch and Century Center)


Dam Failure South Bend, Mishawaka, St. Joseph County

High


Retrofit shelving in hospitals and emergency services

Goal: Lessen the impacts of hazards to new and existing infrastructure Objective: Retrofit critical facilities with structural design practices and equipment that will withstand natural disasters and offer weather-proofing.

Earthquake


Low

The County will oversee the implementation of this project. Local resources will be used to identify buildings for new valves. Funding has not been secured as of summer 2009, but the PDM program is a possible source. If funding is available, implementation will begin within three years.

Distribute literature advising that residents, schools, healthcare facilities, and other critical facilities use tie-downs to secure water heaters


Earthquake


Low

The County EMA will work with schools, healthcare facilities, and public officials to create and distribute the literature. Local resources will be used for funding. If funding is available, implementation will begin within five years.

Conduct Search and Rescue assessments


Earthquake, Tornado,

Winter Storm

St. Joseph County

High

County EMA, Community planners, local government leaders and first responders will coordinate these studies. Funding will be sought from county, state, and federal sources. Implementation, if funding is available, will begin within one year.

Conduct Indirect impact study or assessment


Earthquake St. Joseph County

Medium to High

County EMA, Community planners, local government leaders and first responders will coordinate these studies. Funding will be sought from county, state, and federal sources. Implementation, if funding is available, will begin within one year.

Conduct studies along major transportation corridors (80/90, US 20, railroads)


Hazmat St. Joseph County

High

Community planners and local government leaders will coordinate these studies. Funding will be sought from county, state, and federal sources. Implementation, if funding is available, will begin within one year.

Perform assessment of ordinances for Hazmat locations


Hazmat


Low







Switch from ton cylinders of chlorine gas disinfectants


Hazmat South Bend High


Implement Debris Management Planning and Training




Medium to High


Establish training for weather spotters




Medium


During switch to LED signals, install backup battery packs for vital signalized intersections



Indian Village, Lakeville, Mishawaka, North Liberty, New Carlisle, Osceola, Roseland, St. Joseph County, Walkerton

High


Implement All Weather Radio Program to help with affordability and programming


Tornado, Flood,Thunderstorm, Winter Storm

St. Joseph County

High


Public reminders to “exercise”/maintain backup generators (i.e. circuit policing)

Goal: Lessen the impacts of hazards to new and existing infrastructure Objective: Improve emergency sheltering in St. Joseph County.

Tornado, Flood, Earthquake, Dam Failure,


Hazmat


Low (high for Safety Critical buildings)

The County and other jurisdictions will oversee the implementation of this project. Local resources will be used to determine which facilities should receive generators. Funding has not been secured as of summer 2009, but the pre-disaster mitigation program and community development grants are possible funding sources. If funding is available, this project is forecasted to begin within three years.






Establish siren maintenance and replacement program




Hazmat


High

The County EMA oversees the implementation of the project. Local resources will be used to establish maintenance program. Additional funding will be sought from other funding sources, e.g. PDM program, to expand the warning system coverage area. Implementation, if funding is available, is forecasted to begin within one year.

Implement school-wide programs to educate students on the hazards affecting the county and preparation/mitigation plans




Hazmat


Low

The jurisdictions will work with schools throughout the county to implement this project. Local resources will be used to design the programs. Implementation, if funding and resources are available, will begin within one year.

Assess storm shelters throughout the county

Goal: Lessen the impacts of hazards to new and existing infrastructure Objective: Improve emergency sheltering in St. Joseph County.



Hazmat


Medium

The County EMA in conjunction with the Red Cross will oversee the implementation of this project. Local resources and IDHS grants will be sought to procure the materials. Implementation, if funding is available, is forecasted to begin within five years.

Schedule NIMS training for first responders




Hazmat

St. Joseph County

Under way


Training on Reverse 911 and additional modern mass communication systems (i.e. Nixle, Text Messaging, Twitter, Facebook)




Hazmat

St. Joseph County

Medium to High


Review and Update the Cooling and Warming Policy


Winter Storms St. Joseph County

Medium

Community planners, local government, and the Red Cross leaders will coordinate these studies. Funding will be sought from county, state, and federal sources. Implementation, if funding is available, will begin within one year.

Establish plan for warming centers for special needs populations


Winter Storms

South Bend, Mishawaka, St. Joseph County

Medium







Increase coordination between Street Departments and Emergency Responders


Winter Storms

South Bend, Mishawaka, St. Joseph County

Medium to High


The St. Joseph County Emergency Management will be the local champions for the mitigation actions. The county Commissioners and the city and town councils will be an integral part of the implementation process. Federal and state assistance will be necessary for a number of the identified actions. The Michiana Area Council of Governments is qualified to provide technical grant writing services to assist the county in seeking resources to achieve the recommended mitigation action. 5.5 Multi-Jurisdictional Mitigation Strategy As a part of the multi-hazard mitigation planning requirements, at least two identifiable mitigation action items have been addressed for each hazard listed in the risk assessment and for each jurisdiction covered under this plan.

Each of the seven incorporated communities within St. Joseph County was invited to participate in brainstorming sessions in which goals, objectives, and strategies were discussed and prioritized. Each participant in these sessions was armed with possible mitigation goals and strategies provided by FEMA, as well as information about mitigation projects discussed in neighboring communities and counties. All potential strategies and goals that arose through this process are included in this plan. The county planning team used FEMA’s evaluation criteria to gauge the priority of all items. A final draft of the disaster mitigation plan was presented to all members to allow for final edits and approval of the priorities.



Section 6 - Plan Maintenance 6.1 Monitoring, Evaluating, and Updating the Plan Throughout the five-year planning cycle, the St. Joseph County Emergency Management Agency will reconvene the MHMP planning committee to monitor, evaluate, and update the plan on an annual basis. Additionally, a meeting will be held during Fall 2014 to address the five-year update of this plan. Members of the planning committee are readily available to engage in email correspondence between annual meetings. If the need for a special meeting, due to new developments or a declared disaster occurs in the county, the team will meet to update mitigation strategies. Depending on grant opportunities and fiscal resources, mitigation projects may be implemented independently by individual communities or through local partnerships. The committee will review the county goals and objectives to determine their relevance to changing situations in the county. In addition, state and federal policies will be reviewed to ensure they are addressing current and expected conditions. The committee will also review the risk assessment portion of the plan to determine if this information should be updated or modified. The parties responsible for the various implementation actions will report on the status of their projects, and will include which implementation processes worked well, any difficulties encountered, how coordination efforts are proceeding, and which strategies should be revised. Updates or modifications to the MHMP during the five-year planning process will require a public notice and a meeting prior to submitting revisions to the individual jurisdictions for approval. The plan will be updated via written changes, submissions as the committee deems appropriate and necessary, and as approved by the county commissioners. The GIS data used to prepare the plan was obtained from existing county GIS data as well as data collected as part of the planning process. This updated HAZUS-MH GIS data has been returned to the county for use and maintenance in the county’s system. As newer data becomes available, this updated data will be used for future risk assessments and vulnerability analyses. 6.2 Implementation through Existing Programs The results of this plan will be incorporated into ongoing planning efforts. Many of the mitigation projects identified as part of this planning process are ongoing. St. Joseph County and its incorporated jurisdictions will update the zoning plans and ordinances listed in Table 5-2 as necessary and as part of regularly scheduled updates. Each community will be responsible for updating its own plans and ordinances. 6.3 Continued Public Involvement Continued public involvement is critical to the successful implementation of the MHMP. Comments from the public on the MHMP will be received by the EMA director and forwarded to the MHMP planning committee for discussion. Education efforts for hazard mitigation will be ongoing through the EMA. The public will be notified of periodic planning meetings through notices in the local newspaper. Once adopted, a copy of this plan will be maintained in each jurisdiction and in the County EMA Office.



Appendix A

Meeting Minutes



St. Joseph County Pre-Disaster Mitigation Meeting MEETING #1 January 29, 2009 at 2:00 PM Meeting Minutes Meeting #1 of the St. Joseph County Pre-Disaster Mitigation (PDM) Committee was held January 29, 2009 at 2:00 pm, at the County-City Building on the 7th floor in the Commissioner’s Conference Room (227 W. Jefferson Blvd., 7th Floor South Bend, IN 46601). Those present are listed in the following table. Name Organization James Turnwald MACOG Karen Mackowiak MACOG/St. Joseph River Basin Vicki Kitchen North Liberty, Town of

John Kuhn Lakeville, Town of

Gary Gilot South Bend, City of

Robin Ackerson Roseland, Town of

Rae Rhodes Walkerton, Town of

Jeff Baker Walkerton, Town of

Pat Cummings New Carlise, Town of

Tom Baker New Carlise, Town of

Ryan Deal Osceola, Town of

Anthony Alwine Osceola, Town of

Dale Freeman Mishawaka, City of

John Carlson St. Joseph County

Dave Coats Polis Center Adam Campbell Polis Center Dave Coats of The Polis Center welcomed attendees to the first St. Joseph County Mitigation Plan meeting. Mr. Coats started by introducing Adam Campbell of the Polis Center who would assist with the project and was a Marshall County native. Then he began to outline the Hazard Mitigation Planning process. There will be a total of 6 meetings spanning up to a year, at the end of which the team will compile, discuss and review data to be used in the St. Joseph County Mitigation Plan. In addition, The Michiana Area Council of Governments (MACOG) would assist with the creation of the plan. They would keep track of the team members’ attendance, meeting minutes and the gathering of information. The County’s match-fund requirements for this process would include the participants’ time and the use of the County’s GIS data. Pre-disaster mitigation plan information can be accessed and uploaded with a username and password at www.pdmplanning.com. The Michiana Area Council of Governments has write



access to the calendar and will be charged with organizing meeting days and times. Team members can log in with view access to check on any posted materials or the schedule. Next, Mr. Coats had Mr. Campbell described the County’s critical facility map. Representatives briefly reviewed the map and pointed out missing data for the critical infrastructure and facilities. Jon Carlson of St. Joseph County GIS noted that the County’s GIS data had not been entirely reflected on the map. Mr. Campbell assured the planning team that the County’s GIS data would be included and incorporated into the Polis Center’s information. Mr. Campbell and Mr. Carlson discussed whether the GIS data for hospitals/car centers included number of beds and stated the difference between the types of facilities. Planning team members decided to review critical infrastructure types (ie. Potable Water, Airport Facilities, Medical Facilities, etc) once all the GIS data was included. Additionally, planning members were to review and make any necessary correction to current fields like facility names, locations, building replacement costs, number of attending students, number of beds in the care facilities, etc. At the close of meeting, Mr. Coats asked members to start collecting documentation of memorable historical hazards. He also asked that team members begin to prioritize hazards for their City, Town or County before the next meeting. The meeting adjourned at 3:00 pm. The next meeting will be held on February 25, 2009 at 2:00 pm, at the County-City Building on the 7th floor in the Commissioner’s Conference Room (227 W. Jefferson Blvd., 7th Floor South Bend, IN 46601). James Turnwald, Regional Planner/Michiana Area Council of Governments



St. Joseph County Pre-Disaster Mitigation Meeting MEETING #2 February 25, 2009 at 2:00 pm Meeting Minutes Meeting #1 of the St. Joseph County Pre-Disaster Mitigation (PDM) Committee was held January 29, 2009 at 2:00 pm, at the County-City Building on the 7th floor in the Commissioner’s Conference Room (227 W. Jefferson Blvd., 7th Floor South Bend, IN 46601). Those present are listed in the following table.

Name Organization James Turnwald MACOG Tom Baker New Carlise, Town of



Jeff Baker Walkerton, Town of

Vicki Kitchen North Liberty, Town of

Robert Mark Osceola, Town of


Dale Freeman Mishawaka, City of

Dave Coats Polis Center Adam Campbell Polis Center Dave Coats of The Polis Center welcomed attendees to the second St. Joseph County Mitigation Plan meeting. Mr. Coats reviewed the following primary hazard types: Drought, Earthquake, Dam/Levee Failure, Flood, Severe Thunderstorm, Ground Failure, Severe Winter Storms, Tornado, Fire and Hazardous Materials Spills. Mr. Coats explained that the communities should rank these hazards in order to the risk that they pose to the community. He defined risk as the future occurrence probability multiplied by the damage magnitude. Lastly he stated that the team would have to show proof a particular hazard had occurred before. Mr. Coats noted one exception to this rule, that the earthquake hazard is required as part of the plan. Dale Freeman indicated that there are dams/levees that affect South Bend and Mishawaka. There was some discussion amongst the team members about the drought and fire categories. Mr. Coats clarified that by drought, he meant droughts were the water table is depleted and water would need to be brought in from outside the County. Also the fire category was primarily concerning wild fires or forest fires. The planning team agreed that this instance of a drought and fire had never occurred in the County. The team started ranking hazards by risk for the County. Robert “Bob” Mark stated that the Tornado category seemed to be a high risk to the County. Mr. Freeman and Mr. Cummings



stated that if a Hazmat incident occurred it a large magnitude of damage. The planning members determined the Hazard Ranking for the County to be the following: 1 – Winter Storms, 2 – Tornado, 3 - Thunderstorm, 4 – Hazmat, 5- Flooding, 6 – Earthquake, 7 – Dam/Levee Failure. Mr. Freeman and Mr. Cummings agreed that the City of Mishawaka and the Town of New Carlisle had the same hazard rankings as the County. Rae Rhodes and Jeff Baker decided the following rankings for the Town of Walkerton: 1 – Thunderstorms, 2 – Tornado, 3 - Thunderstorm, 4 – Hazmat, 5- Flooding, 6 – Earthquake, 7 – Dam/Levee Failure. Robert Mark decided that since Tornadoes have a decently high probability of occurrence coupled with a high damage it should be the top hazard to Osceola. Therefore the ranking for Osceola should be 1 – Tornado, 2 – Thunderstorm, 3 - Winter Storms, 4 – Hazmat, 5- Flooding, 6 – Earthquake, 7 – Dam/Levee Failure. Vicki Kitchen agreed with Mr. Mark on the ranking for Tornadoes but thought that winter storms should be second for the Town of North liberty. There ranking should be: 1 – Tornado, 2 – Winter Storms, 3 - Thunderstorm, 4 – Hazmat, 5- Flooding, 6 – Earthquake, 7 – Dam/Levee Failure. The meeting adjourned at 3:00 pm. The next meeting will be held on June 16, 2009 at 6:30 pm, at the County-City Building on the 7th floor in the Commissioner’s Conference Room (227 W. Jefferson Blvd., 7th Floor South Bend, IN 46601). Later via email, Gary Gilot of the City of South Bend, Robin Ackerson with the Town of Roseland and John Kuhn with the Town of Lakeville sent in the Hazard Rankings. All three communities had different ranking then any mentioned above. James Turnwald, Regional Planner/Michiana Area Council of Governments



St. Joseph County Multi-Hazard Mitigation Meeting MEETING #3 June 16, 2009 at 6:30 pm Meeting Minutes Meeting #3 of the St. Joseph County Pre-Disaster Mitigation (PDM) Committee was held January 29, 2009 at 6:30 pm, at the County-City Building on the 7th floor in the Commissioner’s Conference Room (227 W. Jefferson Blvd., 7th Floor South Bend, IN 46601). Those present are listed in the following table.

Name Organization James Turnwald MACOG

Zach Dripps MACOG


Robert Mark Osceola, Town of

Luther Taylor St. Joseph County EMA

Skip Davidson North Liberty, Town of




Kelly Jolliff St. Joseph County Health Department

Terry Meehan Safety Consultant

Richard Mah American Red Cross

Don Halk VEST Assitant Chief 2202

Brian Bryce VEST Officer 2204

Patrick Mangan First Response

Dave Coats Polis Center

Adam Campbell Polis Center The third meeting for the St. Joseph County Multi-Hazard Mitigation Planning team was advertised as a public input meeting. Legal Advertisements were placed in the South Bend Tribune newspaper. Also flyers were displayed in most of the public libraries for South Bend, Mishawaka and St. Joseph County. James Turnwald with the Michiana Area Council of Governments welcomed everyone to the meeting. Mr. Turnwald gave a brief introduction about the process and presented the St. Joseph County planning team. Finally, Mr. Turnwald introduced Dave Coats with the Polis Center. Mr. Coats presented a slideshow to introduce the public the Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan process and to show the risk analysis performed for St. Joseph County. Mr. Coats began his presentation by discussing why this plan is important and with background information on the



Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000. Mr. Coats then presented each disaster type and the potential impacts they could have on the communities. After the presentation, the planning team and the public had an opportunity to ask questions or offer comments on the development of the plan. Luther Taylor asked Mr. Coats when he thought the plan could be completed. Mr. Coats explained that this was the third meeting of five or six meetings. The goal is to have the plan completed by the end of the year. Mr. Coats explained that without a Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan the County, City and the Towns are ineligible for pre-disaster mitigation funds from FEMA and IDHS. Once the plan is completed and approved by FEMA these funds would be available for the County to apply for. At the end of the meeting, Mr. Coats encouraged the planning team to begin formulating strategies and mitigation activities for each potential disaster. Adam Campbell distributed a FEMA Region 5 packet entitled: Mitigation Ideas: Possible Mitigation Measures by Hazard Type. Mr. Turnwald also asked that all of the representatives turn in their community’s information on their ordinances at the fourth meeting. The meeting adjourned at 7:30 pm. The next meeting will be held on July 22, 2009 at 2:00 pm, at the County-City Building on the 7th floor in the Commissioner’s Conference Room (227 W. Jefferson Blvd., 7th Floor South Bend, IN 46601). James Turnwald, Regional Planner/Michiana Area Council of Governments



St. Joseph County Multi-Hazard Mitigation Meeting MEETING #4 July 22, 2009 at 3:30 pm Meeting Minutes Meeting #4 of the St. Joseph County Pre-Disaster Mitigation (PDM) Committee was held July 22, 2009 at 3:30 pm, at the County-City Building on the 7th floor in the Commissioner’s Conference Room (227 W. Jefferson Blvd., 7th Floor South Bend, IN 46601). Those present are listed in the following table.


Zach Dripps MACOG

Tom Baker New Carlise, Town of



Greg Hunt Mishawaka, City of (Fire Department)



Manuela Johnson IDHS Mitigation

John Buechler Polis Center

Adam Campbell Polis Center John Buechler with the Polis Center welcomed everyone to the meeting. He stated that Dave Coats who had been working with planning team was unable to make it this afternoon. Mr. Buechler stated that the purpose of this meeting is to suggest mitigation strategies for each community and for each disaster. James Turnwald with MACOG made sure that everyone had a copy of a FEMA Region 5 packet entitled: Mitigation Ideas: Possible Mitigation Measures by Hazard Type. The planning team decided to start discussing mitigation strategies for floods. Mr. Turnwald mentioned that ideas could be found on page four of the Region V: FEMA strategies handout. Luther Taylor and Greg Hunt mentioned that the area near Heather Lake needs to have a drainage assessment. Mr. Turnwald also mentioned that MACOG has met with INDOT and the Town of New Carlisle a few times regarding drainage and flooding on US 20. Next, the group discussed the topic of buy-outs in regards to flooding. A number of specific areas in the county were discussed, such as Kline Street, properties along Bowman Creek, etc. Mr. Buechler from the Polis Center asked whether the cities had real time gauges to better manage their drainage and runoff. Gary Gilot discussed the City of South Bend’s CSoNet project but mentioned the City does not have any real time gauges to monitor the river. Lastly, Mr. Gilot cited an instance last year where 100-year flood caused 200 foot of pavement, gas and water mains to be washed away on Boland Drive. The City is now looking to install emergency culvert pipes so an instance like this would not



happen again. While on the topic of flooding the team mentioned a number of strategies and completed projects for dam or levee failure. The main strategy for this hazard was determined to be improvements to local dams like Twin Branch and Century Center. After discussing strategies for floods, the planning team then moved on to the topic of earthquakes and HazMat. Mr. Taylor commented on the importance of a commodity flow study for County or on key transportation corridors. Also he noted that the County has an active LEPC which holds different Emergency Response Training. Mr. Hunt stated that it would be important to conduct an indirect impact study for an earthquake. He said that if the New Madrid fault where to cause an earthquake it may not be felt in the county but the county would be would experience secondary effects, such as loss of gas and oil, assisting evacuees/displaced people. Mr. Buechler noted that retrofitting of shelving in hospitals and emergency services is an inexpensive fix which can save millions of dollars. Next the team decided to talk about severe thunderstorms and tornadoes. Mr. Taylor stated that the municipalities already perform regular testing of sirens. However, there is no county-wide replacement or maintenance program for sirens. Robin Ackerson with the Town of Roseland mentioned that tree trimming was done throughout the county in the AEP and NIPSCO service areas. Soon after, Mr. Gilot mentioned that as the City of South Bend upgraded their signals to LEDs they also installed battery backups for vital signalized intersections. That way police and crews could focus on other areas during power outages rather than directing traffic. Finally, Luther Taylor brought up that storm shelters throughout the county should be assessed. Lastly, the team discussed winter storms and possible strategies for the communities. Vicki Kitchen talked about how the Town of North Liberty determined a plan for the use of snowmobiles in the event of winter emergency rescue. It was also mentioned that St. Joseph County has a plan for the use of 4wd vehicles in the event of winter emergencies. Gary Gilot cited that the city cross trains departments (i.e. Parks, Streets) and equips many city vehicles for winter weather plowing to increase the amount of plowing in the city. After that, it was discussed how the county has a Cooling and Warming Policy but it needs to be reviewed and updated. Please note, these minutes only capture a small portion of the discussion regarding mitigation strategies. Many topics and ideas were discussed for all communities and all the disasters. The meeting adjourned at 4:45 pm. The next meeting will be held on December 08, 2009 at 2:30 pm at the County-City Building on the 7th floor in the Commissioner’s Conference Room (227 W. Jefferson Blvd., 7th Floor South Bend, IN 46601). James Turnwald, Regional Planner/Michiana Area Council of Governments



St. Joseph County Multi-Hazard Mitigation Meeting SUPPLEMENTAL MEETING November 01, 2009 at 11:00 am Meeting Minutes A supplemental meeting of the St. Joseph County Pre-Disaster Mitigation (PDM) Committee was held November 01, 2009 at 11:00 am, at the County-City Building on the 11th floor in the MACOG’s Conference Room (227 W. Jefferson Blvd., 11th Floor South Bend, IN 46601). Those present are listed in the following table.

The Town of Indian Village is located off of Juniper Road just north of the University of Norte Dame campus and south of the I-80/90 Toll Road. According to the 2000 Census, the Town has a population of 144 residents. MACOG had made multiple attempts to have a representative for the Town attend all mitigation meetings. However, the town clerk, the only permanent employee, was in the process of retiring and no other representatives were able to attend. James Turnwald was able to speak with the Town Board president, Geri Oppenheim, before the third meeting of the planning team. Mr. Turnwald discussed the planning process from the first to the third meeting to update the Town. On November 1st, Mr. Turnwald was able to meet with Wade Stoller who is a Indian Village resident and who was also asked by the Indian Village Town Board to be a representative for the town. Mr. Turnwald began by outlining the Hazard Mitigation Planning process to date. Mr. Turnwald reviewed the following primary hazard types: Drought, Earthquake, Dam/Levee Failure, Flood, Severe Thunderstorm, Ground Failure, Severe Winter Storms, Tornado, Fire and Hazardous Materials Spills. He then explained that Indian Village should rank these hazards in order to the risk that they pose to the community. Mr. Stoller was given a worksheet that he was asked to fill-out by Meeting #5. Mr. Turnwald explained that the fourth meeting was used to suggest mitigation strategies for each community and for each disaster. He gave Mr. Stoller a copy of the FEMA Region 5 packet entitled: Mitigation Ideas: Possible Mitigation Measures by Hazard Type. Mr. Stoller stated that he would review the strategies that had been suggested thus far and make sure Indian Village had at least two for each disaster type. Please note, these minutes only capture a small portion of the discussion to update the Town of Indian Village and to help the Town participate in the planning process. Many topics and ideas were discussed regarding the planning process.


Wade Stoller Indian Village



The meeting adjourned at 12:30 pm. The next meeting will be held on December 08, 2009 at 2:30 pm at the County-City Building on the 7th floor in the Commissioner’s Conference Room (227 W. Jefferson Blvd., 7th Floor South Bend, IN 46601). James Turnwald, Regional Planner/Michiana Area Council of Governments



St. Joseph County Multi-Hazard Mitigation Meeting MEETING #5 December 09, 2009 at 3:30 pm Meeting Minutes Meeting #5 of the St. Joseph County Pre-Disaster Mitigation (PDM) Committee was held December 09, 2009 at 2:30 pm, at the County-City Building on the 7th floor in the Commissioner’s Conference Room (227 W. Jefferson Blvd., 7th Floor South Bend, IN 46601). Those present are listed in the following table.


