Ms. Susan M. Pojer & Mrs. Browne Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NYMs. Susan M. Pojer & Mrs. Browne Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

Europe in 1919Europe in 1919

Main Themes

• The Versailles Treaty (1919)– Article 231 “The War Guilt Clause”– Germany forced to pay reparations– De-militarized zone in the Rhineland– New nations created from old empires– Wilson’s 14 Points created the League

of Nations

Main themes• What were the fears in Western Europe?

– Fear of communism spreading– Fear that colonies would revolt for

independence– Fear that Germany would NOT pay

reparations– Fear that nations couldn’t rebuild fast

enough to provide jobs for all– Fear that a new war would break out– Fear that they would be unable to return to

“normalcy”

European debts to the united statesEuropean debts to the united states

League of nations membersLeague of nations members

Washington naval conference

1921-1922

Washington naval conference

1921-1922

The ratio of battleships allowed by nation:U. S. Britain Japan France Italy

5 5 3 1.67 1.67

Prevented a new arms race between the US, Britain & Japan!

The ratio of battleships allowed by nation:U. S. Britain Japan France Italy

5 5 3 1.67 1.67

Prevented a new arms race between the US, Britain & Japan!

Locarno pact 1925Locarno pact 1925

GustaveStresemann(Germany)

GustaveStresemann(Germany)Aristide

Briand(France)

AristideBriand

(France)

Austin Chamberlain (Britain)

Austin Chamberlain (Britain)

Guaranteed the common boundaries of Belgium, France, and Germany as specified in the Treaty of Versailles of 1919.

Germany signed treaties with Poland and Czechoslovakia, agreeing to change the eastern borders of Germany by arbitration only.

Guaranteed the common boundaries of Belgium, France, and Germany as specified in the Treaty of Versailles of 1919.

Germany signed treaties with Poland and Czechoslovakia, agreeing to change the eastern borders of Germany by arbitration only.

Locarno pact 1925Locarno pact 1925

Kellogg-briand pact 1928Kellogg-briand pact 1928

15 nations committed to outlawing aggression and war for settling disputes.

Problem no way of enforcement.

15 nations committed to outlawing aggression and war for settling disputes.

Problem no way of enforcement.

Main goal after WWI

•Security!–Against Whom? –Why? –and How?

Finding security after wwi

Against Whom?

France wanted to keep Germany weak and Russian communism at a distance

Finding security after wwi

Why?

•Germany fear of invasion (1870, 1914)

•Russia fear of Bolshevism & communist revolution

Finding security after wwi

How?

1. Creation of the Little Entente~ an alliance with

Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia & Romania to replace the former alliance with Russia

Finding securityAfter WWIHow?

2. Build the Maginot Line

finding security after wwi

Where to build the Maginot Line?

Why?

Finding security: the maginot Line

• WW2: The Maginot Line 1 - YouTube

The maginot line: why it failed in 1940The maginot line: why it failed in 1940

The line was The line was constructed constructed along the along the German borderGerman border

The invasion The invasion occurred occurred from the from the north north through through Belgium Belgium (again (again ))

Finding security after WWI

How?

3. Political Decisions of the French GovernmentDisagreement amongst Disagreement amongst conservatives & liberals over how to conservatives & liberals over how to best achieve these goals…… focus best achieve these goals…… focus abroad ? focus domestically?abroad ? focus domestically?

27+ different cabinets were elected 27+ different cabinets were elected between 1919-1933!between 1919-1933!

Raymond poincare & the conservative right

Raymond poincare & the conservative right

He sent French troops into the Ruhr in 1923.

Pushed for large-scale infrastructure reconstruction programs [counting on German reparations to pay for them].

After 1926-29:

• New taxes

• Spend less

He sent French troops into the Ruhr in 1923.

Pushed for large-scale infrastructure reconstruction programs [counting on German reparations to pay for them].

After 1926-29:

• New taxes

• Spend less

Edouard herriot & the french socialists

Edouard herriot & the french socialists

1924-1926.

Progressive social reform.

Spoke for the lower classes, small businessmen, and farmers.

1924-1926.

Progressive social reform.

Spoke for the lower classes, small businessmen, and farmers.

