muhammad wasim raad1 what is rfid? rfid is a technology that uses radio-frequency waves to transfer...
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Muhammad Wasim Raad 1
What is RFID?• RFID is a technology that uses
radio-frequency waves to transfer data between a reader and a movable item to identify, categorize, track...
• RFID is fast, reliable, and does not require physical sight or contact between reader/scanner and the tagged item
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What is RFIDWhat is RFID
Radio Frequency Radio Frequency IdentificationIdentification
Radio Frequency Radio Frequency IdentificationIdentification
LabelLabel
(Transponder)(Transponder)
Reader/AntennaReader/Antenna
(Interrogator)(Interrogator)
ComputerComputer
Tag enters RF field
RF signal powers tag
Tag transmits ID, plus data
Reader captures data
Reader sends data to computer
Computer determines action
Computer instructs reader
Reader transmits data to tag
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• RFID Diagram:
Note: The host is the software database...
Reader
RF Module
Antenna
Host ComputerHost Computer
RFID Primer
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Note: The RF module creates radio frequency (RF). It receives and transmits RF through the antenna…
Reader
RF Module
AntennaAntenna
Host ComputerHost Computer
RFID Primer
Muhammad Wasim Raad
Note: The RF module creates radio frequency (RF). It receives and transmits RF through the antenna…
Reader
RF Module
AntennaAntenna
Host ComputerHost Computer
RFID Primer
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Note: Tag (transponder) is interrogated by the antenna....
ReaderReader
RF ModuleRF ModuleTagTag
AntennaAntenna
Host ComputerHost Computer
RFID Primer
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Note: The antenna captures the tag ID number…first as analog RF waves, then it is converted to digital information.
(Tag ID Communication)
Reader
RF ModuleTag
Antenna
Host ComputerHost Computer
RFID Primer
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An RFID Tag Is A Portable Database
…A sophisticated computing and communications device
…A wireless extension of Information Systems
Interrogation UnitTx/RxMicro
Computer
Computer Network
Antenna Tag
Radio Tx/Rx
RAM ROM
CPU I/O
Pwr Supply
Radio Tx/Rx
RAM ROM
CPU I/O
Pwr Supply
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Why use RFID ?• To determine authentication of a
package
• To provide automated traceability of an item
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What is RFID? -- The Tags
• Tags can be read-only or read-write• Tag memory can be factory or field
programmed, partitionable, and optionally permanently locked
• Bytes left unlocked can be rewritten over more than 100,000 times
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• Tags can be attached to almost anything:– pallets or cases of product– vehicles– company assets or personnel– items such as apparel,
luggage, laundry– people, livestock, or pets– high value electronics such
as computers, TVs, camcorders
What is RFID? -- The Tags
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Are All Tags The Same?
Basic Types:Active
•Tag transmits radio signal•Battery powered memory, radio & circuitry
•High Read Range (300 feet)Passive
•Tag reflects radio signal from reader•Reader powered•Shorter Read Range (4 inches - 15 feet)
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• Variations:– Memory
• Size (16 bits - 512KBytes +)• Read-Only, Read/Write or WORM• Type: EEProm, Antifuse, FeRam
– Arbitration (Anti-collision)• Ability to read/write one or
many tags at a time– Frequency
• 125KHz - 5.8 GHz– Physical Dimensions
• Thumbnail to Brick sizes – Price ($0.50 to $250)
Are All Tags The Same?
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Types of Tags - Memory Segmentation
Read Only (Factory Programmed)
WORM - Write Once, Read Many times
Reprogrammable (Field Programmable)
Read/Write (In-Use Programmable)
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What are chipless tags?• No IC• Use RF fibers or materials reflect
reader’s signal producing unique serial no
• Cost: 10-25 cents each• Tolerates wide range temperature• Less sensitive RF
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Chipless tags• 2.5% of RFID market
• Expected to become 30% in 2010
• Chipless RFID smart labels have a range of 10 meters
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What is RFID? -- The Readers
• Readers (interrogators) can be at a fixed point such as– Entrance/exit– Point of sale– Warehouse
• Readers can also be mobile -- tethered, hand-held, or wireless
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Advantages• Uses normal CMOS processing
—basic and ubiquitous
• Relative freedom from regulatory limitations
• Well suited for applications requiring reading small amounts of data at slow speeds and minimal distances
• Penetrates materials well (water, tissue, wood, aluminum)
<150 kHz (125 kHz & 134 kHz )
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Disadvantages:• Does not penetrate or transmit around metals
(iron, steel)• Handles only small amounts of data• Slow read speeds• Large Antennas -- compared to higher
frequencies• Minimal Range
<150 kHz (125 kHz & 134 kHz )
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Disadvantages:• Tag construction:
is thicker (than 13.56 MHz) is more expensive (than 13.56 MHz)more complex
(requires more turns of the induction coil)
<150 kHz (125 kHz & 134 kHz )
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13.56 MHz13.56 MHz Advantages• Uses normal CMOS processing--basic and
ubiquitous • Well suited for applications requiring
reading small amounts of data and minimal distances
• Penetrates water/tissue well • Simpler antenna design (fewer turns of
the coil); lower costs to build• Higher data rate (than 125 kHz--but
slower than higher MHz systems) • Thinner tag construction (than 125 kHz)
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Disadvantages• Government regulated frequency
(U.S. versus Europe)• Does not penetrate or transmit around
metals (unless very thick)
• Large Antennas (compared to higher frequencies)
• Larger tag size than higher frequencies• Tag construction: requires more than one
surface to complete a circuit• Minimal Range
13.56 MHz13.56 MHz
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Bar Codes vs. RFIDBar Codes vs. RFIDSystem Barcode RFID Data Transmission Optical Electromagnetic
Typical Data Volume 1-100 Bytes 128-8K Bytes
Data Modification Not possible Possible
Position of Data Carrier for Read Write
Visual contact Non line of sight possible
Reading Distance Several Meters (line of sight)
From centimeters to meters (depending on the frequency and tags)
Access Security Little High
Environmental Susceptibility
Dirt Very Small
Anticollision Not possible Possible
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RFID Applications• Petrol Service Stations
– In Singapore, the Mobil petrol service stations has already introduced RFID technology to implement their Speed Pass system to enable drivers to fill up the petrol and drive away. All information will be gathered automatically through RFID smart tags and customers’ bills can be settled through the net.