Dale Freeman Mishawaka, City of (Fire Department)

Mike Jacobs St. Joseph County EMA




Wade Stoller Indian Village, Town of

John Carlson St. Joseph County GIS




Bob Mark Osceola, Town of James Turnwald with MACOG passed out copies of the mitigation plan and displayed the plan on the projector. The group took a few moments to review and read through the plan. Mr. Turnwald explained the different pages added from the first draft such as the compilation of mitigation strategies, meeting minutes and news articles. The planning team discussed these pages and no significant changes were made. Then Mr. Turnwald discussed how the main area that needed review was the priorities for the mitigation strategies. The team started to review all of the strategies and assign priority levels (low, moderate, high) to each one. While the team reviewed the priorities they also revised and expanded upon strategy ideas. For example, Luther Taylor suggested that Oak Road be added to the examples for upgrade drainage systems in various locations and areas for potential buyouts. Mr. Stoller with the Town of Indian Village gave Mr. Turnwald a list of strategies for the Town. Also Mr. Taylor requested an electronic copy of the plan. Mr. Turnwald stated that MACOG would provide all jurisdictions with electronic copies of the plan. Vicki Kitchen asked that there be a list of emergency contacts list in one of the appendices. The team felt that this would be a great attachment to expand upon the usefulness of the document.



Finally, Mr. Turnwald explained the final steps towards have a completed and FEMA approved mitigation plan. The meeting adjourned at 3:30 pm. The planning team stated that once final corrections and minor editing were made the document was ready for submittal. James Turnwald, Regional Planner/Michiana Area Council of Governments



Appendix B

Articles Published by Local Newspapers



First round of winter weather causes headaches for road crews By Troy Kehoe ([email protected])

Story Created: Dec 8, 2009 at 9:32 PM EST

Story Updated: Dec 9, 2009 at 6:28 AM EST

SOUTH BEND — Local drivers and plow crews were hit from all sides Tuesday, as a strong blast of winter blew into town. Snow, sleet, ice and strong winds combined to create a recipe for tricky travel. And, all indications show "old man winter" is just getting started.

Plow crews began salting area roads around 5pm, as sleet and freezing rain moved into the area. Then, they dropped their plows as the sleet turned to snow. Then, a wintry mix of sleet and snow gave rise to new fears about black ice.

That had some drivers changing their behavior behind the wheel.

"I've got a truck, so I really don't mind it," said Tom Walters of South Bend. "But, I can see where it would be a problem for people that can't get around as well."

"I don't mind the snow. But, I don't like the sleet and ice. It's too dangerous," said Elena Bowman of South Bend.

But, for private plow truck driver Fred Young, owner of Blade Enterprises of St. Joseph County, the blast of winter weather brought hope in what's been a tough season so far.

"We had no snowfall in November, and just a trace [Monday]. Compare that to last year when we had 16-18 inches on the ground already and everybody was excited," Young said.

"This is coming back to that 2005 type of thing where I only plowed 3 times all year. [That] worries us big time. Right now, you're using 6 month money to pay your bills, instead of getting new income," Young said.

Tuesday night, as he loaded up his plow truck with salt, he was hopeful that might change, and he could head out to finally make some money.

Instead, he only found more frustration.

"If we get two inches and it doesn't get any colder, it's going to melt on everything it hits," Young said.



It's the same headache the "pros" at the Elkhart Street Department had as they loaded their trucks with salt and sand.

"If it's just snow, that's easy," said Elkhart Street Commissioner Marty Morgan. "You push it off, add the material, and you're pretty good. But, with the freezing rain, you can wash off the material you just put on. Then, it can re-freeze. So, you have to keep adding as you go through a little bit."

Elkhart's Street Department uses a brine of "beet juice" sprayed over the salt and sand to help cut down on that problem. But, it only helps so much when the winter storm includes rain, Morgan said.

With conditions continuing to change over the next 48 hours, road crews say there isn't much they can do but keep salting and ask drivers to do their part to stay safe.

Bowman says she plans to do exactly that.

"I drive very slow, and I hope everybody behind me drives slow too," she said.

An even better idea, say police?

Stay off the roads completely. If you do have to drive, slow down and give yourself some extra time to get to your destination over the next few days.



Blizzard of 1978 'was like being on another planet' ADAM JACKSON Tribune Staff Writer Even 30 years later, just about every longtime resident has something to remind them of the Blizzard of 1978. For Stephen and Linda Berger, it is a 30-year-old son. Of all the wild tales that remain in the wake of that famous blizzard, it is tough to match the Bergers' story of a sudden onset of labor during the peak of the storm on Jan. 26, followed by a four-wheel-drive ride to Memorial Hospital. "We called the doctor who said to wait an hour, and if I was still having contractions, to call Civil Defense," Linda Berger remembered. Not the most heartening thing for a woman in labor to hear. But during that storm, which coupled more than 30 inches of heavy snow with howling winds topping 60 mph, people did what they had to do to make it through one of the worst snowstorms in this region's recorded history. Thirty years later, the blizzard still fascinates people like National Weather Service meteorologist Michael Lewis, who said that the event was caused by not one, but two separate storms that combined to create a blizzard of almost unbelievable power. Monster storm "It was really a monster of a system," he said. "In the beginning, there was a very cold area of low pressure coming through the northern Plains, bringing a lot of Arctic air down with it." That, by itself, wouldn't have been so bad. But at the same time a separate low pressure system formed in east Texas, pumping relatively warm, moisture-laden air north toward the region. It was a recipe, Lewis said, for a snowstorm of epic proportions. "The two storms started to phase together," he said. "It was the perfect combination." Bands of snow began to form in Michiana late in the evening of Jan. 25, and grew even stronger by early morning Jan. 26. But in a winter that had already been characterized by bouts of heavy snow and frigid temperatures, many residents tried to go about their daily business as usual, heading off to work and out for errands. But this was no ordinary snowstorm. People like Harv Ludwig, owner of Precision Piece Parts in



Mishawaka, realized that it was time to head home while you still could. "That storm was coming up from the south, and they said blizzard conditions, so I sent all my employees home and told them to call me when they got there," he said. "By the time they all called me, it was getting to the point where the drifts were getting pretty bad." Snow, falling at a rate of up to 2 inches per hour at times, was whipped horizontally on winds of up to 60 mph in places. At 5:30 a.m. on the 26th, Gov. Otis Bowen declared a statewide snow emergency and asked residents to stay home unless it was an emergency situation. By later in the morning, the situation had deteriorated to the point that the Indiana State Police declared that most if not all roads were impassable in much of the state. About the only way to get around was by four-wheel-drive or snowmobile, and even that was sometimes not enough. "I had a Ski-Doo snowmobile in my garage and decided to go for a ride," Dan Purkey recalled. "When I opened the garage door, there was a wall of snow about 3 feet high. "I gunned the sled and hit the snow, and only got about halfway down my driveway before I was buried in it." Others with snowmobiles made it out onto the deserted roads and volunteered their mounts for service with Civil Defense emergency responders. From running oxygen tanks to elderly shut-ins to ferrying patients to hospitals, the sound of buzzing two-stroke engines sounded like the trumpets of angels for those facing emergency medical issues during the blizzard. "I got a call around 5 a.m. that there was a pregnant woman whose water had broke," Clay Township resident Bill Liggett remembers. "The mother-to-be and three other people were waiting for me. "She told me she had never been on a snowmobile before. ... I told her to hang on and lean when I leaned. "To this day, I wonder if she had a boy or a girl," he said. Even if one didn't have a baby on the way or a medical emergency, there were other needs that forced people from their homes during the height of the storm. You have to eat somehow One image that many people remember from the blizzard was that of weary pedestrians struggling through waist-high drifts with a sled full of groceries in tow, bringing home staples like bread, milk (and for some, beer and cigarettes), to their waiting families. Dawn Dieter Bell, who was 9 when the blizzard hit, remembers the frenzy at the grocery store



after she and her family walked a mile through the raging storm to buy needed food. "There was a limit on staples like bread and milk so my parents told me to get one of each item," she recalled. "I remember a lot of adult-sized hands reaching for the bread, and I remember a loaf of bread being pulled out of my hand by an adult." Still, the Blizzard of '78 was a pretty good time to be a kid. Naturally, all schools were closed on the 26th, and many would remain so for nearly two weeks. Most kids were overjoyed. But Jeannine Porod, who lived in a rural area near Rolling Prairie, was a little disappointed, as she liked school and missed her friends. But the worst part for her didn't come until after the storm had passed, and she and her family were trapped for nearly five days with a rapidly dwindling food supply. "We were literally shut in and not able to get out of the front door," Porod, who was 16 at the time, recalled. "There was talk of possibly having to butcher some of my 4-H rabbits. "Luckily, it never came to (that). We couldn't have gotten to them anyway, because of the drifts," she said. The storm continued unabated throughout the day on the 26th, and was bolstered in many areas by lake-effect snow that blanketed the region after the main system had passed. By the time the skies cleared, 36 inches of snow was officially on the ground in South Bend, with some people reporting greater amounts. Many who lived through the event remember the surreal scene that greeted them as they ventured out into the snow. Drifts to the top of houses. Landmarks buried under peaks of fluffy white snow. And the silence as traffic was virtually removed from the streets. "Everything was absolutely covered — you couldn't see any parked cars, not even the rooftops of cars," Larry Chevrie remembered. "As I walked down the middle of Indiana Avenue, it was like being on another planet." With that much snow, and drifts reaching the second stories of homes and businesses, the digging out process was long and arduous. Some people were trapped in their workplaces and homes for days after the blizzard. Of course, that was not always a bad thing. Len Buszkiewicz, who was managing the old Howard Johnson hotel at the intersection of Cleveland Road and U.S. 31, found that being marooned in a hotel wasn't so bad. "I had a bed, a hot shower, a color TV, and a restaurant and bar right next door," he wrote. "If one had to be snowed in at work, they would be hard-pressed to find a better place to be marooned." A long time before thaw



It took days for life to return to normal, but slowly but surely, it did. Roads became great white canyons, as plows heaped snow into 10-foot-high banks that would take until April to melt. Deep paths appeared on sidewalks and driveways, and dump truck drivers worked overtime taking mounds of surplus snow to the St. Joseph River to be dumped. Some dug out a little faster than others, however. Postal carrier Ray Chamberlin of Mishawaka, who wore out a pair of boots walking his route that winter, remembers writing a poem for one resident who had shoveled his driveway clean but neglected to do the same to the walk in front of his house: "A customer said to me today 'God put it there, God will take it away' I said I like that kind of thinkin' Tell you what I'll do, I'll just hold on to your mail — maybe God will deliver it to you." Chamberlin said the man laughed, but the walk was cleaned the very next day. And what about Linda and her wild ride to the hospital? She made it just fine, and delivered son Stephen Jr., who is now a South Bend police officer, at 12:07 a.m. Jan. 27. Proud papa Stephen Berger Sr. still insists he wasn't nervous for a second. "There was a nurse that lived in our neighborhood," he said. "I figured that if we couldn't make it to the hospital, we'd just head over there."



New Carlisle, the snow capital of Indiana?

By John Paul ([email protected])

By WSBT News1

Story Created: Jan 15, 2009 at 6:35 PM EST Story Updated: Jan 19, 2009 at 6:28 PM EST

NEW CARLISLE — Many students in the WSBT viewing area received a snow day Thursday, including those who live in New Carlisle. But they're no strangers to the snow. In fact, a new article has listed their town as the unofficial snow capital of Indiana.

New Carlisle receives about 100 inches of snow, on average, every year. Accumulations and on and off flurries Thursday put them well on their way to that mark.

Just outside the high school in New Carlisle, snowboarders were on the hills.

"I come out here a lot when there is snow," said Adam Rinehart. "I've been coming out here a lot."

And on the snow-covered baseball diamonds, the first pitch will have to wait.

The rest of the town digs itself out.

"When we get hit, we get hit pretty hard," said Chris Scofield.

Scofield is pretty red in the face, after plowing snow from his driveway for about 40 minutes.

"Just another day in paradise," he said. "This is pretty typical; this isn't very much snow for us."

Maybe not — when you're called the snow capital of Indiana.

"Back in the late 60s and the early 70s, the Jaycees named it the Snow Capital of Indiana," said Judy Lambert.

Lambert, a waitress at the Miller Family Cafe, said the Jaycees of LaPorte claimed they were the state's true snow capital.

So New Carlisle officials gave up the wintry distinction.

"They should've fought it because we are the snow capital!" said Lambert.



WSBT meteorologists say New Carlisle receives nearly 100 inches of snow every year.

"I just moved here, and there's more snow than I'm used to," said Adam Rinehart.

Adam only moved 10 miles from the east, where the typical snow average is 76 inches.

"We're right in the snowbelt," said Scofield.

While Wednesday night's blast of winter blanketed the town, George Miller of the Miller Family Cafe said it doesn't compare to the winter of 1978.

"When that happened the whole town was shut down for days and you had to like dig a tunnel to get into your house," said Miller. "It was really something."

"For three or four days, maybe even longer, semis were lined up on the street," said Lambert. "Coming in and going out on both sides."

With mounds of snow on Route 20, the main road through New Carlisle, it's hard to distinguish the record-breaking snow.

"It was my third time out this week, so far," said Scofield.

Until spring training, the folks here, shoveling and plowing, have one thing on their minds — "warm thoughts."



NWS extends area flood warnings SBT24/7 News Report By Beth Boehne


The National Weather Service extended flood warnings Saturday for area rivers, including the Yellow River at Plymouth and Knox in Indiana, the Elkhart River at Goshen and the St. Joseph River in affected Michigan and Indiana counties.

For the St. Joseph River at South Bend, the flood warning continues until next Saturday. The NWS does not expect the river to fall below its 5.5-foot flood stage until Friday morning, and it remained at 8.6 feet and steady Saturday.

For other area rivers:

The flood warning is extended for the St. Joseph River in Niles until Friday morning. Early Saturday, the river was at 13.2 feet and not expected to fall below flood stage of 11.0 feet until Thursday morning. The Yellow River at Knox carries a flood warning until Tuesday evening. On Saturday the river was at 12.1 feet and is not expected to fall below flood stage of 10.0 feet until late Monday night. The St. Joseph River at Elkhart is expected to stay in flood stage until it falls below its flood stage of 24.0 feet Wednesday evening. The Yellow River at Plymouth is expected to drop below its flood stage of 13.0 feet Sunday morning at 1 a.m. It remained at 14.0 feet before noon on Saturday.

Flood warnings also continue for the Tippecanoe River above Winamac, the Elkhart River at Goshen and the Kankakee River.



Heavy rain washes away road, causes water main break and gas leak by Sarah Rice ([email protected])

Story Created: Sep 14, 2008 at 8:01 PM EST Story Updated: Sep 15, 2008 at 8:27 AM EST

SOUTH BEND — A boil water advisory is in effect for the northwest part of South Bend after a water main break Sunday.

Heavy rain took out a large section of Boland Drive between Portage and Riverside. It washed away parts of a gas line and a water main.

Residents who live in the area bordered by Bendix to the west, Lathrop to the south, Riverside to the east, and Auten Road are affected. The boil water advisory is in effect until Wednesday.

It all made for a hectic day for workers and neighbors. It's what engineers call a 100-year storm.

"It's really something," said neighbor Dave Balogh.

But the heavy rain was too much for some areas to handle. Within minutes the water washed away a section of Boland Drive.

"There's about 200-foot of pavement that's missing," explained Public Works Director Gary Gilot.

It took parts of a water main and a gas line with it, leaving a gas leak.

"Then police knocked on the door and asked me to get out as quickly as possible," neighbor Gail Mandell told WSBT News.

Mandell was one of a handful of neighbors caught off guard. She was asked to evacuate as a precautionary measure.

"I've heard it said that in cases of emergency your ordinary rational brain just vacates. And I think my did," said Mandell.

But hundreds of others dealt with another problem. As the water main washed away, officials say it caused a drop in water pressure.



"My son had to use the restroom and there was no water. So, at that point we started calling around the neighborhood and realized a lot of people didn't have anything," said neighbor Donna Fecher.

The heavy rain really blasted Pinhook Park. What's known as "the lagoon" now looks more like a lake. There's even heavy debris floating from the washout.

It was a site that some people had to see to believe.

"I've never seen this much water in Pinhook. I mean I've lived here all my whole life. It's unbelievable," said Balogh.

"We were kind of worried and I mean we had so much rain. And you never know what that's going to mean," said Fecher.

Boland Drive between Portage and Riverside will be blocked off for the next several days.

Police say it's safe for neighbors to return to their homes. City officials hope to prevent another washout by installing larger drainage pipes.



Overflowing pond threatens homes in St. Joseph County neighborhood by Sarah Rice ([email protected])


ST. JOSEPH COUNTY — Flooding is still a concern for many homeowners. Near Osceola, located in eastern St. Joseph County, an overflowing pond is threatening homes.

It's been a stressful couple of days for about a half dozen people in the Heather Lake subdivision.

The heavy rains and melting snow made for a dangerous combination, and one neighbor told WSBT News he wasn't going to take any chances.

You can't beat the sites and sounds of Mother Nature, especially when it's in your own backyard.

Just ask Mark Kois.

"Oh, it's absolutely beautiful,” he said.

But this beauty is becoming more bothersome for neighbors. The recent rain and warm weather was just too much for the man-made pond to handle, causing it to overflow into yards.

“Another six inches and we probably would have had been standing in a little water right now,” Kois told WSBT News.

Neighbors knew they had to act fast. They used a park bench, which is now under water, as a way to gauge how fast and how much the water was rising.

"From yesterday morning about 8 or 9 o'clock to about 1 or 2 in the afternoon, it probably rose about two feet,” Kois said. “It went up very quickly."

To help get the water out, the developer put in a pump system.

"Probably pumps somewhere in the neighborhood of 700, 800 gallons a minute,” explained Chief Dale Wallick of the Penn Township Fire Department. “They're actually pumping out of the lake and they're pumping it in back in a retention area in the back part of the subdivision."



Neighbors also took action. They put up sandbags around their homes to keep the water from getting too close to their foundation.

"Yesterday the pastor from Grace Brethren Church who lives across the way, he had the members of his congregation sandbag the front of his house,” Kois said. “And I went over to his home last night about 6 o'clock and asked for help."

And with Mother Nature's unpredictable behavior, Kois says it's always better to be safe than sorry.

"Thank goodness we didn't have to see if it had to work,” Kois said.

Kois told WSBT News the developer's overflow system doesn't work.

The developer says there's a drain pipe that runs within the subdivision. In order for it to work, the water must reach a certain level. In this case it did not.

WSBT News spoke to the surveyor with the St. Joseph County Drainage Board. He says if that's the case, they will go out and lower that level so this won't happen again.



Airport runway loses lights during thunderstorm Reporter: Ryan Famuliner Email Address: [email protected]

Lightning strikes more than twice and the South Bend Regional Airport is still feeling the effects of summer storms that tore through Michiana Wednesday night.

Authorities believe lightning caused the airport's runway lighting system to stop functioning, which left many planes and passengers grounded. Authorities say a couple dozen flights in and out of the airport have been cancelled since last night's storm, forcing many people to re-schedule their flights.It has caused a bit of a back-up, but airport officials hope things will return to normal very soon.

It is hard for an airport to function when pilots cannot see where to land. With no runway lights, flights were cancelled Wednesday night.

"When you have lightning strikes like this, it's just very difficult to deal with. I mean, we do the very best we can to make sure we stay open, but sometimes this happens, and the last time we've had something like this, it's been at least 5 years," said Mike Guljes, with South Bend Regional Airport.

Once the sun came out Thursday morning, flights resumed but foggy weather caused even more cancellations, with the runway lights still not working.

One passenger, flying to Arizona to see family, was delayed 11 hours. "My uncle is not in great health, but I try to get up there once a year to visit with him. So he was a little disappointed I wasn't getting in at 11:00 clock this morning, and instead, it's 10:00 tonight," said Brenda Frays, around noon, as she waited for her 6:00 p.m. flight. Authorities say that many flights leaving South Bend were cancelled and others that were meant to land there were diverted.

”We have flights that divert to South Bend when other airports have difficulties, and they reciprocate in situations like this. The good thing is the airlines will take care of the passengers," Guljes said.

That can be quite a task with at least ten cancelled flights and passengers who would rather not spend a full day at the airport.

"I mean we needed the rain so bad, but of all times, it's just I don't know, what are you gonna do? I'll be anxious to get to Tucson and lay by the pool, and spend time with my uncle," Frays said.

Airport authorities tell us the runway lights were finally repaired Thursday afternoon and should be functioning for the evening's flights. There should not be any more cancellations related to Wednesday night's storms.



National Weather Service Confirms Tornado By WSBT News1

Story Created: May 16, 2007 at 8:09 PM EST Story Updated: May 18, 2007 at 8:25 AM EST

(WSBT) The National Weather Service confirmed a tornado touched down near New Carlisle Tuesday.

Many people spent Wednesday cleaning up the damage left behind by the powerful storm.

Ronald Black captured what he’s convinced was a tornado near his Michigan City home.

“It didn't seem to touchdown, it blew by pretty fast, but I grabbed my camera and got a quick shot of it there,” explained Black.

That same storm system was on its way towards New Carlisle, where a confirmed tornado touched down.

“Don't surprise me, because we saw the tornado. When you see it, you don't have to be convinced it's there,” said Ken Sebasty Sr.

The tornado caused about $50,000 in damage at Sebasty’s farm.

It knocked the roof off his barn, blowing it more than a quarter of a mile away.

“If the silo wasn't over there, it would all be gone,” commented Sebasty.

A more than 5,000 pound irrigation system was blown over, and a tree now sits on the house.

When the tornado came through, Sebasty was sitting in his truck.

He said, “I thought it was going to pick my pick-up truck right up, and I was going to go for a ride.”

However, as he surveys the damage, he says it's all a part of being a farmer.

“It's quite an experience, and it's not the first time,” notes Sebasty.



Severe weather sparks tornado concerns

Fox 28

Posted: Aug 19, 2009 11:33 PM EDT

A scare for St. Joseph County residents after tornado sirens went off Wednesday night.

Severe storms were moving through the area at the time. County Emergency Management Services activated the sirens, after a possible funnel cloud was spotted near S.R. 933 and Douglas Rd. in South Bend. There was no tornado warning issued by the National Weather Service and there was no confirmation that it was truly a funnel cloud.

A possible tornado did touch down in Porter County Tuesday night. Police in Chesterton are reporting several instances of damage.

All watches and warnings were lifted for Michiana just before 10 p.m. Wednesday. FOX 28 Chief Meteorologist John Fischer says we can experience more rounds of severe weather on Thursday.

Remember, you can track severe weather in your neighborhood right here on FOX28.com with our I-Track interactive radar feature.



Crumstown Residents Reminisce on 6-Year Anniversary of Tornadoes by Sarah Rice ([email protected])

Story Created: Oct 24, 2007 at 5:15 PM EST Story Updated: Oct 31, 2007 at 8:42 PM EST

(WSBT) October 24, 2007 marks the sixth anniversary of tornadoes that touched down in St. Joseph County.

Crumstown Highway was hit hard, with homes and businesses damaged or destroyed. People who live there say rebuilding wasn't always easy.

"It doesn't seem possible like it was six years [ago]," said Renita Jaworski, owner of Jaworski Meat Market. "I remember it like it was yesterday of course."

"It's hard to believe it's been six years," said Crumstown resident Ken Kolacz.

A typical fall afternoon changed the small town of Crumstown forever. The tornadoes ripped through the area, tearing roofs off homes, snapping trees and destroying businesses.

One of the hardest hit areas was Jaworski's Meat Market, leaving a trail of devastation and months of rebuilding.

"It really looked like a war zone. The health department condemned the building and everything in it," Jaworski said. "So yeah, we had to inventory everything and then tear down and start from scratch."

But after a little more than a year of rebuilding, a brand new store was up and running — one that owners say is bigger and better than ever.

And just across the street, Betty and Adam Kolacz were also forced to rebuild their home. But after losing some precious possessions, they say it's just not the same.

"We have no more baby pictures, no more family pictures, those are all gone," Betty Kolacz said. "So that's what's hard."

It's easy for them to sympathize with the people of Nappanee. "It's a struggle and you can get disappointed, but [take it] day by day and you can do it," said Jaworski.

"You know you lost a lot, but you just go on and hopefully things get better," said Ken Kolacz.

And after six years, the pictures show just how much staying patient and positive has paid off.



Friday's storms leave a mess for St. Joe Co. residents by Kelli Cheatham ([email protected]) WSBT News1

Story Created: Jun 19, 2009 at 6:18 PM EST Story Updated: Jun 19, 2009 at 6:18 PM EST

ST. JOSEPH COUNTY — Area emergency response departments dealt with numerous reports of trees and limbs down over the course of Friday’s storms. One of the hardest hit areas appears to be in southern St. Joseph County. People who live in the neighborhood just north of Southlawn Cemetery and east of U.S. 31 are still cleaning up. They say some powerful straight-line winds barreled through very early Friday morning.

“It sounded like a train. And it just lasted for about 10 minutes and it was over,” said Jim Hall, who had a tree fall on his car.It was a powerful punch from Mother Nature.

“About 4:20, 4:30 this morning, I just heard a big crack and it was over. Happened that fast,” said Chris Hawley, talking about a huge tree that was uprooted in his front yard. Uprooted trees, mangled power lines and scattered limbs tell the story best.

“It sounded like stuff was hitting the windows and kind of like the windows were going to break, said Meghan Miller, who was awakened by the storm.

Like Hall, a tree also fell on Robert Kokh’s car. “I thought it might be a tornado because there was a loud, like a whishing noise,” he said.

