MR. LIPMAN’S APUS MR. LIPMAN’S APUS POWERPOINT POWERPOINT CHAPTER 38CHAPTER 38

The Stormy 1960sThe Stormy 1960s

Keys to the ChapterKeys to the Chapter Focus on four (4) key major issues:Focus on four (4) key major issues:

Civil RightsCivil Rights War on Poverty and the expansion of the War on Poverty and the expansion of the

welfare statewelfare state Vietnam and the Anti-War MovementVietnam and the Anti-War Movement Counter Culture MovementCounter Culture Movement

Key Figures: JFK, LBJ, MLK, Malcolm XKey Figures: JFK, LBJ, MLK, Malcolm X

Inauguration Jan. 1960- “The Best and Inauguration Jan. 1960- “The Best and the Brightest” beginsthe Brightest” begins

THINGS TO KNOW ABOUT JFKTHINGS TO KNOW ABOUT JFK

Ivy League (best and the brightest)Ivy League (best and the brightest) RFK and McNamaraRFK and McNamara Peace CorpsPeace Corps Tax CutsTax Cuts Race to the MoonRace to the Moon Reduced Tariffs to increase tradeReduced Tariffs to increase trade Civil RightsCivil Rights

Kennedy and Foreign AffairsKennedy and Foreign Affairs

Bay of Pigs (April 1961)Bay of Pigs (April 1961) Meeting with Khrushchev in ( June 1961)Meeting with Khrushchev in ( June 1961) The Berlin Wall (August 1961)The Berlin Wall (August 1961) Cuban Missile Crisis (October 1962)Cuban Missile Crisis (October 1962) Increase in Military Advisors and troops to Increase in Military Advisors and troops to

Vietnam (15,000 by November 1963)Vietnam (15,000 by November 1963) American University Speech and the call American University Speech and the call

for peace with Russia (June 1963)for peace with Russia (June 1963)

Kennedy Kennedy and and

KhrushchevKhrushchev, Vienna, , Vienna,

19611961--------------------------

KhrushchevKhrushchevfeels he is feels he is “young and “young and

weak”weak”

Protest by a Buddhist Monk Protest by a Buddhist Monk Against Diem’s Repression as Vietnam Against Diem’s Repression as Vietnam

“heats up“heats up””

The Cuban Missile CrisisThe Cuban Missile Crisis

How How close close did we did we get?get?

JFK and Civil RightsJFK and Civil Rights

Freedom Riders (1961)Freedom Riders (1961) James Meredith (“Ole Miss-Sept. 1962)James Meredith (“Ole Miss-Sept. 1962) Birmingham (1963)Birmingham (1963) Medgar Evers (June 1963)Medgar Evers (June 1963) Washington and MLK (August 1963)Washington and MLK (August 1963) Birmingham Church Bombing (Sept. 1963)Birmingham Church Bombing (Sept. 1963) Southern Democrats block Congressional Southern Democrats block Congressional

bills from passingbills from passing

Greyhound Bus Burning After White Greyhound Bus Burning After White Attack on Freedom Rides Bus, Attack on Freedom Rides Bus,

Alabama, May 1961Alabama, May 1961

US Army Convoy at the University of Mississippi US Army Convoy at the University of Mississippi to Enforce James Meredith’s Admissionto Enforce James Meredith’s Admission

Civil Rights Protestors Sprayed Civil Rights Protestors Sprayed with Fire Hoses in Birminghamwith Fire Hoses in Birmingham

Civil Rights Segregation Protesters Flee from in Civil Rights Segregation Protesters Flee from in Birmingham, Alabama---T.V. Changes everythingBirmingham, Alabama---T.V. Changes everything

The “I Have a Dream” The “I Have a Dream” Speech in Front of the Lincoln Speech in Front of the Lincoln

