CYPRUS INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY INSTITUITE OF GRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH

Environmental Science Department

Anaerobic,Aerobic and Anoxic treatment of Whey wastewater

presented by

SULAIMAN ISHAQ MUKTAR (20142930)

supervisor Asst. Prof. Dr.Emrah A. ERKURT

BY

SULAIMAN ISHAQ MUKTAR (20142930)

SUPERVISOR :ASST.PROF.EMRAH AHMET ERKUT

outline• Introduction

• Aims and objectives

• Justification

• Materials and methods

• Results

• Discussions

• Conclusions

• Reference

INTRODUCTION• Anaerobic digestion (AD), defined as the biological modification of organic compounds into

variety of end products, including methane about 50-75%, carbon dioxide (25-50%), hydrogen (5-10%), and nitrogen (1-2%) (Maghanaki et al., 2013) by a group of microorganisms with no air (Siles et al., 2010).

• Aerobic treatment: uses the supply of oxygen usually through aeration pumps that helps aerobic microorganism.

• Anoxic treatment :this is also a process of removing contaminants from wastewater.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES• The aim of this research is to determine;• Waste reduction and treatability of Whey in AD, Aerobic and Anoxic set up

OBJECTIVES • Collection and Analysis of whey from Mera dairy company.• Reduction of pollutants in anaerobic digestion.• Reduction of remanence of pollutants in anoxic and aerobic set up.• Monitor certain parameter for waste reduction.

Justification• Agro-industries such as olive oil mills, cheese factories and dairy farms contribute to the

local economy of Mediterranean countries.

• Agro-industries are major contributors to the worldwide industrial pollution problem.

Therefore, agro-industries more than any other industrial sector require a dynamic and

comprehensive waste management systems.

• Industries processing agricultural raw materials such as various fruits, vegetables, meat,

milk etc.. generate millions of tons of wastes and large amounts of by-products, which

are totally unexploited and the absence of environmental management is significantly

dangerous for the environment

• Whey with high carbohydrate, protein and lipid contents is an important source of environmental pollution

(Grba et al., 2002), hence, waste of whey represents a significant loss of resources and causes serious

pollution problems

• whey is a heavy organic pollutant with a high biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of 40 000 to 60 000 ppm

and a chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 50 000 to 80 000 ppm (Ben-Hassan and Ghaly, 1994).

• Disposing of whey provides no valuable product, and is costly and labour demanding for the cheese

manufactures, who generally bears all the direct costs of handling and transport. Whey problem must be

considered as a resource and not only as a waste effluent, in view of its large potential as a source of added

value products (Pedro et al., 2010).

• In 2008, Minerva dairy Factory agreed to pay more than $6,000 in restitution after it accidentally released

acid whey into Sandy Creek, Ohio, which temporarily depleted oxygen levels and killed more than 5,400

fish along a 1.5 mile stretch downstream

MATERIALS AND METHODS• Procedures were used according to various environmental as well as

environmental related fields.

• Standard methods textbook (2005).

• APHA(1998).

MATERIALS • Whey wastewater (Mera dairy company, north Cyprus).

• Fresh cow dung (as inoculum from a dairy farm in haspolat,north Cyprus)

• Equipment

Erlenmeyer flask,beakers,graduated cylinders,volumetric flasks,evapourating dishes,oven,muffle furnance,analytical balance,filter papers including 0.45micrometer filter,COD bottles, tubes siringes(for taking samples),pH. Meter (mettler toledo),vehicle tyre tube,pump,diffuser,5l container(for anaerobic),3850ml container(for anoxic reactor),3000ml container(for aerobic reactor).

• Chemicals

The chemicals were purchased from sigma Aldrich (glucose,K2Cr2O7, H2SO4,Ag2so4,HgSO4, ammonium persulfate, potassium antimonyl tatrate solution, ascorbic acid solution, phenolphthalein indicator, sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide.

METHODS• TSS,VSS,pH,COD was determined according to APHA methods.

• TOC,TN (toc analysis machine).

• COD

Determine calibration curve for glucose, dry dichromate(105c,2hrs)+dil.H2O+H2SO4:a reagent

Ag2so4/H2SO4,in every COD 1.5ml(a),3.5(b)+0.075HgSO4 +2.5ml sample+heat(150c,2hrs).

Cool, then read with spectrophotometer (wavelength of 620nm)

COD obtained wrt the calibration curve eqn.

• Total phosphorus(TP)

Obtain a standard phosphorous curve

METHODS CONTINUE

H2SO4, 5N(10mL),potassium antimonyl tatrate soln(1mL),ammoniummolybdate soln(3mL)=combine reagent

Combine reagent (0.8ml)+5ml of whey ww +1 drop phenolphthalein.

Absorbance is taken after 30mins wrt blank.

Taking of the sample 5mL,after pH adjustment

On day of anaerobic digestion there was taken of 2.5L and it was divided in two giving as aerobic (using pump) and anoxic

ANAEROBIC SET UP

ANAEROBIC SET UP

DRAWING OF THE ANAEROBIC DIGESTER

RESULTS

• CHARACTERIZATION OF WHEY WASTEWATERParameters Units Value

COD mg/L 65,225.92TOC mg/L 33,880TS mg/L 49,654TVS mg/L 44,756TSS mg/L 30,083Ash % 9.864TP mg/L 466TN mg/L 2738

ANAEROBIC DIGESTION( COD AND BIOGAS)

ANAEROBIC (TN)

ANAEROBIC (TOC)

ANAEROBIC (TP)

AEROBIC (COD)

AEROBIC (TOC)

AEROBIC(TN)

AEROBIC (TP)

ANOXIC (COD)

ANOXIC (TOC)

ANOXIC (TN)

ANOXIC (TP)

ANAEROBIC DISCUSSION • pH generally affects the anaerobic system , Grady et al. (1999) gave the pH as 6.8-7.4

• The AD reactor had pH 6.8-7..2 (with pH adjustment using NaOH and H2SO4, .