From southern St. Joe County to Mishawaka, crews worked through the rain to clean up. If nothing else, neighbors can say the power outage and damage did one good thing — bring them together.

“I checked on my neighbors — they're elderly — made sure they're ok. Checked on some friends behind me, made sure they were fine,” said Hall.

Residents are also looking on the bright side of what they say could have been much worse.

It's incredible that nobody was hurt, said Hawley. “I mean, all these trees are lying parallel to the houses — they could have been perpendicular and right on top of them, so we got lucky.

It has also been a very good day for local tree removal companies. In one neighborhood there four or five different companies sawing, cutting and hauling away downed tree limbs.

As far as power outages, the latest update from AEP indicates that many people are still without power.



HazMat Crews Called to St. Joseph Regional Medical Center in Mishawaka

By Tiffany Griffin

Story Created: Nov 20, 2007 at 7:40 AM EST Story Updated: Nov 27, 2007 at 1:19 PM EST

(SBT24/7News) Fumes from paint used too close to the doors of the emergency room at St. Joseph Regional Medical Center Mishawaka apparently made some people ill Tuesday morning.

Six emergency room staff members became ill about 5:50 a.m. from sealant being applied to a concrete pad that leads into the emergency room, according to hospital spokesman Mike Stack.

The eyes of those overcome by the fumes were watering, and they were wheezing and vomiting, Stack said, adding that when he checked on them later, they were laughing and appeared OK.

One patient in the emergency room at the time was not affected, Stack said. One patient brought to the ER by ambulance was turned away and taken to a South Bend hospital.

Fans were put in the emergency room and the entrance and firefighters left the hospital around 8:30 a.m.

The Mishawaka emergency room remained open for walk-in patients, Stack said, but critical patients were being taken to South Bend. The emergency room reopened for all patients at 11 a.m.

The South Bend HazMat team responded to the call. One HazMat unit was reported to have gotten into an accident on the way to the scene at the corner of Logan and Lincoln Way. No one was hurt in the accident.

Mishawaka has a contract with South Bend that calls for the South Bend HazMat Team to assist Mishawaka.



HazMat crews clean up after truck leak

Fox 28

Posted: Sep 09, 2009 6:35 AM EDT

South Bend fire department along with the HazMat crew had to respond to a leak early Wednesday morning.

A truck stopped at a gas station near the intersection of Brick Road and the U.S. 20 bypass.

The driver noticed a leak and immediately called police around 4 a.m.

The truck was leaking resin, which the fire department said is basically packing glue.

South Bend Fire Department Battalion Chief of Special Operations Mike Damiano says, "It was highly flammable, so we took the necessary precautions. You know, evacuate the facility and secure the area."

Because the material was flammable, crews had to shut down a block near that intersection for three hours while they secured it.

The driver was treated for inhalation of the chemical at the scene.



Road closed near South Bend treatment plant after chemical leak By JIM MEENAN, Tribune Staff Writer By WSBT 24/7 News Story Created: Jul 4, 2009 at 12:07 PM EST Story Updated: Jul 4, 2009 at 12:25 PM EST

SOUTH BEND — An orange puff of smoke coming from a white tank of South Bend’s Wastewater Treatment Plant on the east side of Riverside Drive has resulted in Riverside being closed for the day from Cleveland Road to Boland Drive.

A HazMat team, ambulance and two fire engines were called to the scene near Building 14 and Gate 7 about 10 a.m. Saturday after workers noticed an orange puff of smoke coming from the white tank, which is one of the final clarifiers in the treatment process.

But by 11 a.m., all were dismissed, with the road remaining closed.

The chemical involved in the leak is ferrous chloride, said Jack Dillon, director of environmental services for the city. The chemical is used in the wastewater treatment process.

“We called the vendor and he said to just let it puff away,” Dillon said. “It is not hazardous to anyone unless they get up there in it.”

The vendor said that as long as people stay a 150-foot radius away from it, “they should be fine,” Dillon said, adding he believed the fence on the property was about that distance.

“We have people here 24 hours a day” who will monitor it, he said. “We will open the street as soon as we can.”

Dillon said he did not know what caused the orange puff of smoke, which was still emanating from the tank an hour later and was barely visible.

Dillon indicated the chemical has been in the tank a year without any problems.

“The vendor said to let it sit,” he said. “It should not cause any problem for the treatment and is of no danger to the public as far as I can tell.”



This flyer was posted at most public libraries and government offices in St. Joseph County



Appendix C

Adopting Resolution



Appendix D

Historical Hazards from NCDC



Location or County

Date Time Type Mag Dth Inj PrD CrD Description

St. Joseph 2/3/2007 10:00 AM

Blizzard N/A 0 0 0K 0K

Blizzard conditions were reported by officals throughout the county, especially in outlying areas, causing significant travel problems. Wind gusts as high as 50 mph were reported causing zero visibilities and nearly impossible travel. In addition, wind chills of 15 to 25 degrees below zero were common.A blast of arctic air moved across the Great Lakes. An upper level system provided the support for widespread snowfall across uch of the region. Some locations across far northern Indiana experienced blizzard conditions, especially in outlying areas with some roads being impassable. Bitter windchills of 15 to 30 degrees below zero were also common as winds gusted to near 50 mph at times in some areas.

St. Joseph 2/3/2007 10:00 AM

Blizzard N/A 0 0 0K 0K

Blizzard conditions were reported by officals throughout the county, especially in outlying areas, causing significant travel problems. Wind gusts as high as 50 mph were reported causing zero visibilities and nearly impossible travel. In addition, wind chills of 15 to 25 degrees below zero were common.A blast of arctic air moved across the Great Lakes. An upper level system provided the support for widespread snowfall across uch of the region. Some locations across far northern Indiana experienced blizzard conditions, especially in outlying areas with some roads being impassable. Bitter windchills of 15 to 30 degrees below zero were also common as winds gusted to near 50 mph at times in some areas.

St. Joseph 1/12/2005 9:37 AM

Dense Fog N/A 0 0 420K 0

Widespread dense fog developed across much of Northern Indiana during the morning hours. Visibility was reported to be at or near zero in many locations. Numerous accidents were reported as a result of the fog. The fog was indirectly responsible for a total of 2 deaths and at least 11 injuries. A 32 vehicle pile-up occurred on the Indiana Toll Road, 4 miles east of State Route 9 near the Indiana/Michigan state line at approximately 11 am EST. A 27 year old male was killed when the car he was traveling in as a passenger was crushed between 2 semi's involved in the pile up. 8 other injuries were reported in this pile up. 2 ambulances were also involved in the pile up when they were struck by semi-trucks. None of the emergency workers were injured, but one ambulance was severely damaged. In a seperate accident in Noble county, a 54 year old woman was killed when her car was broadsided by another vehicle in near zero visibility. Three other accidents resulted in one injury each in various parts of De Kalb county. The unusually dense fog was the result of very warm and moist air moving over a rapidly diminshing snowpack.

St. Joseph 1/14/1994 0 Extreme Cold N/A 3 0 5.0M 0

Bitter cold weather settled over Indiana during the third week of January. Many locations recorded daily minimum temperatures below zero each day from January 14 to January 21. The coldest temperatures were recorded on the morning of January 19, when a new record minimum for the state of Indiana was established with a reading of -36 at the National Weather Service cooperative weather station at New Whiteland in Johnson County. Other record low temperatures recorded on the 19th included an all time record low of -27 at Indianapolis, and record lows for the day of -17 at Evansville, -18 at Fort Wayne, and -21 at South Bend. Some locations with official temperatures of -30 or colder on the 19th included Cambridge City with -35, Martinsville with -35, Spencer with -33, the Bloomington Airport with -33, Salem with -32, Rushville with -31, and Brookville with -31. Three people in Vanderburgh County died as a result of the extreme cold. A 79 year woman died from hypothermia in her home, a 77 year old male man died from exposure while working on his farm, and a 46 year old male froze to death after he passed out in his car. (F79P)(M77O)(M46V) INZ030-032>092,16,1600EST-* Central and,17,1200EST,,,0,?,5,0,Heavy Snow/Ice Storm Southern Indiana A major winter storm brought heavy snow to central and southern Indiana. In parts of southern Indiana one-quarter to one-half inch of freezing rain accumulated before the precipitation changed to snow. Most of central and southern Indiana received between six and nine inches of snow. However, heavier amounts fell in extreme southern Indiana, with 16 inches being reported over Harrison, Floyd, and Clark Counties, and close to a foot of snow being reported over the southern parts of Spencer and Perry Counties. Many businesses and schools were closed for several days following the storm, with some schools remaining closed for an entire week. Many roads in southern Indiana were impassable for several days following the storm. IOWA

St. Joseph 2/2/1996 12:00 Extreme Cold N/A 0 0 0 0 Bitter cold weather occurred in northwest and north central Indiana February 2 through February 4. At



Location or County


AM South Bend records set included; record low of -13 on February 3rd, record low maximum of -7 on February 3rd (this was the lowest maximum for the month of February) and record low of -13 on February 4th. There were no known fatalities from the cold.

South Bend 5/9/1996 3:00 PM

Flash Flood N/A 0 0 0 0 None Reported

South Bend 5/16/1996 12:00 PM

Flash Flood N/A 0 0 0 0 Thunderstorms produced heavy rainfall over parts of Northern Indiana. As much as 1.5 inches of rain fell in a one hour period at the South Bend airport. Evacuations from flooding were reported at Mishawaka Indiana.

St. Joseph 6/9/1996 5:00 PM

Flash Flood N/A 0 0 0 0

Heavy rain caused flash flooding in north central Indiana. Three to six inches of rain fell. The cooperative observer at Goshen reported 3.5 inches of rain in 2 hours. A trailer park was flooded in Mishawaka. The heavy rainfall threatened the failure of a 2.5 acre retention pond south of Mishawaka near Route 351 the following morning.

St. Joseph 7/17/1996 9:00 PM

Flash Flood N/A 0 0 0 0 None Reported

Mishawaka 7/18/2007 23:44 PM

Flash Flood N/A 0 0 10K 0K

Several roads in the city of Mishawaka were flooded and temporarily closed by flowing water, including Hickory road.Weak, but persistent warm air advection moved into the region extending from eastern Iowa into northern Indiana. Extreme instability developed to the west across Illinois where CAPEs exceeded 5000 j/kg and LI's reached -10 C. As the instability advected east along this area of isentropic lift, thunderstorms rapidly developed. Due to the slow movement of these storms as well as precipitable water values at or above 2 inches, widepsread heavy rain was observed in many locations. With northwest flow aloft, the line drifted south and accelerated as a wave approached the area. While flooding ended up the main threat, embedded wind damage was observed in a few of the stronger storms.

Wyatt 1/8/2008 2:00 AM

Flash Flood N/A 0 0 10K 0K

Nearly three inches of rain, combined with snow melt, allowed for flooding problems for much of St Joseph county. US 331 just south of Wyatt, was closed for a short period of time due to flood waters covering and flowing over the roadway.An unseasonable moist atmosphere and slow moving cold front set the stage for the training of rain and thunderstorms across much of northern Indiana. In addition, a dense snowpack rapidly melted as a result of the warm temperatures and rainfall, resulting in rapid rises on river and streams as well as widespread problems with flooding of low areas and ditches. Rainfall amounts ranging from a couple inches to locally over 7 inches was reported, with the highest amounts in and around White county.



Location or County


St. Joseph 1/1/1993 0 Flood N/A 0 0 5.0M 0

Northern and,07 West Central IN Near major flooding developed during early January in northern Indiana. Extensive flooding occurred along the Kankakee, Elkhart, Tippecanoe, Yellow, both St. Joseph Rivers, and numerous lakes in northeast Indiana. At least 1000 residential units were affected by the flooding and over 20 evacuations resulted. The antecedent conditions for this flood were reminiscent of the late December 1990 and early January 1991 major flood. Cold weather arrived Christmas Eve and froze the ground. Snow cover of three to seven inches in northern Indiana melted quickly at the end of December, with rain of two to three inches occurring on the 30th and 31st. Significant flooding developed along northern Indiana rivers by January 1. Just as the rivers were beginning to fall, an additional 1.5 to 2.5 inches of rain fell across the entire state on the 3rd and 4th. This produced near major flooding in northern Indiana, and significant widespread flooding across central and western Indiana. The hardest hit counties were LaGrange, Steuben and Noble. Three to four hundred lake side homes were flooded in these counties because of rises in lake levels. Rome City in northern Noble County was especially hard hit. Damage caused by the flooded lakes was estimated at 2 million dollars. Nearly 150 homes at Sumava Resorts in northern Newton County were threatened by a weakened dike. Local officials sandbagged business districts in Plymouth and South Bend to prevent flood damage. Nine families were evacuated in Pulaski County because of flooding. The Tippecanoe River flooded nearly 200 homes in Carroll County. The Wabash River isolated about 60 families near Lodi in northern Parke County. The flooding affected numerous local and several state roads. Flooding along portions of the Kankakee and both St. Joseph Rivers was the highest since 1985. Flooding along other streams in northern Indiana and the Wabash River in western Indiana was the highest since the flood of December 1990-January 1991.

St. Joseph 6/26/1998 1:50 AM

Flood N/A 0 0 0K 0 BRIDGE REPORTED UNDER WATER IN NEW CARLISLE.

St. Joseph 2/27/1995 2000 Glaze N/A 0 0 0 0 Light glazing of ice on trees and power lines caused brief and minor power outages, several car accidents and several school closures.

St. Joseph 5/6/1961 1900 Hail 1.75 in.

0 0 0 0 None Reported

St. Joseph 4/17/1963 1700 Hail 3.50 in.


St. Joseph 4/22/1963 1945 Hail 0.75 in.


St. Joseph 6/21/1964 810 Hail 1.00 in.


St. Joseph 6/21/1964 2010 Hail 1.00 in.


St. Joseph 4/11/1965 1800 Hail 1.50 in.


St. Joseph 6/2/1971 630 Hail 1.75 in.


St. Joseph 6/6/1971 1410 Hail 1.75 in.


St. Joseph 6/28/1971 2109 Hail 1.75 in.


St. Joseph 3/31/1973 2020 Hail 0.75 in.


St. Joseph 6/14/1974 1745 Hail 0.75 in.




Location or County


St. Joseph 3/20/1976 1530 Hail 1.75 in.


St. Joseph 7/26/1978 1350 Hail 1.75 in.


St. Joseph 4/5/1979 1420 Hail 1.75 in.


St. Joseph 8/5/1979 850 Hail 1.00 in.


St. Joseph 5/12/1980 1000 Hail 1.75 in.


St. Joseph 5/13/1980 1317 Hail 1.75 in.


St. Joseph 6/2/1980 22 Hail 1.75 in.


St. Joseph 6/2/1980 38 Hail 1.75 in.


St. Joseph 6/2/1980 40 Hail 1.75 in.


St. Joseph 9/22/1980 1438 Hail 0.75 in.


St. Joseph 7/29/1983 1707 Hail 0.75 in.


St. Joseph 7/31/1983 1805 Hail 0.75 in.


St. Joseph 7/31/1983 1905 Hail 0.75 in.


St. Joseph 3/28/1985 1800 Hail 0.75 in.


St. Joseph 8/24/1985 1805 Hail 1.75 in.


St. Joseph 4/25/1986 2040 Hail 0.75 in.


St. Joseph 9/26/1986 1337 Hail 0.75 in.


St. Joseph 9/26/1986 1400 Hail 0.75 in.


St. Joseph 6/12/1987 1940 Hail 1.00 in.


St. Joseph 4/3/1988 1150 Hail 1.75 in.


St. Joseph 10/16/1988 1615 Hail 1.75 in.


St. Joseph 10/16/1988 1645 Hail 0.75 in.


St. Joseph 3/14/1989 1520 Hail 1.50 in.




Location or County


St. Joseph 3/17/1989 2012 Hail 1.50 in.


St. Joseph 7/9/1989 135 Hail 0.75 in.


St. Joseph 7/11/1989 1210 Hail 0.75 in.


St. Joseph 7/16/1990 1753 Hail 1.50 in.


St. Joseph 7/16/1990 1810 Hail 1.00 in.


St. Joseph 7/16/1990 1850 Hail 1.75 in.


St. Joseph 3/27/1991 1815 Hail 0.75 in.


St. Joseph 6/14/1992 1655 Hail 0.75 in.


St. Joseph 6/14/1992 1710 Hail 0.75 in.


Lakeville 6/13/1994 1644 Hail 1.75 in.

0 0 0 0

Riddles Lake 6/17/1994 1740 Hail 1.00 in.

0 0 0 0 Hail caused crop damage.

Lakeville 6/17/1994 1750 Hail 0.75 in.

0 0 0 0 Winds up to 60 to 70 mph blew down several trees.

South Bend 7/6/1994 731 Hail 0.75 in.

0 0 0 0 Sixty mph winds downed trees and power lines.

Michiana Regional Air

7/6/1994 732 Hail 0.75 in.

0 0 0 0 Sixty mph winds downed trees and power lines.

Mishawaka 7/6/1994 1430 Hail 0.75 in.

0 0 5K 0 Sixty mph winds downed trees and power lines.

St. Joseph 9/26/1994 1605 Hail 1.75 in.

0 0 0 0 Hail fell at Locust and Ireland.

Culver 9/26/1994 1720 Hail 1.00 in.

0 0 0 0 Hail fell at Locust and Ireland.

St. Joseph 9/26/1994 1730 Hail 0.75 in.

0 0 0 0 Hail fell at Miami and Jackson Roads.

South Bend 4/12/1996 1:00 PM

Hail 1.75 in.


St. Joseph 4/12/1996 12:57 PM

Hail 1.00 in.



Hail 1.00 in.



Hail 1.75 in.


South Bend 5/16/1996 11:50 AM

Hail 1.00 in.




Location or County


South Bend 5/16/1996 12:06 PM

Hail 1.00 in.


New Carlisle 7/15/1996 3:40 PM

Hail 1.75 in.

0 0 0 0

South Bend 7/15/1996 3:58 PM

Hail 1.00 in.


Mishawaka 7/15/1996 4:15 PM

Hail 1.00 in.


Lakeville 7/15/1996 4:55 PM

Hail 1.50 in.



Hail 0.75 in.

0 0 0 0 Strong thunderstorms that moved through northwest Indiana during the afternoon hours, produced hail, strong winds and locally heavy rain.


Hail 1.75 in.


South Bend 8/16/1997 8:03 PM

Hail 1.75 in.


South Bend 6/12/1998 4:22 PM

Hail 1.75 in.


Osceola 6/29/1998 7:22 PM

Hail 1.00 in.

0 0 0 0 SEVERAL TREES DOWN IN TOWN.

Granger 7/21/1998 7:02 PM

Hail 0.88 in.


South Bend 8/24/1998 3:15 PM

Hail 0.75 in.

0 0 0 0 SEVERAL POWER POLES SNAPPED OFF BY HIGH WINDS.

Sbn Michiana Arpt

4/10/1999 7:03 PM

Hail 0.75 in.


South Bend 4/10/1999 7:05 PM

Hail 1.25 in.


Sbn Michiana Arpt

4/10/1999 7:06 PM

Hail 1.25 in.



Hail 0.75 in.



Hail 1.00 in.


Osceola 4/10/1999 7:20 PM

Hail 1.00 in.



Hail 1.00 in.


Osceola 4/10/1999 7:28 PM

Hail 0.75 in.


South Bend 10/13/1999 8:43 AM

Hail 0.75 in.


South Bend 4/20/2000 11:48 AM

Hail 1.50 in.


Mishawaka 4/20/2000 11:50 Hail 0.75 0 0 0 0 None Reported



Location or County


AM in.

South Bend 4/20/2000 11:50 AM

Hail 0.75 in.


Mishawaka 4/20/2000 11:56 AM

Hail 1.00 in.


Osceola 4/20/2000 11:56 AM

Hail 1.00 in.


Sbn Michiana Arpt

7/4/2001 7:08 AM

Hail 0.88 in.


South Bend 8/22/2001 2:41 AM

Hail 1.75 in.


South Bend 3/20/2003 1:30 PM

Hail 0.75 in.


South Bend 5/9/2003 10:33 PM

Hail 1.00 in.



Hail 0.75 in.

0 0 0 0

None Reported

North Liberty 7/6/2003 3:50 PM

Hail 0.75 in.



Hail 1.25 in.


Sbn Michiana Arpt

7/6/2003 4:23 PM

Hail 1.00 in.


Sbn Michiana Arpt

7/6/2003 4:25 PM

Hail 1.75 in.

0 0 0 0 Contract observer at South Bend airport reported golfball size hail.


Hail 2.50 in.

0 0 0 0 Trained spotter reported tennis ball size hail just north of South Bend.

Roseland 7/6/2003 4:27 PM

Hail 1.00 in.



Hail 3.25 in.

0 0 0 0 HAM radio operator reported hail larger than baseballs just north of South Bend.

Roseland 5/30/2004 6:30 PM

Hail 0.88 in.


South Bend 7/13/2004 9:05 PM

Hail 1.00 in.



Hail 1.00 in.



Hail 1.00 in.



Hail 0.75 in.



Hail 0.75 in.




Location or County


Roseland 4/16/2006 5:30 PM

Hail 0.88 in.


Osceola 5/25/2006 2:34 PM

Hail 1.00 in.

0 0 0 0 Reported at County Line Road and Baugo Park

South Bend 6/21/2006 7:20 PM

Hail 0.75 in.


South Bend 7/18/2006 2:00 AM

Hail 1.00 in.


St. Joseph 7/15/2006 4:40 PM

Heat N/A 0 0 0 0

A 3 year old boy climbed into a vehicle with its windows closed at the residence he lived. Outside temperatures were appproaching 90 degrees, with heat indicies in the mid to upper 90s, just below locally established advisory criteria. The child was unable to crawl back out and as a result was overcome by the higher temperatures in the car. The grandmother found the child and attempted to revive him. The child was breifly revivied but died enroute to the hospital.

St. Joseph 7/13/1995 1200 Heat Wave N/A 14 0 1.0M 0

Heat wave conditions developed across all of Indiana. High temperatures reached between 95 and 105 degrees with heat indices between 100 and 120 degrees. The Evansville area temperatures reached or exceeded 95 degrees from July 11-17. Nearly all heat related deaths occurred in the sick or elderly populations and most occurred in northwest Indiana. Also, nearly 800,000 baby chickens died at the Rose Acre Farms in Seymour resulting in losses totaling near one million dollars. F81PH,M47PH,F71PH,F81PH,M87PH,M75PH,F65PH,M52OU,F71PH,M52PH,M72PH,M40OU,M68OU,F02PH

St. Joseph 8/21/1995 2200 Heat Wave N/A 1 0 0 0

Heat wave conditions initially developed over southwest Indiana on the 12th then overspread all but northwest Indiana for the remainder of the week. Heat wave conditions ended across the north and central sections on the 19th and over the south by the 21st. High temperatures were in the 90s throughout the period and near 100 across the south. High humidity also yielded Heat Index values between 100 and 115 degrees most of the week. These extreme conditions resulted in a heat stroke and death of an elderly male. The Indiana State Fair lost over $400 thousand due to low turnouts and most of Indiana crops suffered some due to the heat. M72PH

South Bend 7/18/2006 1:00 AM

Heavy Rain N/A 0 0 100K 0

A 100 foot by 30 foot section of a flat roof at the AJ Wright Factory collapsed as a result of torrential rainfall. The building was unoccupied at the time. Work was suspended that day as a result of the damages. In addition, heavy rain flooded the Steel Warehouse, where a tank used to store hydrochloric acid was knocked loose. The tank was nearly empty with no leakage of any of the contents occurring.

St. Joseph 2/15/1993 1400 Heavy Snow N/A 0 0 50K 0

Heavy snow began in southwest Indiana during the afternoon of the 15th and spread north across the state during the coming night. Before the storm ended on the 16th, heavy snow had blanketed all but the extreme northwest corner of the state. Over central and northeast Indiana snowfall totals were mostly in the 5 to 7 inch range, with 5 to 10 inches falling in the south. Four inches or less fell over the extreme northwestern counties. The heaviest snow fell in southwest and south-central Indiana during the late afternoon and evening of the 15th, where 7 to 10 inches of snow accumulated before it changed to rain early on the 16th. Snowfall rates of 1 to 2 inches per hour were reported over many parts of southern Indiana. Some snowfall amounts included 6 inches at Fort Wayne, 7 inches at Indianapolis, Evansville, Linton, Milan, and Versailles, 8 inches at Salem, Vincennes, and Shoals, 9 inches at Scottsburg, and 10 inches in parts of Vanderburgh County and at St. Meinrad.

St. Joseph 3/13/1993 2200 Heavy Snow N/A 0 0 0 0 Heavy lake effect snow fell in a narrow band from Michigan City to Medaryville. Snow amounts ranged from 6 to 14 inches in parts of LaPorte County, and in the western parts of Starke and Pulaski Counties.

St. Joseph 12/25/1995 600 Heavy Snow N/A 0 0 0 0 Cold winds blowing across the warm waters of Lake Michigan produced heavy snowfall from the South Bend area east to the Fort Wayne area. The South Bend area received five to eight inches of snow while the Fort Wayne area received one to three inches of snow.