MemorialMemorial

Thousands of Thousands of Marchers Marchers

Gather at the Gather at the Lincoln Lincoln

Memorial for Memorial for the March on the March on Washington Washington

and Dr. King’s and Dr. King’s “I Have A “I Have A Dream” Dream” SpeechSpeech

The 16The 16thth Street Street Baptist Baptist Church Church After the After the BombingBombing

Kennedy’s Limousine Immediately Before the Kennedy’s Limousine Immediately Before the AssassinationAssassination

The Killing of Kennedy- November 22, 1963The Killing of Kennedy- November 22, 1963

The importance of Kennedy The importance of Kennedy Nation mourned young presidentNation mourned young president Remember more for the spirit than accomplishments Remember more for the spirit than accomplishments

Later revelations tarnished Kennedy’s reputationLater revelations tarnished Kennedy’s reputation Womanizing and Involvement with organized crime Womanizing and Involvement with organized crime

President Lyndon Johnson President Lyndon Johnson Sworn in on plane in Dallas before leaving (with Sworn in on plane in Dallas before leaving (with

Kennedy’s body) for Washington, DCKennedy’s body) for Washington, DC Kept most of Kennedy’s team, although he distrusted Kept most of Kennedy’s team, although he distrusted

them (“the Harvards”)them (“the Harvards”)

THE LBJ PRESIDENCYTHE LBJ PRESIDENCY War on Poverty and the “Great Society”War on Poverty and the “Great Society”

Aid to EducationAid to Education Medical Care for poor and elderlyMedical Care for poor and elderly Immigration ReformImmigration Reform Voting Rights Act of 1964 (24Voting Rights Act of 1964 (24 thth Amendment) Amendment)

• Vietnam and the “Gulf of Tonkin Resolution”Vietnam and the “Gulf of Tonkin Resolution”• Civil RightsCivil Rights• Israel and the start of the unending problemIsrael and the start of the unending problem• Vietnam and the “Tet Offensive”Vietnam and the “Tet Offensive”• The Counter Culture Movement (3 P’s)The Counter Culture Movement (3 P’s)

1964 – Civil Rights bill passed after lengthy 1964 – Civil Rights bill passed after lengthy Southern filibuster Southern filibuster Banned racial discrimination in most private facilities Banned racial discrimination in most private facilities

open to the public open to the public Strengthened federal government’s power to end Strengthened federal government’s power to end

segregation in schools and other public placessegregation in schools and other public places Created federal Equal Employment Opportunity Created federal Equal Employment Opportunity

Commission (EEOC) to eliminate discrimination Commission (EEOC) to eliminate discrimination Included Title VII ending gender discriminationIncluded Title VII ending gender discrimination Backed up in 1965 with Affirmative Action executive Backed up in 1965 with Affirmative Action executive

order to pvt. Contractors getting federal contractsorder to pvt. Contractors getting federal contracts

The Great Society The Great Society Billion-dollar “War on Poverty” Billion-dollar “War on Poverty” Economic & welfare measures based on New Economic & welfare measures based on New

Deal Deal 1962 – The Other America 1962 – The Other America

• By Michael Harrington By Michael Harrington • 20% of the population (40% of the black 20% of the population (40% of the black

population) lived in poverty population) lived in poverty • Moved public to support Great Society proposals Moved public to support Great Society proposals

1964 Presidential Race – LBJ vs. Goldwater1964 Presidential Race – LBJ vs. Goldwater Goldwater attacked federal income tax, Social Goldwater attacked federal income tax, Social

Security, Tennessee Valley Authority, civil rights laws, Security, Tennessee Valley Authority, civil rights laws, nuclear test-ban treaty, and especially the Great nuclear test-ban treaty, and especially the Great Society Society

Republican slogan - “In Your Heart You Know He’s Republican slogan - “In Your Heart You Know He’s Right” Right” • Democratic reply – “In Your Guts You Know He’s Democratic reply – “In Your Guts You Know He’s

Nuts”Nuts”

