Sensation and Reality Mr. Bermudez

Do Now

Stand up

With a partner try this experiment

Cover one eye with your hand for 20 seconds

Observe what happens to each other’s eye

Create a hypothesis

Vision

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OyzJ652Zwpk

Structure of the Eye

Open to page 161

Label the areas of the eye

Write an explanation for each function

Homework

Research the functions of each of the terms

Complete the organizer for the functions of the eye

Do Now

Take out homework

Have it out on your desk.

Review HomeworkTerm Phrase

Conjunctiva Is a thin protective covering of epithelial cells. It protects the cornea against damage by friction (tears from the tear glands help this process by lubricating the surface of the conjunctiva)

Cornea Is the transparent, curved front of the eye which helps to converge the light rays which enter the eye

Sclera Is an opaque, fibrous, protective outer structure. It is soft connective tissue, and the spherical shape of the eye is maintained by the pressure of the liquid inside. It provides attachment surfaces for eye muscles

Choroid Has a network of blood vessels to supply nutrients to the cells and remove waste products. It is pigmented that makes the retina appear black, thus preventing reflection of light within the eyeball.

Ciliary body Has suspensory ligaments that hold the lens in place. It secretes the aqueous humour, and contains ciliary muscles that enable the lens to change shape, during accommodation (focusing on near and distant objects)

Iris Is a pigmented muscular structure consisting of an inner ring of circular muscle and an outer layer of radial muscle. Its function is to help control the amount of light entering the eye so that: - too much light does not enter the eye which would damage the retina - enough light enters to allow a person to see

Term Phrase

Pupil Is a hole in the middle of the iris where light is allowed to continue its passage. In bright light it is constricted and in dim light it is dilated

Lens Is a transparent, flexible, curved structure. Its function is to focus incoming light rays onto the retina using its refractive properties

Retina Is a layer of sensory neurones, the key structures being photoreceptors (rod and cone cells) which respond to light. Contains relay neurones and sensory neurones that pass impulses along the optic nerve to the part of the brain that controls vision

Fovea (yellow spot)

A part of the retina that is directly opposite the pupil and contains only cone cells. It is responsible for good visual acuity (good resolution)

Blind spot Is where the bundle of sensory fibres form the optic nerve; it contains no light-sensitive receptors

Vitreous humour Is a transparent, jelly-like mass located behind the lens. It acts as a ‘suspension’ for the lens so that the delicate lens is not damaged. It helps to maintain the shape of the posterior chamber of the eyeball

Aqueous humour Helps to maintain the shape of the anterior chamber of the eyeball

Hearing

Physics of Sound

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s9rhhCN9QYs

Do Now

How do you think the need for hearing became an essential thing for living beings?

What options do deaf people have in order to hear? If any.

Good Vibrations

Sight is limited to what you see in front.

Throw a rock into water, what can you see? Compression: Peaks Rarefaction: Valleys

Frequency: # of waves per second, how much pitch

Amplitude: physical height, how much energy it contains; loudness

Mechanisms of Hearing Pinna: visible, external part of

the ear Funnel to concentrate sounds Goes through ear/auditory canal

Tympanic Membrane: eardrum

Auditory Ossicles: three tiny bones which connect ear drum with Cochlea

Cochlea: snail shaped organ that makes up inner ear; Oval Window-moves back and

forth and makes waves in a fluid inside the cochlea

Cochlea is the organ of hearing Hair Cells: detect waves in fluid

Frequency Theory: as pitch rises, nerve impulses of a corresponding frequency are fed into auditory nerve Hertz: number of vibrations per

second.