St. Joseph 12/30/1997 6:00 Heavy Snow N/A 0 0 0 0 A lake effect snow event began during the evening of the 30th and ended during the afternoon of the



Location or County


PM 30th. The heavy snow band fell across portions of LaPorte, Porter and St. Joseph counties, with the heaviest amounts reported from LaPorte county. Those amounts include; LaPorte - 13 inches, Michigan City - 10.5 inches, and Rolling Prarie - 12.5 inches.

St. Joseph 3/9/1998 8:00 AM

Heavy Snow N/A 0 0 0 0

A strong low pressure system brought a late winter storm to northwest Indiana the morning of March 9th. The low, which originated in the southwestern U.S., took an east-northeast track, reaching central Illinois by the evening of the 8th. Precipitation in the form of rain began out ahead of this system, and changed over to a heavy, wet snow between 7am and 8am (est). The snow continued into the middle of the afternoon on the 9th, dropping around a foot of snow in some places. Lake induced snow showers followed this main storm event and causing additional snowfall accumulations of 2 to 6 inches. The combination of strong winds and heavy snowfall brought traffic to a standstill on stretches of I-65 and Interstate 80/94 in Indiana. Some drivers were stranded for as long as 18 hours. Many homes were without electricity, as numerous power lines were downed due to the weight of the heavy, wet snow. Also, tree limbs and branches were downed. Total snowfall storm totals reported: Lake County: Merriville-18 inches, and Crown Point-12 inches. Porter: Valparaiso-15 inches. LaPorte County: Rolling Prarie-18 inches, Stillwell-16 inches, LaPorte-between 13-16 inches, MIchigan City 13.5 inches, and Westville-13.5 inches. Elkhart County: Elkhart-10.5 inches, and Goshen-between 6-8 inches. St. Joseph County: South Bend-16.5 inches, Walkerton-14 inches, and in Mishawaka-12 inches.

St. Joseph 1/2/1999 12:00 AM


Synoptic and mesoscale conditions on the 1st of January 1999... The northern hemishperic longwave pattern began the year in transition as a high zonal index hinted at major changes to the longwave pattern over the New Year's Day weekend. Two potent shortwaves...one associated with the northern branch of the jet stream and the other associated with the southern branch...were progged to phase over the central plains on the 2nd of January. Lee troughing developed during the day on the 1st with the eventual surface low developing across the Texas panhandle that afternoon. Tremendous moisture was advected off the gulf of mexico during the afternoon as the low deepened. Moderate to heavy snow began to break out across the county warning area by late evening. On the 2nd of January...intense low pressure was located across northeast Arkansas and slowly moved northeastward into northwest Indiana by late evening. Snowfall rates of 1 to 2 inches per hour were common throughout the day with even heavier snow noted as the system wrapped up and closed off over northern Illinois that evening. Nearly all the snowfall across the county warning area was due to the tremendous warm advection that occurred on the nose of a 60 knot low level jet overtop the shallow cold dome that was in place. Precipitation in areas along and east of a Lafayette Indiana to Defiance Ohio line eventually changed to freezing rain and sleet as 850 millibar temperatures warmed to above freezing. Snowfall amounts were the highest observed since the Blizzard of 1978 in many areas. Several cooperative observer stations reported all-time record 24 hour snowfalls as well. Storm totals ranged from two feet across northwest Indiana and southwest lower Michigan...12 to 18 inches across north central Indiana into south central Michigan and northwest Ohio... 6 to 8 inches across east central Indiana into western Ohio, where significant sleet and freezing rain later fell on top of the heavy snow. Impacts on the people across the area were significant. Many rural roads remained impassable for several days. Some schools were closed for up to two weeks after the snowstorm. Many buildings... especially manufacturing warehouses and large retail stores in areas that received the heavier snow... reported collapsed roofs due to the weight of the snow. Damage estimates were not known at the time of this report.

St. Joseph 1/20/2000 1:00 AM

Heavy Snow N/A 0 0 0K 0

Storm total snow amounts ranged from 6 to 10 inches across Fulton and Marshall counties with most of it falling from lake effect snow bands on the 20th. Laporte county totals ranged from 6 to 12 inches across the eastern third of Laporte county. A storm total of 12.5 inches of snow fell at the South Bend Airport with 9.3 inches attributed to lake effect. ...Synoptic and mesoscale conditions on the 20th/21st... The coldest air of the season dropped into the midwest on the 20th behind a vigorous low pressure system which developed across the central plains on the 19th. The system tracked across central Indiana the night of the 19th dropping 4-6 inches of synoptic induced snowfall. As the system pulled



Location or County


east... deep northerly cyclonic flow developed in its wake as very cold air poured into the region. With the northerly fetch down along the long axis of Lake Michigan... a tremendous shore parallel snow band developed in the early morning hours of the 20th. Many locations under this snow band reported snowfall rates of 2 to 3 inches per hour with whiteout conditions. This band broke up by late afternoon on the 20th with the eventual development of multiple and not as intense lake effect snow bands which developed in response to even colder air spilling south out of Canada. General lake effect snowfall ranged from 6 to 10 inches with Baroda Michigan reporting the heaviest amount of 15 inches.

St. Joseph 1/25/2000 4:00 PM


18-20 inches of snow fell in Michigan City and Laporte with most other locations across Laporte county reporting in excess of 1 foot. Many roads were closed due to the heavy snow and whiteout conditions the night of the 25th into the mid morning hours of the 26th. 9 inches of lake effect snow fell at the South Bend Airport with up to 12 inches along the St. Joseph/Laporte county line. Locations east of South Bend reported only an inch. ...Synoptic and mesoscale conditions on the 25th/26th... A tremendous snowstorm was ongoing along the east coast during this period with a large nearly meridonal longwave upper level trough in place across the upper midwest. A clipper type low pressure system rapidly dove southeast out of Alberta Canada early on the 25th spreading a band of light snow across Northern Indiana. Quick on its heels was a 1040 millibar arctic high. This combined with intensifing cold advection and induced thermal troughing along the lake and initial boundary layer wind trajectory of 360 degrees... led once again to a very intense shore parallel snowband to develop along the Lake Michigan shoreline during the late afternoon of the 25th reaching as far south as Lafayette Indiana. This band remained in roughly the same position for 12 hours before shifting westward into Lake and Porter counties the morning of the 26th. Many locations from western Berrien county into Laporte county reported from 14 to 20 inches of snow with the heaviest snowfall occurring in Michigan City and Laporte.

St. Joseph 11/20/2000 9:00 PM


...Synoptic and mesoscale conditions for November 20th and 21st... The first blast of arctic air across Lake Michigan herald the start of first lake effect snow event of the season across northwest Indiana by late afternoon on the 20th. By late evening...most locations from LaPorte to Elkhart reported heavy snow which continued into Tuesday morning. Some notable storm total snowfall reports included 12 inches at the South Bend Waste Water plant... 10 inches in New Carlisle... and 7 inches at the South Bend airport.

St. Joseph 12/11/2000 8:00 AM


...Synoptic and mesoscale conditions on December 11th... An unseasonably cold arctic airmass spilling southward out of southern Canada on the 10th combined with a very strong upper level disturbance and upper level jet of 160 knots came together over the Midwest early on the 11th. Surface low pressure developed over Oklahoma early on the 11th and rapidly deepened as it lifted northeastward into central Indiana by late afternoon. Heavy snow developed quickly during the morning and mixed with some sleet at times due to the tremendous warm air advection out ahead of the intensifing system. Heavy snow continued into the early morning hours of the 12th with thunder snow reported at several locations in northwest Indiana and southwest Michigan within the mid level deformation zone of the upper low. As the surface low continued to intensify and pull out into Ohio during the night of the 11th...strong gradient winds developed creating near blizzard conditions over northwest Indiana and southwest Michigan and caused some damage to trees and power lines over northwest Ohio with wind gusts of 59 mph reported in Putnam Ohio and 56 mph in Lima Ohio. Some notable storm total snowfall reports included 16 inches in Cassopolis... 14 in Elkhart... 13.5 in Goshen... 12 in Niles, St. Joseph, Salem Center, and the South Bend airport... and 10 inches in Berrien Springs, Westville, Middlebury, Mishawaka, Union, and White Pigeon with 6 to 8 inches elsewhere.

St. Joseph 12/28/2001 5:00 PM

Heavy Snow N/A 0 0 0 0 A lake effect snow event produced snow bands over much of Southwest Lower Michigan and Northwest Indiana. Snowfall was heaviest across Berrien county Michigan and ST. Joseph county Indiana. Nine inches of snow fell across South Bend and ten inches fell in both Buchanan and Berrien Springs.



Location or County


St. Joseph 3/3/2002 11:00 AM


An area of low pressure moved across Northern Indiana, bringing with it a mixed bag of precipitation. While only light to moderate accumulations of snow fell across the area as the low moved through, heavy lake effect snow bands set up, bringing from 6 to 8 inches of snow to the area by the morning of the 4th.

St. Joseph 12/24/2002 10:45 PM


Low pressure tracked from Kentucky into Ohio during the overnight hours of Christmas Eve into Christmas Day morning, spreading a large area of snow across the region. Most locations received 6 to 8 inches of snow. A narrow band of 8 to 10 inches occurred from Monticello, to Rochester, to Albion. Isolated reports of 9 inches of snow were received in Adams and Grant counties. Gusty northwest winds created widespread blowing and drifting snow.

St. Joseph 1/26/2003 1:00 PM

Heavy Snow N/A 0 0 0 0 6.5 inches of lake effect snow fell in Simonton Lake.

St. Joseph 1/19/2004 3:05 PM

Heavy Snow N/A 0 0 0 0 Heavy lake effect snow accumulated around 12 inches across Laporte county with 13.5 inches in the city of Laporte and 11.7 inches in Rolling Prairie. Snow accumulated around 8 inches in parts of St Joseph county with 8.5 inches reported in North Liberty.

St. Joseph 1/27/2004 9:00 PM

Heavy Snow N/A 0 0 0 0 A combination of snow from an area of low pressure moving across Ohio and lake enhancement from northwest flow behind this storm caused heavy snow across the area with general accumulations of 8 to 10 inches and over 12 inches in some locations.

St. Joseph 12/19/2004 10:30 AM


The largest lake effect snowstorm in several years hit portions of northwestern Indiana. Winds off Lake Michigan started out of the northwest, with the band of snow extending into northern parts of St. Joseph county, where 8 inches of snow was reported at the South Bend Regional Airport. The snow band quickly shifted westward as winds become more northerly, allowing for a single intense band to develop across the length of Lake Michigan. This band became stationary over far western Laporte county for much of Sunday and Sunday evening. Snowfall rates in the center of the band were 2 to 3 inches an hour. A total snowfall of 26 inches was reported in Michigan City where portions of I-94 and the Indiana Toll Road were impassable for several hours. Amounts quickly tapered heading east across the county. Other storm totals were Westville 20", Wanatah 12" and Laporte 9.5". One death was reported in Michigan city in Laporte county, when a 67 year old gentleman was found unconcious by family on his porch and subsequently died. He had been shoveling snow from the storm at his residence. M67PH

St. Joseph 12/8/2005 9:00 PM


A low pressure system combined with a strong upper level disturbance moved slowly through the Ohio Valley and brought a widespread heavy snow to the entire region. Accumulating snow began in the mid to late afternoon on the 8th and reached 6 inches during the late evening. The accumulating snow tapered off during the pre-dawn hours of the 9th. Storm total accumulations reached 6 to 9 inches throughout the region with local amounts of up to 10 inches. Snowfall was moderate to occasionally heavy during the late afternoon and evening of the 8th with rates of 1 to 2 inches per hour. A fatal accident occurred in Elkhart county around 330 pm on Thursday the 8th, near the Goshen Municipal airport. A 37 year old female, who was a passenger in one of the vehicles, was pronounced dead at the scene.

St. Joseph 2/25/1994 1100 Heavy

Snow/blowing Snow

N/A 0 0 0 0

Snow moved into northwest Indiana late on the morning of the 25th, and spread east across the northern part of the state during the afternoon. At times snow fell at the rate of one to two inches per hour. Most of northern Indiana received between three and five inches of snow, although there were some spots that reported six inches or more. Eight to ten inches of snow fell over Pulaski and Elkhart Counties, and six to seven inches fell in Starke County. After the snow tapered off strong winds developed and caused severe blowing and drifting snow. At times whiteout conditions were reported in northern Indiana, with wind gusts of 40 to 60 mph. Numerous roads had to be closed, and many motorists were stranded. Three foot drifts were reported in Elkhart County. Interstate 65 had to be closed north of Lafayette. Snow emergencies were declared in Benton, Jasper, White, Marshall, Clinton, Cass, Howard, and Tippecanoe Counties. State Emergency Management reported that



Location or County


approximately 1,400 stranded motorists were housed at shelters.

St. Joseph 11/21/1994 0 High Wind 0

kts. 0 0 50K 0

An intense low pressure system over the Great Lakes and its associated cold front produced high winds across all of Indiana. Winds in excess of 50 mph were common across the state beginning near midnight in western Indiana. High winds spread to eastern Indiana by noon EST. Scattered power outages and downed trees were reported across many parts of Indiana including the South Bend, Lafayette, Indianapolis areas as well as rural areas northeast of Evansville.

St. Joseph 11/27/1994 1200 High Wind 0

kts. 0 0 120K 0

An intense low pressure area and its associated cold front swept across the region with high winds both before and after the cold front. The cold front itself triggered a squall line that produced damage. The high winds resulted in a roof collapse at the ATF automotive business in Indianapolis around 2 PM EST. Also, a church steeple was damaged late Sunday evening on Indianapolis' eastside.

St. Joseph 3/25/1996 12:00 AM

High Wind 46 kts.

0 0 0 0

A powerful storm brought strong winds to northwest Indiana on March 25th. The strongest winds occurred in the early morning hours. A barn was blown down at 130 am EST at Wolcott in White County. A peak wind gust of 53 mph was recorded at Michiana Airport in South Bend. The winds also blew down tree limbs and caused scattered power outages from downed power lines.

St. Joseph 4/30/1997 10:30 PM

High Wind 45 kts.

0 0 0 0

Very strong winds behind a cold front produced wind gusts of 45 to 65 mph across northern Indiana between 6pm and midnight. High winds caused an estimated $80,000.00 damage to a strip mall under construction at Beecher in Eastern Will County, Illinois, near the Indiana state line. Strong winds overturned a truck in Fowler and farm building roofs to be damaged.

St. Joseph 4/12/2001 7:00 AM

High Wind 52 kts.

0 1 0K 0 A large tree and several limbs were blown down in Granger leaving 2600 people without power for a time. An additional 2900 people were without power across the county with several tree limbs blown down on power lines.

St. Joseph 3/9/2002 11:50 AM

High Wind 55 kts.

0 0 0 0

An unusually strong cold front moved through the region during the daylight hours of the 9th. A strong pressure gradient existed with the front as 3 hour pressure falls of 4 millibars ahead of the front combined with 3 hour pressure rises of 11 millibars. Winds just above the surface ranged from 70 to 80 mph. The combination of these 2 factors was tapped by a narrow line of showers immediately ahead of the cold front. Widespread reports of trees, tree limbs and power lines being blown down were received as surface winds of 50 to 70 mph were experienced by many areas. Damage was mainly confined to the northeast part of the county.

St. Joseph 11/12/2003 5:00 PM

High Wind 56 kts.

0 0 50K 0 Winds gusted to 65 MPH behind a strong cold front that moved across the region during the late afternoon and evening. Numerous power outages occurred with trees and power lines down. Damage was reported to some roofs with extensive damage to the Knox City Court Building in Starke County.

St. Joseph 3/5/2004 9:30 AM

High Wind 52 kts.

0 0 0 0

An intense area of low pressure moving across Michigan produced sustained winds of 40 MPH with measured gusts to 60 MPH across all of Northern Indiana, Northwest Ohio and Southwest Lower Michigan from late morning through early evening. Widespread reports of trees and power lines down were received from law enforcement across the region.

St. Joseph 2/11/1993 2330 Ice Storm N/A 0 0 500K 0

Freezing rain fell over the northern half of Indiana, with up to 0.50 inch of ice accumulating in some areas. Icing occurred mainly north of a line from Crawfordsville to Muncie, with the heaviest icing extending in a band from north of Lafayette to north of Muncie. The ice brought down limbs and power lines. Power outages were reported in White, Benton, Carroll, and Clinton Counties. One-half-inch ice accumulations were reported at Alexandria in Madison County.

St. Joseph 4/10/1995 100 Ice Storm N/A 0 0 0 0 Freezing rain occurring during the night and early morning caused power outages due to the weight of ice on power lines and due to tree limbs falling on lines.

St. Joseph 1/31/2002 3:00 AM

Ice Storm N/A 0 1 10K 0

The first major winter storm of the season brought an ice storm to much of Southwest Lower Michigan, Northern Indiana, and extreme Northwest Ohio with ice accumulations from one quarter to over one half inch on trees and power lines, with up to one and one half inches of ice reported in some locations. Roads were ice covered mainly along and north of the Indiana and Michigan state line. Over 250,000 homes were without power at some point during the storm. Trees and power lines were down across



Location or County


the entire area, and AEP electric reported the most outages ever for the Michiana region, surpassing any previous severe weather event. A Pulaski county employee was injured working near a power line. Some customers did not have power restored for over three days. Despite this, actual property damage was quite limited, with only isolated minor damage to some vehicles. Several communities issued state of emergencies for over 48 hours, with the Red Cross and local churches opening shelters.

St. Joseph 12/9/2007 8:45 AM

Ice Storm N/A 0 0 0K 0K

A warm front moved north across the area during the day of December 9th. Abundant moisture traveled north of this front into a below freezing air mass across much of Northern Indiana, setting the stage for ice accumulations. Widespread icing on the order of 0.25 to 0.30 inches was observed, causing numerous accidents and slide offs as well closure of many school and business for the day. Temperatures warmed above freezing during the afternoon and evening hours, allowing the ice to melt.

St. Joseph 12/9/2007 8:45 AM

Ice Storm N/A 0 0 0K 0K

A warm front moved north across the area during the day of December 9th. Abundant moisture traveled north of this front into a below freezing air mass across much of Northern Indiana, setting the stage for ice accumulations. Widespread icing on the order of 0.25 to 0.30 inches was observed, causing numerous accidents and slide offs as well closure of many school and business for the day. Temperatures warmed above freezing during the afternoon and evening hours, allowing the ice to melt.

South Bend 1/15/2007 22:00 PM

Lake-effect Snow

N/A 0 0 0K 0K

A single band of lake effect snow persisted across parts of Laporte county. The highest accumulations reported were in the Fish Lake area where 8 inches of snow fell.North to northwest winds over the unseasonablly warm waters of Lake Michigan resulted in a few dominant bands of moderate to locally heavy lake effect snowfall across extreme northern Indiana. The heaviest amounts ranged from 8 inches in the Fish Lake area of Laporte county to 6 inches in the New Carslie area of St. Joseph county.

St. Joseph 1/15/2007 22:00 PM

Lake-effect Snow

N/A 0 0 0K 0K

A single band of lake effect snow persisted across parts of Laporte county. The highest accumulations reported were in the Fish Lake area where 8 inches of snow fell.North to northwest winds over the unseasonablly warm waters of Lake Michigan resulted in a few dominant bands of moderate to locally heavy lake effect snowfall across extreme northern Indiana. The heaviest amounts ranged from 8 inches in the Fish Lake area of Laporte county to 6 inches in the New Carslie area of St. Joseph county.

St. Joseph 1/27/2007 11:00 AM

Lake-effect Snow

N/A 0 0 0K 0K

A persistent single band of lake effect snow persisted across much of Laporte County. The heaviest amounts of snow were found across the northern parts of the county where 7 to 9 inches of snow was reported.A surge of arctic air moved across the relatively warm waters of Lake Michigan. A well developed single band of lake effect snow developed and meandered across parts of northwestern Indiana. The heaviest accumulations across northwest Indiana fell across Laporte and St Joseph counties where 7 to 9 inches of snow fell, including the cities of South Bend, Rolling Prairie and Michigan City. In additions gusty west to northwest winds caused blowing and drifting of the new snow.

St. Joseph 1/27/2007 11:00 AM

Lake-effect Snow

N/A 0 0 0K 0K

A persistent single band of lake effect snow persisted across much of Laporte County. The heaviest amounts of snow were found across the northern parts of the county where 7 to 9 inches of snow was reported.A surge of arctic air moved across the relatively warm waters of Lake Michigan. A well developed single band of lake effect snow developed and meandered across parts of northwestern Indiana. The heaviest accumulations across northwest Indiana fell across Laporte and St Joseph counties where 7 to 9 inches of snow fell, including the cities of South Bend, Rolling Prairie and Michigan City. In additions gusty west to northwest winds caused blowing and drifting of the new snow.

Lakeville 4/24/1993 2042 Lightning N/A 0 0 0 0 Lightning hit a mobile home.

Osceola 5/9/2000 1:00 AM

Lightning N/A 0 0 100K 0 A power line down caused by lightning set a church on fire.


Lightning N/A 0 1 0 0 A Mishawaka man was indirectly hit by lightning while sitting on a vinyl chair on his apartment balcony. Lightning apparently hit a gutter on an overhang above him.


Lightning N/A 0 2 0 0 Two men were struck by lightning while working on a car in Mishawaka.



Location or County


South Bend 11/4/2003 10:00 PM

Lightning N/A 0 0 250K 0 South Bend Fire Chief reported lightning struck a 16 unit apartment building in the Park Jefferson complex setting it on fire and destroying it.

South Bend 5/25/2006 2:40 PM

Lightning N/A 0 1 30K 0

A woman, in the basement of her home, was indirectly struck by lightning while standing next to her dryer. She was transported to the hospital, suffering minor injuries. The time of the incident has been esitmated. In Mishawaka, a fire was started from a bolt of lightning striking a detatched garage, destroying it. Damage was estimated at $30,000. The time of this fire was not available.

Mishawaka 10/2/2006 17:30 PM

Lightning N/A 0 0 750K 0K

A fire, started by lightning, destroyed a Methodist church in Mishawaka. Several hours passed before the fire could be brought under control. Those inside the church at the time of the strike were able to escape without injury. Damage is estimated at $750,000.A warm front moved north across northern Indiana during the morning hours with numerous showers and embedded thunderstorms. Numerous reports of hail were recieved with a few exceeding severe limits.

South Bend 8/9/2007 7:15 AM

Lightning N/A 0 0 120K 0K

Two (2) separate bolts of lightning struck 2 South Bend residences during the morning hours. A house was struck, causing a fire that destroyed the top floor. The 2 occupants of the house were able to escape without injury. Damage is estimated at $80,000. Lightning struck an apartment, causing significant damage to a kitchen and two bathrooms. A woman and her 4 sons were able to escape unharmed. Damage is estimated at $40,000.Thunderstorms affected much of northern Indiana during the morning hours. One storm produced isolated wind damage.

Mishawaka 8/16/1995 1800 Small

Stream/urban Flood

N/A 0 0 0 0 As much as six inches of rain fell in the northern part of the county flooding roads. In Mishawaka many roads, viaducts and basements were flooded.

St. Joseph 2/4/1995 500 Snow N/A 0 0 0 0 Lake effect snow over this two day event totaled 10.5 inches at Rolling Prairie in Laporte County. Widespread snow amounts averaged five to eight inches.

St. Joseph 2/7/1995 1200 Snow N/A 0 0 0 0 Lake effect snow produced 8 to 12 inch snowfall across extreme northern Indiana during this two day period. South Bend received the most snow with twelve inches.

St. Joseph 10/30/2004 5:14 PM

Strong Wind 48 kts.

0 0 9K 0

Winds across portions of northern Indiana were sustained in the 25 to 35 mph range with some areas reporting gusts between 45 to as high as 69 mph. Reports of small branches and a few power lines were received. The 69 mph wind gust was recorded at the Michigan City Coast Guard observation site. A Michigan City man was injured after pushing his 7 year old grandson out of the way of a falling tree. The 51 year old was unable to move out of the way after this and was subsequently struck by the falling tree in the back. His back was broken in three places. No other injuries were reported. Other recorded wind gusts across northern Indiana were: South Bend 55 mph, North Webster NWS 52 mph, Fort Wayne 51 mph and Goshen 49 mph.

South Bend 5/15/2007 16:00 PM

Thunderstorm Wind

60 kts.

0 0 20K 0K

Numerous trees, tree limbs, power lines and poles were blown down in and around the South Bend/Mishawaka area. A spire from the basilica on the Notre Dame campus was knocked off.A combination of a prefrontal outflow boundary drapped across northern Indiana and a MCV from overnight convection across Nebraska the night before provided the focus for convection to develop. In addition, unstable conditions develop during the late morning and early afternoon with SBCAPES of 1500 to 2500 j/kg. Storms began to develop on this boundary during the mid afternoon hours and rapidly became severe. A line of storms associated with the MCV and an approaching trough moved across the northern part of Indiana. This line evolved into several small bowing segments which produced numerous reports of damaging winds and isolated tornadoes.

South Bend 8/23/2007 16:57 PM

Thunderstorm Wind

55 kts.

