MRS. STAHLMARINE BIOLOGY

Unit 3Geology of the Ocean,

Water, Waves, and Tides

Some Facts

Planet Earth began about 400 MYA

Surface was so hot that water could not remain there

No free oxygen gas in the atmosphere

Ocean began forming 4.2 billion years ago

Life first evolved in the oceanOcean covers 70.8%

The Formation of the Oceans

1st-> Earth was composed of cold matter and that over time several factors such as energy from space and decay of radioactive elements-> caused increase in temperature.

2nd Heating continued on for several hundred million years until the center of the Earth was hot enough to melt iron and nickel.

3rd

Elements melted and went to the core (denser) and raised the core temperatures to 2,000 C

4th Molten material from Earth’s core moved to the surface and spread out, creating some of Earth’s landscape.

5th

Heating / cooling took place, water in the form of water vapor was carried to the surface where it cooled, condensed, and formed the ocean.

Origin of Life

Gaseous oxygen did not start to accumulate in the atmosphere until the evolution of modern photosynthesis (3 billion years ago).

Oxides

Chemical Compound containing at least one oxygen atom as well as another element.

The Earth was devoid of oxygen…

Because oxygen is a strong oxidizer of other compounds it tends to form oxides with these compounds, which bind any free oxygen.

Formed as a result of

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Biologists theorize that the molecules (carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, methane, and ammonia) formed and accumulated in the ocean and over time the ocean turned into a huge, highly concentrated bowl of nutrient soup.

The molecules then became organized and the first cells evolved.

There wasn’t any oxygen so the first cells had to be anaerobic.

The first cells were also heterotrophs or relied on others for food.

The oldest marine fossil is marine bacteria and was found in NW Australia between 3.4 and 3.5 billion years old.

The Ocean Today

There are Four Major Basins

1.Pacific2.Atlantic3.Indian 4.Arctic

What is the order from largest to smallest?

1.Pacific2.Atlantic3.Indian 4.Arctic

The area around Antarctica is referred to as the

Southern or Antarctic

Body of Water Define Examples

SeaBody of

saltwater that is smaller than an

ocean and landlocked.

Mediterranean Sea

Red SeaCaribbean Sea

GulfSmaller body of

water that is mostly cut off

from the larger ocean or sea by land formations.

Gulf of California

Gulf of Mexico

Persian Gulf

Continental Drift

The movement of the seafloor caused by the continuous movement o the continents that rest on it.

The seafloor is constantly being replaced with new seafloor, therefore organisms have to adapt constantly.

Inner Core

Outer Core

Lower Mantle

Upper Mantle

Astheno-

sphere

Litho-sphere

Crust

-Solid- Pressure- Dense- Hot- Iron and nickel

-thick layer of liquid material that surrounds the inner core.

-inner layer-thickest layer-Greatest mass-Magnesium / Iron-flows slowly- Magma

-Rigid - liquid-just below crust -flows under stress

- layer right below crust

-thinnest and coolest layer-continental and oceanic crust

WHICH AREA AM I??????

The thickest layer……

Mantle

Made of Iron and Nickel…..

Inner Core

Thick Layer of Magma…..

Mantle

Greatest Mass…..

Mantle

Outer region is rigid

Upper Mantle

Inner Layer Flows

Mantle

Hottest Layer

Inner Core

Thinnest and Coolest

Crust

Outermost Layer

Crust

We know most about this layer……

Crust

Lithosphere Asthenosphere

- Rock Sphere

- Tectonic plate

- Very strong

- Weak

- Easily deformed layer of

the Earth

- Acts as a “lubricant” for

the plates to slide

Label!!!!!!

Take a few minutes and label the diagram of the Earth.

Crust

Inner Core

Outer Core

Mantle

Oceanic Crust Continental Crust

- Basalt

- Thin crusts under the

oceans

- Thinner and denser

- More active

- Granite

- Floats on top of Mantle

- Makes up the

continents

19th CenturyEdward Suess

Early 1600’sSir Frances Bacon

1915Alfred Wegener

1960’sH.H. Hess

Continents may have once been connected to each other. Continents may have once been connected to each other.

Proposed Gondwanaland- fusion of Southern Continents (S. America, Africa, India, Antarctica, and Australia).