• August 1964 – Gulf of Tonkin incident changes August 1964 – Gulf of Tonkin incident changes LBJLBJ

Johnson won a landslide with 61% of the voteJohnson won a landslide with 61% of the vote

LBJ and the Voting Rights ActLBJ and the Voting Rights Act Mississippi had largest black populationMississippi had largest black population

• Only 5% of those eligible were registered to voteOnly 5% of those eligible were registered to vote

Ways to keep blacks from votingWays to keep blacks from voting• Poll tax, literacy test, intimidation Poll tax, literacy test, intimidation • 2424thth amendment (ratified February 1964) outlawed amendment (ratified February 1964) outlawed

poll tax in federal electionspoll tax in federal elections

Freedom Summer (1964) Freedom Summer (1964) • Blacks join white students in massive voter-Blacks join white students in massive voter-

registration drive in Mississippi registration drive in Mississippi

White attacks during Freedom SummerWhite attacks during Freedom Summer June 1964 – 1 black and 2 white civil rights June 1964 – 1 black and 2 white civil rights

workers from North disappeared in Mississippi workers from North disappeared in Mississippi • Badly beaten bodies found buried Badly beaten bodies found buried • FBI arrested 21 whites (including a sheriff) FBI arrested 21 whites (including a sheriff)

White juries refused to convict White juries refused to convict Newspapers rally against the actions of Newspapers rally against the actions of

“Southern Justice”“Southern Justice”

Photographs Photographs of Civil Rights of Civil Rights Workers after Workers after

They They Disappeared Disappeared in Mississippiin Mississippi

Early 1965 – King resumed voter-registration in Selma, Early 1965 – King resumed voter-registration in Selma, Alabama Alabama Blacks 50% of the population but only 1% of Blacks 50% of the population but only 1% of

registered votersregistered voters State troopers used gas and whips to stop a peaceful State troopers used gas and whips to stop a peaceful

march from Selma to Montgomerymarch from Selma to Montgomery Police Actions Captured on TelevisionPolice Actions Captured on Television

President Johnson makes stirring speech on national President Johnson makes stirring speech on national television after events in Selmatelevision after events in Selma Nation “must overcome the crippling legacy of bigotry Nation “must overcome the crippling legacy of bigotry

and injustice…And we shall overcome.”and injustice…And we shall overcome.”

A Civil Rights Marcher Attempts to Ward Off A Civil Rights Marcher Attempts to Ward Off the Attack of State Troopersthe Attack of State Troopers

A Civil Rights A Civil Rights Marcher Suffering Marcher Suffering from Exposure to from Exposure to Tear Gas, Holds Tear Gas, Holds an Unconscious an Unconscious

Woman in Selma, Woman in Selma, AlabamaAlabama

19651965

The Rise of the African American Vote, The Rise of the African American Vote, 1940-19761940-1976

Black PowerBlack Power

Passage of Voting Rights Act of 1965 marked Passage of Voting Rights Act of 1965 marked end of an era in civil rights movement:end of an era in civil rights movement: Pre-1965 – movement focused on nonviolent Pre-1965 – movement focused on nonviolent

protest in Southprotest in South

Post-1965 – movement marked by militant Post-1965 – movement marked by militant confrontation, led by radical and sometimes violent confrontation, led by radical and sometimes violent spokespersons, and often aimed not at interracial spokespersons, and often aimed not at interracial cooperation but at black separatism cooperation but at black separatism

• Moderate Martin Luther King, Jr. attacked by new Moderate Martin Luther King, Jr. attacked by new generation of younger black leadersgeneration of younger black leaders

• Malcolm X becomes the symbol of the new strategyMalcolm X becomes the symbol of the new strategy

Black Power Key EventsBlack Power Key Events

Watts – 1965Watts – 1965 Newark and Detroit – 1967Newark and Detroit – 1967 Malcolm X (killed Feb. 1965)Malcolm X (killed Feb. 1965) Black Panthers Black Panthers MLK (killed April, 1968)MLK (killed April, 1968)