0 0 0K 0K

Numerous trees down across the county including South Bend.An unstable atmosphere and strong wind field was in place across much of the region in advance of a strong mid level wave. A cluster of storms with extreme damaging winds moved rapidly from Illinois into Indiana producing numerous reports of wind damage and isolated hail.



Location or County


South Bend 12/23/2007 4:34 AM

Thunderstorm Wind

54 kts.

0 0 0K 0K

A 62 mph wind gust was recorded by the Automated Surface Observation System at the South Bend Regional Airport.Unseasonable warm and moist air interacted with a powerful cold front to bring several small lines of thunderstorms. While the majority of the stronger winds were not able to reach the ground, some wind gusts in the 60 to over 80 mph range were noted across parts of Northern Indiana.

Twin Branch Jct

12/23/2007 4:45 AM

Thunderstorm Wind

56 kts.

0 0 5K 0K

Several large trees were uprooted in the old Reverewood sub-division. One of these trees fell on top of an unoccupied car.Unseasonable warm and moist air interacted with a powerful cold front to bring several small lines of thunderstorms. While the majority of the stronger winds were not able to reach the ground, some wind gusts in the 60 to over 80 mph range were noted across parts of Northern Indiana.

South Bend 12/23/2007 5:00 AM

Thunderstorm Wind

50 kts.

0 0 5K 0K

The roof was peeled off trailer home. Damage is estimated at $5000.Unseasonable warm and moist air interacted with a powerful cold front to bring several small lines of thunderstorms. While the majority of the stronger winds were not able to reach the ground, some wind gusts in the 60 to over 80 mph range were noted across parts of Northern Indiana.

(sbn)michiana Arpt S

4/25/2008 22:41 PM

Thunderstorm Wind

53 kts.

0 0 0K 0K

A wind gust of 61 mph was recorded at the South Bend Regional Airport ASOS.Deepening low pressure moved into northwestern Wisconsin with a strong cold front extending from it into the southern Great Lakes. Abundant moisture and a strong wind field set the state for a line of strong to severe storms to move into northwest parts of Indiana during the late evening hours of April 25th into the early morning hours of the 26th. While most activity remained below severe limits, a small cluster of storms was able to tap the strong wind fields and cause damaging winds in some areas.

Sportsman Arpt

4/25/2008 22:43 PM

Thunderstorm Wind

50 kts.

0 0 50K 0K

Local broadcast media reported a large 100 year old tree being blown down by thunderstorm winds, destroying the second story of a residence. Damage is estimated at $50,000.Deepening low pressure moved into northwestern Wisconsin with a strong cold front extending from it into the southern Great Lakes. Abundant moisture and a strong wind field set the state for a line of strong to severe storms to move into northwest parts of Indiana during the late evening hours of April 25th into the early morning hours of the 26th. While most activity remained below severe limits, a small cluster of storms was able to tap the strong wind fields and cause damaging winds in some areas.

Wyatt 6/13/1994 1610 Thunderstorm

Winds 0

kts. 0 0 0 0 Trees were downed by 60 mph winds.

Lakeville 6/13/1994 1645 Thunderstorm

Winds 0

kts. 0 0 5K 0 Trees and power lines were downed.

Potato Creek 6/13/1994 1652 Thunderstorm

Winds 2

kts. 0 0 0 0

Walkerton 6/13/1994 1711 Thunderstorm

Winds 0

kts. 0 0 0 0 Trees were blown down bye 60 to 70 mph winds.

Mishawaka 7/6/1994 1430 Thunderstorm

Winds 0

kts. 0 0 5K 0 Sixty mph winds downed trees and power lines.

Walkerton 7/25/1994 1702 Thunderstorm

Winds 0

kts. 0 0 5K 0 Power lines were downed.

Blackford City 4/8/1995 300 Thunderstorm

Winds 0

kts. 0 0 50 0 Trees and lines were blown down at Dunkirk with a tree falling on a ,car and damaging it.

Jay City 4/8/1995 310 Thunderstorm

Winds 0

kts. 0 0 3 0

A barn was destroyed and a mobile home received minor damage two miles north of Redkey. Additonally, a garage door was blown off.

South Bend 4/18/1995 1959 Thunderstorm

Winds 0

kts. 0 0 0 0

Tree limbs and power lines were blown down southwest of South Bend. A tree was blown down on U.S. 31 on the south side of South Bend.



Location or County


Lagrange City 4/18/1995 2015 Thunderstorm

Winds 0

kts. 0 0 10 0 Trees and lines were blown down in north-central LaGrange County.

Noble City 4/18/1995 2025 Thunderstorm

Winds 0

kts. 0 0 10 0 Trees were blown down in Ligonier.


Winds 0

kts. 0 0 5K 0

Trees and power lines were blown down on the southwest side of South Bend. There were 2,500 to 3,000 people without power.


Winds 52 kts.

0 0 0 0

South Bend 7/16/1995 1550 Thunderstorm Winds Urban

Flood

0 kts.

0 0 0 0 Trees and power lines were blown down. Heavy rain caused street flooding.

St. Joseph 7/3/1950 1820 Tornado F 0 0 0K 0 None Reported

St. Joseph 6/12/1954 1200 Tornado F2 0 0 3K 0 None Reported




St. Joseph 4/11/1965 1700 Tornado F3 3 27 25.0M 0 None Reported












Tornado F0 0 0 0 0 A short, narrow tornado touched down briefly between Lakeville and LaPaz. A semi was blown over on highway 31.

Walkerton 7/3/1998 9:30 PM

Tornado F0 0 0 0 0

ST JOSEPH COUNTY POLICE REPORTED TORNADO TOUCHDOWN AT ROUTE 104 AND BARLEY ROAD. SHED WAS BLOWN APART AND A BOAT WAS BLOWN ACROSS A FIELD WHICH WAS LATER CONFIRMED BY A NWS EMPLOYEE. Synoptic and mesoscale conditions for July 4th... A cold front moved into southern Michigan and northern Indiana early in the morning on July 4th. Severe thunderstorms developed along this front over the southern part of lake Michigan and quickly transformed into a bow echo as the system raced southeastward at 50 mph. Most unstable parcel Cape values exceeded 2500 J/kg. Deep layer shear was impressive but unidirectional as a mid level speed max of 60 knots and left over mesoscale vorticity max moved out of northeast Illinois that morning. Deviant storm motions to the southeast produced impressive storm relative helicity values but the elevated nature of the convection and stable boundary layer helped to prevent most of the rear inflow jet momentum from mixing down to the surface. Where the rear flank downdraft was able to mix to the



Location or County


surface... one weak, brief tornado touchdown was observed near Walkerton. As the outflow along the western edge of the bow became stationary... thunderstorms with heavy rain redeveloped and trained southeast producing flash flooding across a few counties.

Crumstown 10/24/2001 3:50 PM

Tornado F3 1 2 3.0M 0

This tornado touched down just southwest of Crumstown in St Joseph county Indiana and moved northeast into Berrien county Michigan (see Storm Data for Michigan, Extreme Southwest for more information on the end portion of this tornado). In St Joseph county Indiana the most significant damage was across Crumstown, where F3 damage with a path width up to 3/4 mile occurred. The tornado then moved to near the Michiana Regional Airport and across the Indiana Turnpike causing F0-F1 damage. Two men were injured northwest of South Bend. One man later died from his injuries. The tornado moved into Berrien county Michigan 6 miles NNW of South Bend.

Westfield 10/24/2001 3:53 PM

Tornado F0 0 0 250K 0

Tornado touched down on the north side of Wanatah in Laporte county and moved northeast into St Joseph county 4 miles east of Rolling Prairie. One woman was killed 4 miles east of Laporte in her mobile home where F2 damage occurred. Most damage was F1 with an average path width of 600 yards.

Mishawaka 10/24/2001 4:05 PM

Tornado F2 0 0 1.3M 0 None Reported

Osceola 10/24/2001 4:05 PM

Tornado F1 0 0 300K 0 None Reported


Tornado F1 0 0 10K 0 Some evidence was found of a brief touchdown near the intersection of Logan Street and Dragoon Trail in Mishawaka. Damage in the area was consistent with F1 intensity.

Granger 7/3/2004 7:37 PM

Tornado F0 0 0 0 0 Eyewitnesses reported a brief tornado touchdown near the intersection of State Route 23 and Fir Road, southwest of Granger. This tornado formed on the leading edge of a squall line that moved through the area.

St. Joseph 5/15/2007 15:45 PM

Tornado F0 0 0 13K 0K

Local residents south of New Carlisle reported seeing a funnel pass over several rows of trees, causing some damage to the tree tops. The funnel subsequently touched down in an open field and moved rapdily east. A section of an irrigation system was twisted and destroyed in an open field. In addition, strong winds entered an open barn area resulting in much of the roofing material being removed. The winds also weakened the supports causing partial structural failure to a lean-to. A combine in the lean-to sustained some damage. A large tree also fell onto the residence causing some roof damage. Debris was thrown a few hundred feet into an open field. It appears that the tornado lifted shortly after affecting the residence. No injuries occurred with the brief touch down. The irrigation system damages has been estimated at $13,000. Damage estimates to the house and barn are to be determined.A combination of a prefrontal outflow boundary drapped across northern Indiana and a MCV from overnight convection across Nebraska the night before provided the focus for convection to develop. In addition, unstable conditions develop during the late morning and early afternoon with SBCAPES of 1500 to 2500 j/kg. Storms began to develop on this boundary during the mid afternoon hours and rapidly became severe. A line of storms associated with the MCV and an approaching trough moved across the northern part of Indiana. This line evolved into several small bowing segments which produced numerous reports of damaging winds and isolated tornadoes.

St. Joseph 6/18/1957 1222 Tstm Wind 0

kts. 0 0 0 0 None Reported



St. Joseph 8/3/1957 1400 Tstm Wind 63 kts.




Location or County


















































Location or County





















Tstm Wind 0

kts. 0 0 0 0 Tree limbs and power lines were blown down in the southwest part of the county.


Tstm Wind 0

kts. 0 0 0 0

Strong winds, as a result from a severe thunderstorm, downed many trees in portions of north central Indiana.

South Bend 8/22/1996 4:15 PM

Tstm Wind 0

kts. 0 0 0 0

Strong winds damaged 11 trailers and destroyed 3. Winds also downed 6 to 8 inch limbs and 18 inch trees just south of the airport.

St. Joseph 10/29/1996 8:50 PM

Tstm Wind 0



Tstm Wind 0

kts. 0 0 0 0 Wind damaged trees and power lines were downed.

South Bend 5/18/1997 9:13 PM

Tstm Wind 81 kts.

0 0 0 0 A 93 mph wind gust was recorded near the Michiana Regional Airport in South Bend. There was widespread damage to trees, limbs and power lines. Trees and limbs fell on houses.


Tstm Wind 56 kts.

0 0 0 0 Trees and limbs downed.


Tstm Wind 50 kts.

0 0 0 0 Trees down in Mishawaka and throughout the northeast part of the county.

Mishawaka 7/27/1997 12:46 PM

Tstm Wind 52 kts.


St Joseph Res

5/29/1998 1:20 AM

Tstm Wind 50 kts.


St Joseph Res

5/29/1998 12:35 AM

Tstm Wind 50 kts.



Tstm Wind 0

kts. 0 0 0K 0 LARGE TREES BLOWN DOWN

South Bend 6/18/1998 10:35 PM

Tstm Wind 0

kts. 0 0 0K 0 TREES DOWN


Tstm Wind 50 kts.

0 0 0 0 SKYWARN SPOTTER REPORT.



Location or County



Tstm Wind 52 kts.



Tstm Wind 61 kts.

0 0 0 0 SEVERAL REPORTS OF HIGH WINDS AND WIND DAMAGE. ONE WOMAN WAS SERIOUSLY INJURED WHEN A LARGE TREE FELL ON HER CAR.

South Bend 7/21/1998 7:30 PM

Tstm Wind 60 kts.

0 1 500K 0 MANY TREES BLOWN DOWN.

South Bend 8/24/1998 3:10 PM

Tstm Wind 70 kts.


South Bend 8/24/1998 3:31 PM

Tstm Wind 0

kts. 0 0 50K 0

THE DOORS WERE BLOWN OFF A SQUAD CAR. NUMEROUS TREES AND POWER LINES WERE DOWN ACROSS TOWN AND ESPECIALLY ACROSS THE EASTERN THIRD OF THE COUNTY. ONE TREE FELL ONTO A HOME ALONG AUTEN ROAD WHICH CAUSED MODERATE STRUCTURAL DAMAGE TO THE HOME.

South Bend 8/25/1998 1:25 AM

Tstm Wind 0

kts. 0 0 150K 0

THE DOORS WERE BLOWN OFF A SQUAD CAR. NUMEROUS TREES AND POWER LINES WERE DOWN ACROSS TOWN AND ESPECIALLY ACROSS THE EASTERN THIRD OF THE COUNTY. ONE TREE FELL ONTO A HOME ALONG AUTEN ROAD WHICH CAUSED MODERATE STRUCTURAL DAMAGE TO THE HOME.

St. Joseph 11/10/1998 9:45 AM

Tstm Wind 0

kts. 0 0 50K 0

WIDESPREAD DAMAGE TO TREES AND POWER LINES WERE REPORTED ACROSS THE COUNTY.

St. Joseph 7/23/1999 7:50 PM

Tstm Wind 0

kts. 0 0 0K 0 Numerous trees were blown down across the county.

South Bend 5/9/2000 1:00 AM

Tstm Wind 0

kts. 0 0 10K 0 Trees down on homes. Power lines down.


Tstm Wind 57 kts.



Tstm Wind 0

kts. 0 0 0 0 Power lines down.

South Bend 6/13/2000 10:44 AM

Tstm Wind 56 kts.

0 0 0 0 South side of town near Ireland Rd.

South Bend 6/13/2000 10:45 AM

Tstm Wind 0

kts. 0 0 5K 0 Two trees down on a parked car and a house.

Mishawaka 6/13/2000 10:51 AM

Tstm Wind 60 kts.

0 0 0 0 North side of town.

Mishawaka 6/13/2000 11:00 AM

Tstm Wind 0

kts. 0 0 0 0 Trees down.

South Bend 6/14/2000 4:15 PM

Tstm Wind 0

kts. 0 0 0 0

Trees down. Synoptic and mesoscale conditions for June 14th... A significant mid-level shortwave trough was located over Iowa on the morning of June 14th with an outflow dominated squall line across western Illinois. Rapid destabilization ensued later in the morning across eastern Illinois and northern Indiana with CAPES to 3500 j/kg by early afternoon. VAD wind profiles showed 850 millibar winds in excess of 50 knots in advance of the upper trough by afternoon and as storms developed along the left over outflow boundary across Illinois... they quickly became severe and organized into a large bow echo and moved quickly eastward into northern Indiana causing extensive wind damage. By late afternoon... a short segmented squall line developed just ahead of this bow echo squall line and extended from a St. Joseph to Fulton county line. Along the southern end of this line... an embedded tornadic supercell developed and interacted with a left over storm-scale outflow boundary to produce the Wabash/Kosciusko and DeKalb county tornadoes. The lack of significant low level shear likely



Location or County


prevented a much larger and more widespread tornado event especially across Whitley and Allen counties where several funnel clouds were captured on film but failed to touch down.


Tstm Wind 0

kts. 0 0 0 0

Trees down. Synoptic and mesoscale conditions for August 6th... A significant shortwave trough of low pressure combined with a mid level speed max of 60 knots and rapid prefrontal destabilization during the day of August 6th ahead of a strong cold front led to convective initiation across eastern Iowa by late morning. Given favorable deep layer shear of 50 knots and extreme instability present from Northern Illinois into Northwest Ohio that afternoon... storms quickly organized into a bow echo squall line as they rapidly moved eastward at speeds of up to 50 knots. As the bow echo matured... dramatic yet elevated rear inflow jet developed along the backside with isolated wind damage along and west of a Elkhart to Wabash line. However, with time the rear inflow jet descended causing widespread wind damage across Whitley, Noble and Allen counties.

South Bend 6/11/2001 1:15 AM

Tstm Wind 0

kts. 0 0 0 0 Large trees down blocking road

South Bend 6/12/2001 12:56 AM

Tstm Wind 0

kts. 0 0 0 0 Trees and power lines down in South Bend.

St. Joseph 8/9/2001 9:48 PM

Tstm Wind 0

kts. 0 0 0 0 Trees and power lines down across county.

Sbn Michiana Arpt

8/9/2001 10:10 PM

Tstm Wind 0

kts. 0 0 0 0 Power lines down at entrance to airport on Highway 20.


Tstm Wind 0

kts. 0 0 0 0 Tree blown down.

Osceola 10/24/2001 4:24 PM

Tstm Wind 0

kts. 0 0 0 0 HAM radio operator reported trees down near Osceola.

South Bend 7/26/2002 3:45 PM

Tstm Wind 0

kts. 0 0 0 0 Newspaper report of trees down south of South Bend.

Mishawaka 8/2/2002 1:45 AM

Tstm Wind 0

kts. 0 0 0 0 Law enforcement reported tress and power lines down in Mishawaka.

South Bend 8/13/2002 2:15 PM

Tstm Wind 0

kts. 0 0 0 0 HAM radio operator reported trees down in South Bend.

New Carlisle 7/5/2003 7:15 AM

Tstm Wind 50 kts.

0 0 0 0 Law enforcement reported trees and power lines down in new Carlisle.

South Bend 7/7/2003 10:00 AM

Tstm Wind 50 kts.

0 0 5K 0 Law enforcement reported roof damage to a home southwest of South Bend.

New Carlisle 7/7/2003 10:09 AM

Tstm Wind 50 kts.

0 0 0 0 Law enforcement reported power lines down northwest of New Carlisle.

South Bend 7/8/2003 12:12 AM

Tstm Wind 50 kts.

0 0 0 0 Law enforcement reported trees and power lines down in South Bend.


Tstm Wind 50 kts.

0 0 0 0 Law enforcement reported trees and power lines down in New Carlisle.


Tstm Wind 50 kts.

0 0 0 0 Tree knocked down on US 31 near Roosevelt blocking one of the lanes.

South Bend 8/26/2003 2:30 PM

Tstm Wind 65 kts.

0 0 0 0 Numerous trees and power lines were blown down. A semi was blown over in the area, with several roof being blown off houses.

South Bend 8/26/2003 2:30 PM

Tstm Wind 65 kts.

0 0 0 0 Numerous trees and power poles were sheared off, with widespread damage being reported in Blair Hills.



Location or County


South Bend 8/26/2003 2:30 PM

Tstm Wind 69 kts.

0 0 0 0 Numerous trees and power lines were reported blown down across the south side of South Bend.

South Bend 5/20/2004 10:30 PM

Tstm Wind 55 kts.

0 0 0 0 Law enforcement reported widespread trees and power lines down in South Bend.

South Bend 5/20/2004 10:30 PM

Tstm Wind 56 kts.

0 0 0 0 Trained spotter estimated wind gusts to 65 mph south of South Bend.

South Bend 5/21/2004 11:27 AM

Tstm Wind 52 kts.

0 0 0 0 Trained spotter estimated winds gusting to 60 MPH south of South Bend.

South Bend 5/30/2004 1:56 PM

Tstm Wind 50 kts.

0 0 0 0 Law enforcement reported trees down in South Bend.

South Bend 6/14/2004 11:35 AM

Tstm Wind 50 kts.

0 0 0 0 Law enforcement reported trees down in South Bend.

Granger 7/3/2004 7:35 PM

Tstm Wind 65 kts.

0 0 0 0

Several areas of wind damage were noted starting near the intersection of Fir and Cleveland Roads, continuing to near the intersection of Brick and Fir Roads. Damage occurred at a Marathon gas station at the intersection of Fir and State Route 23. A gas pump was blown over, with newspaper machines shifted and a Uhaul trailer being flipped over. At least one parked vehicle in the lot was also overturned. Several trees were damaged or uprooted in the area, as well as some sign damage. Near the end of the main damage, several large trees fell down around a residence where the occupant was in the basement watching TV. A tree fell just to the side of where his car was parked, with the car sustaining no damage.

South Bend 7/13/2004 9:10 PM

Tstm Wind 55 kts.

0 0 20K 0 Semi traveling eastbound was blown off Interstate 80/90 Toll Road and flipped over at Mile Marker 70. Damage amount estimated.


Tstm Wind 55 kts.

0 0 0 0 Large tree blown down.


Tstm Wind 55 kts.

0 0 0 0 Two trees reported knocked down, blocking Capital Street,

Granger 8/4/2004 12:13 AM

Tstm Wind 50 kts.

0 0 2K 0 Law enforcement reported a large tree down on a garage in Granger.


Tstm Wind 58 kts.

0 0 0 0 Amateur radio reported wind gusts between 60 and 70 MPH just north of the Indiana Toll Road north of South Bend.


Tstm Wind 65 kts.

0 0 0 0 Local television reported several very large trees down in Mishawaka with winds estimated between 70 and 80 MPH.


Tstm Wind 50 kts.

0 0 0 0 Law enforcement reported trees down in Mishawaka.

Roseland 7/4/2005 5:46 PM

Tstm Wind 50 kts.

0 0 10K 0 A power line was blown down along State Road 933, just north of Cleveland Road in a suburb of South Bend.


Tstm Wind 65 kts.

0 0 350K 5K

A path of damage was reported starting in the Walkerton area, continuing through North Liberty and Lakeville before ending near the Elkhart county line. A tree fell onto a unoccupied truck in Walkerton with trees and power lines down in this city as well. The most concentrated damage extended from North Liberty to Lakeville where winds were estimated to 75 mph. Numerous large maple trees and power lines were blown down across this area. Several homes, vehicles and other buildings in these areas suffered damage as a result of falling trees. A few of the homes were nearly destroyed.


Tstm Wind 55 kts.

0 0 0 0 Numerous trees reported down in and near the city of North Liberty.



Location or County


Lakeville 7/25/2005 9:25 AM

Tstm Wind 50 kts.

0 0 0 0 A tree was blown down.

Granger 5/30/2006 7:51 PM

Tstm Wind 55 kts.

0 0 50K 0 Trees and power lines were blown down in Granger, along State Road 23. Damage amounts are estimated.

South Bend 8/15/1995 1415 Urban Flood N/A 0 0 0 0 1.32 inches of rain fell in 15 minutes causing street flooding.

Lake Michigan

7/27/1994 1225 Waterspouts N/A 0 0 0 0 A waterspout was reported by the United States Coast Guard 30 miles north of Gary at 1225 EST. Later a waterspout was reported near Burns Harbor.

Lake Michigan

7/28/1994 825 Waterspouts N/A 0 0 0 0 Several waterspouts were seen north of Michigan City, and north of Portage near Indiana Dunes State Park.

St. Joseph 12/8/1995 1600 Winter Storm N/A 0 0 0 0

A low pressure system and cold front swept across Indiana bringing the first significant snowfall and cold temperatures of the winter season. Though snowfall amounts only averaged from two to four inches across the state, numerous vehicle accidents occurred, several resulting in fatalities. The cold front brought the first subzero temperatures to the state and prompted wind chill advisories for all of Indiana.

St. Joseph 12/18/1995 1800 Winter Storm N/A 0 0 0 0

A low pressure system moving east through the Ohio and Tennessee River Valleys brought significant ice and snow to the northern two thirds of Indiana. Freezing rain began during the evening on the 18th across central and northeast Indiana while snow fell in northwest and north central sections. The freezing rain changed to snow between 0600 and 1100 on the 19th across central and northeast sections. Total snowfall amounts of four to eight inches were common across central and northeast Indiana. Ice accumulations of a quarter to a half inch were common in east-central Indiana. The ice accumulation caused widespread power outages in central and east central Indiana leaving up to 65,000 homes without power at one point. Locations near Muncie did not have power restored until the 21st.

St. Joseph 1/9/1997 12:00 AM

Winter Storm N/A 0 0 0 0 On January 9th 5 to 10 inches of snow fell across northwest and north central Indiana. Some snowfall ammounts were 7.5 inches at South Bend, 6.8 inches at LaPorte and 10 inches at Monticello.

St. Joseph 1/15/1997 6:00 AM

Winter Storm N/A 0 0 0 0

A winter storm brought 4 to 6 inches of snow to northern Indiana on January 15. The snow was followed by strong winds and cold temperatures creating wind chills of 20 to 40 below zero. Lake effect snow developed in north central Indiana on the 16th. The NWS office at South Bend recorded 8.6 inches of snow. The coldest low temperatures recorded at the NWS office at South Bend during that time are as follows: -9 on the 17th and -4 on the 18th.

St. Joseph 2/26/2002 2:00 AM


Widespread moderate to heavy snow occurred across portions of northern Indiana. Much of the accumulation that occurred across the area were the result of synoptic snows in association with low pressure that moved through the lower Great Lakes/Ohio Valley. Total snowfall amounts from the area ranged from 6 to 12 inches. The heaviest snow fell in a narrow band covering much of Kosciusko county into extreme southwestern Noble county. A foot of snow was measured at the NWS in Syracuse, with 9 inches in Warsaw. In La Porte and St. Joseph counties, accumulations were a combination of synoptic and lake enhanced snow, with the majority of it falling during the evening of the 26th and early morning hours of the 27th. Accumulations generally ranged from 8 to 12 inches for the entire storm. The South Bend observing site recorded 16.7 inches of snow for the event, with the majority of this lake enhanced snow. Daily snowfall records for the 26th and 27th were broken in South Bend.