Results for france?

•In your opinion, was security achieved?

•What do you think happens in the 1930’s?

Main theme after wwi

•“World War I changed British politics”

The Profound Change in British politics

• In Britain…– 1918 1918 all men all men over 21 can now voteover 21 can now vote– 1918 1918 all women all women over 30 can now over 30 can now

votevote– 1920’s 1920’s economically depressedeconomically depressed

• Coal mining, ship building & steel most Coal mining, ship building & steel most affectedaffected

• Unemployment over 10%Unemployment over 10%• Increase in government programsIncrease in government programs• The 2 main political parties differ on how The 2 main political parties differ on how

to solve the economic problemsto solve the economic problems

Stanley baldwin 1923, 1924-1929, 1935-1937

Stanley baldwin 1923, 1924-1929, 1935-1937

Conservative PartyConservative Party

Changes in British Politics: The Conservatives

• The Conservative Platform– Abandon free trade & use

protective tariffs– Lower prices by cutting wages– Triggered the General Strike of

1926•Coal miners went on strike then

others

1926 general strike1926 general strike

Trades Disputes Act (1927):

All general or sympathy strikes were illegal.

It forbade unions from raising money for political purposes.

Trades Disputes Act (1927):

All general or sympathy strikes were illegal.

It forbade unions from raising money for political purposes.

Ramsay macdonald 1924, 1929-1935Ramsay macdonald 1924, 1929-1935

1st Prime Minister from the Labour Party1st Prime Minister from the Labour Party

Changes in British Politics: The labour Party

• Labour Platform

–Wanted extensive social reform–Recognized the USSR in hopes if increasing trade•Trade agreement reached in August 1924

Changes in British Politics: the empire

• India– Britain begins to discuss “eventual” self

rule– Rise of Mohandas Gandhi & Indian

National Congress (founded in 1885)Gandhi and his followers begin a Gandhi and his followers begin a campaign of passive non-resistance campaign of passive non-resistance based on the Hindu concept of based on the Hindu concept of ahimsaahimsa

* * Salt March 1930Salt March 1930* * Independence in 1947Independence in 1947* * Gandhi assassinated on Gandhi assassinated on

January January 3030thth, 1948, 1948

Changes in British Politics: The Empire

• Ireland– 1914 Home Rule bill passed then

delayed due to World War I– Easter Monday April 1916

• Uprising begins in Dublin• Defeat and executionexecution of nationalist leaders

by the British triggers support of Sinn Fein • Sinn Fein , radical extremist group with its

military wing known as the Irish Republican Army (IRA).

Changes in British Politics: The Empire

• Ireland (cont’d)• January 21, 1919 Irish independence

declared– guerilla war erupts between IRA and

British army

Changes in British Politics: the Empire

• Ireland (cont’d)• December 1921 the Irish Free State is created• The 6 northern provinces of Ulster remain part of

Britain• Conflict continues until Good Friday Peace

Accords in 1998!

The Change in British Politics

•Has Britain’s role in world affairs been altered in the 1920’s- are they still the most powerful empire?

•How will these changes affect Britain in the 1930’s?

wwi & defeat of the German reich

• Kaiser William (Wilhelm) II abdicated on November 9, 1918

• Germany is declared a republic AND then signs the armistice accepting German defeat in WWI

• The Weimar Republic is created

German “revolutions” 1918German “revolutions” 1918

Post WWI Germany

• Was the Weimar Republic doomed to fail?

• How should the demands of society be handled post-war?

• Was the rise of Hitler inevitable?

Friedrich ebert: 1st president of the weimar republic

Friedrich ebert: 1st president of the weimar republic

The Weimar Republic• Written and put into effect in Written and put into effect in

August 1919August 1919• One of its first official acts is to One of its first official acts is to

accept the Versailles Treatyaccept the Versailles Treaty– No presence at the peace No presence at the peace

conferenceconference– German people unaware of losses German people unaware of losses

during warduring war– ““stabbed in the back theory” (belief stabbed in the back theory” (belief

that the military had been sold out that the military had been sold out by the politicians)by the politicians)

From the German point of ViewFrom the German point of View

Lost—but not forgotten country.

