mpeg-7 - electronic engineeringee502/mpeg-7.pdf · mpeg-7 audio amendment 2 will include extended...
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MPEG-7
• MPEG-7 overview– What is…– Why?– Objectives and scope– Main elements and organization.
• MPEG-7 Audio– Low-level features– High-level tools
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What is MPEG-7?• "Multimedia Content Description Interface”• ISO/IEC standard by MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group)
• Providing meta-data for multimedia• MPEG-1, -2, -4: make content available;
MPEG-7: makes content accessible, retrievable, filterable, manageable (via device / computer).
• Multi-degrees of interpretation of information’s meaning• Support as broad a range of applications as possible.• A compatible (with existing tech) and extensible standard.
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Why MPEG-7?
• “The value of information often depends on how easy it can be found, retrieved, accessed, filtered and managed. ”
• Past: poverty of the digital multimedia sources -> Simplicity of the access mechanisms
• Now: growing amount of audiovisual information-> Identifying and managing them efficiently is
becoming more difficult.e.g. “record only news about sport.”
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Why MPEG-7?• For future multimedia services, content
representation and description may have to be addressed jointly.
• Many services dealing with content representation will have to deal first with content description– “a non-described content may be useless”
• Need for access only to the content description:– New original services (e.g. optimizing personal time)– Adaptation to networks and terminal capabilities
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Application domains• Broadcast media selection (e.g., radio channel, TV
channel).• Digital libraries (e.g., film, video, audio and radio
archives).• E-Commerce (e.g., personalized advertising).• Education (e.g., repositories of multimedia courses,
multimedia search for support material).• Home Entertainment (e.g., management of personal
multimedia collections, including manipulation of content, e.g. karaoke).
• Journalism (e.g. searching speeches of a certain politician using his name, his voice or his face).
• Multimedia directory services (e.g. yellow pages, G.I.S).• Surveillance and remote sensing.
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MPEG-7 ObjectivesStandardize content-based description for various
types of audiovisual information
• Independent from media support (encoding and storage)• Different granularity
– Low-level features: shape, size, key, tempo changes,– High-level semantic info: “scene with a barking brown dog on the
left and with the sound of passing cars in the background.”• Meaningful in the context of the application
– Same material -> different types of features and combinationse.g. timbre v.s. loudness
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MPEG-7 Objectives
• Information about the content– The form: e.g. the coding format used
– Conditions for accessing the material:e.g. Intellectual property rights / price
– Classification: e.g. parental rating
– Links to other relevant materials– The context: “e.g. Olympic Games 1996, final of 200 meter
hurdles, men)”
• Information present in the content:– Combination of low-level and high-level descriptors
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Scope of the Standard
processing chain:
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An example of architecture
• Pull: (Client Queries -> Descriptions repository -> Matched Ds)• Push: (Filter descriptions -> Programmed actions)
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Where are the descriptions from?• Preservation of existing descriptive data (e.g.
scripts) through production/delivery• Generated automatically by capture devices
(e.g. time or GPS location in a camera)• Extracted automatically & semi-automatically
(i.e. with some human assistance)• Manually produced (e.g. for legacy material such
as existing film archives)
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Main Elements of MPEG-7
• Relationship among elements introduced above.
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Descriptions
• MPEG-7 approaches the description of content from several viewpoints.
• A set of methods and tools for the different viewpoints of the description (not a monolithic system)
• Interrelated and can be combined in many ways.• Associated with the content itself: (searching, filtering)• Location: (document V.S. stream)
– physically located with the material– somewhere else on the globe (maybe not)
• Interoperability with other metadata standards: (XML)
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Major Functionalities• MPEG-7 Systems• MPEG-7 Description Definition Language• MPEG-7 Visual• MPEG-7 Audio• MPEG-7 Multimedia Description Schemes • Reference Software: the eXperimentation Model (test)
• MPEG-7 Conformance (syntax checking)
• MPEG-7 Extraction and use of descriptions (technical report)
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MPEG-7 Audio• Audio provides structures—building upon
some basic structures from the MDS—for describing audio content.
• Low-level Descriptors:– audio features that cut across many applications
• High-level Description Tools:– more specific to a set of applications.
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Low-level Features
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Low-level Features (details)• Basic: (temporally sampled scalar values for general use)
– AudioWaveform Descriptor• waveform envelope: (for display purposes).