St. Joseph 1/5/2005 1:53 AM


A band of significant sleet accumulations occurred in many locations north of State Route 14 and south of US 6. Total sleet accumulations ranged from one half to one inch. In addition to the sleet, many locations received up to a quarter inch of freezing rain and a few inches of snow. North of US 6, 4 to 8 inches of snow fell in many locations. One fatality occurred in Steuben county, indirectly related to the storm. A 54 year old woman was killed after her car was struck by another vehicle that lost control on a snow covered curve on State Route 827. The driver of the other vehicle sustained minor injuries.



Location or County


St. Joseph 1/22/2005 7:25 AM


A major snow storm developed in response to the last in a series of potent "Clipper" systems dropping into the Great Lakes. The heaviest snowbands developed during the late evening hours of the 21st and continued well into the 22nd as surface low pressure moving east-southeast out of Illinois intensified. Two dominant mesoscale bands developed and were responsible for the majority of the accumulations. As the low passed by, strong north winds caused areas of blowing and drifting snow into the late evening hours of the 22nd. 6 inches or more of snow generally fell north of U.S.30 with amounts generally in the 7 to 9 inch range as you went north towards the Michigan state line. The highest report was in Fremont (Steuben county) of a foot of new snow.

St. Joseph 3/1/2005 7:00 AM


A strong storm system moved across the southern Great Lakes region, bringing with it a large area of snow. The snow began on February 28th across much of the area, increasing in intensity and coverage into the overnight hour of the 28th into much of March 1 and even into the early hours of March 2nd in some areas. As the event unfolded, the relatively warm waters of Lake Michigan allowed for lake enhanced snowfall to occur in the typical lake effect areas, increasing snow accumulations in a narrow band across portions of northern Indiana. While most reports were in the 4 to 8 inch range, 2 narrow bands of locally higher accumulations occurred with one band extending through northeast St Joseph County as well as extreme northeastern Marshall and northwest Kosciusko County where up to 10 inches was reported. A second band extended from western Elkhart County into northeastern Kosciusko and northwestern Whitley County where 6 to 9 inches was reported.

St. Joseph 12/15/2007 7:10 AM

Winter Storm N/A 0 0 0K 0K

Nine to eleven inches of snow fell along with blowing and drifting snow, creating difficult travel conditions for the entire county.A powerful winter storm tracked in from the gulf states with abundant moisture. Cold air was in place across all of northern Indiana, allowing the precipation to fall in the form of snow, which was heavy in many locations. Accumulations range from six to more than fourteen inches across the area. The highest amounts, ranging from 14 to 17 inches were found along a swath from Kosciusko county northeast into parts of Elkhart, Noble and Lagrange counties. Many schools and business were closed the following day due to the snow as well as strong winds which caused large drifts.

St. Joseph 1/1/2008 12:00 AM


The storm brought a wide variation in amounts to the county, ranging from around 10 inches in far southeastern parts of the county, to 19.5 inches near the city of Elkhart. The locally higher amounts were due to a combination of enhanced bands of both system and lake enhanced snow. Strong winds also created widespread blowing and drifting snow.Another strong cold front, accompanied by developing low pressure, resulted in snow across much northern Indiana. While the highest amounts were only around 4 inches in the far northwestern part of the area, strong winds caused widespread blowing and drifting with white-out conditions at times. In addition, wind chills dropped into the 15 to 25 below zero range.

St. Joseph 1/1/2008 12:00 AM


The storm brought a wide variation in amounts to the county, ranging from around 10 inches in far southeastern parts of the county, to 19.5 inches near the city of Elkhart. The locally higher amounts were due to a combination of enhanced bands of both system and lake enhanced snow. Strong winds also created widespread blowing and drifting snow.Another strong cold front, accompanied by developing low pressure, resulted in snow across much northern Indiana. While the highest amounts were only around 4 inches in the far northwestern part of the area, strong winds caused widespread blowing and drifting with white-out conditions at times. In addition, wind chills dropped into the 15 to 25 below zero range.

St. Joseph 1/1/2008 12:00 AM


Snowfall amounts varied greatly across the county, ranging from around 9 inches in the southeast part of the county, to nearly 20 inches in Elkhart. The higher amounts found in northwest parts of the county were attributted to lake enhanced snowfall behind the storm system.Light snow began during the mid evening hours on New Years Eve of 2007. However, significant travel problems and accumulations did not begin until shortly after midnight of New Years Day. Heavy snow fell across portions of northern



Location or County


Indiana. Many locations seen on the order of 6 to 9 inches across the area. However, a mesoscale band developed and allowed for a swath of accumulations from 9 to 12 inches from portions of Marshall county into Elkhart and Lagrange counties. In addition, lake enhanced snow bands developed, bring additional accumulatins to extreme northwestern portions of the area. Isolated totals exceeding 2 feet were reported when the event finally wound down.

St. Joseph 1/1/2008 12:00 AM


Snowfall amounts varied greatly across the county, ranging from around 9 inches in the southeast part of the county, to nearly 20 inches in Elkhart. The higher amounts found in northwest parts of the county were attributted to lake enhanced snowfall behind the storm system.Light snow began during the mid evening hours on New Years Eve of 2007. However, significant travel problems and accumulations did not begin until shortly after midnight of New Years Day. Heavy snow fell across portions of northern Indiana. Many locations seen on the order of 6 to 9 inches across the area. However, a mesoscale band developed and allowed for a swath of accumulations from 9 to 12 inches from portions of Marshall county into Elkhart and Lagrange counties. In addition, lake enhanced snow bands developed, bring additional accumulatins to extreme northwestern portions of the area. Isolated totals exceeding 2 feet were reported when the event finally wound down.

St. Joseph 2/1/2008 12:00 AM


Two to four inches of a combination of sleet and snow fell, as well as up to a tenth of an inch of ice, causing difficult travel.A winter storm developed in the Southern Plains and tracked into the area with a swath of mainly snow for northern Indiana. The precipitation did start as a period of sleet and even freezing rain. Most areas north and west of a Marion to south of Fort Wayne line received 6 to 8 inches of snow along with blowing and drifting snow. Many schools were closed for the day, giving students a long weekend.



Appendix E

Hazard Map



Appendix F

Complete List of Critical Facilities



Airport Facilities ID Class Name Address City Contact Use Year Built Cost (x$1,000) 1 ADFLT HACKBARTH AIRPORT BREMEN IN42 Private 1988 $5,614 2 ADFLT CAM-AIR AIRPORT GRANGER IN81 Private 1900 $5,614 3 ADFLT FOOS FIELD AIRPORT GRANGER IN82 Private 1900 $5,614 4 ADFLT C. V. AIRPORT GRANGER II43 Private 1982 $5,614 5 ADFLT ROSETTA'S FIELD ULTRALIGHT MISHAWAKA 6II9 Private 1984 $5,614 6 ADFLT NELUND FIELD AIRPORT MISHAWAKA 9II2 Private 1985 $5,614 7 ADFLT HUSTONS AIRPORT NEW CARLISLE IN93 Private 1900 $5,614 8 ADFLT DILLON AIRPORT NORTH LIBERTY 9II3 Private 1985 $5,614 9 ADFLT PETERSON ULTRALIGHT NORTH LIBERTY 36IN Private 1990 $5,614 10 ADFLT STEWARTS GREEN ACRES AIRPORT NORTH LIBERTY IN38 Private 1992 $5,614 11 ADFLT SOUTH BEND REGIONAL AIRPORT SOUTH BEND SBN Public 1900 $5,614 12 ADFLT WNDU HELIPORT SOUTH BEND 7II4 Private 1985 $5,614 13 ADFLT CHAIN-O-LAKES AIRPORT SOUTH BEND 61I Private 1900 $5,614 14 ADFLT DRAKE FIELD AIRPORT WALKERTON II99 Private 1982 $5,614 15 ADFLT DREESSEN FIELD AIRPORT WALKERTON 17II Private 1986 $5,614 16 ADFLT MAY'S STRIP AIRPORT WALKERTON 87IN Private 1988 $5,614



Care Facilities ID Class Name Address City NumBeds Use Year Built Cost (x$1,000) 1 EFHS RIVERSIDE HOSPITAL 533 N NILES AVE SOUTH BEND Hospital $3,605 2 EFHS OUR LADY OF PEACE HOSPITAL801 E LASALLE AVE SOUTH BEND 32 Hospital $3,605 3 EFHL SAINT JOSEPH'S REGIONAL 801 E LASALLE AVE SOUTH BEND 267 Hospital $14,420 4 EFHM ST JOSEPH COMMUNITY 215 W 4TH ST MISHAWAKA 125 Hospital $7,210 5 EFHL MEMORIAL HOSPITAL OF 615 N MICHIGAN ST SOUTH BEND 344 Hospital $14,420 6 EFHM MADISON HOSPITAL 403 E MADISON ST SOUTH BEND 90 Hospital $7,210 7 MDFLT SOUTH BEND CLINIC & 211 N EDDY ST SOUTH BEND Ambulatory $500 8 MDFLT MICHIANA ENDOSCOPY CENTER 53830 GENERATIONS DR SOUTH BEND Ambulatory $500 9 MDFLT "ALLIED PHYSICIANS SURGERY 53990 CARMICHAEL DR SOUTH BEND Ambulatory $500 10 MDFLT Community Health Center 1708 S High St South Bend Community $500 11 MDFLT Community Health Center 813 S Michigan South Bend Community $500 12 MDFLT Community Health Center 3302 W Western Ave South Bend Community $500 13 MDFLT Community Health Center 201 Lincolnway West Mishawaka Community $500 14 MDFLT Community Health Center 1900 Western Ave South Bend Community $500 15 MDFLT Community Health Center 707 N Michigan St South Bend Community $500 16 MDFLT Community Health Center 215 W. Fourth St Mishawaka Community $500 17 EFMC ST. JOSEPH COUNTY WIC 325 N LAFAYETTE BLVD SOUTH BEND Rural $500 18 EFMC NORTH LIBERTY COMMUNITY 300 S MAIN ST NORTH LIBERTY Rural $500 19 EFMC ST. JOSEPH COUNTY WIC 1817 E IRELAND RD SOUTH BEND Rural $500 20 EFMC ST JOSEPH REGIONAL MEDICAL 801 E LASALLE AVE SOUTH BEND Rural $500 21 EFMC MEMORIAL HOSPITAL 615 N MICHIGAN ST SOUTH BEND Rural $500 22 EFMC MARY CREST BUILDING 2015 W WESTERN AVE STE 124 SOUTH BEND Rural $500 23 EFMC Community Health Center 1900 Western Ave South Bend FQHC $500 24 EFHL IRONWOOD HEALTH AND 1950 RIDGEDALE RD SOUTH BEND 220 Long_Term $14,420 25 EFHL Golden Living Center 811 E 12TH ST MISHAWAKA 87 Long_Term $14,420



ID Class Name Address City NumBeds Use Year Built Cost (x$1,000) 26 EFHL CARDINAL NURSING AND 1121 E LA SALLE AVE SOUTH BEND 158 Long_Term $14,420 27 EFHL HEALTHWIN 20531 DARDEN RD SOUTH BEND 143 Long_Term $14,420 28 EFHL Fountainview Place , 609 TANGLEWOOD LN MISHAWAKA 130 Long_Term $14,420 29 EFHL Sanctuary at St. Pauls 3602 S IRONWOOD DR SOUTH BEND 250 Long_Term $14,420 30 EFHL REGENCY PLACE OF SOUTH 52654 IRONWOOD RD SOUTH BEND 150 Long_Term $14,420 31 EFHL Sanctuary at St. Joseph 4600 W WASHINGTON ST SOUTH BEND 177 Long_Term $14,420 32 EFHS ST JOSEPH HOSPITAL OF 215 W 4TH ST MISHAWAKA 20 Long_Term $3,605 33 EFHL HAMILTON COMMUNITIES INC 31869 CHICAGO TRL NEW CARLISLE 169 Long_Term $14,420 34 EFHL MILLER'S MERRY MANOR 500 WALKERTON TRL WALKERTON 107 Long_Term $14,420 35 EFHL MILLER'S MERRY MANOR 220 E DUNN RD NEW CARLISLE 70 Long_Term $14,420 36 EFHL MANOR THE 118 S WILLIAM ST SOUTH BEND 59 Long_Term $14,420 37 EFHL MILTON HOME THE 206 E MARION ST SOUTH BEND 62 Long_Term $14,420 38 EFHL Wood Ridge Assisted Living 17650 GENERATIONS DR SOUTH BEND 85 Long_Term $14,420 39 EFHL Sanctuary at Holy Cross 17475 DUGDALE DR SOUTH BEND 120 Long_Term $14,420 40 EFHL Emeritus at Arborwood 430 CLEVELAND RD GRANGER 66 Long_Term $14,420 41 EFHL Atria Tanglewood Trace 530 TANGLEWOOD LN MISHAWAKA 149 Long_Term $14,420 42 EFHL ALTERRA STERLING HOUSE OF 17441 STATE ROAD 23 SOUTH BEND 56 Long_Term $14,420 43 EFHL PORTAGE MANOR HEALTH 3016 PORTAGE AVE SOUTH BEND 144 Long_Term $14,420 44 EFHL SOUTHFIELD VILLAGE 6450 MIAMI CIR SOUTH BEND 60 Long_Term $14,420 45 EFHS DUJARIE HOUSE 200 RIVER RIDGE DR NOTRE DAME 34 Long_Term $3,605 46 EFHM ST MARY MEDICAL PLAZA 2515 EAST JEFFERSON BLVD SOUTH BEND 70 Hospital $7,210 47 MDFLT Health Quest Corp. 315 W. Jefferson Blvd. SOUTH BEND 150 Unknown $13,520 49 MDFLT River Park Nursing & Rehab 915 S. 27th St. SOUTH BEND 150 Unknown $13,520 50 MDFLT Transitional Health Services 5024 W. Western Av. South Bend 150 Unknown $13,520 51 MDFLT Miller's Merry Manor 300 N. Washington Wakarusa 150 Unknown $13,520 52 MDFLT Rivercrest Health Care 1625 East Jefferson Street. Mishawaka 30 Unknown $13,520



Communication Facilities ID Class Name Address City Contact Use Year Built Cost (x$1,000) 1 CBR WHLY SOUTH BEND ND2 Nighttime CP AM $103 2 CBR WHLY SOUTH BEND ND2 Daytime CP AM $103 3 CBR WHLY SOUTH BEND ND1 Nighttime LIC AM $103 4 CBR WNDV SOUTH BEND ND1 Unlimited LIC AM $103 5 CBT WNDU-TV SOUTH BEND ND LIC DT $103 6 CBR WSBT-TV SOUTH BEND ND STA DS $103 7 CBT WSBT-TV SOUTH BEND ND CP MOD DT $103 8 CBT WNIT SOUTH BEND ND LIC TV $103 9 CBT WNDU-TV SOUTH BEND ND CP MOD DT $103 10 CBT WSJV ELKHART ND CP MOD DT $103 11 CBT WHME-TV SOUTH BEND ND LIC TV $103 12 CBT WNDU-TV SOUTH BEND ND LIC TV $103 13 CBT WSBT-TV SOUTH BEND ND LIC TV $103 14 CBT WSBT-TV SOUTH BEND ND APP DT $103 15 CBT WSBT-TV SOUTH BEND ND APP TV $103 16 CBT WNIT SOUTH BEND ND LIC DT $103 17 CBR WHLY SOUTH BEND ND Daytime LIC AM $103 18 CBR NEW ROSELAND DAN Nighttime APP AM $103 19 CBR NEW ROSELAND DAN Daytime APP AM $103 20 CBR WDND SOUTH BEND DAN Nighttime LIC AM $103 21 CBR WDND SOUTH BEND DAN Daytime LIC AM $103 22 CBR WSBT SOUTH BEND DA2 Daytime LIC AM $103 23 CBR WSBT SOUTH BEND DA2 Nighttime LIC AM $103 24 CBR WHME-TV SOUTH BEND DA STA DS $103 25 CBT WHME-TV SOUTH BEND DA CP DT $103



ID Class Name Address City Contact Use Year Built Cost (x$1,000) 26 CBR WSJV ELKHART DA STA DS $103 27 CBR WAAT-LP SOUTH BEND DA LIC TX $103 28 CBT WSJV ELKHART DA LIC TV $103 29 CBR WBND-LP SOUTH BEND DA LIC TX $103 30 CBR WMWB-LP SOUTH BEND DA LIC TX $103 31 CBR W300AL MISHAWAKA 300 ND CP FX $103 32 CBR W300AL MISHAWAKA 300 ND LIC FX $103 33 CBR WUBU SOUTH BEND 292 DA LIC FM $103 34 CBR WUBU SOUTH BEND 292 DA APP FM $103 35 CBR WUBU SOUTH BEND 292 ND USE FA $103 36 CBR WRBR-FM SOUTH BEND 280 ND LIC FM $103 37 CBR WRBR-FM SOUTH BEND 280 ND USE FA $103 38 CBR WHME SOUTH BEND 276 ND LIC FM $103 39 CBR WHME SOUTH BEND 276 ND USE FA $103 40 CBR WOZW NEW CARLISLE 272 ND LIC FM $103 41 CBR WOZW NEW CARLISLE 272 ND USE FA $103 42 CBR WNSN SOUTH BEND 268 ND LIC FS $103 43 CBR WNSN SOUTH BEND 268 ND LIC FM $103 44 CBR WNSN SOUTH BEND 268 ND USE FA $103 45 CBR W266BF SOUTH BEND 266 ND CP FX $103 46 CBR WBYT ELKHART 264 ND LIC FM $103 47 CBR WBYT ELKHART 264 ND USE FA $103 48 CBR WSBL-LP SOUTH BEND 251 ND CP FL $103 49 CBR WSBL-LP SOUTH BEND 251 ND LIC FL $103 50 CBR W243AJ MISHAWAKA 243 ND LIC FX $103 51 CBR W241AD SOUTH BEND 241 ND LIC FX $103 52 CBR WZOC PLYMOUTH 232 ND LIC FM $103



ID Class Name Address City Contact Use Year Built Cost (x$1,000) 53 CBR WZOC PLYMOUTH 232 ND USE FA $103 54 CBR WNDV-FM SOUTH BEND 225 ND LIC FS $103 55 CBR WNDV-FM SOUTH BEND 225 ND CP FM $103 56 CBR WNDV-FM SOUTH BEND 225 ND LIC FM $103 57 CBR WNDV-FM SOUTH BEND 225 ND USE FA $103 58 CBR W223AU SOUTH BEND 223 ND CP MOD FX $103 59 CBR WETL SOUTH BEND 219 ND LIC FM $103 60 CBR WUBS SOUTH BEND 209 ND LIC FM $103 61 CBR WUBS SOUTH BEND 209 DA CP MOD FM $103 62 CBR WSND-FM NOTRE DAME 205 ND LIC FM $103 63 CBR WVPE ELKHART 201 ND LIC FM $103 64 CDFLT <Add facility name> 20560 NEW RD SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell 2002 $130 65 CDFLT <Add facility name> 1013 QUEEN SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell 2000 $130 66 CDFLT <Add facility name> 1013 QUEEN SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell 2000 $130 67 CDFLT <Add facility name> 1013 QUEEN SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell 2000 $130 68 CDFLT <Add facility name> 1013 QUEEN SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell 2008 $130 69 CDFLT <Add facility name> 10844 MCKINLEY HWY COUNTY <Add contact name> Cell $130 70 CDFLT <Add facility name> 11039 ANDERSON RD COUNTY <Add contact name> Cell 1997 $130 71 CDFLT <Add facility name> 11039 ANDERSON RD COUNTY <Add contact name> Cell 2004 $130 72 CDFLT <Add facility name> 11458 MCKINLEY HWY COUNTY <Add contact name> Cell 2003 $130 73 CDFLT <Add facility name> 11555 KERN RD COUNTY <Add contact name> Cell 2007 $130 74 CDFLT <Add facility name> 11555 KERN RD COUNTY <Add contact name> Cell 2008 $130 75 CDFLT <Add facility name> 12990 SR 23 GRANGER <Add contact name> Cell $130 76 CDFLT <Add facility name> 12990 SR 23 GRANGER <Add contact name> Cell 2008 $130 77 CDFLT <Add facility name> 12990 SR 23 GRANGER <Add contact name> Cell $130 78 CDFLT <Add facility name> 13981 SR 23 COUNTY <Add contact name> Cell $130 79 CDFLT <Add facility name> 13988 CLEVELAND GRANGER <Add contact name> Cell 1998 $130



ID Class Name Address City Contact Use Year Built Cost (x$1,000) 80 CDFLT <Add facility name> 13988 CLEVELAND GRANGER <Add contact name> Cell 2003 $130 81 CDFLT <Add facility name> 14040 CLEVELAND RD GRANGER <Add contact name> Cell 2004 $130 82 CDFLT <Add facility name> 14040 CLEVELAND RD GRANGER <Add contact name> Cell 2004 $130 83 CDFLT <Add facility name> 14040 CLEVELAND RD GRANGER <Add contact name> Cell 2004 $130 84 CDFLT <Add facility name> 1640 MAPLEWOOD SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell 2004 $130 85 CDFLT <Add facility name> 1640 MAPLEWOOD SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell $130 86 CDFLT <Add facility name> 1702 N. BENDIX,ADJ W 3113 LWW SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell 1998 $130 87 CDFLT <Add facility name> 1729 SOUTH BEND AVE SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell 2003 $130 88 CDFLT <Add facility name> 1729 SOUTH BEND AVE SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell 2003 $130 89 CDFLT <Add facility name> 1729 SOUTH BEND AVE SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell 2003 $130 90 CDFLT <Add facility name> 18 VL TRI PARC.BOL93 SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell 1998 $130 92 CDFLT <Add facility name> 18355 AUTEN COUNTY <Add contact name> Cell 2006 $130 93 CDFLT <Add facility name> 18355 AUTEN COUNTY <Add contact name> Cell 2006 $130 94 CDFLT <Add facility name> 1905 GOODSON CT SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell 2008 $130 95 CDFLT <Add facility name> 1905 GOODSON CT SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell 2003 $130 96 CDFLT <Add facility name> 2018 MIAMI SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell $130 97 CDFLT <Add facility name> 20265 JACKSON COUNTY <Add contact name> Cell 2003 $130 98 CDFLT <Add facility name> 20560 NEW RD SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell 2002 $130 99 CDFLT <Add facility name> 20560 NEW RD SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell 2002 $130 100 CDFLT <Add facility name> 20900 IRELAND RD COUNTY <Add contact name> Cell 1988 $130 101 CDFLT <Add facility name> 21251 SR 4 LAKEVILLE <Add contact name> Cell 2008 $130 102 CDFLT <Add facility name> 21445 LEEPER RD, LOT 1 COUNTY <Add contact name> Cell 2004 $130 103 CDFLT <Add facility name> 21445 LEEPER RD, LOT 1 COUNTY <Add contact name> Cell 2004 $130 104 CDFLT <Add facility name> 21445 LEEPER RD, LOT 1 COUNTY <Add contact name> Cell 2004 $130 105 CDFLT <Add facility name> 21445 LEEPER RD, LOT 1 COUNTY <Add contact name> Cell 2004 $130 106 CDFLT <Add facility name> 220 SYCAMORE ST SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell 1996 $130 107 CDFLT <Add facility name> 22573 BRICK RD SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell 2006 $130



ID Class Name Address City Contact Use Year Built Cost (x$1,000) 108 CDFLT <Add facility name> 23184 RILEY COUNTY <Add contact name> Cell $130 109 CDFLT <Add facility name> 2405 E. EDISON RD(UNION HALL) SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell 1997 $130 110 CDFLT <Add facility name> 24125 NEW RD COUNTY <Add contact name> Cell 1988 $130 111 CDFLT <Add facility name> 25920 SR 2 COUNTY <Add contact name> Cell 2008 $130 112 CDFLT <Add facility name> 202 S MICHIGAN SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell 2008 $130 113 CDFLT <Add facility name> 16813 D0UGLAS RD SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell $130 114 CDFLT <Add facility name> 26315 EDISON RD COUNTY <Add contact name> Cell 2006 $130 115 CDFLT <Add facility name> 2722 W. SAMPLE SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell 2003 $130 116 CDFLT <Add facility name> 2722 W. SAMPLE SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell 1998 $130 117 CDFLT <Add facility name> 2722 W. SAMPLE SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell 2008 $130 118 CDFLT <Add facility name> 27826 DARDEN RD COUNTY <Add contact name> Cell $130 119 CDFLT <Add facility name> 28525 NEW RD COUNTY <Add contact name> Cell $130 120 CDFLT <Add facility name> 302 JEFFERSON SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell $130 121 CDFLT <Add facility name> 30333 DARDEN RD NEW CARLISLE <Add contact name> Cell 2000 $130 122 CDFLT <Add facility name> 31017 CHICAGO TRAIL COUNTY <Add contact name> Cell 2008 $130 123 CDFLT <Add facility name> 3107 S. MAIN SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell 2003 $130 124 CDFLT <Add facility name> 3108 MISHAWAKA AVE SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell 2004 $130 125 CDFLT <Add facility name> 3113 LINCOLNWAY WEST SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell 2003 $130 126 CDFLT <Add facility name> 3113 W. WESTERN AVE SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell 2004 $130 127 CDFLT <Add facility name> 3113 W. WESTERN AVE SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell 2004 $130 128 CDFLT <Add facility name> 3115 WESTERN AVE W, LOT 4 SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell 2001 $130 129 CDFLT <Add facility name> 324 GARST SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell 2004 $130 130 CDFLT <Add facility name> 3300 S. MAIN SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell $130 131 CDFLT <Add facility name> 3535 E. MCKINLEY SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell 2003 $130 132 CDFLT <Add facility name> 3535 E. MCKINLEY SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell 2003 $130 134 CDFLT <Add facility name> 3606 KELLER STREET SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell 2003 $130 135 CDFLT <Add facility name> 3606 KELLER STREET SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell 2003 $130