Into the heart You are to dig yourself these words as into stone: Which we have lost may not be truly lost!

Maimed German WWI VeteranMaimed German WWI Veteran

The Weimar Republic• Constitutional flaws

– Proportional representation Proportional representation for all electionsfor all elections

– Presidential appointment & Presidential appointment & removal of the chancellorremoval of the chancellor

– Article 48: rule by decree in Article 48: rule by decree in an emergencyan emergency

The weimar republic• Lack of Broad Popular Support

– Officer corps were resentfulOfficer corps were resentful– Nationalistic Germans were strong Nationalistic Germans were strong

supporters of the “stabbed in the supporters of the “stabbed in the back” theoryback” theory

– Psychological, social & economic Psychological, social & economic effects of WWI devastated Germanyeffects of WWI devastated Germany

–Violence, inflation, Violence, inflation, strikes, assassination strikes, assassination attempts marred the first attempts marred the first 5 years of the republic 5 years of the republic

The Weimar republic• The Inflation Crisis

– May 1921 Germany given a May 1921 Germany given a reparations bill for 132 billion reparations bill for 132 billion gold marksgold marks

– By this time the German mark By this time the German mark was quickly losing its valuewas quickly losing its value

– The French feared they would The French feared they would receive no payments receive no payments invaded invaded the Ruhrthe Ruhr

– The Germans respond with The Germans respond with economic passive resistance economic passive resistance

The french in the ruhr : 1923

The french in the ruhr : 1923

The french occupation of the ruhrThe french occupation of the ruhr

The german mark

The german mark

The German mark & hyperinflationThe German mark & hyperinflation

The weimar republic: The Inflation Crisis

• Results:– Middle class savings, pensions and Middle class savings, pensions and

insurance policies were wiped outinsurance policies were wiped out– Farmers and food shop owners did wellFarmers and food shop owners did well– In general, middle & lower classes were In general, middle & lower classes were

hit the hardest hit the hardest

–Upheaval increases desire Upheaval increases desire for ORDER & SECURITYfor ORDER & SECURITY

Rise of the Nazi party

• National Socialist German National Socialist German Worker’s PartyWorker’s Party

• Twenty-five PointsTwenty-five Points– Repudiation of the Versailles TreatyRepudiation of the Versailles Treaty– Unification with AustriaUnification with Austria– Exclusion of Jews from citizenshipExclusion of Jews from citizenship– Agrarian reformAgrarian reform– Confiscation of war profitsConfiscation of war profits– State administration of giant cartelsState administration of giant cartels

The beer hall putsch : 1923The beer hall putsch : 1923

The rise of the nazis

• Results of the Munich Beer Hall Results of the Munich Beer Hall PutschPutsch

– Hitler becomes a Hitler becomes a national national figurefigure

– uses opportunity in trial to speak uses opportunity in trial to speak • Condemns the Republic, the economic Condemns the Republic, the economic

situation, Jews, the Treaty of Versailles…..situation, Jews, the Treaty of Versailles…..• The newspapers print the text of his speech The newspapers print the text of his speech

which then spreads across Germanywhich then spreads across Germany

The beer hall putsch idealizedThe beer hall putsch idealized

Hitler in landesberg prisonHitler in landesberg prison

Mein kampf [my struggle]Mein kampf [my struggle]

The Weimar Republic • The Republic …meanwhile… is still focused The Republic …meanwhile… is still focused

on the economy & attempts to revive on the economy & attempts to revive Germany as a wholeGermany as a whole

• Gustav Stressman (Gustav Stressman (Chancellor & Foreign Minister)Chancellor & Foreign Minister)

– Introduces a new German currencyIntroduces a new German currency– Encourages the suppression of the Nazi’s and Encourages the suppression of the Nazi’s and

other extreme groups across the political other extreme groups across the political spectrumspectrum

– Works to have the Dawes Plan put into effect Works to have the Dawes Plan put into effect (1924)(1924)

– Reaches Locarno Pact Agreements (1925)Reaches Locarno Pact Agreements (1925)– Entrance into the League of NationsEntrance into the League of Nations

Germany can seen as RESPECTABLE Germany can seen as RESPECTABLE againagain

The dawes plan (1924)The dawes plan (1924)

The Dawes Plan reduced The Dawes Plan reduced German reparations, German reparations, coordinated payments with their coordinated payments with their ability to pay, and gave Germany ability to pay, and gave Germany loans to rebuild.loans to rebuild.

