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The Effect of Music Genres on Power

Performance Tyler W. Golden B.S.

Dr. Rodney Hansen Ph.D.

Introduction

S  Music is a major component of American society and recently has been used in conjunction with exercise

S  Music benefits on anaerobic exercise include RPE, speed, power, and HR (Brooks & Brooks 2010)

S  Music type also has effects on grip strength (Brooks & Brooks 2010)

S  Pre-game music helps create flow states that facilitate better performance. (Pain, Harwood, & Anderson 2011)

Gaps in the Research

S  Despite benefits for aerobic exercise the research involving anaerobic exercise is not as well documented and has produced mixed results (Brooks & Brooks 2010)

S  But studies have shown improvement in Wingate performance with motivational music playing (Brooks & Brooks 2010)

S  Most research has focused more on music tempo and intensity (Bishop 2010)

S  Research has focused on mostly Self-Selected (Biagini et al. 2012) and how it ranks on the Brunel Music Rating Inventory-2 (Pain, Harwood, Anderson 2011).

S  Few studies have looked at lyrical content (Sanchez, Moss, Twist, & Karageroghis 2014) or genre benefits (Baghurst et al. 2014)

Reason for my Research

S  To help identify music effects on anaerobic testing (Torque=Newton-meter, Power=Watts, Work=Joules).

S  To help identify if a specific genre benefits in power performance (regardless of: tempo, intensity, volume, lyrics)

Purpose

S  To conduct additional investigation on the effect of music genre style on power performance with a novel measuring tool (Kin-Com)

S  Hypothesis: We believe the more “aggressive” music genres will lead to better performance. (Widmeyer & Birch 1984, Dane & Sekertekin 2005) Rock>Rap>Techno>Country>No music.

S  Aggressive as defined by Webster Dictionary as: using forceful methods to succeed or to do something medical: very severe.

S  Aggression: angry or violent behavior or feelings

Methods

S  College age student 18-28

S  Signed IRB consent form, with option to drop out if participant believes lyrics are overly offensive

S  Physically active individuals as defined by the ACSM. 20-60 minutes, 3-5 times a week

S  Healthy (no significant musculoskeletal injuries in the past 12 months)

S  Exclusion: If participating in strength experiments

S  Crossover Design (Every participant gets all the conditions. Conditions will be chosen in random order)

S  3 sessions (two interventions per sessions with the first session being a familiarization session, 40 minute rest in between exercise) {Houglum 2010}

Methods continued…

S  Participant will have height and weight measured

S  Power analysis revealed-19 participants needed. Want 20

S  Will begin listening to music 10 minutes before testing while warming up on a stationary cycle at 50% perceived max and continue listening during the testing period on the Kin-Com.

S  3 concentric knee extensions at 180º/sec on the Kin-Com (Isokinetic International. Chattanooga, TN) with 90 seconds of rest between each “kick”. (Lenhart et. Al 2013 & Houglum 2010)

S  Sitting with hip for 85º of flexion and knee starting position at 90º, strapped into the chair

S  Will take the best of the three “kicks” to use.

S  Right leg will be used for all individuals.

S  Variables: Dependent- Power Output, Work, Torque & Independent- Rock, Hip-hop/Rap, Techno/EDM, Country, No music

Methods

Testing layout

S  Session 1 (Familiarization, 40 minute rest, Condition 1#)

S  Session 2 (Condition #2, 40 minute rest, Condition 3#)

S  Session 3 (Condition #4, 40 minute rest, Condition 5#)

Statistical Analysis

S  One-way ANOVA

S  Alpha level p=.05

S  Identify which condition elicited the best performance from the variables collected.

Funding

S  Bose SoundTrue™ in ear headphones $99.95

S  Incentive $5 to Barbocoa (20x5=$100)

S  Total = $200

Unresolved Issues

S  Which specific songs will be in each condition

S  Assumptions- One session of familiarization is enough, Participants will give max effort each time

S  Limitations- Participants able to recreate similar behavior patterns 24 hours before each testing session. Controlling against the use of performance enhancing substances

Audio Samples-Rock

Of Mice & Men- The Depths (BPM-100)

Audio Sample-Hip Hop/Rap

Eminem- Till I Collapse (86-BPM)

Audio Samples-Techno/EDM

David Guetta- She Wolf (Falling to Pieces) BPM-132

Audio Sample-Country

Johnny Cash-God’s Gonna Cut You Down (BPM-82)

References

S  1. Brooks K, Brooks K. Enhancing Sports Performance Through The Use Of Music. J Exerc Physiol Online. 2010;13(2):52-57.

S  2. Pain MA, Harwood C, Anderson R. Pre-Competition Imagery and Music: The Impact on Flow and Performance in Competitive Soccer. Sport Psychol. 2011;25(2):212-232.

S  3. Brooks K, Brooks K. Difference In Wingate Power Output In Response To Music As Motivation. J Exerc Physiol Online. 2010;13(6):14-20.

S  4. Bishop D. “Boom Boom How”: Optimising performance with music. Sport Exerc Psychol Rev. 2010;6(1):35-47.

S  5. Biagini MS, Brown LE, Coburn JW, et al. Effects of Self-Selected Music on Strength, Explosiveness, and Mood: J Strength Cond Res. 2012;26(7):1934-1938. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e318237e7b3.

References

S  . Sanchez X, Moss SL, Twist C, Karageorghis CI. On the role of lyrics in the music–exercise performance relationship. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2014;15(1):132-138. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.10.007.

S  7. Baghurst T, Tapps T, Boolani A, Jacobson BH, Gill R. The Influence of Musical Genres on Putting Accuracy in Golf: An Exploratory Study. J Athl Enhancment. 2014;3(5):1-4.

S  8. Houglum P. Therapeutic Exercise for Musculoskeletal Injuires. 3rd ed. Human Kinetics; 2010.

S  9. Lenhert M, Svoboda Z, Roman Cuberek. The Correlation Between Isokinetic Strength of Knee Extensors and Vertical Jump Performance in Adolescent Soccer Players in an Annual Training Cyle Acta Universitatis Palackianae Olomucensis Gymnica 2013; 43(1): 7-15

S  10. Widmeyer WN, Birch JS. Aggression in Professional Ice Hockey: A Strategy for Success or a Reaction to Failure? J Psychol. 1984;117(1):77.

S  11. Dane S, Sekertekin M. Differences in Handedness and Scores of Aggressiveness and Interpersonal Relations of Soccer Players. Percept Mot Skills. 2005;100; 743-746

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Questions?