Watts Rioting - 1965Watts Rioting - 1965

Watts Riots - 1965Watts Riots - 1965

Rioting at Newark, NJ, 1967Rioting at Newark, NJ, 1967

Black PowerBlack Power Malcolm X Malcolm X

Joined Nation of Islam while in prison Joined Nation of Islam while in prison

Pushed for black separatism, attacking “blue-eyed Pushed for black separatism, attacking “blue-eyed white devils” white devils”

Broke with Nation of Islam in 1964 and travelled to Broke with Nation of Islam in 1964 and travelled to Mecca, where he saw white MuslimsMecca, where he saw white Muslims• Softened his attacks on whitesSoftened his attacks on whites

February 1965 – killed by 3 Nation of Islam February 1965 – killed by 3 Nation of Islam members while speaking in New York City members while speaking in New York City

Malcolm XMalcolm X

Killed 1965Killed 1965

Black Black Panther PartyPanther Party

Black Black PowerPower

Assassination of MLK. April 1968Assassination of MLK. April 1968

Destruction Caused by Chicago Riots Destruction Caused by Chicago Riots After Dr. King's AssassinationAfter Dr. King's Assassination

LBJ AND VIETNAMLBJ AND VIETNAM

Early 1965 – escalation begins Early 1965 – escalation begins End of 1965 – 184K US troops thereEnd of 1965 – 184K US troops there

By 1968 – 500,000 troops and $30 By 1968 – 500,000 troops and $30 billion annually sunk into Vietnam billion annually sunk into Vietnam South Vietnam is spectator as war is South Vietnam is spectator as war is

AmericanizedAmericanized

World opinion will turn against AmericaWorld opinion will turn against America

U.S. Combat Troops in VietnamU.S. Combat Troops in Vietnam

US Battle Deaths in VietnamUS Battle Deaths in Vietnam

Vietnamese Civilians Escaping an Accidental Vietnamese Civilians Escaping an Accidental Napalm Bombing of Their VillageNapalm Bombing of Their Village

Domestic protests over Vietnam IncreaseDomestic protests over Vietnam Increase 1965 – campus “teach-ins” 1965 – campus “teach-ins” Protests increased as war got worse and Protests increased as war got worse and

draft reached more young men draft reached more young men • ““Hell no, we won’t go!” Hell no, we won’t go!”

Resisters burned draft cards - go to Canada Resisters burned draft cards - go to Canada News showed US troops burning hunts News showed US troops burning hunts

and civilians burned with napalmand civilians burned with napalm News showed pictures of dying U.S. troopsNews showed pictures of dying U.S. troops

• ““Hey, hey, LBJ, how many kids did you Hey, hey, LBJ, how many kids did you kill today?”kill today?”

Early 1968 – Vietnam was longest and Early 1968 – Vietnam was longest and most unpopular war in US history most unpopular war in US history

Government failed to explain rationale Government failed to explain rationale for war to public for war to public

Johnson claimed he could see “the Johnson claimed he could see “the light at the end of the tunnel” light at the end of the tunnel”

• Most Americans did not believe him Most Americans did not believe him

January 1968 – Tet Offensive January 1968 – Tet Offensive Communist offensive over entire country Communist offensive over entire country

• Eventually defeated by US forces – the Tet Eventually defeated by US forces – the Tet offensive was a military defeat for the Viet offensive was a military defeat for the Viet Cong but bad public relations for USA.Cong but bad public relations for USA.

