m.sc. degree examination electronics

DAVANGERE UNIVERSITY SHIVAGANGOTHRI – 577 007, DAVANGERE, INDIA.

Syllabus for

MASTER of Science (M. SC.) Semester Scheme - CBCS

MICROBIOLOGY .

With effect from 2016-17 & onwards

M.Sc. Degree Examination Electronics CBCS

Note: All parts are compulsory PART-A

Answer any ten of the following questions: (10X02=20) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

PART-B Write short on any Six of the following (5X5=25) 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.

PART-C Answer any three of the following (3X10=30) 20. 21. 22. 23. 24.

Davangere University Shivagangotri, Davangere-577 002, Karnataka

M. Sc Microbiology

(From the Academic Year 2016 onwards) Semester scheme with Choice-Bases Credit System (CBCS)

Course Structure

M. Sc Microbiology I semester

Note: Internal assessment :Tests-10 (Two tests of 05 each), Seminar-05, Assessment-05, attendance-05, for each paper.

Sl. No.

Course Code Title

Teaching

Hrs./week

Credits

Marks

Examination

Internal assessment

Total

1 Core Theory MB 1.1

Microbial Diversity 4 4 75 25 100


Environmental Microbiology 4 4 75 25 100


Microbiological Methods 4 4 75 25 100

4 Supportive

Theory MB 1.4

Biochemistry 4 4 75 25 100

5 Core Practical MB 1.5

Microbial Diversity

4 2 50 - 50


Environmental Microbiology

4 2 50 - 50


Microbiological Methods

4 2 50 - 50

8 Supportive

Practical MB 1.8

Biochemistry 4 2 50 - 50

Total 32 24 Total 600


M.Sc. Microbiology

(Academic Year 2016 onwards)

Semester scheme with Choice-Bases Credit System (CBCS)

Course Structure

M. Sc Microbiology II semester

Sl. No.

Course Code Title Teaching

Hrs./week

Credits Marks Examination

Internal assessment

Total


Microbial Physiology

4 4 75 25 100


Microbial Genetics

4 4 75 25 100


Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering

4 4 75 25 100


Biophysics, Biostatistics & Bioinformatics

4 4 75 25 100



4 2 50 - 50


Microbial Genetics

4 2 50 - 50



4 2 50 - 50



4 2 50 - 50


M.Sc. Microbiology III semester

Sl. No.

Course Code Title Teaching Hrs./week

Credits

Marks

Examina-tion

Internal Assess-ment

Total


Agricultural Microbiology and Phytopathology

4 4 75 25 100


Immunology 4 4 75 25 100


Medical Microbiology

4 4 75 25 100

4 Specialization Theory MB 3.4 (A)

Mycology 4 4 75 25 100

Theory MB 3.4 (B)

Probiotics

Theory MB 3.4 (C)

Microbial Enzymology



4 2 50 - 50


Immunology 4 2 50 - 50



4 2 50 - 50

8 Specialization Practical MB 3.8 (A)

Mycology 4 2 50 - 50

Practical MB 3.8 (B)

Probiotics

Practical MB 3.8 (C)


9 Interdiscipli-nary Elective (for other science students)

Theory MB 3.9 (A)

Microbial Genetics 2 2 40 10* 50

Theory MB 3.9 (B)

Diagnostic Microbiology

Total 26 Total 650

M.Sc. Microbiology IV semester

*Viva for Dissertation to be conducted at the time of end semester examination in presence of two examiners (one internal and one external)

Sl. No.


Credits

Marks

Examina-tion


Total


Food and Dairy Microbiology

4 4 75 25 100


Biotechnology 4 4 75 25 100


Industrial and Pharmaceutical Microbiology

4 4 75 25 100

4 Core MB 4.4 Project

work/Dissertation 4 4 75 *Viva -

25 100



4 2 50 - 50


Biotechnology 4 2 50 - 50

7 Specialization Practical MB 4.7


4 2 50 - 50

Total 24 Total 550

Microbiology SEMESTER-I

Core Course Code: MB. 1.1 Microbial Diversity

Unit 1: Foundations of Microbiology: Historical perspectives of microbiology; developmental milestones of microbiology; significance and scope of microbiology. 5 hrs. Unit 2:Taxonomy and Systematics: 12 hrs.

a) Biodiversity: concept, elements and documentation; conservation and significance of biodiversity.

b) Classification concepts, Linnaeus concepts of taxonomy; bionomial nomenclature, taxonomic ranks, hierarchical organization. Haeckel’s three-kingdom classification; Whittaker’s five-kingdom classification; three-domain concept of Carl Woese; Universal phylogenetic tree.

c) Microbial Classification: Identification and nomenclature; Criteria for microbial classification: Morphological, physiological, ecological, genetic analysis, molecular characteristics, phage typing, serotyping, G+C ratio, comparison of proteins, nucleic acid hybridization, nucleic acid sequence comparison, DNA and RNA homology, significance of rRNA in microbial taxonomy, Chemotaxonomy and Numerical Taxonomy .

Unit 3:Diversity and Structural organization of microorganisms: a) Acellular Microbiology: 6 hrs.

a) Viruses: Characteristics of viruses based on host, genetic material, capsid morphology, size and shapes, viral envelop etc. Overview of viral classification, viral replication; Brief account of animal, plant and bacterial viruses with suitable examples. b)Viroids and Prions: General description, study of significance in plant diseases with suitable examples.

b) Bacteriology: 6 hrs. General characteristics, morphological types, colony characteristics, ultrastructure and chemical organization, flagella, fimbriae; Spirochaetes, Rickettsiae, Chlamydiae, Mycoplasma, Cyanobacteria, Archaeobacteria, Actinomycetes; Classification of bacteria according to Bergey’s manual of Systematic bacteriology to the level of classes, Methods of reproduction.

c) Mycology: 6 hrs. General characteristics; Structural details of unicellular and multicellular fungi; cell wall composition and mycelial organization; types of spores; Homothallism and Heterothallism; Classification fungi to the level of classes; Methods of reproduction in fungi.

d) Phycology: 4 hrs. General characteristics; structure of unicellular and colonial forms; Classification of micro-algae to the level of divisions; Methods of reproduction.

e) Protozoology: 4 hrs. General characteristics; size, form and morphology; encystment, excystment, locomotory organelles; Classification of protozoa to the level of phyla; Methods of reproduction.

f) Lichens: 3 hrs. General characteristics; Types and structural organization; Classification of lichens; Methods of reproduction.

Unit – 4: Non-culturable microorganisms: 4 hrs. Concept, Metagenomics, sampling and methods of studying such organisms.

References: 1. Alcamo, I.E. 2003. Microbes and Society. Jones and Bartlett Pub..Sudburry, 443 pp. 2. Alexopoulos, C.J., Mims, C.W., and Blackwell, M. 2002. Introductory Mycology. John

Wiley and Sons (Asia) Pvt. Ltd. Singapore. 869 pp. 3. Atlas, R.M. 1984. Basic and practical microbiology. Mac Millan Publishers, USA. 987pp. 4. Bauman, R.W. 2009. Microbiology with diseases by body system. 2ndedn. Pearsons Benjamin

Cummings, San Francisco, 792 pp. 5. Black, J.G. 2008. Microbiology principles and explorations. 7edn. John Wiley and Sons Inc.,

New Jersey 846 pp. 6. Chapman, J.L., and Reiss, M.J. 2006. Ecology: principles and applications. 2ndedn.

Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.330 pp. 7. Clark, D.P. and Pazdernik, N.J. 2009. Biotechnology. Academic Press, Amsterdam, 750 pp. 8. Deacon, J. 2006. Fungal Biology. 4thedn. Blackwell Publishing, Oxoford, 371 pp. 9. Dimmock, N.J., Easton, A.J. and Leppard, K.N. 2001.Introduction to Modern Virology.

Blackwell Publishing, Oxford. 449 pp. 10. Glazer, A.N., and Nikaido, H. 2007. Microbial Biotechnology: fundamentals of applied

microbiology. 2ndedn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 554 pp. 11. Krasner, R.I. 2010. The Microbial Challenge. 2ndedn. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Sudbary.

