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Appendix A

MPEG-1 Part 2 Notes

This appendix contains comments and errata pertaining to ISO 11172 Part2: Video. To the best of our knowledge there are no technical corrigendafor MPEG-1 video.

These notes assume that the reader has a copy of the standard available.We have arranged suspected errors and our comments under the respec-tive sections of the video standard. Typographical errors are expressed as“change” lists. We used ISO/IEC 11172-2 First edition 1993-08-01 Part 2:Video, purchased from ANSI in February 1994. Please remember that thisappendix has no official significance.

A . 1 Section 1: General

1.2: Identical to subclause 1.2 in Part 1 except for the reference to Part1 instead of Part 2 in the first normative reference.

1.2: Change “IEEE Draft Standard P1180/D2 1990” to “IEEE Standard1180-1990”. Change “Specification” to “IEEE Standard Specifica-tions” . Change “implementation” to “implementations” .

A.2 Section 2: Technical elements

2.1: Identically the same phrases are defined in subclause 2.1 in Part 1.The definitions are essentially the same except for nomenclature thatrefers to parts of the standard.

2.2: Identical to subclause 2.2 in Part 1.

2.4.3.4: In vbv_delay 90 kHz was chosen as the greatest common multipleof various video and audio sample rates. Note that the R used in the

441

442 MPEG VIDEO COMPRESSION STANDARD

equation is the full precision bit rate. Note also that the 90 kHzmeans 90,000 and not 90 × 1024.

2.4.3.6: Change (under coded_block_pattern) “If macroblock_intra iszero, cbp =0.” to “If macroblock_pattern is zero, cbp=0.” Thissentence did not appear in the DIS or the balloted IS.

2.4.4.2: Change “pattern[i]” to “pattern_code[i]” .

2.4.4.3: Change “pattern[i]” to “pattern_code[i]”.

A.3 Annex A: 8 by 8 Inverse discrete cosine trans-form

The IEEE Std 1180-1990 “IEEE Standard Specifications for the Implemen-tations of 8 × 8 Inverse Discrete Cosine Transform” was approved December6, 1990. It can be obtained from the Institute of Electrical and ElectronicsEngineers, Inc., 345 East 74th Street, New York, NY 10017, USA.

A.4 Annex B: Variable length code tables

Table B.4: Change column label “motion VLC code” to “VLC code”.Change column label “code” to “motion value”.

Table B.5a: Change the column label “dct_dc_size_luminance” to “dc_size_luminance” . Otherwise, dc_size_luminance is never defined.Subclause 2.4.3.7 explicitly states that dc_size_luminance is thenumber of bits, whereas the data element dct_dc_size_luminanceis the variable length code.

Table B.5b: Change column label from “dct_dc_size_chrominance” to“dc_size_chrominance” . (See note on Table B.5a.)

A.5 Annex C: Video buffering verifier

C.1.4 4th paragraph: Be aware that “the entire video bitstream” refersonly to the video data from the first sequence_start_code and thesequence_end_codeinclusive. It does not cross sequence boundaries.

C.1.4 equations: MPEG-1 assumes constant picture rate. These equa-tions only work for the case where the pictures are removed at con-stant time intervals between picture extractions.

CHAPTER A. MPEG-1 PART 2 NOTES 443

Figure C.1: The horizontal axis should have the lined up under theand the lined up under the . The occupancy line shouldhave had a jog at

A.6 Annex D: Guide to encoding video

Annex D is the first informative annex in Part 2. Informative annexes canriot contain any requirements and are present for informational purposesonly; consequently, errors in this annex are not catastrophic. In those caseswhere the informative annexes are in conflict or inconsistent with the “nor-mative” portions of the document, the standards conventions are clear thatthe normative portions govern. Annex D is known to contain technical er-rors, even in the IS publication.

D.5.1.9 second paragraph: Change “3 712” to “4 640”. 1.856 Mbits/sdivided by 400 equals 4,640. 3,712 times 400 equals 1.4848 Mbits/s.At one time, approximately 1.5 Mbits/s was going to be the con-strained parameter limit.

Table D.9: Change “0000 11 -4” to “0000 111 -4”. (See Table B.4.)

Table D.13: Change “3 to -2” to “-3 to -2”.

Figure D.30: The numbers in the figure and explanation for the zigzagscanning order run from 1 to 64. Do not confuse this figure withthe zigzag scanning matrix given in subclause 2.4.4.1 in which thenumbers run from 0 to 63. Coefficient 1 refers to the DC term andnot the first AC coefficient in this subclause.

A.7 Annex E: Bibliography

Note that the references are all prior to 1992,

Reference 1: The 1995 second edition is available and includes significantdiscussion of MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 [NH95].