Proposed Gondwanaland- fusion of Southern Continents (S. America, Africa, India, Antarctica, and Australia).

One supercontinent= Pangaea. Forces of the Earth’s rotation separated the continents.

One supercontinent= Pangaea. Forces of the Earth’s rotation separated the continents.

Molten rock / Magma in the mantle moved by convection currents (heating and cooling of magma).

Molten rock / Magma in the mantle moved by convection currents (heating and cooling of magma).

Moving ContinentsTimeline of Moving Continents

Pangaea

The man of Pangaea is

Alfred Wegener

Evidence of Continental Drift

1. Continental plates fit together like a puzzle.

2. Distribution of Earthquakes -> occur in narrow zones that correspond to areas along ridges and trenches. Most active areas of crustal movement.

3. Temperature of Sea Bottom-> highest temps at ridges. Temps decrease with distance from ridges. Why do you think that is?????

Heating magma oozing out.

4. Age of rock samples from seafloor. Youngest rock was found near ridges and older rocks were found further away.

5. Fossils collected on opposite coasts were similar.

6. Coal deposits and other geological formations matched up on opposite sides of the Atlantic.

7. Sediment gets thicker and thicker as you move away from the ridges.

8. Seafloor Spreading-> basalt magma from the mantle rises to create new ocean floor at mid-ocean ridges. On each side of the ridge, sea floor moves from the ridge towards the deep sea trenches, where it is subducted or sucked back into and recycled back into the mantle

9. Magnetic evidence-> * 170 reversals in the past 76 million

years (north / south polarity switched back and forth). Reverses directions.

* Caused by fluctuations in the movement of material in iron-nickel outer core.

* When rocks are in the molten stage they are free to move around and act like tiny little compasses pointing either north or south.

* When the rocks cool they keep whatever their orientation is. There are literally stripes on the rocks that show the magnetic bands and they match up on either side of the mid ocean ridge= magnetic anomalies.

Continental Drift was not accepted at first because:

Scientists thought that he did not have enough evidence to prove his theory.

Laurasia consisted of: Europe, Asia, and North America

Gondwanaland- S. America, Africa, India, Antarctica, and Australia

What did H.H. Hess propose in regards to continental movement?

Magma moved by convection currents to the region below the upper mantle and crust. The magma then would flow laterally under the mantle (heating / cooling took place). It would then cool and sink backwards into the core. Sometimes it breaks through and volcanoes are formed-> how the mid oceanic ridge was formed.

Cross OUT XXXXXXXXX

Page 9 The formation of oceanic crust and volcanoes form!!!!

We have already covered both topics

Rift ValleyRuns along the length of a portion of the

mountain crests. High volcanic activity.

Fracture Zones-

linear regions of unusually irregular sea bottom.

What happens to the old ocean floor / crust?

Regions called subduction zones take the old material / sinks down into the mantle and when it hits the magma of the mantle it liquefies and recycles itself through convection currents into the core.

Seafloor Spreading

Oceanic plates are diverging from one another, the magma rises along a rift zone and spreads out at the surface building new sea floor. The age of the rocks increases as one moves away from the rift zone. The mid-oceanic ridge is the primary site for sea-floor spreading. Earthquakes and volcanoes are where seafloor spreading is occurring.

Theory of Plate Tectonics

The lithosphere is viewed as a series of rigid plates that are separated by earthquake belts that are located around trenches, ridges, and faults.

Seven Major Plates are:

1._Pacific2. North American3. Eurasian4. South American5. African6. Antarctic7. Australian

Where plate boundaries move apart and new lithosphere is

formed divergent plate boundaries occur. Where the old lithosphere is destroyed

because the plates move toward each is called

convergent plate boundaries.Where the plates move past

each other = Faults.

Transform Fault

Special kind of fault that is found in sections of the mid-ocean ridge. Each side is formed by a different plate and the plates scrape against each other

Rift Zones

Where the lithosphere splits, separates, and moves apart as new crust is formed.

Rift Communities / Deep Sea Vents

Thriving communities of marine organisms

Depend on chemosynthetic activity of bacteria for their nutrients.

Represent food webs that exist in the absence of sunlight.