476 pp. 12. Kreuzer, H and Masses, A. 2005. Biology and Biotechnology. ASM Press, Washington D.C.

669 pp. 13. Magurran, A.E., and McGill, B.J. 2011.Biological Diversity. Oxford University Press,

Oxford. 345 pp. 14. Maier, R.M., Pepper, I.L., and Gerba, C.P. 2009. Environmental Microbiology, 2ndedn.

Academic Press, Amsterdam, 598 pp. 15. Mehrotra, R.S. and Aneja, K.R. 2003. An Introduction to Mycology, New Age International

Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. 766 pp. 16. Osborn, A.M., and Smith, C.J. (eds.).2008. Molecular Microbial Ecology. Taylor and

Francis, New York, 381 pp. 17. Pelczar, M.J., Chan, E.C.S. and Krieg, N.R. 2006. Microbiology, 5thedn. Tata McGraw-Hill,

New Delhi. 918pp. 18. Pommerville, J.C. Alcamo’s Fundamentals of Microbiology. Jones and Bartlett

Pub..Sudburry, 835 pp. 19. Prescott, L.M., Harley, J. and Klein, D.A. 2002. Microbiology 5th ed. Tata McGraw-Hill,

USA. 1147pp. 20. Schlegel, H.G. 1995.General Microbiology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 655 pp.

21. Singleton, P. 1997. Bacteria in biology, biotechnology and medicine. 4thedn. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester.403 pp.

22. Surzycki, S.2000. Basic techniques in Molecular Biology. Springer, New Yorm.434 pp. 23. Toratora, G.J., Funke, B.R. and Case, C.L. 2007. Microbiology 9th ed. Pearson Education Pte.

Ltd., San Francisco. 958pp.

24. Webster, J., and Weber, R.W.S. 2007. Introduction to fungi. 3rdedn. Cambridge University Press, London. 841 pp.

M.Sc. Microbiology SEMESTER-I

Core Course Code: MB. 1.2 Environmental Microbiology

Unit-1: Environment and Ecosystem: 6 hrs. Physical, chemical and Biological Aspects of Environment; Natural habitats of

microorganisms, microorganisms in ecosystem as producers and decomposers; Biogeochemical cycles-role of microorganisms in transformation and maintenance of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur in nature.

Unit-2: Soil Microbiology 10 hrs. Historical development of soil microbiology; Physical characteristics and nutrient status of soil.Distribution of microorganisms in soil, their importance in maintaining soil fertility, organic matter and composting. Influence of environmental factors on soil microorganisms. Role of microorganisms in formation of different soils.Enumeration of soil microorganisms.microbial interactions among soil microorganisms-mutualism, commensalism, antagonism, competition, synergism, parasitism and predation. Rumen microbiology; Significance of coprophilous microorganisms (composting)

Unit-3: Aquatic microbiology: 10 hrs. Aquatic environment: Physical parameters: temperature, hydrostatic pressure, light, salinity, turbidity, pH, nutrients. Fresh, brackish, marine and subterranean water environment and Distribution of microorganisms in the aquatic environment, planktons, microbial mats, biofilms Methods in the study of fresh and marine water microorganisms. Aquatic microorganism in food chain of aquatic environment.Vertical and horizontal zones. Eutrophication: Role of nitrogen and phosphorus process and control. Microorganisms and water pollution: Microflora of natural and polluted water, sources and characteristics of water pollutants; Health hazards due to water pollution; water quality criteria and assessment; Indicator microorganisms, faecal coliforms, bacteriphication standards and criteria for indicators; bacteriological examination of water for potability.

Unit-4: Microbiology of the atmosphere: 10 hrs. Microorganisms in air, sources of air-borne microorganisms, aerosols microbial survival in air: pH, temperature, radiation, oxygen, and other factors; extramural aeromicrobiology: agriculture, waste disposal; intramural aeromicrobiology; buildings, public health, hospitals and laboratories. Techniques for microbiological sampling of air, impactors and impingers-gravity slide, Plate exposure, vertical cylinder, rotarod sampler. Anderson’s sampler, Hirst’s trap, Burkard’s 7-day volumetric sampler, aeroallergens

Unit-5a: Microorganisms in extreme environments: 10 hrs. Extreme environments: Physicaal environment- temperature, salinity, pressure, pH, magnetic force, starvation strategies. Extreme thermophiles, psychrophiles, halophiles, barophiles and other microorganisms in extreme environments. Biotic and abiotic factors influencing survival and adaptations of extremophiles, mechanisms of survival. Special sampling devices and techniques for isolation and culturing of extremophiles, Radiosensitivity of microorganisms, effect of radiation and on mechanisms of radio-tolerance.

Unit-5b: Biodeterioration and Bioremediation: 08 hrs. Microorganisms as biodeteriogens and their role in cycling of matter. Microbial degradation of cellulose, lignin, pectin, chitin, synthetic polymers, xenobiotic compounds, petroleum and other hydrocarbons. Importance of microbial biodeterioration of materials in tannery, paper and allied industries. Solid wastes, chemical wastes, utilization of microorganisms in industrial effluent treatment technologies.Bioremediation of xenobiotic pollutants(PCBs, DDT and other), factors influencing bioremediation.

References: 1. Alcamo, I.E. 2003. Microbes and Society. Jones and Bartlett Pub..Sudburry, 443 pp.

2. Alexopoulos, C.J., Mims, C.W., and Blackwell, M. 2002. Introductory Mycology. John Wiley and Sons (Asia) Pvt. Ltd. Singapore. 869 pp.

3. Atlas, R.M. 1984. Basic and practical microbiology. Mac Millan Publishers, USA. 987pp.

4. Atlas, R.M. and Bartha, R. 2009. Microbial Ecology: Fundamentals and Appliations, 4thedn. Pearsons Education, New Delhi.705 pp.

5. Bauman, R.W. 2009. Microbiology with diseases by body system. 2ndedn. Pearsons Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco, 792 pp.

6. Black, J.G. 2008. Microbiology principles and explorations. 7edn. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New Jersey 846 pp.

7. Chapman, J.L., and Reiss, M.J. 2006. Ecology: principles and applications. 2ndedn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.330 pp.

8. Clark, D.P. and Pazdernik, N.J. 2009. Biotechnology. Academic Press, Amsterdam, 750 pp.

9. Deacon, J. 2006. Fungal Biology. 4thedn. Blackwell Publishing, Oxoford, 371 pp.

10. Glazer, A.N., and Nikaido, H. 2007. Microbial Biotechnology: fundamentals of applied microbiology. 2ndedn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 554 pp.

11. Krasner, R.I. 2010. The Microbial Challenge. 2ndedn. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Sudbary. 476 pp.

12. Maier, R.M., Pepper, I.L., and Gerba, C.P. 2009. Environmental Microbiology, 2ndedn. Academic Press, Amsterdam, 598 pp.

13. Mitchell, R., and Gu, J. 2010. Environmental Microbiology, 2ndedn. John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey. 356 pp.

14. Osborn, A.M., and Smith, C.J. (eds.).2008. Molecular Microbial Ecology. Taylor and Francis, New York, 381 pp.

15. Pelczar, M.J., Chan, E.C.S. and Krieg, N.R. 2006. Microbiology, 5thedn. Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi. 918pp.

16. Pommerville, J.C. 2010. Alcamo’s Fundamentals of Microbiology. Jones and Bartlett Pub..Sudburry, 835 pp.

17. Prescott, L.M., Harley, J. and Klein, D.A. 2002. Microbiology 5th ed. Tata McGraw-Hill, USA. 1147pp.

18. Schlegel, H.G. 1995.General Microbiology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 655 pp.

19. Toratora, G.J., Funke, B.R. and Case, C.L. 2007. Microbiology 9th ed. Pearson Education Pte. Ltd., San Francisco. 958pp.



Core Course Code: MB. 1.3 MICROBIOLOGIAL METHODS

50 Hrs Unit-1; Microbial Safety measures: Concept, handling of microbiological specimen and microorganisms.

Sterilization: Principles and applications of different methods of sterilization; physical- moist and dry heat, filtration, radiation and chemical methods of sterilization. 10 hrs.