Reference 6: This reference is available as an appendix in [PM93]. Thefinal ISO 10918-1 International Standard was published February 15,1994, and the CCITT version was official more than a year earlier.

A.8 Annex F: List of patent holders

The Committee Draft version of Part 2 did not mention patents. The DraftInternational Standard version of Part 2 had a table of company names


with “X”s under columns for Systems, Audio, and Video indicating thatthe patent holders claimed patents. That format was dropped in the finalInternational Standard. It included names not listed in the final version ofAnnex F.

Chapter 15 describes the Cable Laboratory consortium efforts to answerquestions about licensing MPEG video patents.

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Index

1-D cosine transform, 331-D sine transform, 332-D DCT, 42

AC, 38, 91code table, 95coding, 137coding in I-pictures, 94coding in P- and B-pictures,

99access unit, 8, 19activity masking, 70additive color system, 52Advanced Television Systems Com-

mitteeATSC, 397

aliasing, 37alphabet, 84alychne, 63American National Standards In-

stituteANSI, 14

analog video formats, 5ANSI, 14, 16applications, 12arithmetic coding, 86asynchronous transmission mode

ATM, 31ATM, 31, 173ATSC, 397ATV, 397

1995 Digital Television Stan-dard, 397

Dolby AC-3 audio, 397EIA, 397

IEEE, 397JCIC, 397MPEG-2 video, 397NAB, 397NCTA, 397SMPTE, 397

audio, 1, 20MPEG-2, 31

audio stream, 119audio_bound, 126

B-frame picture, 174B-picture, 22, 90, 137

coding, 99motion vectors, 253

backward masking, 76backward motion vector coding, 159backward motion vectors, 253backward motion-compensated pre-

diction, 242backward_f, 159Bayesian estimation, 88bidirectionally predictive-coded pic-

tureB-picture, 22

big endian, 166bilinear interpolation, 240bit allocation, 313, 322, 333, 334,

354adjusting, 355in MPEG-2 TM5, 336

bit stuffing, 354bit_rate, 140, 342blacK, 52blanking, 5

457

458

Bloch’s law, 76block layer, 135, 160block matching, 240, 283, 299block (), 161brightness constancy, 55brightness perception, 54broken_link, 146bslbf, 133, 166buffer

constraints, 351decoder, 340encoder, 340occupancy, 340, 347overflow, 19, 333, 344, 351, 354underflow, 19, 333, 344, 351,

354bytealigned ( ) , 115

C language, 12, 105Cable television, 3CableLabs, 358, 398causal, 340, 347cbp, 99cbp,158CCITT, 2, 173CD-ROM, 2center of gravity law, 62CFF, 72chroma, 58chromaticity coordinates, 61chrominance, 4, 54CIE, 55CIE primaries, 64CIELAB, 55CIELAB color space, 66CIELUV, 55CIELUV color space, 66GIF,400,418close_gop, 146CMY, 52CMYK, 52code tree

Huffman, 87

coded block patterncbp, 99

codingentropy, 81interactions between pictures,

351model, 89system, 81system structure, 81zero blocks, 99zero macroblocks, 99

coding model, 29, 81coding order, 23color constancy, 60color coordinate transformations,

63color space

CIELAB, 66CIELUV, 66gamma-corrected RGB, 58perceptually uniform, 55YCrCb, 58YUV, 58

common intermediate formatGIF,400

compact decision notation, 108compliance testing, 17computational complexity, 284conditional probabilities, 89conditional replenishment, 90constrained parameters, 144, 179,

351constrained_parameters_

flag ,126, 144, 248, 334contrast sensitivity, 74contrast sensitivity function, 67cosine basis function, 40cosine basis functions, 8-point, 38cosine transform, 33critical flicker frequency, 72CSPS_flag, 126custom quantization tables, 46

cyan, magenta and yellowCMY, 52

D-MAC, 177D-picture, 22, 137, 174data element syntax summary, 165data reduction, 81data stream example, 166DC, 27, 38, 91

additional bits, 92coding, 137coding in I-pictures, 92coding in predicted pictures,

99nonintra coding, 268prediction in intra coding, 265size category, 92

DC coding, 161DCT, 25, 33, 69, 83, 90

1-D, 372-D, 422-D basis function, 438×8, 25AC, 27coefficient, 38DC, 27dequantization, 46, 49

intra, 263nonintra, 268

discarding high frequency co-efficients, 354

fast, 45minimax, 336precision, 45quantization, 46, 48, 90scaled, 45

DCT coefficient, 25DCT-based model, 90dead zone, 46, 272, 275decoder block diagram, 102decorrelation, 28, 44