Place Theory: higher and lower tones excite specific areas on the cochlea Higher at base of cochlea Lower at outer portion

Label the Ear Activity

Deafness

What causes deafness? Conduction Deafness: transfer of vibrations

from eardrum to inner ear is weak▪ Disease or injury▪ Can be overcome by hearing aid

Nerve Deafness: damage to hair cells or auditory nerve▪ Hearing aids cannot help▪ New artificial hearing systems are an option

Deafness Continued

Stimulation Deafness: jobs, hobbies and pastimes caused. Very loud sounds damage hair cells by 65 more than 40% of them lost Dead hair cells are never replaced

How loud must a sound be to be hazardous? Loudness and length of exposure

Clinical File

Open to page 172

Read about Artificial Hearing

Answer Questions

Figure 5.24

Open to page 173

Fill out the chart which relates

Smell and Taste

Do Now

Respond to the following question

Explain the significance of smell and taste. How is this important to the functions of a human. How do these two things work together?

Lets see….

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VuR6QuWrHrc

The Somesthetic Senses

What is Somesthetic Senses?

Somesthetic Senses: sensations produced by the skin, muscles, joints, and organs of balance Walking, running, or passing a sobriety test ▪ Skin Senses: touch, pressure, pain, heat, and cold▪ Kinesthetic Senses: body movement and

positioning▪ Vestibular Senses: balance, position in space,

and acceleration

The Skin Senses

Skin Receptors: 5 sensations- light touch, pressure, pain, cold, and warmth

Apply this Pinch the skin on you hand Then pinch the skin on your ear▪ Which one hurt more? Why do you think so? ▪ Turn to your partner to discuss!

Pain

Visceral Pain: originating in the internal organs Normally felt on surface of body near site of

internal pain aka Referred Pain▪ Discuss with your partner what a real life situation

might be.

Somatic Pain: skin, muscles, joints, and tendons Bodies warning system- ex. Pin

Reminding System: small nerve fibers remind brain of pervious injury

Dynamic Touch

Dynamic Touch: experienced when body is in motion; a combination of sensations from skin receptors, muscles, and joints Swinging a hammer, juggling, kicking a ball Judgments

The Vestibular System

Vestibular System: balance in human and to the sense of spatial orientation Otolith Organs: fluid filled sacs sensitive to

Movement, acceleration, and gravity▪ Imagine that you are on a roller coaster ride, during

the immediate 90 degree drop, what sensations do you feel?▪ Discuss with your partner

What causes motion sickness?

Sensory Conflict Theory: we feel dizziness and nausea when sensations from the vestibular system don’t match sensations from our eyes and body What might be an example in the real world?

Discuss with a partner.

What can be done to minimize motion sickness? Don’t move your head

Close your eyes or fixate on an unmoving object

Lie down Vesicle system less sensitive to vertical

movements when you are laying down horizontal

Anxiety intensifies motion sickness

Adaptation, Attention, and Gating

Do Now

How can humans adapt and give attention to their surroundings?

Sensory Adaptation

Sensory Adaptation: receptors respond less to unchanging stimuli Walking into a house where fried fish,

sauerkraut, broccoli, and aged cheese was just prepared▪ What happens when you walk in?

Selective Attention

Selective Attention: voluntarily focusing on a specific sensory input “tune in on” “Cocktail Party Effect”▪ What might this be?

Sensory Gating

Sensory Gating: Alteration of sensory messages in the spinal cord Facilitate or Block Sensory Messages

Pain Gates Gate Control Theory: pain messages pass

through neural “gates” in spinal cord ▪ What might be an example of this?

Acupuncture

Acupuncture: Chinese medical art of relieving pain and illness by inserting thin needles into the body Needles activate small pain fibers Studies have shown that this produces short-

term pain relief for 50-80% of people

Beta-Endorphin: a Natural, painkilling Brain chemical similar to morphine Placebo effect, “runners high,”

Activity

Open to page 183

Read the Clinical File on the Matrix

Complete Knowledge Builder on a separate sheet of paper

Inception Follow Up

Do Now: How would you describe a dream based upon the scenes from the movie Inception? What are some key ideas which relate to a dream? How does this relate to our own lives?

OBJ: SWBAT understand the idea of perceptual depth and how this relates to consciousness. SWBAT determine the state of consciousness which relates to sleep and dreams. Students shall hypothesize the outcome of sleep deprivation.