Unit-2: Nutrition: Nutritional requirements, micro and macro nutrients, nutritional types of microorganisms, growth factors.

Microbial culture media: Culture media, media components, formulation, types of bacteriological, fungal and algal media and uses of different microbial culture media. 10 hrs

Unit-3: Isolation and sampling techniques: General isolation and sampling (streak, spread, pour plate, baiting) techniques for microorganisms from different sources. micromanipulator method, colony morphology and other characteristics of cultures.

Automated microbial identification system, API, multitest system, Enterotube and other ready test systems.

Cultivation of human virus: Egg, animal and cell culture methods Cultivation of Anerobic microorganisms: Different methods and instruments used. Staining techniques: Principles, protocols and applications of staining techniques.Simple, differential, vital, flagellar, cell wall, capsule and other staining techniques. 10 hrs

Unit 4: Microbial growth; Concept, growth type, Measurement of microbial growth-cell number, turbidity and biomass, determination of microbial growth curve, Continuous and synchronous culture, balanced and unbalanced growth, influence of environmental factors on growth, dioxy-growth curve. .

Microbial culture preservation: Concept, types of microbial culture preservation; conventional and other methods, type culture collections centers- national and international.

10 hrs

Unit-5a Microscopy: Working principle of bright field; magnification, resolution, Numerical aperture, defects of lens. Types of Microscopes- dark field, phase contrast microscopy, fluorescent microscopy, electron microscopy (TEM and SEM), techniques of sample preparation for electron microscopy and their staining techniques; confocal microscopy, scanning probe microscopy:

Micrometry; caliberation and determination of size of microorganisms.

5b) Instruments; Autoclave: principle and types. Hot air oven: pH meter, nephalometer. Biosafety cabinets: types and applications. Colony counters: Incubators: types, CO2 incubator and other instruments in Microbiology laboratory. 10 hrs

References:

1. Alcamo, I.E. 2003. Microbes and Society. Jones and Bartlett Pub..Sudburry, 443 pp.

2. Alexopoulos, C.J., Mims, C.W., and Blackwell, M. 2002. Introductory Mycology. John Wiley and Sons (Asia) Pvt. Ltd. Singapore. 869 pp.

3. Atlas, R.M. 1984. Basic and practical microbiology. Mac Millan Publishers, USA. 987pp.

4. Atlas, R.M. and Bartha, R. 2009. Microbial Ecology: Fundamentals and Appliations, 4thedn. Pearsons Education, New Delhi.705 pp.

5. Bauman, R.W. 2009. Microbiology with diseases by body system. 2ndedn. Pearsons Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco, 792 pp.

6. Black, J.G. 2008. Microbiology principles and explorations. 7edn. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New Jersey 846 pp.

7. Chapman, J.L., and Reiss, M.J. 2006. Ecology: principles and applications. 2ndedn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.330 pp.

8. Clark, D.P. and Pazdernik, N.J. 2009. Biotechnology. Academic Press, Amsterdam, 750 pp.

9. Deacon, J. 2006. Fungal Biology. 4thedn. Blackwell Publishing, Oxoford, 371 pp.

10. Glazer, A.N., and Nikaido, H. 2007. Microbial Biotechnology: fundamentals of applied microbiology. 2ndedn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 554 pp.

11. Krasner, R.I. 2010. The Microbial Challenge. 2ndedn. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Sudbary. 476 pp.

12. Maier, R.M., Pepper, I.L., and Gerba, C.P. 2009. Environmental Microbiology, 2ndedn. Academic Press, Amsterdam, 598 pp.

13. Mitchell, R., and Gu, J. 2010. Environmental Microbiology, 2ndedn. John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey. 356 pp.

14. Osborn, A.M., and Smith, C.J. (eds.).2008. Molecular Microbial Ecology. Taylor and

Francis, New York, 381 pp.

15. Pelczar, M.J., Chan, E.C.S. and Krieg, N.R. 2006. Microbiology, 5thedn. Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi. 918pp.

16. Pommerville, J.C. 2010. Alcamo’s Fundamentals of Microbiology. Jones and Bartlett Pub..Sudburry, 835 pp.

17. Prescott, L.M., Harley, J. and Klein, D.A. 2002. Microbiology 5th ed. Tata McGraw-Hill, USA. 1147pp.

18. Schlegel, H.G. 1995.General Microbiology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 655 pp.

19. Toratora, G.J., Funke, B.R. and Case, C.L. 2007. Microbiology 9th ed. Pearson Education Pte. Ltd., San Francisco. 958pp.



Supportive Course Code: MB. 1. 4

Biochemistry Unit- 1 : Concepts in Biochemistry 04 hrs An overview of Macromolecules, Properties of water as suitable solvent in Biological System.Acid, Bases, pH, Buffers, Effects of pH on Biological Process, Buffer Solutions for Biological Investigation. Unit -2: Biomolecules a. Chemistry of amino acids, peptides and proteins: Definition, Classification,

Structure, Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary structure of proteins, (general, properties,) stereoisomers, Chemical methods of detection for amino acids and proteins.

06 hrs

b. Chemistry of carbohydrates : Definition, Classification, Structure and General properties, inter conversion of monosaccharides, osazone formation. Determination of ring size. Importance and properties of glucose, fructose, sucrose, lactose, maltose, starch, cellullose, dextrins, hemicellulose, gellans, pulluans, lignins, agar and bacterial cell wall polysaccharides. 06 hrs

c. Chemistry of lipids and fats: Definition, classification, structure and importance of lipids and fats, quantitative analysis of lipids, biological membranes, bacterial lipids. Lipid aggregates, lipoproteins 04 hrs

d. Chemistry of nucleotides: Purines, pyrimidines, structure and properties of nucleosides and nucleotides. 03hrs

e. Vitamins: Definition, classifycation, structure and importance 02 hrs f. Porphyrins: Definition, structure, properties and importance of chlorophyll,

cytochrome and haemoglobin 02 hrs Unit -3: Enzymes: Classification, nomenclature, general properties principles of catalytic power and specificity of enzymes, kinetics, coenzymes, activator inhibitors, isoenzymes, multi-enzyme complex, allosteric enzymes, mechanism of enzyme action. 05 hrs Unit -4: Biochemical techniques: 18 hrs

a. Centrifugation techniques: Basic principles of sedimentation. Methods and applications of density-gradient centrifugation, preparative centrifugation, ultracentrifugation.

b. Chromatographic techniques: General principles and techniques. Methods and applications of paper chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, exclusion chromatography affinity chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography, HPLC, Gas- liquid chromatography. MALDI-TOF, LC-MS/MS.

c. Electrophoretic techniques: General principles and applications of electrophoresis and isoelectric focusimg.

d. Spectroscopic techniques: General and laws of radiation, colorimetry, ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry.

e. Radio isotopic techniques: General principles, nature of radio activity, detection and measurement of radioactivity, applications of radioisotopes in biological investigation.

References:

1. Berg, J.M., Tymoczko, J.L., and Stryer, L. 2002, Biochemistry, 5thedn. W.H. Freeman & Company, New York.

2. Browder, L.N.C.A. Erickson, W.R. Jeffery, 1991 Developmental Biology, 3rdEdn. SaundrsPhiledelphia

3. Buchanan, Greussem and Jones. 2000. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants. American society of Plant Physiologists.

4. Chang, R. 1977. Physical Chemistry with application to Biological Systems (2 Ed.) 5. Fersht, A. 1998. Enzyme Structure and Mechanism, Freeman & Co. 6. Homes, D., and Peak, H. 1998. Analytical Biochemistry, Longman. 7. Karp, G. 2011. Cell and Molecular Biology, 6th edition, John Wiley and Sons. 8. Martin 2012.Harper’s review of Biochemistry al. Lange, 26thEdn. 9. Mathews,K.C., Van Holde, K.E., Appling, D.R., Anthony, S.J. 2012. Biochemistry –4th edn.

