ANIMAL FORM AND FUNCTION: Basic Principles Refer to page 217-218 in Holtzclaw, Ch 40 in Campbell

How do animals regulate their internal environment? How are animals structurally adapted for survival?

Exchange with the Environment

Animals need to exchange materials with their ___________________ & this poses limitations to .  

The rate of exchange is ____________________________to membrane surface area.  

The amount of material that must be exchanged to sustain life is also proportional to ______________________.

Hierarchical Organization of Body Plans

Cells form an animal’s body through their emergent properties.

Tissues groups of cells of similar appearance and a common function.

Organs Different tissues are organized inot functional units called organs.

Organ Systems groups of organs that work together.

TISSUE TYPES

1. Epithelial Tissue - Occur in sheets of cells, covers the _________________of the body and lines organs and cavities ___________________the body.

2. Connective Tissue - The most common function is to _____________ and ______________ other tissues in the body.

3. Muscle Tissue – Responsible for nearly all types of body________________.  All contain __________and _________.

4. Nervous Tissue – The function is to sense _____________and transmit signals in the form of__________________.

CONTROL AND COORDINATION

Two major systems control and coordinate animal tissues, organs, and organ systems:

1. Endocrine System (using __________________ that travel via blood)

2. Nervous Systems (using impulses along nerves and _______________ between nerves)

LEARNING INTENTIONS

You must know: The importance of homeostasis and examples. How feedback systems control homeostasis One example of positive feedback and one example of negative feedback.

In homeostasis, animals maintain a relatively__________________________, even when the external environment changes significantly.

Temperature pH Salinity

We all have a set point to maintain! What’s the set point for YOU?

FEEDBACK SYSTEMS CONTROL

Negative (opposite) Feedback Systems: Animal response reduces stimulusExample: Temperature control

Positive (same) Feedback Systems: Animal response amplifies the change (instead of reversing it)Example: Childbirth

NEGATIVE:

Energy Requirements are Related to Animal Size, Activity and Environment

TRUE OR FALSE? The lizard is coldblooded while the walrus is warm blooded.

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) - minimum metabolic rate of a non-growing ____________________that is at rest, has an empty stomach and is not experiencing stress.

Standard Metabolic Rate (SMR) - the metabolic rate of a fasting, non-stressed ___________________at rest at a particular temperature

Torpor and Energy Conservation

Torpor → a physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases is an___________________ to conserve energy during environmental extremes.

Example: ______________________

Homework: Reading and notes for Chapter 45 in Campbell, p. 235-237 in Holtz

You must know: How hormones bind to target receptors and trigger specific pathways The secretion, target, action, and regulation of at least two hormones An illustration of both positive and negative feedback in the regulation of homeostasis by hormones.