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RFID Application in a Factory Canteen
• it is very interesting to notice that in the factory canteen’s environment, RFID tags are attached at the bottom of the plates to identify the cooked food and its price.
• The staff of the factory need only to pick up the food on the tray and place the tray on top of a RFID reader.
• The RFID reader will identify the products and its price. The staff need only to place the cash card to pay for the food.
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Advantage
RFiD
Expiration
{Not Expired, Expired}
Can cookCannot cook
Cooking a pizza
Diet
{Healthy, Unhealthy}
Forget about your pizza
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What is EPC (Electronic Product Coding)?
• EPC is a globally unique serial number identifying individual item attached to it
• Enables enquiries to be made about individual item wherever it is in the global supply chain
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The EPC Network• EPCglobal network enable
immediate retrieval accurate trusted information
• EPC network uses RFID+EPC + internet to allow trading partners to share this information securely
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Benefits EPCglobal RFID network
• Faster and more precise reads• Accurate and trusted data• Lower inventory levels• Fewer out of stock• Better asset utilization
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What is EAS(Electronic Article Surveillance)?
• Books, hairdryers.. Bear small tags for theft prevention
• Initially at book shelf tag has a bit of 0
• At point of sale sales clerk deactivate tags by setting bit to 1
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Smart Shelves• Antennas have to be optimally
placed on shelves• Still expensive, requires numerous
readers• Smart shopper carts scan items
and objects on shelves
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Privacy• Privacy bit on tag• Tags belong to consumers• If privacy bit=1 it will be invisible
to readers• Readers watch on each other:
private tag command• What is blocker tag?
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The privacy bit• Blocker tag command can prevent
privacy violations before they occur• A blocker effectively jams readers
that emit private-read commands• When it detects it, it simulates all
possible RFID tags in the world rendering reader incapable
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HID MIFARE Card• 13.56 MHz
contactless card• used for public
transportation, access control,road toll, park & ride, airline ticketing, customer loyalty and ID card
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Unique Chip Serial Number
8Kbit EEPROM16 independent sectors
Protection by cryptographic algorithm
Mifare featuresMifare features
Anticollision
13.56 MHz TransmissionISO 14443
Card Reader
Key Storage WOMCryptography
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Main applications• Access Control• Vehicle identification• Electronic driver license• Ski Passes• Airline tickets• Transportation: buses, taxis &
underground• Baggage Identification
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Contactless card reader
• Read/Write to contactless memory cards
• Utilizes Mifare technology
• Used in Access control to buildings
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Proximity Solutions for MULTOS
2 types of MULTOS “Dual-Interface” cards – supporting communication with the chip via both the contact plate and the contactless interface based on Proximity Standard - ISO 14443
Hitachi/DNP Contactless MULTOS: 36K EEPROM, Type B contactless interface, Available now
Supports both versions of Paypass transaction (contactless M/Chip 4, or Contactless Track 2 data) and in fact can execute ANY existing MULTOS application over the contactless interface.
Keycorp / Philips Contactless MULTOS, 16K EEPROM, MIFARE Type A contactless interface, Prototypes available now
Supports Mifare ticketing only. Full contactless MULTOS application execution planned for Q3 2004
250K issued for 250K issued for Japan Residential Japan Residential
ID cardID card
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Cost• RFID readers: 1000$• Tags: > 20 cents.• Active tags: 1$-5$• Tags will become cost effective
when production inlay very high• Only handful of quality suppliers
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Cost continue• Production methods and materials
used to build RFID inlays being defined
• Tag antennas metallic, very expensive and large size
• Chip less Tags much cheaper: .1-10 cents
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Future of RFID Tags• Low cost active tags for locating &
tracking objects with limited no of readers
• Higher frequencies: Tags developed at Siemens lab: 2.5-24 Ghz, have batteries and range extend to several kilometers
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Future continue• Recently, Ultra WIDE BAND (ubw)
can locate objects in 2 & 3 dimensions within few inches
• Marketed for asset tracking in hospitals
• The size of wristwatch, 40 grams • Indoor range: 300 feet
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Future: Science Fiction• Transparent packages will light up
in moving color advertisement
• Disposable smart labels will detect viruses and specific chemicals