Prentice Hall 10. Nelson & Cox. 2008. Lehninger’s principles of Biochemistry. 5thedn,CBS Publishers &

Distributors. 11. Palmer, T. 2007. Enzymes: Biochemistry,Biotechnology,Clinical Chemistry Horwood Publishing,

12. Price, N. 2003. Fundamentals of Enzymology, 2ndedn., Oxford University Press.

13. Price, N.C. and Stevens, L. 1999. Fundamentals of enzymology.3rdedn.Oxford Science publications.

14. Segel, 1998. Enzyme Kinetics, Intersciencewiley . 15. Tedeshi, H. 1993.Cell Physiology. Wm. C. Brown Publishers. 16. Todd A. Swanson, 2007.Biochemistry, Molecular biology and Genetics, 5th edition, 17. Upadhyay and Upadhyay. 2004. Biophysical Chemistry, Himalayan Publishing House. 18. Voet,D., and Voet, .G. 2004 Biochemistry, John Wiley and Sons.

19. Wilson,K and Coulding K.H. 1986. A Biologists Guide to principles and Techniques of Biochemistry, ElBSedn.

20. Zubay. G. 1983.Biochemistry, 3rd edition, Addison-Wesley.


M.Sc. Microbiology

(Academic Year 2016 onwards)

Semester scheme with Choice-Bases Credit System (CBCS)

Course Structure

M. Sc Microbiology II semester

Sl. No.

Course Code Title Teaching

Hrs./week

Credits Marks Examination

Internal assessment

Total



4 4 75 25 100


Microbial Genetics

4 4 75 25 100



4 4 75 25 100



4 4 75 25 100



4 2 50 - 50


Microbial Genetics

4 2 50 - 50



4 2 50 - 50



4 2 50 - 50


Core - MB-2.1: Microbial Physiology 50 hrs.

Unit 1: Microbial nutrition: Nutritional requirements of microorganisms – carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur; nutritional types of microorganisms – photolithotrophic autotrophy, photoorganotrophic heterotrophy, chemolithotrophic autotrophy, chemoorganotrophic heterotrophy; growth factors, uptake of nutrients bythe cell- facilitation diffusion, active transport, group translocation, iron uptake; growth yields and limiting nutrients.

08 hrs. Unit 2: Enzyme Kinetics: Structure-function relationship, protein-ligand binding; enzyme reactions – single-substrate and multiple substrates, chemical mechanism of enzyme catalysis; enxperimental measures of enzyme activity, inhibitors, time-dependent inhibition, cooperativity in enzyme catalysis.

08 hrs.

Unit 3: (i) Metabolism: Generation of energy – an overview of metabolism; Glycolytic pathway, Pentose Phosphate Pathway, Entner Doudoroff Pathway, Tricarboxylic Acid cycle; electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation, yield of ATP in glycolysis and aerobic respiration, fermentations, anerobic respiration, catabolism of carbohydrates, intracellular reserve polymers, lipid catabolism, protein and amion acid catabolism; oxidation of inorganic molecules, photosynthesis – light reactions in eucaryotes and cyanobacteria, light reactions in green and purple bacteria.

10 hrs.

(ii) Metabolism: Use of energy in biosynthesis – principles, photosynthesis fixation of CO2; carboxylation, reduction, regeneration, synthesis of sugars and polysaccharides; phosphorus assimilation of phosphorus, sulphur and nitrogen, synthesis of amino acids, anaploerotic reactions biosynthsis of purines, pyrimidines and nucleotides; lipid synthesis; peptidoglycan and chitin synthesis.

08 hrs.

Unit 4: Bioenergetics: Principles of thermodynamics, high energy compounds-ATP, NAD, FAD, FMN, quinones, components and mechanisms of respiratory chain, mechanism of oxidative and substrate level phosphorylation.

06 hrs.

Unit 5: Secondary metabolism: Secondary metabolites from fungi and bacteria; regulation of secondary metabolism; structure and outline of synthesis of antibiotics; bacterial toxins; fungal toxins- patulin, aflatoxin, fuminosin; fungal pigments; fungal hormones- sirenin, sterols, trisporic acid; fungal alkaloids; bioluminescence in microorganisms – mechanisms and significance. 10 hrs.

References:

1. Cohen, G.N. 2007. Microbial Biochemistry. Springer, 333pp

2. Prescott, L.M., Harley, J. and Klein, D.A. 2002. Microbiology 5th ed. Tata McGraw-

Hill, USA. 1147pp.

3. Rhodes, P.M and Stanbury, P.F. 1997. Applied Microbial Physiology. IRL Press, Oxford.

4. Copeland, R.A. 2008. Enzymes. Wiley Indian Pvt. Ltd.397 pp.

5. Fersht, A. 1998. Enzyme Structure and Mechanism, Freeman & Co.

6. Nelson and Cox. 2008. Lehninger’s principles of Biochemistry. 5th edn,CBS Publishers &

Distributors.

7. Palmer, T. 2007. Enzymes: Biochemistry,Biotechnology,Clinical Chemistry Horwood Publishing,

8. Price, N. 2003. Fundamentals of Enzymology, 2nd edn., Oxford University Press.

9. Voet,D., and Voet, .G. 2004 Biochemistry, John Wiley and Sons.

10. Segel, 1998. Enzyme Kinetics, Interscience wiley .

11. Karp, G. 2011. Cell and Molecular Biology, 6th edition, John Wiley and Sons.

12. Martin 2012.Harper’s review of Biochemistry al. Lange, 26th Edn.

13. Moat, A.G., Foster, J.W., and Spector, M.P. 2003. Microbial Physiology, 4th edn. Wiley.

14. Griffin, D.H.1996. Fungal Physiology. 2nd edn. Wiley-Liss Inc.

Core - MB-2.2: Microbial Genetics 50 hrs.

Unit.1: Genetics: Historical development; basic principles of heredity, Mendelian principles, laws of inheritance; the genetic elements; chemical basis of heredity, experimental proof of genetic material; chromosomes, chromatin and nucleosome.

Unit.2: Bacterial recombination: General principles; Bacterial plasmids – fertility factors, resistance factors, Col plasmids, other types of plasmids; transposable elements; bacterial conjugation – F+ x F- mating, Hfr conjugation, F’ conjugation, conjugation mapping, recombination mapping; bacterial transformation – mechanisms ; natural and artificial transformations; Transduction: generalized and specialized transduction; host restriction and modifications; mapping the genome.

Unit.3: Viral recombination: Phage phenotypes, phenotype mixing, mechanisms of replication in DNA and RNA viruses; recombination and mapping, circular map, lytic phages and lysogenic phages –T7 and T4; PI.P2 and P4 and ᵠx174, E. coli ʎ phage and their use in microbial genetics.

Unit.4: Fungal recombination: Structural organization of fungal genome; Tetra analysis, Chromosomal genes, mitochondrial genes, plasmids and transposable elements, genetic variations in fungi – haploidy, heterokaryosis, parasexuality, homothallism, heterothallism, genome mapping in fungi.

Unit.5: Genomics: Genome organization in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; genomic variation and genome-scale analysis of gene/protein expression; Genome Mapping and Sequencing, Chromosome mapping; Nucleic acid Hybridization, Minisatellite and Microsatellite analysis, RFLP, Single strand conformation polymorphism, microarray; Heteroduplex analysis, Repeat Expansion Detection; Genome Annotation and Assembly. Model organisms for genome analysis – Escherichia, Neurospora, Saccharomyces, Caenorhabditis, Drosophila and Arabidopsis; Human genome project, Metagenomics: Concepts and approaches for metagenome analysis.

Reference Books

1. Zhou, J., Thompson,D.K., and Xu, Y. 2004. Microbial Functional Genomics. John Wiley &

Sons, Inc.

2. Snyder, L. and Champness, W.2003 Molecular genetics of bacteria. ASM series, 2nd edn.

3. Freifelder, D. 2009. Microbial Genetics, Narosa publishing House.

4. Freifelder, D. 1987. Molecular Biology, Narosa Publishing House.

5. Maloy 1994. Microbial Genetics. Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

6. Black, J.G. 2008. Microbiology principles and explorations. 7edn. John Wiley and Sons Inc.,

New Jersey.