ID Class Name Address City Contact Use Year Built Cost (x$1,000) 136 CDFLT <Add facility name> 3826 FJ. NIMTZ PKWY SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell 2006 $130 137 CDFLT <Add facility name> 3826 FJ. NIMTZ PKWY SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell 2006 $130 138 CDFLT <Add facility name> 3826 FJ. NIMTZ PKWY SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell 2006 $130 139 CDFLT <Add facility name> 436 N MCCOMBS ROSELAND <Add contact name> Cell $130 140 CDFLT <Add facility name> 4370 OLIVE RD SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell 2000 $130 141 CDFLT <Add facility name> 4370 OLIVE RD SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell 2000 $130 142 CDFLT <Add facility name> 4370 OLIVE RD SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell 2000 $130 143 CDFLT <Add facility name> 50777 LILAC RD SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell 2007 $130 144 CDFLT <Add facility name> 50777 LILAC RD SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell 2007 $130 145 CDFLT <Add facility name> 50777 LILAC RD SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell 2007 $130 146 CDFLT <Add facility name> 51051 HICKORY RD GRANGER <Add contact name> Cell 2007 $130 147 CDFLT <Add facility name> 51052 HICKORY RD GRANGER <Add contact name> Cell 2007 $130 148 CDFLT <Add facility name> 51052 HICKORY RD GRANGER <Add contact name> Cell 2007 $130 149 CDFLT <Add facility name> 51052 HICKORY RD GRANGER <Add contact name> Cell 2007 $130 150 CDFLT <Add facility name> 51052 HICKORY RD GRANGER <Add contact name> Cell 2007 $130 151 CDFLT <Add facility name> 51080 LAUREL RD SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell 2007 $130 152 CDFLT <Add facility name> 51080 LAUREL RD SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell 2008 $130 153 CDFLT <Add facility name> 51502 HICKORY RD GRANGER <Add contact name> Cell 2007 $130 154 CDFLT <Add facility name> <Add street add51740 COUNTY COUNTY <Add contact name> Cell $130 155 CDFLT <Add facility name> 51967 US 33 N COUNTY <Add contact name> Cell 2002 $130 156 CDFLT <Add facility name> 51996 SPRUCE RD COUNTY <Add contact name> Cell $130 157 CDFLT <Add facility name> 52369 PRIMROSE COUNTY <Add contact name> Cell 2000 $130 158 CDFLT <Add facility name> 52369 PRIMROSE COUNTY <Add contact name> Cell 2000 $130 159 CDFLT <Add facility name> 52530 BEACH RD GRANGER <Add contact name> Cell 2005 $130 160 CDFLT <Add facility name> 52530 BEACH RD GRANGER <Add contact name> Cell 2005 $130 161 CDFLT <Add facility name> 52530 BEACH RD GRANGER <Add contact name> Cell 2005 $130 162 CDFLT <Add facility name> 529 HILL SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell 2003 $130



ID Class Name Address City Contact Use Year Built Cost (x$1,000) 163 CDFLT <Add facility name> 529 HILL SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell 2003 $130 164 CDFLT <Add facility name> 53741 LAMAR ST, INDIAN VILLAGECOUNTY <Add contact name> Cell 2003 $130 165 CDFLT <Add facility name> 54045 SMILAX RD NEW CARLISLE <Add contact name> Cell $130 166 CDFLT <Add facility name> 54508 BUCKEYE RD COUNTY <Add contact name> Cell 2008 $130 167 CDFLT <Add facility name> 549 LIBERTY ST WALKERTON <Add contact name> Cell $130 168 CDFLT <Add facility name> 56175 ORCHID, 900' S OF COUNTY <Add contact name> Cell 1995 $130 169 CDFLT <Add facility name> 56175 ORCHID, 900' S OF COUNTY <Add contact name> Cell 2004 $130 170 CDFLT <Add facility name> 56181 Orchid Street COUNTY <Add contact name> Cell $130 171 CDFLT <Add facility name> 56181 Orchid Street COUNTY <Add contact name> Cell 2008 $130 172 CDFLT <Add facility name> 56360 COUNTY LINE RD COUNTY <Add contact name> Cell 2000 $130 173 CDFLT <Add facility name> 56360 COUNTY LINE RD COUNTY <Add contact name> Cell 2000 $130 174 CDFLT <Add facility name> 56360 COUNTY LINE RD COUNTY <Add contact name> Cell 2000 $130 175 CDFLT <Add facility name> 56360 COUNTY LINE RD COUNTY <Add contact name> Cell 2000 $130 176 CDFLT <Add facility name> 56491 RICE ROAD COUNTY <Add contact name> Cell 2008 $130 177 CDFLT <Add facility name> 56845 PEAR RD COUNTY <Add contact name> Cell 2007 $130 178 CDFLT <Add facility name> 59221 HICKORY RD COUNTY <Add contact name> Cell 1998 $130 179 CDFLT <Add facility name> 59750 GRASS RD COUNTY <Add contact name> Cell 2002 $130 180 CDFLT <Add facility name> 59801 GRASS RD COUNTY <Add contact name> Cell 1999 $130 181 CDFLT <Add facility name> 60455 GRASS RD SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell 2002 $130 182 CDFLT <Add facility name> 60460 ELM RD COUNTY <Add contact name> Cell 2002 $130 183 CDFLT <Add facility name> 63485 MULBERRY RD COUNTY <Add contact name> Cell 2000 $130 184 CDFLT <Add facility name> 67777 KENILWORTH RD COUNTY <Add contact name> Cell $130 185 CDFLT <Add facility name> 721 N. COLLEGE SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell 2008 $130 186 CDFLT <Add facility name> 732 OHIO, SW CORNER OF OHIO & SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell 1998 $130 187 CDFLT <Add facility name> 814 MARIETTA SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell 2005 $130 189 CDFLT <Add facility name> 814 MARIETTA SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell 2008 $130 190 CDFLT <Add facility name> ARNOLD & GARST SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell $130



ID Class Name Address City Contact Use Year Built Cost (x$1,000) 191 CDFLT <Add facility name> E/S OF DOGWOOD S OF US 20 COUNTY <Add contact name> Cell 1998 $130 192 CDFLT <Add facility name> E/S OF DOGWOOD S OF US 20 COUNTY <Add contact name> Cell 2004 $130 193 CDFLT <Add facility name> LOGAN & MISHAWAKA SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell $130 194 CDFLT <Add facility name> LOT 1, HAYES MAYFLOWER RD COUNTY <Add contact name> Cell 1998 $130 195 CDFLT <Add facility name> LOT A HAYES MICK COURT SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell $130 196 CDFLT <Add facility name> N OF TOLLROAD, W OF OLIVE RD SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell $130 197 CDFLT <Add facility name> NS FILBERT, N OF MCKINLEY SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell 1997 $130 198 CDFLT <Add facility name> NW OSBORNE & LIBERTY TRAIL COUNTY <Add contact name> Cell $130 199 CDFLT <Add facility name> REAR OF 16813 DOUGLAS RD SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell $130 200 CDFLT <Add facility name> S OF KERN, E OF IRONWOOD COUNTY <Add contact name> Cell 1994 $130 201 CDFLT <Add facility name> S/S ANDERSON, W OF MILLER GRANGER <Add contact name> Cell 1997 $130 202 CDFLT <Add facility name> S/S IRELAND, E OF MAYFLOWER COUNTY <Add contact name> Cell $130 203 CDFLT <Add facility name> SE COR LINDEN & IRELAND SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell 1997 $130 204 CDFLT <Add facility name> SE CORNER OF JOHNSON & SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell $130 205 CDFLT <Add facility name> SHERKS SHIVELY RD MINOR SUB, COUNTY <Add contact name> Cell $130 206 CDFLT <Add facility name> SNOWBERRY RD NORTH LIBERTY <Add contact name> Cell $130 207 CDFLT <Add facility name> US 31 S EDGE OF LAKEVILLE LAKEVILLE <Add contact name> Cell $130 208 CDFLT <Add facility name> V/L ON TURNER DR-UNIVERSITY SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell 2006 $130 209 CDFLT <Add facility name> V/L ON TURNER DR-UNIVERSITY SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell 2006 $130 210 CDFLT <Add facility name> V/L ON TURNER DR-UNIVERSITY SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell 2006 $130 211 CDFLT <Add facility name> VCT LAND E SIDE OF ELDER ST COUNTY <Add contact name> Cell 2003 $130 212 CDFLT <Add facility name> VCT LOT 3,NW CORNER OF MISH & SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell 1997 $130 213 CDFLT <Add facility name> VL BY ELM SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell $130 214 CDFLT <Add facility name> VL NE COR FERN & ROOSEVELT COUNTY <Add contact name> Cell $130 215 CDFLT <Add facility name> W OF DEAHL, N OF TOLLROAD SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell $130 216 CDFLT <Add facility name> W/S GRASS, S OF JACKSON SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell $130 217 CDFLT <Add facility name> W/S IRONWOOD, S OF JACKSON SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> Cell $130



ID Class Name Address City Contact Use Year Built Cost (x$1,000) 218 CDFLT <Add facility name> WATER TOWER MISHAWAKA <Add contact name> Cell $130 219 CDFLT <Add facility name> WATER TOWER NOTRE DAME <Add contact name> Cell 2000 $130 220 CDFLT WGTC CH 272 <Add street address> NEW CARLISLE <Add contact name> FM $103 221 CDFLT WDND 1620 <Add street address> SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> AM $103 222 CDFLT WHLY 1580 <Add street address> SOUTH BEND <Add contact name> AM $103



Dams ID Class Name Near City Distance To City Owner Purpose Year Built Normal Storage 1 HPDE POTATO CR. DAM NO. E3-331 NORTH LIBERTY 3 POTATO CREEK STATE PARK ( R 1977 3220

2 HPDG BALL BAND DAM MISHAWAKA 0 MICHIANA HYDRO-ELECTRIC P O 1834 291

3 HPDG TWIN BRANCH MISHAWAKA 0 Indiana Michigan Power Co H 1903 9700

4 HPDZ SOUTH BEND SOUTH BEND 0 SOUTH BEND CITY OF H 1850 800

5 HPDZ <Add facility name> MISHAWAKA <Add facility owner> U

6 HPDZ <Add facility name> MISHAWAKA <Add facility owner> U



Emergency Operations Centers ID Class Name Address City Contact Year Built Cost (x$1,000) 1 EFEO EMA-St Joseph County 4714 Lathrop St South Bend Bill Zimmerman $1,030



Fire Stations ID Class Name Address City Contact Year Built Cost (x$1,000) 1 EFFS Lakeville City Fire Dept 117 S Main St Lakeville Fire Departments $618 2 EFFS Harris Twp Fire Dept 13981 State Road 23 Granger Fire Departments $618 3 EFFS Penn Township Fire Dept 13750 Mckinley Hwy Mishawaka Fire Departments $618 4 EFFS Clay Fire Station # 1 18776 Cleveland Rd South Bend Fire Departments $618 5 EFFS Clay Fire Station # 2 18355 Auten Rd South Bend Fire Departments $618 6 EFFS South West Fire Dept 19971 Kern Rd South Bend Fire Departments $618 7 EFFS Mishawaka Fire Station #4 2319 Lincoln Way E Mishawaka Fire Departments $618 8 EFFS Mishawaka Fire Station #2 2332 N Main St Mishawaka Fire Departments $618 9 EFFS Mishawaka Fire Station 333 E Douglas Rd Mishawaka Fire Departments $618 10 EFFS Walkerton Fire Dept 402 Michigan St Walkerton Fire Departments $618 11 EFFS Clay Fire Station # 3 51775 Portage Rd South Bend Fire Departments $618 12 EFFS Warren Twp Fire Dept 54837 Quince Rd South Bend Fire Departments $618 13 EFFS Mishawaka Fire Station #1 600 E 3rd St Mishawaka Fire Departments $618 14 EFFS Osceola Fire Dept 620 W Rogers St Osceola Fire Departments $618 15 EFFS South Bend Fire Dept 701 W Sample St # B South Bend Fire Departments $618 16 FDFLT South Bend Fire Dept. Station #8 2402 Twykenham Dr. South Bend <Add contact name> $773 17 FDFLT Mishawaka Fire Dept. Station 600 Union St. Mishawaka <Add contact name> $773 18 FDFLT Harris Twp. Fire Dept. #1 12481 Anderson Granger <Add contact name> $773 19 FDFLT Penn Twp. Fire Dept # 1 14940 Jackson Road Mishawaka <Add contact name> $773 20 FDFLT Penn Twp. Fire Dept # 3 10701 Ireland Road Mishawaka <Add contact name> $773 21 FDFLT New Carlisle Fire Dept. 210 Michigan New Carlisle <Add contact name> $773 22 FDFLT North Liberty Fire 112 S. State Street North Liberty <Add contact name> $773 23 FDFLT German Twp. Sta. 2 23747 Keller Road South Bend <Add contact name> $773 24 FDFLT Portage Twp. Fire 23626 Fillmore South Bend <Add contact name> $773 25 FDFLT Warren Twp. Fire 59330 Crumstown Hwy. South Bend <Add contact name> $773



ID Class Name Address City Contact Year Built Cost (x$1,000) 26 FDFLT Madison Twp. Fire 66341 SR 331 Wyatt <Add contact name> $773 27 FDFLT South Bend Fire Dept. Station #2 110 E. Marion St. South Bend <Add contact name> $773 28 FDFLT South Bend Fire Dept. Station #7 1616 Portage Ave. South Bend <Add contact name> $773 29 FDFLT South Bend Fire Dept. Station #3 1805 McKinley Ave. South Bend <Add contact name> $773 30 FDFLT South Bend Fire Dept. Station #4 220 N. Olive St. South Bend <Add contact name> $773 31 FDFLT South Bend Fire Dept. Station #6 4302 W. Western AVe. South Bend <Add contact name> $773 32 FDFLT South Bend Fire Dept. Station #5 2221 Prairie Ave. South Bend <Add contact name> $773 33 FDFLT South Bend Fire Dept. Station #9 2520 Mishawaka Ave. South Bend <Add contact name> $773 34 FDFLT South Bend Fire Dept. Station #10 308 W. Ireland Rd. South Bend <Add contact name> $773 35 FDFLT South Bend Fire Dept. Station #11 3505 N. Bendix Dr. South Bend <Add contact name> $773



Hazmat ID Class Name Address City Owner Chemical Year Built Amount 1 HDFLT AMERICAN ROLLER CO. 201 INDUSTRIAL DR. WALKERTON TOLUENE 2 HDFLT UNIVERSAL FOREST PRODS. 50415 HERBERT ST. GRANGER COPPER 3 HDFLT UNIVERSAL FOREST PRODS. 50415 HERBERT ST. GRANGER CHROMIUM 4 HDFLT UNIVERSAL FOREST PRODS. 50415 HERBERT ST. GRANGER ARSENIC 5 HDFLT "AP AUTOMOTIVE SYS.GRANGER 13065 ANDERSON RD. GRANGER CHROMIUM 6 HDFLT BAYCOTE METAL FINISHING 1302 INDUSTRIAL DR. MISHAWAKA CYANIDE 7 HDFLT BAYCOTE METAL FINISHING 1302 INDUSTRIAL DR. MISHAWAKA NITRIC ACID 8 HDFLT BAYCOTE METAL FINISHING 1302 INDUSTRIAL DR. MISHAWAKA NITRATE 9 HDFLT JANCO PRODS. INC. 920 S. LOGAN ST. MISHAWAKA STYRENE 10 HDFLT AM GENERAL CORP. 13200 MCKINLEY HWY. MISHAWAKA XYLENE (MIXED 11 HDFLT AM GENERAL CORP. 13200 MCKINLEY HWY. MISHAWAKA METHYL 12 HDFLT AM GENERAL CORP. 13200 MCKINLEY HWY. MISHAWAKA METHYL ETHYL 13 HDFLT AM GENERAL CORP. 13200 MCKINLEY HWY. MISHAWAKA CHROMIUM 14 HDFLT AM GENERAL CORP. 13200 MCKINLEY HWY. MISHAWAKA ETHYLENE 15 HDFLT ROCKWELL AUTOMATION-DODGE 500 S. UNION ST. MISHAWAKA MANGANESE 16 HDFLT ROCKWELL AUTOMATION-DODGE 500 S. UNION ST. MISHAWAKA COPPER 17 HDFLT SCOTT BRASS INC. 700 S. UNION ST. MISHAWAKA COPPER 18 HDFLT DECO-CHEM INC. 3502 N. HOME ST. MISHAWAKA CERTAIN 19 HDFLT NATIONAL-STANDARD CO. 2401 N. HOME ST. MISHAWAKA NICKEL 20 HDFLT NATIONAL-STANDARD CO. 2401 N. HOME ST. MISHAWAKA NICKEL 21 HDFLT DANA RISTANCE MISHAWAKA 1718 N. HOME ST. MISHAWAKA "SULFURIC ACID 22 HDFLT SAMPSON FIBERGLASS INC. 2424 HOME ST. MISHAWAKA STYRENE 23 HDFLT EDCOAT LTD. PTNR. 30350 EDISON RD. NEW CARLISLE TOLUENE 24 HDFLT EDCOAT LTD. PTNR. 30350 EDISON RD. NEW CARLISLE CERTAIN 25 HDFLT I/N KOTE 30755 EDISON RD. NEW CARLISLE ZINC COMPOUNDS



ID Class Name Address City Owner Chemical Year Built Amount 26 HDFLT I/N KOTE 30755 EDISON RD. NEW CARLISLE NICKEL 27 HDFLT I/N TEK 30755 EDISON RD. NEW CARLISLE "HYDROCHLORIC 28 HDFLT I/N TEK 30755 EDISON RD. NEW CARLISLE NICKEL 29 HDFLT SCOTT BRASS INC. 31440 EDISON RD. NEW CARLISLE ZINC (FUME OR 30 HDFLT SCOTT BRASS INC. 31440 EDISON RD. NEW CARLISLE COPPER 31 HDFLT SCOTT BRASS INC. 31440 EDISON RD. NEW CARLISLE COPPER 32 HDFLT CHARLES O. HILER & SON "U.S. 6 E., ROOSEVELT ST." WALKERTON COPPER 33 HDFLT CHARLES O. HILER & SON "U.S. 6 E., ROOSEVELT ST." WALKERTON LEAD 34 HDFLT PREMDOR CORPORATED 111 MUSKIN DR. WALKERTON CERTAIN 35 HDFLT ASHLAND DISTRIBUTION CO. 1817 W. INDIANA AVE. SOUTH BEND CERTAIN 36 HDFLT ASHLAND DISTRIBUTION CO. 1817 W. INDIANA AVE. SOUTH BEND METHANOL 37 HDFLT ASHLAND DISTRIBUTION CO. 1817 W. INDIANA AVE. SOUTH BEND METHYL ETHYL 38 HDFLT ASHLAND DISTRIBUTION CO. 1817 W. INDIANA AVE. SOUTH BEND METHYL 39 HDFLT ASHLAND DISTRIBUTION CO. 1817 W. INDIANA AVE. SOUTH BEND TOLUENE 40 HDFLT ASHLAND DISTRIBUTION CO. 1817 W. INDIANA AVE. SOUTH BEND XYLENE (MIXED 41 HDFLT ASHLAND DISTRIBUTION CO. 1817 W. INDIANA AVE. SOUTH BEND METHYL ETHYL 42 HDFLT ASHLAND DISTRIBUTION CO. 1817 W. INDIANA AVE. SOUTH BEND METHANOL 43 HDFLT ASHLAND DISTRIBUTION CO. 1817 W. INDIANA AVE. SOUTH BEND TOLUENE 44 HDFLT ASHLAND DISTRIBUTION CO. 1817 W. INDIANA AVE. SOUTH BEND XYLENE (MIXED 45 HDFLT ASHLAND DISTRIBUTION CO. 1817 W. INDIANA AVE. SOUTH BEND ETHYLENE 46 HDFLT ASHLAND DISTRIBUTION CO. 1817 W. INDIANA AVE. SOUTH BEND CERTAIN 47 HDFLT ASHLAND DISTRIBUTION CO. 1817 W. INDIANA AVE. SOUTH BEND ETHYLENE 48 HDFLT ASHLAND DISTRIBUTION CO. 1817 W. INDIANA AVE. SOUTH BEND NITRIC ACID 49 HDFLT ASHLAND DISTRIBUTION CO. 1817 W. INDIANA AVE. SOUTH BEND N-HEXANE 50 HDFLT AM GENERAL - ESP 711 W. CHIPPEWA AVE. SOUTH BEND METHYL 51 HDFLT AM GENERAL - ESP 711 W. CHIPPEWA AVE. SOUTH BEND ETHYLENE 52 HDFLT VAN WATERS & ROGERS INC. 59865 MARKET ST. SOUTH BEND FORMIC ACID



ID Class Name Address City Owner Chemical Year Built Amount 53 HDFLT VAN WATERS & ROGERS INC. 59865 MARKET ST. SOUTH BEND NITRIC ACID 54 HDFLT VAN WATERS & ROGERS INC. 59865 MARKET ST. SOUTH BEND METHANOL 55 HDFLT VAN WATERS & ROGERS INC. 59865 MARKET ST. SOUTH BEND METHYL ETHYL 56 HDFLT VAN WATERS & ROGERS INC. 59865 MARKET ST. SOUTH BEND CERTAIN 57 HDFLT VAN WATERS & ROGERS INC. 59865 MARKET ST. SOUTH BEND AMMONIA 58 HDFLT KOKOKU WIRE INDS. CORP. 1217 S. WALNUT ST. SOUTH BEND "HYDROCHLORIC 59 HDFLT IMAGINEERING ENTERPRISES INC. 1302 W. SAMPLE ST. SOUTH BEND NICKEL 60 HDFLT IMAGINEERING ENTERPRISES INC. 1302 W. SAMPLE ST. SOUTH BEND NITRIC ACID 61 HDFLT IMAGINEERING ENTERPRISES INC. 1302 W. SAMPLE ST. SOUTH BEND NITRATE 62 HDFLT INTERPLASTIC CORP. - MOLDING 1545 S. OLIVE ST. SOUTH BEND STYRENE 63 HDFLT INTERPLASTIC CORP. - MOLDING 1545 S. OLIVE ST. SOUTH BEND ZINC COMPOUNDS 64 HDFLT SAMPSON FIBERGLASS INC. 135 N. KALEY ST. SOUTH BEND STYRENE 65 HDFLT SOUTH BEND ACQUISITION CORP. 220 W. ECKMAN ST. SOUTH BEND COPPER 66 HDFLT SOUTH BEND ACQUISITION CORP. 220 W. ECKMAN ST. SOUTH BEND DIISOCYANATES 67 HDFLT HONEYWELL AIRCRAFT LANDING 3520 WESTMOOR ST. SOUTH BEND BENZENE 68 HDFLT HONEYWELL AIRCRAFT LANDING 3520 WESTMOOR ST. SOUTH BEND ETHYLENE 69 HDFLT HONEYWELL AIRCRAFT LANDING 3520 WESTMOOR ST. SOUTH BEND COPPER 70 HDFLT HONEYWELL AIRCRAFT LANDING 3520 WESTMOOR ST. SOUTH BEND METHYL 71 HDFLT HONEYWELL AIRCRAFT LANDING 3520 WESTMOOR ST. SOUTH BEND TOLUENE 72 HDFLT STEEL WAREHOUSE CO. INC. 2722 W. TUCKER DR. SOUTH BEND NICKEL 73 HDFLT STEEL WAREHOUSE CO. INC. 2722 W. TUCKER DR. SOUTH BEND CHROMIUM 74 HDFLT STEEL WAREHOUSE CO. INC. 2722 W. TUCKER DR. SOUTH BEND MANGANESE 75 HDFLT STEEL WAREHOUSE CO. INC. 2722 W. TUCKER DR. SOUTH BEND "HYDROCHLORIC 76 HDFLT UNIROYAL TECH. CORP. 2001 W. WASHINGTON AVE. SOUTH BEND TOLUENE 77 HDFLT UNIROYAL TECH. CORP. 2001 W. WASHINGTON AVE. SOUTH BEND METHYL ETHYL 78 HDFLT UNIROYAL TECH. CORP. 2001 W. WASHINGTON AVE. SOUTH BEND XYLENE (MIXED 79 HDFLT UNIROYAL TECH. CORP. 2001 W. WASHINGTON AVE. SOUTH BEND N-HEXANE