The Ocean Bottom

Bathygraphic Features

Physical features of the ocean bottom

The ocean bottom is divided into two different regions the Continental Margin and the Ocean Basin.

Continental MarginsRegion that lies beneath the neritic zone.

Consists of continental shelf and continental slope

Composed of granite that is covered by sediment and have similar features to the edge of the nearby continent.

See Figure 3-12 on page 56 to discuss the formation of the continental shelf.

Continental Shelf

Generally flat areas 40 miles wide and 430 feet deepSlopes gently toward the bottom of the ocean basin

Produced by waves that constantly erode land mass and by natural dams, reefs, rocks, and volcanic barriers.

Continental SlopeTransitional levelShelf break is where the shelf ends and the

slope beginsShelf break is where there is a rapid change

in depth to the seafloor Less sedimentSubmarine Canyons-> aligned with river

systems on land and they create a ripple effect on the sea floor. At the end it fans out = Deep Sea Fan.

They are formed by turbidity currents = underwater avalanches of sediment (large accumulations of sediment collapse).

Continental Rise

small slope at the base of the continental slope. Created by landslides that carry sediment to the bottom of the slope.

The Ocean Basin:

SeafloorFour Main basins: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, and Arctic

Composed of Basalt Rock covered with a thick blanket of sediment.

Abyssal Plains and Hills

Bottom of the ocean basinFlatFormed by sediment from turbidity currents

Spread out on the ocean floor are abyssal hills (3300 ft. high).

Formed by volcanic activity

Seamounts

Steep sided formation that rises sharply from the bottom.

Formed by underwater volcanoes

Some show us coral reef activity and erosion proving that they may have been above water at one point in time.

Ridges and Rises

Series of large, underwater volcanic mountains that run through every ocean.

Separates the ocean basins

Trenches

Most common in the Pacific Ocean

Mariana Trench-> the deepest spot on the Earth is the Challenger Deep and is 6.85 miles deep.

The Ocean Floor

Continental shelf is very productive because it relatively shallow and provides lots of sunlight and nutrients.

Abundant marine life on the shelfNo sunlight in the abyss.Limited to chemosynthetic bacteria in

vent communitiesOcean floor organisms rely heavily on

organisms falling from above.

Composition of the Seafloor

The entire seafloor is made up of basalt rock with a blanket of sediment on top.

Sediment is made up of: Living organisms land Atmosphere Sea that accumulates over time

Why is the sediment so important to organisms that live on the

continental slope, shelf, and abyssal plains?

Provides a habitat for many organisms and a source of nutrients for others.

Five types of sediment:BiogenousHydrogenousTerrigenousCosmogenousLithogenous

HydrogenousForms when dissolved materials come

out of a solution such as a precipitate.Precipitation is caused by changes in

temperature, pressure, and chemically active fluids.

Types include Manganese nodules (ore material in the ocean that comes from terrigenous and volcanic, and also hydrothermal material), Phosphates, evaporative salts, Metal sulfides, and carbonates (rocks with high amounts of calcium).

LithogenousComposed of fragments of Pre-existing

rock materialFormed by Physical and Chemical

Weathering-> break-up of exposed rock, movement of sediment, and large particles of rock that are deposited near the edges of the continents and it accumulates

Most is made up of quartzWhere is it found? -> Neritic zone (near

shore), beaches, continental shelves, pelagic zones (deep sea floor).

BiogenousSkeletons and shells of dead marine

organisms.Biogenous ooze= made up of 30% of

microscopic shells. When it hardens it turns into rock and can make chalk or Diatomaceous Earth.

Calcareous ooze= Calcium carbonate= Coccolithophorians (algae) and Foraminiferans (protozoan’s)

Silicareous ooze= Silica= Radiolarians (Protozoan’s) and Diatoms (algae)

Found in the Pelagic zone

Foraminiferans

Coccolithophorians

Radiolarians

Diatoms

Terrigenous

Found in the deep sea and is formed by accumulation of turbidites

Turbidites are sea-bottom deposits formed by massive slope failures where rivers have deposited large deltas. These slopes fail in response to earthquake shaking or excessive sedimentation

Turbidites

Cosmogenous

Composed of material from outer space

Space dust and meteor debris

Forms an insignificant amount of ocean sediment