7. Osborn, A.M. and Smith, C.J. (eds.).2008. Molecular Microbial Ecology. Taylor and

Francis, New York.

8. Prescott, L.M., Harley, J. and Klein, D.A. 2002. Microbiology 5th ed. Tata McGraw-

Hill, USA.

9. Surzycki, S.2000. Basic techniques in Molecular Biology. Springer, New York.

10. Dimmock, N.J., Easton, A.J. and Leppard, K.N. 2001. Introduction to Modern

Virology. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.

11. Strickberger

12. Sridhar S 2013. Microbial Genetics. Wisdom Press, Murari Lal Street. New Delhi

13. Gardner

14. Stent G S and Calender R. 2004. Molecular Genetics. CBS Publishers N. Delhi. India

15. Giffiths, Miller et al An introduction to Genetic analysis. W H Freeman and company,

New York. USA.

16. Roger Y Stanier et al 2007, General Microbiology, McMillan Press Ltd, London

17. Willey J. Sherwood L. & Woolverton C. 2007. Prescott/Harley/Klein's Microbiology, McGraw

Hill.

18. Glick B. R. Pasternak J. J. 2003. Molecular Biotechnology. ASM Press Washington D.C.

19. Weaver R., (2007) Molecular Biology, 4th Edition, McGrew Hill Science.

20. Watson, J.D., Baker, T.A., Bell, S.P., Gann, A., Levine, M., and Losick, R. 2004. Molecular

biology of the gene, 5th edn. Pearson Education, Delhi.

Core MB-2.3: Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering: 50 hrs.

Unit 1: DNA structure, chemistry and replication: Structure and types of DNA, Chargaff’s rule; Watson-Crick model of DNA; denaturation and renaturation kinetics of DNA; Replication: Semiconservative, origin, direction, rate of replication, termination, enzymes in replication, the mechanisms of DNA polymerase, leading strand and lagging strand synthesis, the replication fork, end replication problem. 8hrs.

Unit 2: RNA structure, types and transcription: RNA structure, chemistry and types; RNA polymerases and the transcription cycle; mechanisms of prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription; RNA splicing – spliceosome, 5’-capping, polyadenylation, splicing pathways, alternative splicing, exon shuffling, RNA editing; Genetic code: Triplet codon, arrangement of condons, arrangement of initiation and termination codons, rules governing the genetic code. 8 hrs.

Unit 3: Gene regulation: Gene organization, regulation of gene expression, operon concepts: Lac-operon and Tryp-operon; gene regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; principles of transcriptional regulation, mechanisms of translation (initiation, elongation and termination), post translational modifications of proteins. 6 hrs.

Unit 4: Mutation and DNA repair: Nature, type and effects of mutations; molecular basis of spontaneous and induced mutations; Mutagenesis – physical and chemical mutagens, base and nucleoside analog, alkylating agents, interrelating agents, ionizing radiation, repair mechanisms, reversal of damage, excision repair, mis-match repair, post-replication repair. 6 hrs.

Unit 5: Tools in genetic Engineering: DNA and RNA polymerases; reverse transcriptase; exonuclease; endonuclease; DNA ligase; transferase, alkaline phosphatase, polynucleotide kinase; restriction modification systems and their types; linkers, adapters and homopolymer tailing, ligases, MCS, hybridization probes; oligonucleotides. 6 hrs.

Unit 6: Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): Mechanism and types of PCR; DNA sequencing methods: dideoxy and chemical methods, automated sequencing and pyrosequencing; Non-radioactive and radioactive labeling of probes; RFLP, AFLP, RAPD, PFGE, microarray, southern blotting and northern blotting.

Unit 7: Cloning vectors: General properties, plasmids, bacteriophages, cosmids, shuttle vectors, bacterial

artificial chromosomes; cloning vectors for yeast (YIp, YEp, YCp, YAC), cloning vectors for plants (Ti based vectors, binary and cointegrate vectors) and for animal cells (SV 40, vaccinia, retroviruses). Isolation and purification of genomic and plasmid DNA. 5 hrs

Unit 8: Cloning and expression in bacteria and other cells: Cloning techniques; Selection of recombinant clones: colony hybridization, plaque hybridization, western blotting; Genomic library, screening of libraries, cDNA library Cloning in bacteria and yeast; transformation of mammalian cells, production of transgenic animals and plants.

6 hrs.

References:

1. Maloy 1994. Microbial Genetics. Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

2. Dale J. W. 1994. Molecular Genetics of Bacteria. John Wiley and Sons.

3. Streips and Yasbin 1991. Modern Microbial Genetics. Niley Ltd.

4. Watson, J. D. Hoppkins N. H. Roberts J. W. Steitz J. A. & Weiner A. M. 1987. Molecular

Biology of the Gene. Benjamin / Cummings Publications Co. Inc. California.

5. Lewin, B. 2000. Gene VII. Oxford University Press.

6. Friedberg C. Graham C. Walker & Wolfram S. 1995. DNA repair and mutagenesis. ASM

Press.

7. Larry S. and Wendy 1997. Molecular Genetics of Bacteria. ASM Publications.

8. Nicholl D. S. T. 2008. An Introduction to Genetic Engineering, Cambridge University Press.

9. Glick BR, Pasternak JJ. 2003. Molecular Biotechnology. ASM Press, Washington D.C.

10. Old R.S.and Primrose 2001. Principles of Gene Manipulation. Blackwell Scientific

Publication.

11. Brown T.A. 2006. Gene Cloning. Blackwell Publishing.

12. Sambrook J. & Russell D. W. 2001. Molecular cloning- A laboratory manual. Cold Spring

HarberLaboratory Press.

13. Weaver R., (2007) Molecular Biology, 4th Edition, McGrew Hill Science.

14. Old, R.S.and Primrose ,(2005) An introduction to gene manipulation

15. Watson, J.D., Baker, T.A., Bell, S.P., Gann, A., Levine, M., and Losick, R. 2004. Molecular

biology of the gene, 5th edn. Pearson Education, Delhi.

MB 2.4: Biophysics, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics 50 hrs. I Biophysics: 20 hrs.

Unit 1: Introduction, Chemical buildings blocks; structure of atoms, bonds within molecules – ionic, covalent, hydrogen, electrostatic, disulphide and peptidebonds, vander Waals forces, bond length, bond energies, bond angles; isomerism - structural, geometrical, optical isomerism; secondary bonding; weak interactions. 5 hrs. Unit 2: Proteins: Molecular organization of proteins – primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures; principles of ionization; predicting properties from amino acid composition; unusual amino acids, stabilizing forces, conformational properties of polypeptides, Ramchandran plot, domains and motifs; structure-function relationship; study of three dimensional structures of proteins – cytochromes, lysozyme, trypsin, immunoglobulins. 08 hrs. Unit 3: Nucleic acids: Purine and pyrimidine bases, nucleosides and nucleotides, conformational parameters of nucleic acids and their constituents, nucleic acid geometrics, base pairing, base stacking, Chargaff’s rule, DNA polymorphism, DNA supercoiling; hyperchromicity; modified nucleotides, tertiary structure of nucleic acids. 06 hrs. Unit 4: Membranes: Lipid structure and their organization, phase titration in lipids, polysaccharides, molecular shapes and conformation; comparision of different membrane models. 04 hrs. Unit 5: Methods in biophysical analysis: Spectorscopy – UV, IR, fluroscence, Raman spectroscopy; CD, ORD, EM, NMR, X-ray diffraction. 07 hrs. II Bioinformatics: 10 hrs.

Introduction to Biostastics; Mean, median, mode, measure of dispersion, range, standard deviation, mean deviation, standard errors, confidence limits, simple significance tests based on the normal distribution; use of t-tests, regression analysis, ANOVA, multiple regression, LSD, Chi-square test, stastical basis of biological assays – response-dose metameter, direct and indirect assays, probit, logit, LD50, ED50, PD50, slope ratio assay; use of calculators and computer programs for stastastical analysis.