DCT, 90default quantization, 46

dequantization, 49intra, 263nonintra, 268

descriptors, 82differential pulse code modulation,

83digital video, 3Digital Video Cassette Consortium

DVC, 398discrete cosine transform

DCT, 252-D, 42

discrete sine transformDST, 45

displacementcalculations, 253histograms, 286principal part, 245residual, 245sign convention, 242

display flicker, 72display order, 23

Dolby AC-3, 127Dolby AC-3 audio, 397, 398DPCM, 83, 92drop_frame_flag, 146DST, 45DTS, 131DVB, 398DVC, 398dynamic window switching, 21

EBU, 398elementary stream, 119, 123, 127,

174encoder block diagram, 100encoder decision strategies, 30encoder model, 82end-of-block, 30

EOB, 94end_of_macroblock, 137, 158energy compaction, 44entropy, 85

459

entropy coding, 21, 81, 82, 84adaptive, 87

EOB, 30, 94ETSI, 398European Broadcasting Union

EBU, 398European Digital Video Broadcast

DVB, 398European Telecommunications Stan-

dards InstituteETSI, 398

even function, 33even symmetry, 33extension data, 144extension_and_user_data ( ), 144,

150extension_start_code, 145, 187extra_bit_slice, 150, 169extra_information.picture, 150extra_information_slice, 150

f_code, 247facilitation, 70FDCT, 42

1-D, 42quantization, 48

field, 5fixed rate, 342fixed_flag, 126flowcharts, 135

decision notation, 108operators, 110primitives, 106rules, 105test notation, 108

forced updating, 49, 272Forward DCT, 42forward masking, 76forward motion vector, 251forward motion-compensated pre-

diction, 241, 242forward_f, 159forward_f-code, 245

frame, 5, 22full pel, 29full search, 241, 283full_pel_forward_vector, 245

G.711, 395G.722, 397G.723, 397G.728, 397gamma correction, 55gamma-corrected luminance, 58GOP, 136

adjusting, 354, 356Grassman's laws, 54group of pictures, 22group of pictures layer, 135, 145group_of_pictures ( )group_start_code, 145

, 145

H.221, 395H.223, 397H.230, 395H.242, 395H.245, 397H.261, 395, 399

block layer, 409comparison with MPEG, 399GQUANT, 405group of blocks layer, 405layers, 402MQUANT, 407oddification, 272overview, 395picture formats, 400picture layer, 403summary of data elements, 415video sequence, 402

H.261 macroblock layer, 406H.263, 397, 417

block layer, 431comparison with H.261, 417comparison with MPEG, 417DQUANT, 425, 431

460

GQUANT, 425group of blocks, 425macroblock layer, 428oddifkation, 272overview, 395picture formats, 418picture header, 422picture layer, 421summary of data elements, 439video sequence, 420

H.320, 395H.324, 397half-pel, 29HDTV, 13header_length, 126high-definition television, 13history of MPEG, 383horizontal_size, 140Huffman coding, 29, 84, 86

code assignment, 86code tree, 87symbol pairing, 86

human visual systemHVS, 51

HVS, 51spatial-temporal interactions,

72

I-picture, 22, 90, 137IDCT, 42, 263

1-D, 42clamping, 265, 268dequantization, 49IEEE specification, 269mismatch, 33, 49

IDCT mismatch, 185, 263, 269causes, 269control, 275

Katayama’s proposal, 277Yagasaki’s proposal, 279

IEC, 1IEEE

specification for IDCT, 269

Indio, 3informative, 7inter

nonintra, 22inter compression, 237interframe, 22interlace, 5, 171interlaced video, 174International Telecommunications

Union - Terminal SectorITU-T, 173

interpolated motion-compensatedprediction, 244

intra, 7, 22intra coding, 27, 137intra-coded picture

I-picture, 22intra_quantizer_matrix , 144intraframe, 22Inverse DCT, 42invQ_intra ( ), 263invQ_intra_Cb ( ), 266invQ_intra_Cr ( ), 266InvQ_intra_Y1 ( ), 265invQ_intra_Ynext ( ), 266InvQ_non_intra ( ), 268IS 11172

MPEG-1, 1ISO, 1ISO/IEC 11172 stream, 121ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11, 1iso_11172_end_code, 119,121,123ITTF, 135ITU, 2ITU-T, 173

JPEG, 82, 90, 92Motion, 398

language support, 119layer, 120level, 95level of difficulty, 14

461

462

Lightness, 55little endian, 166load_intra_quantizer_matrix , 144load_non_intra_

quantizer_matrix , 144local decoding, 29lossless, 7, 29, 81, 90lossy, 7, 51, 82luma, 58, 314luminance, 4, 54