• The highest methane content of the gas was measured as 341.2ml, the reason why low biogas was recorded could be that lactose in whey is a swiftly degradable carbohydrates and is fragmented speedy into short chain fatty acids which includes acetic, propionic, butyric and further acids under anaerobic situations

• During the anaerobic treatment the cod removal efficiency occurred between the 10% - 90% as determined by % (Nuri et al 2009),in conventional (single phase) anaerobic treatment of whey,

• The COD removals were 61.75%,71.89% and 64.52,in 1st,2nd and 3rd cycles, this shows that the whey needs further treatment.

• TP removal efficiency of 65.85% and 91.53%.The 91.53% archived in the reactor was lower than the 97% reported by Hakannson et al.,(1977)

AEROBIC DISCUSSION• The COD removal efficiency of the aerobic reactor is 68.29% and 95.47% in the first and second circle

respectively, was higher than the 89% COD removal reported by fang (1991).

• Moreover, result was close to the one reported by Frigon et al. (2009), whilst treating a reconstituted whey

wastewater in a sequencing batch reactor with COD elimination of 98% and the residual COD of 33 mg/L.

• . Recent study conducted on high-strength revealed complete elimination of anaerobic cycle in the presence

of electron acceptors (nitrate and oxygen)as observed and about 98% complete nitrate removal was observed

as reported by Jyotsnarani et al. (2016) which is almost similar with the result obtained in this study.

• In the aerobic treatment the TP final value of 19.8 mg/L in the system was lower than at the begging which

shows that the aerobic reactor has a TP removal efficiency of 65.85% and 91.53% in the first and second circle

Respectively,the 91.53% archived in the reactor was lower than the 97% reported by hakannson et al., (1977)

in which dairy wastewaters treatment systems, using aerobic filters.

ANOXIC DISCUSSION• The anoxic COD(59.74% and 94.97%),TN(66.7%),TP(56.2% and 71.38%),in the first and second cycles

• The results further shows recent study conducted on high-strength revealed complete elimination of

anaerobic cycle in the presence of electron acceptors (nitrate and oxygen)as observed and about 98%

complete nitrate removal was observed as reported by Jyotsnarani et al. (2016) which is almost similar with

the result obtained in this study.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS• The use of anaerobic treatment for whey wastewater was successful in the reduction of pollutants concentration,

however, there was strong odor in the reactor and pollutant residuals which is an indication that the wastewater

needs further treatment.

• For the decrease of electricity utilization in aerobic treatment, there is need for physio-chemical remedy

procedures which can be merged with aerobic treatment as the primary decontamination of whey wastewater. An

anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic combination treatment gives better results for the treatment of whey waste water.

• Biological phosphorus elimination in aerobic stage can be effectively functional to whey wastewaters treatment

because of high residual TP.

• In conclusion finally, alternating aerobic anaerobic with a settling anoxic stage reduce the overall waste load of the

waste water and alternating the phases is primordial for nutrients removal.

• It is recommended that more pilot study involving whey wastewater should be conducted so as to improve the treatability of the wastewater as well as the proper design to the reactors in order to improve the efficiency removal of the pollutants

THANK YOU THANK YOU

REFERENCES • Ben-Hassan, R.M. and Ghaly, A.E. 1994. Continuous propagation of Kluyveromyces fragilis I cheese whey for pollution potential production. Appl.

Bioche. Bioteychnology 47: 89-105.

• Grba, S., Tomas, V.S., Stanzer, D., Vahcic, N. and Skrlin, A. 2002. Selection of yeast strain Kluyveromyces marxianus for alcohol and biomass production on whey. Chem.Biochem.Eng.Q. 16: 13-16

• Gustaf Alm, Göran Eriksson, Hans Ljunggren, Inger Palmstierna and Nils Tiberg (1991) Kompostboken. LTs förlag, Sverige ISBN: 91-36-03092-9

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• Lucas Seghezzo and Adriaan Mels (2005). Hydrolysis and biodegradability tests – Laboratory guidelines to perform hydrolysis and anaerobic biodegradability tests. Lettinga Associates Foundation

• Pedro, M.R., Guimaraes, J., Teixeira, A. and Domingues, L. 2010. Fermentation of lactose to bio-ethanol by yeasts as part of integrated solutions for the valorisation of cheese whey. Biotechnology Advances 28: 375-384

• Seghezzo Lucas (2004). Anaerobic treatment of domestic wastewater in subtropical regions, Ph.D thesis,Wageningen University, the Netherlands. ISBN: 90-8504-029-9

• Svärd Å. (2003). Anaerobic digestion of urban organic waste –Evaluation of potentials, licentiate thesis, Lund University, Sweden. ISBN: 1650-5050

• John Gelegenisa,, Dimitris Georgakakisb,Irini Angelidakic, Vassilis Mavrisa 2007. Optimization of biogas production by co-digesting whey with diluted poultry manure. Renewable Energy 32.pp 2147–2160

• Jyotsnarani Jena, Ravindra Kumar, Md Saifuddin, Anshuman Dixit, Trupti Das (2016). Anoxic–aerobic SBR system for nitrate, phosphate and COD removal from high-strength wastewater and diversity study of microbial communities. Biochemical Engineering Journal 105 80–89