20 Hrs. III Biostastics:

Introduction, data base types – nucleotide databases, protein data bases, NCBI, DDBJ, EMBO, OMIM; Oligo anaylsis, BLAST, genomics and the genome projects, computer tools for sequence analysis: finding and retrieving sequences, similarity searching, sequence allignments – pairwise and multiple allignments and comparision; Molecular phylogenetics – molecular clock hypothesis, concept of phylogenetic tree, types of trees, elementary idea of clustering and cladistic methods

References: 1. Wilson,K and Coulding K.H. 1986. A Biologists Guide to principles and Techniques of

Biochemistry, ElBS edn.

2. Zubay. G. 1983. Biochemistry, 3rd edition, Addison-Wesley..

3. Mathews,K.C., Van Holde, K.E., Appling, D.R., Anthony, S.J. 2012. Biochemistry –4th edn.

Prentice Hall

4. Buchanan, Greussem and Jones. 2000. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants.

American society of Plant Physiologists.

5. Voet,D., and Voet, .G. 2004 Biochemistry, John Wiley and Sons.

6. Berg, J.M., Tymoczko, J.L., and Stryer, L. 2002, Biochemistry, 5th edn. W.H. Freeman &

Company, New York.

7. Todd A. Swanson, Biochemistry, Molecular biology and Genetics, 5th edition, 2007.

8. Upadhyay and Upadhyay. 2004. Biophysical Chemistry, Himalayan Publishing House.

9. Browder, L.N.C.A. Erickson, W.R. Jeffery, 1991 Developmental Biology, 3rd Edn.

Saundrs Philedelphia

10. Karp, G. 2011. Cell and Molecular Biology, 6th edition, John Wiley and Sons.

11. Harper’s review of Biochemistry Eds. Martin et al. Lange, 26th Edn. 2012.

12. Nelson & Cox. 2008. Lehninger’s principles of Biochemistry. 5th edn,CBS Publishers &

Distributors.

13. Chang, R. 1977. Physical Chemistry with application to Biological Systems (2 Ed.)

14. Branden and Tooze, 1991, Introduction to protein structure, Garland publishing

company.

15. Adams, 1992, Biochemistry of nucleic acids, Chapman and Hall.

16. Rhodes, G. 1993. Crystallography made crystal clear, Academic press.

17. Lacroix Z and Critchlow, Z. 2003, Bioinformatics, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers.

18. Wardlaw,A.C. 1985. Practical stastics for experimental biologists. John Wiley and

Sons.,

19. Higgins and Taylor.2000. Bioinformatics. OUP.

20. Watson, J. D. Hoppkins N. H. Roberts J. W. Steitz J. A. & Weiner A. M. 1987. Molecular

Biology of the Gene. Benjamin / Cummings Publications Co. Inc. California.

M.Sc. Microbiology III semester

Sl. No.


Credits

Marks

Examina-tion


Total



4 4 75 25 100


Immunology 4 4 75 25 100



4 4 75 25 100

4 Specialization Theory MB 3.4 (A)

Mycology 4 4 75 25 100

Theory MB 3.4 (B)

Probiotics

Theory MB 3.4 (C)




4 2 50 - 50


Immunology 4 2 50 - 50



4 2 50 - 50

8 Specialization Practical MB 3.8 (A)

Mycology 4 2 50 - 50

Practical MB 3.8 (B)

Probiotics

Practical MB 3.8 (C)


9 Interdiscipli-nary Elective (for other science students)

Theory MB 3.9 (A)

Microbial Genetics 2 2 40 10* 50

Theory MB 3.9 (B)

Diagnostic Microbiology

Total 26 Total 650

Core MB-3.1: Agricultural Microbiology and Phytopathology 50hrs.

A: Agricultural Microbiology18 hrs. Module 1: Concept and scope of agricultural microbiology, importance of microorganisms in agriculture,

influence of microorganisms in plant growth, modern concepts of microbial inoculants in agriculture; Interaction of soil microorganisms with plants: Rhizosphere and phylloplane microorganisms. 04 hrs.

Module 2: Mass culturing and quality control of microbial inoculants-mother culture, shake culture and brief account of large scale production of biofertilizers, types of carrier materials, packing, storage, bench life and transportation of biofertilizers. Methods of application to seed, soil and nursery.

05 hrs. Module 3: Brief account of mass production and applications of Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirillum,

Cyanobacteria, Azolla and Frankia. 04 hrs. Module 4: Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and phosphate solubilizing bacteria - properties,

significance and applications. Beneficial fungi in agriculture, Trichoderma, Mycorrhizae - importance and applications.05 hrs

B: Phytopathology 32 hrs. Module 1: Introduction: significance of plant diseases, types of plant diseases, basic procedure of plant disease

diagnosis; parasitism and pathogenicity; disease development in plants, disease cycle, infection cycle and plant disease triangle; Effects of pathogens on plant physiology – photosynthesis, nutrients uptake, respiration, membrane permeability, plant growth and reproduction.

04 hrs.

Module 2: Plant pathogenesis: Process of pathogen attack; chemical weapons – enzymes, toxins, growth regulators in plant disease. 02hrs.

Module 3: Plant defense mechanisms: preexisting and induced structural and chemical defenses, role of elicitors, receptors and suppressors in disease development; systemic acquired resistance. 03hrs

Module 4: Plant disease epidemiology: Effect of environmental factors on disease development; Dissemination of plant pathogens; Disease forecasting and its significance. 02hrs.

Module 5: Genetics of plant disease: Variability in pathogens, stages of variation, types of plant resistance to pathogens; genetics of virulence in pathogens and resistance in plants. 03 hrs.

Module 6: Molecular plant pathology: Biochemical and molecular mechanisms of fungal, bacterial and viral

pathogenicity; resistance genes and proteins function; signaling in plant disease resistance, systemic acquired resistance, transgenic plants for disease resistance.5 hrs

Module 7: Seed pathology: brief account of seed borne bacteria, fungi, viruses and nematodes; seed health

testing methods. 03 hrs. .

Module 8: Plant Disease Management: Quarantine regulations, cultural methods, physical methods, chemical control, biological control, cross protection, breeding for disease resistance, integrated disease management practices. 04hrs.

Module 9: Brief account of some important plant diseases-rots, damping-offs, downy mildews, white rust, powdery mildews, smuts, rusts, wilts, leaf spots, anthracnose, galls, ergots, bacterial, viral, phytoplasmal, nematodal, protozoal, viroid, non-parasitic diseases and post-harvest diseases. 06hrs.

Core MB 3.2 IMMUNOLOGY 50 hrs.

Unit – 1: Overview of the immune system: History, early theories of immunity, types of immunity-innate immunity and acquired immunity. .

Cells and organs of immune system: Central lymphoid organs-bone marrow and thymus; peripheral lymphoid system-spleen, lymph nodes, gut associated lymphoid tissues; immunoreactive cells-development of T and B-lymphocytes, antigen processing and presenting macrophages, granulocytes and natural killer cells. 10 hrs.

Unit-2 Antigens: Properties, factors influencing immunogenicity, epitope, hapten, superantigen, mitogens. Immunoglobulins: basic structure and chemistry of different immunoglobulin classes; Antigenic determinants of immunoglobulins-isotypic, allotypic and idiotypic determinants; mechanisms of diversity and specificity of antibodies.

10 hrs.

Unit – 3 Immune response: Primary and secondary antibody response and immunologic memory; antigen processing and presentation; cytokines; major histocompatibility complex; Structure and functions of MHC and HLA system. Gene regulation and IR genes. HLA system and tissue transplantation – Host reactions and rejection, role of complements in immune response, complement pathways-Classical, alternate and lectin, their regulation. Hypersentivity-Type I, II, III and IV; autoimmune diseases, transplantation immunology; immunodeficiencies. 10 hrs.

Unit-4 Antigen-antibody reaction: neutralization, opsonic index, agglutination, complement fixation, precipitation, immunofluorescence, immunoelectrophoresis, ELISA, RIA, Western blotting, Chemiluminescence, Immunosorbent electron microscopy. 10 hrs.

Unit-5 Production and applications of polyclonal antibodies, Hydridoma Technology: Detailed method of Hybridoma production and selection. Applications; Diagnostic tools, detection and immunotherapy;

Different types of vaccines, productions, applications and shortcomings and significance. 10 hrs.