ID Class Name Address City Owner Chemical Year Built Amount 80 HDFLT UNIROYAL TECH. CORP. 2001 W. WASHINGTON AVE. SOUTH BEND DICHLOROMETH 81 HDFLT UNIROYAL TECH. CORP. 2001 W. WASHINGTON AVE. SOUTH BEND ZINC COMPOUNDS 82 HDFLT UNIROYAL TECH. CORP. 2001 W. WASHINGTON AVE. SOUTH BEND DIISOCYANATES 83 HDFLT UNIROYAL TECH. CORP. 2001 W. WASHINGTON AVE. SOUTH BEND TETRACHLOROE 84 HDFLT UNIROYAL TECH. CORP. 2001 W. WASHINGTON AVE. SOUTH BEND ALUMINUM 85 HDFLT SOLVAY AUTOMOTIVE INC. 1827 N. BENDIX DR. SOUTH BEND AMMONIA 86 HDFLT FEDERAL-MOGUL CORP. - 3605 W. CLEVELAND RD. SOUTH BEND MANGANESE 87 HDFLT FEDERAL-MOGUL CORP. - 3605 W. CLEVELAND RD. SOUTH BEND ALUMINUM 88 HDFLT FEDERAL-MOGUL CORP. - 3605 W. CLEVELAND RD. SOUTH BEND COPPER 89 HDFLT FEDERAL-MOGUL CORP. - 3605 W. CLEVELAND RD. SOUTH BEND NICKEL 90 HDFLT FEDERAL-MOGUL CORP. - 3605 W. CLEVELAND RD. SOUTH BEND ZINC COMPOUNDS 91 HDFLT SAFETY-KLEEN SYS. (508201) 2217 WESTERN AVE. SOUTH BEND ETHYLENE 92 HDFLT EATON CORP. FORGE DIV. 2930 FOUNDATION DR. SOUTH BEND MANGANESE 93 HDFLT EATON CORP. FORGE DIV. 2930 FOUNDATION DR. SOUTH BEND NICKEL 94 HDFLT NEW ENERGY CORP. 3201 W. CALVERT ST. SOUTH BEND BENZENE 95 HDFLT NEW ENERGY CORP. 3201 W. CALVERT ST. SOUTH BEND CHLORINE 96 HDFLT NEW ENERGY CORP. 3201 W. CALVERT ST. SOUTH BEND XYLENE (MIXED 97 HDFLT FEDERAL-MOGUL CORP. 101 INDUSTRIAL BLVD. LOGANSPORT COPPER 98 HDFLT FEDERAL-MOGUL CORP. 101 INDUSTRIAL BLVD. LOGANSPORT TOLUENE 99 HDFLT Polygon 103 Industial Dr. Walkerton <Add facility Other 100 HDFLT Polygon 103 Tennessee St. Walkerton <Add facility Unknown 101 HDFLT Rossborough 204 S.R. 104 Walkterton <Add facility Unknown



Police Stations ID Class Name Address City Contact Year Built Cost (x$1,000) 1 EFPS New Carlisle Police Dept 124 E Michigan St New Carlisle Police Departments $1,442 2 EFPS North Liberty Police Dept 116 N Main St North Liberty Police Departments $1,442 3 EFPS Sheriff-Investigative Div 125 S Lafayette St. South Bend Sheriff $1,442 4 EFPS Roseland Police Dept 200 Independence Dr South Bend Police Departments $1,442 5 EFPS Police Chief 200 N Church St Mishawaka Police Departments $1,442 6 EFPS Lakeville Police Dept 209 S Michigan St Lakeville Police Departments $1,442 7 EFPS Sheriff-Civil Div 125 S Lafayette St. South Bend Sheriff $1,442 8 EFPS South Bend Pinhook Park-Police 2801 Riverside Dr South Bend Police Departments $1,442 9 EFPS Walkerton Police Dept 402 Michigan St Walkerton Police Departments $1,442 10 EFPS Sheriff-County Police-Patrol 4817 Lincoln Way W South Bend Sheriff $1,442 11 EFPS South Bend Police Special Crms 523 E Jefferson Blvd South Bend Police Departments $1,442 12 EFPS South Bend Police DEPT-Dare 401 W Sample St # A South Bend Police Departments $1,442 13 EFPS Police Dept-Crime Prevention 701 W Sample St South Bend Police Departments $1,442 14 EFPS Osceola Police Dept 850 Lincoln Way W Osceola Police Departments $1,442 15 PDFLT Mishawaka Police Sub Division 360 East Douglas Rd Mishawaka <Add contact name> $1,442



Potable Water Facilities ID Class Name Address City Contact Use YearBuilt Cost (x$1,000) 1 PDFLT MISHAWAKA MUNICIPAL UTILITIES 126 N CHURCH ST MISHAWAKA MR. JAMES CROOK Other 1999 34299 3 PDFLT Walkerton Municipal Water 502 Ohio St Walkerton <Add contact name> Unknown 42874 4 PDFLT South Bend Waterworks 915 Olive st. South Bend <Add contact name> Other 42874 5 PDFLT South Bend Waterworks 830 N Michigan St South Bend <Add contact name> Other 42874 6 PDFLT North Liberty Water 300 E Maple Ave North Liberty <Add contact name> Unknown 42874 7 PDFLT Mishawaka Water Department 401 East Jefferson Blvd Mishawaka <Add contact name> Unknown 42874 8 PDFLT Virgil Street Wellfield 300 North Virgil Street Mishawaka <Add contact name> Unknown 42874 9 PDFLT North Division Street Wellfield 3000 North Division Street Mishawaka <Add contact name> Unknown 42874 10 PDFLT Gumwood Wellfield 6200 North Gumwood Road Mishawak <Add contact name> Unknown 42874 11 PDFLT New Carlisle Water Treatment Plant 31061 Edison Rd New Carlisle <Add contact name> Unknown 42874 12 PDFLT New Carlisle Utilities(Pumping College street New Carlisle <Add contact name> Unknown 42874



Rail Facilities ID Class Name Address City Contact Use Year Built Cost (x$1,000) 1 RDF NS South Bend Vehicle Ramp Cargo $2,245 2 RDF CN S Bend Oliver Yd Vehicle Ramp Cargo $2,245 3 RDF SOUTH BEND 2702 W. WASHINGTON AVE. SOUTH BEND Passengers $2,245



Schools ID Class Name Address City Contact Students Year Built Cost (x$1,000) 1 EFS1 Olive Township Elem Sch 300 W Ben St New Carlisle New Prairie United 414 $515 2 EFS1 Warren Primary Center 55400 Quince Rd South Bend South Bend 345 $515 3 EFS1 Clay High School 19131 Darden Rd South Bend South Bend 1403 $515 4 EFS1 Clay Intermediate Center 52900 Lily Rd South Bend South Bend 626 $515 5 EFS1 Darden Primary Center 18645 Janet St South Bend South Bend 663 $515 6 EFS1 Swanson Primary Center 17677 Parker Dr South Bend South Bend 441 $515 7 EFS1 Adams High School 808 S Twyckenham Dr South Bend South Bend 1682 $515 8 EFS1 LaSalle Intermediate Center 2701 W Elwood South Bend South Bend 842 $515 9 EFS1 Riley High School 1902 Fellows St South Bend South Bend 1434 $515 10 EFS1 Washington High School 4747 W Washington Ave South Bend South Bend 1391 $515 11 EFS1 Brown Intermediate Center 737 W Beale St South Bend South Bend 576 $515 12 EFS1 Coquillard Primary Center 1245 N Sheridan St South Bend South Bend 438 $515 13 EFS1 Bendix Building Adult Education 3206 Sugar Maple Crt South Bend South Bend 376 $515 14 EFS1 Edison Intermediate Center 2701 Eisenhower Dr South Bend South Bend 620 $515 15 EFS1 Eggleston Center 19010 Adams Rd South Bend South Bend 88 $515 16 EFS1 Harrison Primary Center 3302 Western Ave South Bend South Bend 740 $515 17 EFS1 Hamilton Primary Center 1530 E Jackson Rd South Bend South Bend 333 $515 18 EFS1 Jefferson Intermediate Center 528 S Eddy St South Bend South Bend 428 $515 19 EFS1 Kennedy Primary Center 609 N Olive St South Bend South Bend 672 $515 20 EFS1 Lafayette Early Childhood Center 245 N Lombardy Dr South Bend South Bend 491 $515 21 EFS1 Dickinson Intermediate Center 4404 Elwood South Bend South Bend 635 $515 22 EFS1 Lincoln Primary Center 1425 E Calvert St South Bend South Bend 574 $515 23 EFS1 McKinley Primary Center 228 N Greenlawn Ave South Bend South Bend 429 $515 24 EFS1 Madison Primary Center 832 N Lafayette Blvd South Bend South Bend 521 $515 25 EFS1 Marquette Primary Center 1905 N College St South Bend South Bend 422 $515 26 EFS1 Marshall Intermediate Center 1433 Byron Dr South Bend South Bend 514 $515 27 EFS1 Monroe Primary Center 312 Donmoyer Ave South Bend South Bend 366 $515



28 EFS1 Wilson Primary Center 56660 Oak Rd South Bend South Bend 502 $515 29 EFS1 Muessel Primary Center 1021 Blaine St South Bend South Bend 474 $515 30 EFS1 Navarre Intermediate Center 4702 W Ford St South Bend South Bend 658 $515 31 EFS1 Nuner Primary Center 2716 Pleasant St South Bend South Bend 568 $515 32 EFS1 Perley Primary Center 740 N Eddy St South Bend South Bend 298 $515 33 EFS1 Studebaker Primary Center 724 E Dubail Ave South Bend South Bend $515 34 EFS1 Tarkington Traditional Center 3414 Hepler Rd South Bend South Bend 316 $515 35 EFS1 Madison Center 701 N Niles Ave South Bend South Bend 31 $515 36 EFS1 Juvenile Justice Center 1000 S Michigan Ave South Bend South Bend 31 $515 37 EFS1 Harold C Urey Middle School 407 Washington St Walkerton John Glenn School 294 $515 38 EFS1 John Glenn High School 201 John Glenn Dr Walkerton John Glenn School 603 $515 39 EFS1 North Liberty School 400 School Dr North Liberty John Glenn School 487 $515 40 EFS1 Walkerton Elementary School 805 Washington St Walkerton John Glenn School 440 $515 41 EFS1 Walt Disney Elementary School 4015 N Filbert Rd Mishawaka Penn-Harris-Madison 499 $515 42 EFS1 Prairie Vista 15400 Brick Rd Granger Penn-Harris-Madison 490 $515 43 EFS1 Mary Frank/Harris Elementary Sch 13111 Adams Rd Granger Penn-Harris-Madison 412 $515 44 EFS1 Schmucker Middle School 56045 Bittersweet Rd Mishawaka Penn-Harris-Madison 1041 $515 45 EFS1 Virgil I Grissom Middle Sch 13881 Kern Rd Mishawaka Penn-Harris-Madison 655 $515 46 EFS1 Madison Elementary School 66030 Dogwood Rd Wakarusa Penn-Harris-Madison 134 $515 47 EFS1 Penn High School 56100 Bittersweet Rd Mishawaka Penn-Harris-Madison 3431 $515 48 EFS1 Elsie Rogers Elem Sch 56219 Currant Rd Mishawaka Penn-Harris-Madison 318 $515 49 EFS1 Discovery Middle School 10050 Brummitt Rd Granger Penn-Harris-Madison 866 $515 50 EFS1 Moran Elementary School 305 N Beech Rd Osceola Penn-Harris-Madison 473 $515 51 EFS1 Bittersweet Elementary School 55860 Bittersweet Mishawaka Penn-Harris-Madison 457 $515 52 EFS1 Horizon Elem Sch 10060 Brummitt Rd Granger Penn-Harris-Madison 564 $515



ID Class Name Address City Contact Students Year Built Cost (x$1,000) 53 EFS1 Meadow's Edge Elementary Sch 16333 Kern Rd Mishawaka Penn-Harris-Madison 321 $515 54 EFS1 Northpoint Elementary Sch 50800 Cherry Rd Granger Penn-Harris-Madison 528 $515 55 EFS1 Fred J Hums Elementary School 3208 Harrison Rd Mishawaka School City of 410 $515 56 EFS1 John J Young Middle School 1801 N Main St Mishawaka School City of 789 $515 57 EFS1 Battell Elementary School 715 E Broadway Mishawaka School City of 287 $515 58 EFS1 Beiger Elementary School 1600 E Third St Mishawaka School City of 451 $515 59 EFS1 Liberty Elementary School 600 E Pregel Dr Mishawaka School City of 384 $515 60 EFS1 Emmons Elementary School 1306 S Main St Mishawaka School City of 400 $515 61 EFS1 Lasalle Elementary School 1511 Milburn Blvd Mishawaka School City of 477 $515 62 EFS1 Twin Branch Elementary School 3810 Lincoln Way E Mishawaka School City of 354 $515 63 EFS1 Joint Service Program 1402 S Main St Mishawaka School City of 209 $515 64 EFS1 South Bend Hebrew Day School 206 W 8th St Mishawaka School City of 66 $515 65 EFS1 Hay Primary Center 19685 Johnson Rd South Bend South Bend 517 $515 66 EFS1 Greene Intermediate Center 24702 Roosevelt Rd South Bend South Bend 425 $515 67 EFS1 South Bend Juv Corr Fac 4650 Old Cleveland Rd South Bend IN Department of $515 68 EFS1 Saint Patrick School 811 Tyler St Walkerton Diocese of Fort Wayne $515 69 EFS1 Marian High School 1311 S Logan St Mishawaka Diocese of Fort Wayne 731 $515 70 EFS1 Saint Bavo School 513 W 7th St Mishawaka Diocese of Fort Wayne 178 $515 71 EFS1 Saint Joseph School 230 S Spring St Mishawaka Diocese of Fort Wayne 170 $515 72 EFS1 Queen of Peace School 4508 Vistula Rd Mishawaka Diocese of Fort Wayne 172 $515 73 EFS1 Saint Joseph's High School 1441 N Michigan St South Bend Diocese of Fort Wayne 849 $515 74 EFS1 Corpus Christi School 2817 Corpus Christi Dr South Bend Diocese of Fort Wayne 309 $515 75 EFS1 Holy Cross School 1020 N Wilber St South Bend Diocese of Fort Wayne 233 $515 76 EFS1 Holy Family School 56407 Mayflower Rd South Bend Diocese of Fort Wayne 332 $515 77 EFS1 Our Lady Of Hungary School 735 W Calvert St South Bend Diocese of Fort Wayne 59 $515 78 EFS1 Saint Adalbert School 519 S Olive St South Bend Diocese of Fort Wayne 148 $515 79 EFS1 Saint Anthony De Padua School 2310 E Jefferson South Bend Diocese of Fort Wayne 293 $515



ID Class Name Address City Contact Students Year Built Cost (x$1,000) 80 EFS1 Saint John The Baptist School 3616 St Johns Way South Bend Diocese of Fort Wayne 122 $515 81 EFS1 Saint Joseph School 216 N Hill St South Bend Diocese of Fort Wayne 439 $515 82 EFS1 Saint Jude School 19657 Hildebrand South Bend Diocese of Fort Wayne 164 $515 83 EFS1 St Mary Of The Assumption School 3402 S Locust Rd South Bend Diocese of Fort Wayne 379 $515 84 EFS1 Saint Matthew Cathedral School 1015 E Dayton South Bend Diocese of Fort Wayne $515 85 EFS1 Veritas Academy 814 E LaSalle Ave South Bend Veritas Academy 167 $515 86 EFS1 Elm Road Elementary School RR 1 59400 Elm Rd Mishawaka Penn-Harris-Madison 461 $515 87 EFS1 Christ The King School 52473 SR 933 South Bend Diocese of Fort Wayne 473 $515 88 EFS1 Joint Service Campus Program % Fmly Chld Ctr 1411 Lnclnwy W Mishawaka School City of 107 $515 89 EFS1 Mishawaka High School 1202 Lincolnway E Mishawaka School City of 1641 $515 90 EFS1 Jackson Intermediate Center 5001 S Miami Rd South Bend South Bend 700 $515 91 EFS1 Saint Monica School 223 Grove St Mishawaka Diocese of Fort Wayne 157 $515 93 EFS1 Walt Disney School 54777 Filbert Rd. Mishawaka <Add contact name> 300 $644 94 SDFLT Trinity School 107 S. Greenlawn Blvd. South Bend <Add contact name> 192 $644 95 SDFLT St. Patrick's School 308 S. Scott St. South Bend <Add contact name> 300 $644 96 SDFLT Special Needs Assessment 2705 Eisenhower Dr. South Bend <Add contact name> 300 $644 97 SDFLT South Bend Junior Academy 1910 Altgeld St. South Bend <Add contact name> 27 $644 98 SDFLT Mishawaka Joint Services for 1402 S. Main St. Mishawaka <Add contact name> 209 $644 99 SDFLT PHM Educational Services Center 55900 Bittersweet Rd. Mishawaka <Add contact name> 300 $644 100 SDFLT Phillips Elementary School 702 W. Lawrence Mishawaka <Add contact name> 300 $644 101 SDFLT Montessori Academy at Edison Lakes 530 E Day Rd. Mishawaka <Add contact name> 186 $644 102 SDFLT Michiana Christian School 2730 S. Ironwood Dr. South Bend <Add contact name> 40 $644 103 SDFLT Messiah Christian Academy 5911 York Rd. South Bend <Add contact name> 300 $644 104 SDFLT LaVille Jr-Sr High School 69969 U.S. 31 S. Lakeville <Add contact name> 599 $644 105 SDFLT Garner Christian School 52025 Gumwood Rd. Garnger <Add contact name> 232 $644 106 SDFLT First Baptist Christian School 724 N. Main St. Mishawaka <Add contact name> 119 $644 107 SDFLT Fellowship Baptist School 4849 W. Ford St. South Bend <Add contact name> 300 $644



ID Class Name Address City Contact Students Year Built Cost (x$1,000) 108 SDFLT Covenant Christian School 54700 Fir Rd. Mishawaka <Add contact name> 108 $644 109 SDFLT Veritas Academy 530 E. Ireland Rd. South Bend <Add contact name> 162 $644 110 SDFLT Calvary Christian School 906 E. Grove St. Mishawaka <Add contact name> 27 $644 111 SDFLT LaVille Elementary School 12645 Tyler Rd Laville <Add contact name> 687 $644 112 SDFLT St. Pious x Catholic School 52553 Fir Rd Garnger <Add contact name> 340 $644 113 SDFLT Bethel College 1001 W McKinely Mishawaka <Add contact name> 300 $644 114 SDFLT Community Baptist Christian School 5715 Miami Rd South Bend <Add contact name> 204 $644 115 SDFLT Indiana University South Bend 1700 Mishawaka Rd South Bend <Add contact name> 300 $644 116 SDFLT Ivy Tech College 220 Dean Johnson Blvd South Bend <Add contact name> 300 $644 117 SDFLT Stanley Clark School 3123 Miami St south Bend <Add contact name> 384 $644



Waste Water Facilities ID Class Name Address City Contact Use Year Built Cost (x$1,000) 1 WDFLT WALKERTON WASTEWATER 204 ADAMS STREET WALKERTON MR. JEFF ZEHNER Building 1999 $68,598 2 WDFLT LAKEVILLE MUNICIPAL WWTP KENILWORTH ROAD LAKEVILLE MR. DAN CASAD Building 1998 $68,598 3 WDFLT SOUTH BEND MUNICIPAL STP 3113 RIVERSIDE DRIVE SOUTH BEND MR. KEN SZMUDZINSKI, Building 1988 $68,598 4 WDFLT MISHAWAKA WASTEWATER TR. 1020 LINCOLNWAY WEST MISHAWAKA HON. ROBERT C. Building 1993 $68,598 5 WDFLT NORTH LIBERTY WWTP 600 700 W CENTER ST NORTH LIBERTY MR. DENNIS WEAVER Building 1999 $68,598 10 WDFLT North Liberty WWTP 201 RIzek Dr North Liberty <Add contact name> Unknown $85,750



Appendix G

Map of Critical Facilities



Appendix H

Recorded NOAA Flood Data: USGS Stream Gauge Data



The following gauge information was obtained from The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service website (www.weather.gov/ahps/). For St. Joseph County, data is provided for one point: Saint Joseph River Michigan at South Bend.

Saint Joseph River Michigan at South Bend

Flood Categories (in feet) Major Flood Stage: 9 Moderate Flood Stage: 8 Flood Stage: 5.5 Action Stage: 4.5

Historical Crests

(1) 10.90 ft on 01/06/1993 (1) 10.90 ft on 03/15/1982 (3) 10.70 ft on 02/24/1985 (4) 9.60 ft on 01/09/2008 (5) 8.90 ft on 02/07/2008 (6) 8.00 ft on 01/14/2005 (7) 6.90 ft on 05/14/2002 (8) 6.70 ft on 09/16/2008 (9) 6.60 ft on 04/24/1999

(10) 6.50 ft on 02/10/2001



Feet Flood Impacts 11.1 100 year flood level 11.0 FLOODING EXCEEDS THE RECORD FLOOD OF 10.9 FEET. BUSNIESS AREAS NEAR INDIANA

UNIVERSITY AT SOUTH BEND CAMPUS ARE FLOODED. RESIDENTS IN RIVER COMMONS...NEAR KELLER PARK...NORTH OF NORTHSHORE DRIVE BETWEEN ANGELA BLVD AND LAFAYETTE STREETS ARE FLOODED. RECORD FLOOD WILL BE IN PROGRESS IN WESTERN PORTIONS OF MISHAWAKA AND SOUTH BEND. FLOODING CLOSES PORTIONS OF NORTHSHORE DRIVE AND NORTHSIDE BLVD. EVACUATIONS ARE NECESSARY AND THE WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT WILL BE COMPLETELY FLOODED.

10.0 A NEAR RECORD FLOOD IS IN PROGRESS. FLOODING AFFECTS COMMERCIAL AREAS NEAR INDIANA UNIVERSITY AT SOUTH BEND CAMPUS ALONG NORTHSIDE BLVD.

9.0 MODERATE FLOODING IS IN PROGRESS. FLOODING ALMOST COMPLETELY SUBMERGES PARKS AND FLOODS LOCAL STREETS NEAR THE ST JOSEPH RIVER.

8.0 FLOOD WATERS BEGIN TO AFFECT RIVER PARKS AND PARK ROADS AND MAY AFFECT PORTIONS OF NORTHSIDE BLVD...RIVERSIDE AND NORTH SHORE DRIVE. HIGH WATER MAY CAUSE FLOODING OF BASEMENTS AND INTERFERE WITH SOME COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES.

7.0 FLOODING IS CONFINED TO PARK LAND AND PARK ROADS. SOME BACKYARD FLOODING MAY OCCUR IN RESIDENTIAL AREAS NEAR THE RIVER.

6.0 FLOODING IS CONFINED MOSTLY TO PARK LANDS AND GOLF COURSES. NORTHSHORE DRIVE...LEEPER PARK AND PETRO GOLF COURSES BEGIN TO FLOOD.

5.5 RIVER REACHES FLOOD STAGE...WITH THE LOWEST RESIDENTIAL AREAS BEGINNING TO FLOOD.



Appendix I

Emergency Contacts for St. Joseph County



St. Joseph County Police Dispatch

Phone: 574-235-9611

St. Joseph County Fire Dispatch

Phone: 574-272-3877

South Bend Police/Fire Dispatch

Phone: 574-235-9361

Mishawaka Police/Fire Dispatch

Phone: 574-258-1678

Notre Dame Police/Fire Dispatch

Phone: 574-631-5555

Emergency Contacts



Glossary of Terms

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Z Y Z

A AEGL – Acute Exposure Guideline Levels ALOHA – Areal Locations of Hazardous Atmospheres

B BFE – Base Flood Elevation

C CAMEO – Computer-Aided Management of Emergency Operations CEMA – County Emergency Management Agency CEMP – Comprehensive Emergency Management Plan CPRI – Calculated Priority Risk Index CRS – Community Rating System

D DEM – Digital Elevation Model DFIRM – Digital Flood Insurance Rate Map DMA – Disaster Mitigation Act

E EAP – Emergency Action Plan ERPG – Emergency Response Planning Guidelines EMA – Emergency Management Agency EPA – Environmental Protection Agency

F FEMA – Federal Emergency Management Agency FIRM – Flood Insurance Rate Maps FIS – Flood Information Study



G GIS – Geographic Information System

H HAZUS-MH – Hazards USA Multi-Hazard HUC – Hydrologic Unit Code

I IDHS – Indiana Department of Homeland Security IDNR – Indiana Department of Natural Resources IGS – Indiana Geological Survey

M MHMP – Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan

N NCDC – National Climatic Data Center NEHRP – National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program NFIP – National Flood Insurance Program NOAA – National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

P PPM – Parts Per Million

S SPC – Storm Prediction Center

U USGS – United States Geological Survey