– AudioPower Descriptor• temporally-smoothed instantaneous power:
(quick summary of a signal)• Silence segment: (no significant sound)
– aid further segmentation of the audio stream, or as a hint not to process a segment
– Applicable to all kinds of signals
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Low-level Features (details)
• Basic Spectral: (single time-frequency analysis of signal)– AudioSpectrumEnvelope: (Base class)
• the short-term power spectrum:(display, synthesize, general-purpose search)
– AudioSpectrumCentroid: • dominated by high or low frequencies ?
– AudioSpectrumSpread:• the power spectrum centered near the spectral centroid, or spread
out over the spectrum?• pure-tone and noise-like sounds
– AudioSpectrumFlatness: (the presence of tonal components)
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Low-level Features (details)
• Signal Parameters: (periodic or quasi-periodic signals)
– AudioFundamentalFrequency:• “confidence measure”, replacing “pitch-tracking”
– AudioHarmonicity:• distinction between sounds with a
harmonic / inharmonic / non-harmonic spectrum
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Low-level Features (details)• Timbral Temporal: (temporal characteristics of segments
of sounds, musical timbre)– LogAttackTime– TemporalCentroid
• where in time the energy of a signal is focused.• Useful when attack times are identical
T0t
Signal envelope(t)
T1Illustration of log-tack time
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Low-level Features (details)
• Timbral Spectral: (spectral features in a linear-frequency space)– SpectralCentroid:
• power-weighted average of the frequencyof the bins in the linear power spectrum.
• distinguishing musical instrument timbres– 4 Ds for harmonic regularly-spaced components of signals:
• HarmonicSpectralCentroid• HarmonicSpectralDeviation• HarmonicSpectralSpread• HarmonicSpectralVariation
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Low-level Features (details)• Spectral Basis: (low-dimensional projections of a spectral space to
aid compactness and recognition)
– AudioSpectrumBasis:• a series of (time-varying / statistically independent) basis functions
derived from the singular value decomposition of a normalized power spectrum.
– AudioSpectrumProjection:• low-d features of a spectrum after projection upon a reduced rank
basis.
– independent subspaces of a spectra correlate strongly with different sound sources.
– Provide more salience using less space.• With Sound Classification and Indexing Description Tools.
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High-level audio Description Tools (Ds and DSs)
• Exchange some generality for descriptive richness:– a smaller set of audio features (as compared to visual
features) that may canonically represent a sound without domain-specific knowledge.
• Audio Signature (DS)
• Musical Instrument Timbre• Melody• General Sound Recognition and Indexing• Spoken Content
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High-level audio Description Tools (details)
• Audio Signature Description Scheme– SpectralFlatness Ds– a unique content identifier for the purpose of
robust automatic identification– e.g. audio fingerprinting
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High-level audio Description Tools (details)
• Musical Instrument Timbre Description Tools– HarmonicInstrumentTimbre Ds:
• LogAttackTime Descriptor– PercussiveIinstrumentTimbre Ds:
• SpectralCentroid Descriptor
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High-level audio Description Tools (details)
• Melody Description Tools: – efficient, robust, and expressive melodic similarity
matching.– MelodyContour Description Scheme:
• terse, efficient melody contour / rhythm– MelodySequence Description Scheme:
• verbose, complete, expressive melody / rhythm.• Interval encoding
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High-level audio Description Tools (details)
• General Sound Recognition and Indexing Description Tools: – SoundModel Description Scheme– SoundClassificationModel Description Scheme
• a set of SoundModel DS -> multi-way classifier– SoundModelStatePath Descriptor
• indices to states generated by a SoundModel of a segment
– immediately applied to sound effects– automatically index and segment sound tracks.– Low -> mid -> high level analyses
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High-level audio Description Tools (details)
• Spoken Content Description Tools: – detailed description of words spoken within an
audio stream.– indexing into and retrieval of an audio stream– indexing of multimedia objects annotated with
speech.• Recall of audio/video data by memorable spoken events.
– a character or person spoke a particular word• Spoken Document Retrieval
– separate spoken documents• Annotated Media Retrieval
– photograph retrieved using a spoken annotation
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Instantaneous HarmonicSpectralCentroid
Instantaneous HarmonicSpectralDeviation
Signal
Sliding Analysis Window
STFT
Signal envelope
f0
Harmonic Peaks
Detection
Instantaneous HarmonicSpectralSpread
Temporal Centroid
z-1
Power Spectrum SpectralCentroid
LogAttackTime
Instantaneous HarmonicSpectralVariation
Timbre Descriptor Estimation
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MPEG-7 Audio Amendment 2
will include extended functionality of audio metadatathat is complementary to low-level audio descriptorsin ISO/IEC 15938-4,
providing high level description tools like chord pattern and Rhythm pattern,
both of which support compact representation of timbre and rhythm.