Core: MB 3.3. MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY

Unit 1: Concepts and historical development of medical microbiology.

Clinical microbiology; outline, concepts, normal microflora of the human body, collection,

handling and transport of Specimens; brief account of isolation and identification of

microorganisms from specimens.

Infection- types Factors involved in Pathogenesis –Establishment, spreading, tissues damage

and anti-phagocytic factors. Mechanism of Pathogenesis-Bacterial adhesion, Colonization and

invasion of mucus membranes of respiratory, enteric and urogenital tract, Role of aggressins,

Depolymerizing enzymes, Cell tropisms. 10 hrs

Unit 2: Antimicrobial chemotherapy: outline, general characteristics of antimicrobial drugs,

mechanisms of action of antimicrobial agents; Brief account of mechanisms and implications of drug

resistance in microorganisms. 7 hrs.

Unit 3: Classification, Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, clinical conditions, laboratory diagnosis,

epidemiology, chemotherapy and prevention of following infectious agents.

Bacteria: Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Pneumococcus, Escherichia coli, Proteus

Salmonella, Shigella, Neisseria: (meningo and gonococci), Corynebacterium, Pseudomonas,

Vibrio, Clostridium spp, Haemophilus, Mycobacterium (typical and atypical), Spirochaetes

(Treponema, Borrelia, Leptospira) 20 hrs

Unit 4: Virus: Measles, Mumps, Influenza, HIV, Herpes, Infectious mononucleosis s, Rabies,

Hepatitis, Poliomyelitis, Dengue 8 hrs

Unit 5:Fungi: Superficial mycosis, cutaneous mycosis, subcutaneous mycosis, systemic mycosis,

opportunistic mycosis.

Protozoa: Ameobiasis,Giardiasis,Malaria,Leishmaniasis,

Dental infections: Dental plaque, dental caries, periodontal diseases. 5 hrs

Specialization: MB 3.4 (B) Probiotics 50 hrs.

1. Probiotics: definition, types, properties, microbial group. 2 hrs

2. Prebiotics: synbiotics and neutraceuticals 2 hrs

3. Taxonomy of Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria 2 hrs

4. The ecology of Lactobacilli in the Gastrointestinal Tract 2 hrs

5. Exopolysaccharide Production by intestinal Lactobacilli 2 hrs

6. Uses of probiotics in controlling various types microbial infections; Bacterial

Therapeutics for the Treatment and Prevention of various types of Infectious diseases.

10 hrs.

7. Genome Sequences: Approaches to Genome-wide Analysis of Gut Bacteria 4 hrs.

8. Molecular Interactions of Commensal Enteric Bacteria with the Intestinal Epithelium and

the Mucosal Immune System: Implications for Chronic Intestinal Inflammation. 5

hrs.

9. Probitics: enzymes; industrial applications 8

hrs.

10. Genetically Modified Probiotics 5

hrs.

11. Prebiotics and the Infant Microbiota. `8

hrs.

The Tangled Bank; Side effects of probiotics

Specialization: MB-3.4 (C) Microbial Enzymology 50 hrs

Module. 1. Introduction to enzymes. Historical developments.Classification of enzymes into six

major groups with suitable examples. Numerical classification of enzymes.Methods & structural

conformations of enzymes.Peptide sequencing methods.Properties of Enzymes, laws of

thermodynamics , factors affecting the rate of chemical reactions. arrehenius theory, collision theory .

free energy. Enzymes as biocatalysts, catalytic power, activation energy, substrate specificity, active

site. 14 hrs

Module 2. Enzyme kinetics: Importance of enzyme kinetics, Variations of velocity with [E], [S], pH

and temperature, time of incubation , Derivation of Michaelis - Menton equation and its significance

in enzyme kinetic studies. Lineweaver-Burke plot, Haldane-Briggs relationship, sigmoidal kinetics

steady state kinetics and transient phases ofenzyme reaction.

8

hrs

Module 3.Mechanism of enzyme action .theories of mechanisms of enzyme action. Mechanism of

action of lysozyme, chymotrypsin and ribonuclease.Monomeric, Oligomeric and multi-enzyme

complex, isozymes and allosteric enzymes.Extremozymes - thermostable, solventogenic and non-

aqueous enzymes. Ribozymes and abzymes.

8

hrs

Module 4.Enzymes from microbial sources,screening by plate assay methods, large scale production of

enzymes, recovery of enzymes, enzyme purification methods - enzyme precipitation, separation by

chromatography, enzyme reactors. Immobilized enzymes: Physical and chemical methods of

immobilization, immobilization supports, kinetics of immobilized enzymes. Enzyme electrodes,

Enzyme catalysis in a polar medium, reverse micellar entrapment of enzymes and its applications.

10

hrs

Module 5.Application of enzymes: synthesis of chemicals using enzymes, food technology and

medicine. Enzymes in diagnostic assays.immunoenzyme techniques. Commercial products of microbes:

Antibiotics, biopolymers, biosensors, biopesticides Production of biofuels. Microbial toxins: Types,

biochemical and molecular basis of toxin production, implications. Genetically engineered microbes,

anti-HIV, anticancer, antifungal, anti-plasmodial, anti-inflammatory compounds.

10

hrs

Elective - MB-3.9 (A): Microbial Genetics 25 hrs.

Unit.1:Genetics: Historical development; basic principles of heredity, Mendelian principles, laws of inheritance; experimental proof of genetic material. 03 hrs.

Unit.2: Bacterial recombination: General principles; Bacterial plasmids, fertility factors, resistance factors, Col plasmids, other types of plasmids; transposable elements; bacterial conjugation – F+ x F- mating, Hfr conjugation, F’ conjugation, conjugation mapping, recombination mapping; bacterial transformation – mechanisms ; natural and artificial transformations; Transduction: generalized and specialized transduction; host restriction and modifications; mapping the genome. 08 hrs.

Unit.3: Viral recombination: Phage phenotypes, phenotype mixing, mechanisms of replication in DNA and RNA viruses; recombination and mapping, circular map, lytic phages –T7 and T4; lysogenic phages I and P1 and fx173 and their uses in microbial genetics. 08 hrs.

. Unit.4: Fungal recombination: Structural organization of fungal genome; Chromosomal genes, mitochondrial genes, plasmids and transposable elements, fungi as model organisms in genetics, genome mapping in fungi. 06 hrs.

Elective MB-3.9: (B) Diagnostic Microbiology 25 hrs.

1. An overview of medical microbiology, significance of microbial diseases of humans.

04hrs.

2. Medical Specimens: collection procedure and transport of body fluid specimens,

gastrointestinal specimens, genital specimens, respiratory specimens, urine specimens and

wound specimens. Specimen processing: General methods, microscopy, culture methods and

serology. 08 hrs.

3. Laboratory diagnosis of important bacterial, viral, fungal and protozoal infections.

(Mycobacterium, Staphylococcus, Treponema, Salmonella, HIV, Hepatitis, Aspergillus,

Candida, Plasmodium) 08hrs.

4. Antimicrobial drug testing procedures. 04hrs.

5. Laboratory safety measures and sample disposal. 01hrs.

M.Sc. Microbiology IV semester

*Viva for Dissertation to be conducted at the time of end semester examination in presence of two examiners (one internal and one external)

Sl. No.


Credits

Marks

Examina-tion


Total



4 4 75 25 100


Biotechnology 4 4 75 25 100



4 4 75 25 100

4 Core MB 4.4 Project

work/Dissertation 4 4 75 *Viva -

25 100



4 2 50 - 50


Biotechnology 4 2 50 - 50

7 Specialization Practical MB 4.7


4 2 50 - 50

Total 24 Total 550

Core Paper MB 4.1: FOOD AND DAIRY MICROBIOLOGY 50 hrs

Module 1: Introduction: Development and scope of food microbiology; food as substrate for microorganisms (water activity, temperature, pH, O/R potential, accessory factors); important microorganisms in food (molds, yeasts and bacteria).

Food contamination and spoilage: Sources of food contamination. Principles of food spoilage; spoilage of cereals, sugar products, vegetables, fruits, meat and meat products, fish and other sea foods, poultry; spoilage of canned foods; conventional and modern methods for detection of spoilage and characterization. 10 hrs.