It was successful until 1929, It was successful until 1929, when the US stock market when the US stock market crashed and the Great crashed and the Great Depression began.Depression began.

Weimar germany:

Political representation

1920-1933

Weimar germany:

Political representation

1920-1933Political Parties in the Reichstag

May 1924

Dec. 1924

May1928

Sep.1930

July1932

Nov.1932

Mar.1933

Communist Party (KPD)

62 45 54 77 89 100 81

Social Democratic Party (SDP)

100 131 153 143 133 121 120

Catholic Centre Party (BVP)

81 88 78 87 97 90 93

Nationalist Party (DNVP)

95 103 73 41 37 52 52

Nazi Party (NSDAP)

32 14 12 107 230 196 288

Other Parties

102 112 121 122 22 35 23

The Weimar republic

• Was the Weimar Republic doomed to failure?

• Should they have responded to the people differently? Could they have?

• Was Hitler’s rise inevitable?

Soviet Union

aka

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)

Soviet LeadershipV.I. Lenin•1921-19241921-1924•War CommunismWar Communism•NEPNEP•ChekaCheka•CominternComintern

Josef Stalin•1924?- 19531924?- 1953•5 Year Plans5 Year Plans•CollectivizationCollectivization•Great PurgesGreat Purges•““Socialism in One Socialism in One Country”Country”

Soviet Communism• What are the basic principles of

communism?– Based on Based on Marx’s ideasMarx’s ideas– Revolution Revolution is necessary is necessary– All members of society were seen as All members of society were seen as

equalequal women are equal to men women are equal to men– CommandCommand economy (top down) economy (top down)– Religion is Religion is suppressedsuppressed– LimitLimit free expression (in all forms) free expression (in all forms)– On the On the political left political left side of the spectrumside of the spectrum

Benito mussolini 1883-1945Benito mussolini 1883-1945

Italian Fascism•What are the basic ideas of

fascism?– The The statestate is supreme is supreme– Ultra-Ultra-nationalistnationalist– Gender and class roles are Gender and class roles are rigidrigid

women are not equal!women are not equal!– Use Use religionreligion as a tool of the state as a tool of the state– LimitLimit free expression (in all forms) free expression (in all forms)– Elections are a shamElections are a sham– Seen on the Seen on the political right political right of the of the

spectrumspectrum

The great depression 1929-1941The great depression 1929-1941

Paris in 1930Paris in 1930

London in 1930London in 1930

German unemployment 1929-1938German unemployment 1929-1938

The great depression 1929-1941The great depression 1929-1941

Decrease in world trade

1929-1932

Decrease in world trade

1929-1932

German election results in 1933German election results in 1933

Rise of hitlerThe rise of Hitler & the Nazi Party can be attributed to:

1. The Versailles Treaty1. The Versailles Treaty

2. The inflation crisis of 2. The inflation crisis of the 1920’sthe 1920’s

3. The trial of Hitler3. The trial of Hitler

4. The Great Depression4. The Great Depression

Rise of hitler• The Nazi’s called for the “subordination of all The Nazi’s called for the “subordination of all

economic enterprise to the economic enterprise to the welfare of the welfare of the nationnation””– This implied protection for small businesses– This appealed to anyone experiencing economic difficulty– The popularity of the Nazi Party increases

• The Nazi party began to call for The Nazi party began to call for lebensraum lebensraum or “living space”or “living space”– Germany must expand eastward (Poland, Czechoslovakia,

Russia…)

rise of hitlerReichstag Elections– 1928:Nazis won 12 seats– 1930: Nazis won 107 seats– 1933: Nazis won 288 seats288 seats

The Nazis continue to hold mass ralliesrallies gaining support from business, business, military, and publicity in military, and publicity in newspapersnewspapers throughout Germany

Rise of hitler• In 1932

– Hitler runs for President and gets over 30% of the vote!