Public turned against the war Public turned against the war

• Military leaders requested 200,000 more Military leaders requested 200,000 more troops (staggering amount to public)troops (staggering amount to public)

A South Vietnamese Officer Kills a Bound Viet A South Vietnamese Officer Kills a Bound Viet Cong Suspect During the Tet OffensiveCong Suspect During the Tet Offensive

March 31, 1968 – Johnson surprise T.V. talkMarch 31, 1968 – Johnson surprise T.V. talk Announced he would freeze US troop Announced he would freeze US troop

levels and scale back the bombing levels and scale back the bombing

Also announces that “I shall not seek, and I Also announces that “I shall not seek, and I will not accept the nomination of my party will not accept the nomination of my party for another term as your president.” for another term as your president.”

Orders that bombing raids over North stopOrders that bombing raids over North stop

Johnson’s Speech Announcing He Would Johnson’s Speech Announcing He Would Not Run Again For President 3/31/68Not Run Again For President 3/31/68

Summer of 1968 – Democrats fight for Summer of 1968 – Democrats fight for nominationnomination

V.P. Hubert Humphrey carrying on LBJ V.P. Hubert Humphrey carrying on LBJ

policiespolicies Senator McCarthy and Senator Kennedy Senator McCarthy and Senator Kennedy

fought for “dove” vote, with Kennedy fought for “dove” vote, with Kennedy gaining momentumgaining momentum

June 5, 1968 – Kennedy wins in California June 5, 1968 – Kennedy wins in California primary but is then primary but is then

killedkilled August Dem. Convention turns into a “zoo”August Dem. Convention turns into a “zoo”

Robert Kennedy Immediately After the Robert Kennedy Immediately After the ShootingShooting

Police and Demonstrators Fighting Outside 1968 Police and Demonstrators Fighting Outside 1968 Democratic National ConventionDemocratic National Convention

Results of election: 1968 Results of election: 1968 Nixon won a close race against Humphrey Nixon won a close race against Humphrey

Democrats kept both houses of CongressDemocrats kept both houses of Congress

Nixon had won no mandate to do anythingNixon had won no mandate to do anything

Wallace received almost 10 million votesWallace received almost 10 million votes• Largest 3Largest 3rdrd party vote in US history party vote in US history

““I knew from the I knew from the start if I left a start if I left a

woman I really woman I really loved -- the loved -- the

Great Society -- Great Society -- in order to fight in order to fight that bitch of a that bitch of a

war in Vietnam war in Vietnam then I would then I would

lose everything lose everything at home.”at home.”

Lyndon JohnsonLyndon Johnson

THE COUNTER CULTURE MOVEMENTTHE COUNTER CULTURE MOVEMENT

““Trust no one over 30”Trust no one over 30” Roots in Beatnik generation of 1950sRoots in Beatnik generation of 1950s Can be attributed to the 3 P’sCan be attributed to the 3 P’s

Population (young)Population (young) Prosperity (economics of war)Prosperity (economics of war) Protest MovementProtest Movement

1964 – Free Speech Movement1964 – Free Speech Movement University of California at Berkeley University of California at Berkeley

Students objected to ban on political Students objected to ban on political debate in campus space debate in campus space

Used sit-ins to protest university Used sit-ins to protest university

Spreads to campuses across the countrySpreads to campuses across the country

Vietnam “radicalized” the middle classVietnam “radicalized” the middle class

Free Speech Rally at UC Berkeley, 1964Free Speech Rally at UC Berkeley, 1964

A Love-In Demonstration 1967A Love-In Demonstration 1967

1960s sexual revolution 1960s sexual revolution • 1960 – birth control pill introduced1960 – birth control pill introduced• Increased experimentation with sex Increased experimentation with sex

Gay rightsGay rights• 1969 – attack by off-duty police at 1969 – attack by off-duty police at

Stonewall Inn in N.Y. energized gaysStonewall Inn in N.Y. energized gays

Drug use leads to organized drug gangs and Drug use leads to organized drug gangs and urban decay of the 1970surban decay of the 1970s

Protest movement of the 1960s would lead to Protest movement of the 1960s would lead to violence of the “radicals” in the 1970sviolence of the “radicals” in the 1970s