Module 2: Food preservation: Principles and methods of food preservation- Physical (temperature, irradiation, drying, canning, processing for heat treatment - D, Z and F values) Chemical (Organic acids, food additives. Class I and Class II preservatives), Biopreservation (Lactic acid bacteria), Food Packaging- Types of packaging materials, properties and benefits. 10 hrs

Module3 :Food-borne infections and intoxication: Bacterial- Brucella, Bacillus, Clostridium, Escherichia, Listeria; Food intoxication- Botulism, Staphylococcal toxin. Mycotoxins (aflatoxins, patulins, ATA, ochratoxins, fuminosins, Trichothecenes, Zearalenone, ergot alkaloids); food borne outbreaks (laboratory testing procedures and preventive measures); Molds, Algae, Protozoa, Viruses, Biosensors in food industry. 10 hrs.

Module 4: Microbial and Fermented foods: SCP- Nutritional & therapeutic importance, QUORN and SCO and their commercial production. Fermented Vegetables (Saurkraut, olives, cucumbers), Meat (sausages), Beverage (cocoa and coffee); Bread, Idli, Soy sauce; fermentation by molds, application of microbial enzymes in food industry (Protease, Lipases)

Food Biotechnology: Single cell protein; algal biotechnology; fermented foods, mushroom technology; fungal foods; microbial production of flavours, enzymes for food processing, sweeteners, food wastes, genetically modified foods; current trends in manufactured foods; consumer acceptance and market forces.

Food and sanitation: GHPs, Sanitation in manufacture and retail trade; food control agencies and their regulation, hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP); GMP, plant sanitation – employees’ health standard, quality assurance/control. Recent trends and developments of food technologies in India.6 hrs.

8hrs.

Module 5a: Biochemical composition of milk, microbial flora of milk, sources of milk contamination, Pathogenic (human, zoonotic) microorganisms in milk; Pasteurization, sterilization of milk and UHT. Types of microorganisms in chilled and refrigerated milk supplies and their importance; heat resistant types in milk and their role in milk spoilage; Quality maintenance in dairy industry (plant, equipment, barn); quality control tests for milk; microbiological grading, market milk (bulk) production and public health.

06 hrs

Module 5b: Dairy products: Production of Cream, curd, butter, ice-cream, milk powder, khoa, peda, yoghurt, acidophilus milk, condensed milk, kefir, koumiss, srikhand, cultured butter milk, cheese and other fermented milk products.

Microbiology of dairy industry: definition and properties starter cultures, starter selection, lactic and non-lactic starter cultures; use of pure and mixed starter cultures; production of flavour components by starter cultures; starter –production,maintenance, and preservation; assessment of quality of starter cultures; Defects associated with starter cultures and control; whey; dairy effluent treatment.

06 hrs.

Paper: MB 4.3 Industrial microbiology and Pharmaceutical microbiology

Module 1. Introduction to industrial microbiology: Brief history and developments in

industrial microbiology, Isolation of industrially important microbial strains and fermentation

mediaSources of industrially important microbes and methods for their isolation, preservation

andMaintenance of industrial strains, strain improvement. Raw materials: Crude and

synthetic media; molasses, corn-steep-liquor, sulphite waste liquor, whey, yeast extract and

protein hydrolysates.

6 Hours

Module 2. Types of fermentation processes, bio-reactors and measurement of

fermentation

Parameters: Types of fermentation processes - Solid-state and liquid-state (stationary and

submerged)fermentations; batch, fed-batch (e.g. baker’s yeast) and continuous fermentations

Components of a typical bio-reactor,

Types of bioreactors-Laboratory, pilot- scale and production fermenters, constantly stirred

tank and air-lift fermenters, Measurement and control of fermentation parameters - pH,

temperature, dissolved oxygen, foaming and aeration.

08

Hours

Module 3. Down-stream processing: Cell disruption, filtration, centrifugation, solvent

extraction, precipitation, lyophilization and spray-drying Enzyme immobilization Methods

of immobilization, advantages and applications of immobilization, large scale applications of

immobilized enzymes (glucose isomerase and penicillin acylase). 06

Hours

Module 4.A brief out lines of processes for the Microbial production of industrial products

a. Primary metabolites

i. Organic acids : Citric acid, lactic acid, vinegar

ii. Amino acids : Glutamic acid, L – lysine, glutamic acid

iii. Solvents : Acetone, ethyl alcohol

b. Secondary metabolites

i. Antibiotics : Streptomycin, penicillin

ii. Vitamins : B12, Riboflavin,

iii. Microbial Enzymes(screening andproduction of amylase,protease,lipase) enzymes in bio

transformation of drugs anti biotic tics

iv. Production of Wine, beer, whisky and their spoilage.

8 Hours

Module 5.Nano-technology: Introduction - history and recent developments - sources of

nanoparticles - microbial producers of nanoparticles -advantages of microbial nanoparticles -

applications . Good laboratory practices, –Good Manufacturing Procedures. process

validation, ISO standards. Quality Assurance and Validation.

Regulatory aspects of QC, QA, and QM.GMP , GLP and CMP in Pharma Industry. ISO,

USFDA certification .Microbial Limit test of Pharma products. Sterility testing , pyrogen

testing and LAL test of Sterile Pharma products. Sterilization- heat, D- value, Z-value and

survival curve,. Chemical and biological indicators.

10 Hours

Pharmaceutical microbiology

Introduction to drug discovery and development, sources of drugs, approaches to new drug

discovery, role of molecular recognition in drug design, enzymes and receptors as drug

targets, prodrug design and applications, computer aided drug design, preclinical and clinical

trials

Biopharmaceuticals

Concepts of pharmaceuticals, biologics and biopharmaceuticals, sources of

biopharmaceuticals, biopharmaceuticals in production and research, cytokines, heamopoetic

growth factors, , therapeutic enzymes ( Asparaginase, Streptokinase, beta lactamases),

bacterial and viral vaccines,

Microbial production contamination and spoilage of pharmaceuticals products (sterile

injectables, ophthalmic preparations and implements) and their sterilization,

Reimbursement of drugs, biological and legislative aspects, patenting of drugs and biological

products

12hours

.

SUGGESTED READINGS.

1. Pharmaceutical Microbiology- Edited by W. B. Hugo & A.R. Russel Sixth Edition.

Blackwell Scientific Publications.

2. Lippincott’s illustrative Reviews: Pharmacology Edition: 02 Maryjnycck by

Lippincott’s review Publisher Pheladelphia 1997.

3. Principles of medicinal chemistry Vol. 1 by Kadam S.S., Mahadik K.R., Bothra K.G.

Edition: 18, Nirali Publication.

4. Pharmacognosy by Gokhle S.D., KoKateC.K.. Edition: 18, Nirali Publication.

5. Biotechnology – Expanding Horizon by B.D. Singh ., First Edition, Kalyani

Publication, Delhi.

6. Analytical Microbiology- Edited by Fredrick Kavanagh volume I &II. Academic

Press New York.

7. Pharmaceutical Biotechnology by S. P. Vyas & V.K. Dixit. CBS publishers &

distributors, New Delhi.

8.Patel A.H. (1996). Industrial Microbiology. 1st edition, Macmillan India Limited

9. Okafor N. (2007). Modern Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology.1st edition.Bios Scientific

Publishers Limited. USA

10. Waites M.J., Morgan N.L., Rockey J.S. and Higton G. (2001). Industrial Microbiology: An

Introduction.1st edition. Wiley – Blackwell

11 Glazer A.N. and Nikaido H. (1995). Microbial Biotechnology: Fundamentals of Applied

Microbiology.1st edition. W.H. Freeman and Company

12Crueger W and Crueger A. (2000). Biotechnology: A textbook of Industrial Microbiology. 2nd

edition. Panima Publishing Co. New Delhi.

13. Stanbury PF, Whitaker A and Hall SJ.(2006). Principles of Fermentation Technology.2nd edition,

Elsevier Science Ltd.

m.sc. degree examination electronics

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