– Hitler wants to be appointed Chancellor but it does not happen

– Other leaders in the government want to use Hitler for his popularity but don’t want to give him power if they can avoid it.

Rise of hitler• In 1933

– There is widespread fear of a civil war in Germany

–Hitler is appointed Chancellor on January 30, 1933January 30, 1933• He promises security against the communists & He promises security against the communists &

socialistssocialists• He promises effective governmentHe promises effective government• He promises a strong, restored GermanyHe promises a strong, restored Germany

Rise of hitler

• In February 1933, a communist sets fire to the Reichstag building

Hitler uses this to invoke Article 48 Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution which grants emergency powers!

•Hitler has all suspected communists arrested•This decree is never revoked while Hitler is in power

Rise of hitler• March 1933

–Hitler and the Nazis pass the Enabling ActEnabling Act which lets Hitler rule by decree.• There were nono legal limits on Hitler any longer• The Nazi Party seizes banks and newspapers• All other political parties are outlawedoutlawed• All areas of opposition are gradually

eliminated

Rise of hitler• Consolidation of Power

– Hitler has members of the SA (storm troopers) killed that he suspects might challenge him

– More than 100 officers and their families were murdered

• August 2, 1934 President Hindenburg dies– Hitler combines the position of Chancellor and the position of Chancellor and

President and becomes the sole ruler of President and becomes the sole ruler of Germany!Germany!

Hitler in power• Hitler as Fuhrer

– Use of the SSSS (schutzstaffel) or “protective force” to watch the people

– Uses public works public works to employ people

• Rearmament was key

• Unemployment drops , support for Hitler increases

Hitler in power• Like Mussolini, Hitler

– Used educationeducation and the Hitler Youth organizations to teach about Nazi fascism

– Focused on the role of women the role of women

• Women were to raise Nazi families

• those who did received more privileges from the party

• Jobs for women were limited to those that fit the Nazi ideal

Hitler in power• Anti-Semitism

–1935: Nuremberg Laws• Jews were denied German citizenshipJews were denied German citizenship

• Definition of a Jew was createdDefinition of a Jew was created

• Required the yellow star to be wornRequired the yellow star to be worn

• Jews were forbidden to marry Jews were forbidden to marry GermansGermans

• Jews were not allowed to teachJews were not allowed to teach

Hitler in power

Kristallnacht Kristallnacht ““Night of the Broken Glass”Night of the Broken Glass”

November 9, 1938November 9, 1938

• Jewish synagogues Jewish synagogues and Jewish owned and Jewish owned businesses were businesses were destroyeddestroyed

•many Jews were many Jews were rounded up and sent rounded up and sent to ghettos or other to ghettos or other “holding” locations “holding” locations

Hitler & the nazis

• How was Hitler able to gain power in Germany?

• How did Hitler use propaganda, anti-Semitism, and economic policy to build the Nazi State?

• How were Hitler and Mussolini similar? Different?

Themes in Art of the 1920’s & 1930’s

1. Uncertainty/insecurity.

2. Disillusionment.

3. The subconscious.

4. Violence & savagery

Dada

Ridiculed contemporary culture & traditional art forms.

Focused on the collapse during (and after) WW I of social and moral values.

George grosz

Grey day

1921

George grosz

Grey day

1921

DaDa

Cubism

The subject matter is broken down, analyzed, and reassembled in abstract form.

The artist should treat nature in terms of the cylinder, the sphere, and the cone.

Picasso’s studio with a plaster head 1925Picasso’s studio with a plaster head 1925

Cubism

Georges braque’s still life lejuer 1929Georges braque’s still life lejuer 1929

Cubism

Surrealism

Late 1920s-1940s.

Grew out of the genre of DaDa.

Influenced by Freud’s theories on psychoanalysis and the subconscious.

Confusing & startling images like those in dreams.

Salvador Dali

Apparition of a face and fruit

dish on a beach

1938

Salvador Dali

Apparition of a face and fruit

dish on a beach

1938

Surrealism

Conclusion

• What are some of the main events of the 1920’s?

• How do the 1920’s affect decisions made in the 1930’s?

The “new napoleons” ?The “new napoleons” ?