MAC, 175, 198macroblock, 23

skipping, 160type selection, 333, 350

macroblock address, 151macroblock address increment, 99macroblock header, 151, 251macroblock layer, 135, 151macroblock skipping, 151macroblock ( ), 151macroblock_address_

increment, 151macroblock_escape,151macroblock_intra, 158macroblock_motion-backward, 158macroblock_motion_forward, 158macroblock_pattern,158macroblock_stuffing, 151

macroblock_type , 158, 251MAD, 241, 284

chroma, 292local minima, 292luma, 292relationship to coded bits, 286

main profile, 2main profile at main level, 172marker bit, 123, 140masking

artifact classification, 322block variance, 321coded bits, 328

correlation with observer data,329

DCT coefficient sum, 324DCT macroblock classification,

325DCT minimax, 323DCT-based, 323pattern classification, 315spatial, 314spatial derivative, 315, 317, 329

classification, 320spatial derivative error, 316spatial, in I-pictures, 328statistical activity classes, 322temporal, 314, 331

masking function, 314, 348match criterion, 241Maxwell triangle, 66mean absolute distortion

MAD, 241mean square distortion, 241mismatch

IDCT, 49modified discrete cosine transform,

21motion compensation, 11, 28, 90,

159, 237, 240, 283motion displacement, 251motion displacement prediction, 251motion estimation, 28, 237, 254,

283Motion JPEG, 398motion perception, 72motion scaling factor, 247motion sensing, 75motion variables, generic, 251motion vector

coding, 250correlation, 241, 292precision, 240prediction, 241

motion vector coding, 159

motion vector search2-D logarithmic, 3013-D, 306algorithms, 297computational complexity, 308conjugate direction, 301cost function, 295criterion, 284crossed diagonal, 304failure, 296fast algorithm comparison, 307fast algorithms, 300fractional-pel, 290median filtering, 307modified motion estimation, 301orthogonal, 304parallel processing, 304phase correlation, 306predictive pattern, 305range size, 286reference picture, 286sparse sampling, 304successive refinement, 304telescopic, 305three-step, 301tiebreaking, 295truncated summation, 311variable resolution, 304

motion vectors, 28motion_backward(), 253motion_code, 159, 247, 251motion_displacement ( ), 251motion_forward(), 251motion_horizontal_backward_

code, 159motion_horizontal_forward.

code, 159motion_r, 247, 251motion_vertical_backward_

code, 159motion_vertical_forward,

code, 159

MPEGapplications, 12

MPEG Audio Standard, 1, 17MPEG coding models, 90MPEG history, 383MPEG home page, 15MPEG on the internet, 15MPEG patents, 357

analysis, 357ISO position, 357problem, 358search, 360search sponsorship, 358

MPEG products, 363MPEG simulation software, 388MPEG Systems Standard, 1, 17MPEG vendors, 363

Array Microsystems, Inc., 367AuraVision Corp., 368C-Cube Microsystems, Inc.,

369CompCore Multimedia, Inc.,

369CRS4, 370Digital Equipment Corp., 371DiviCom, Inc., 371ESC, 372FutureTel, Inc., 372General Instrument Corp., 373Hartmann Multimedia Service,

374HEURIS Logic Inc., 374Hughes Aircraft Company, 375IBM, 375Imedia Corp., 376Logician, Inc., 377LSI Logic Corp., 377Siemens Ltd., 379StellaCom, Inc., 379Sun Microsystems, Inc., 380Texas Instruments Inc., 380worksheet, 363

463

Zoran Corp., 381MPEG video, 383MPEG Video Standard, 1, 17MPEG-1, 1, 383

AC code table, 95audio, 20chrominance sampling, 68five parts, 391overview, 17system layer, 17system syntax, 117video layers, 22vocabulary, 4

MPEG-1 applications, 3MPEG-1 errata, 441MPEG-1 video example, 166MPEG-2, 1, 13, 30, 145, 383

2:3 pull-down, 206advantages of, 171alternate_scan, 206applications, 172aspect_ratio_information, 191audio, 31B-field picture, 174B-frame, 175big picture, 202bit_rate ,191block(i), 225burst_ amplitude, 211chroma formats, 195chroma_420_type , 206chromaticity coordinates, 198chrominance sampling, 175code_block_pattern_420 , 224coded frame, 174coded_pattern( ), 224color coordinates, 198colour_description , 198composite_display_flag , 206concealment_motion_

vectors, 205constrained_parameters_

flag, 192copyright_extension( ), 212,

215copyright_flag, 215copyright_identifier, 215

, 191data element extensions, 189data partitioning, 178differences with MPEG-1, 185display aspect ratio, 191display height, 198display width, 198DTS, 174dual prime, 221dual-prime motion compensa-

tion, 256, 260error resilience, 173expanded parameter ranges, 187extension_and_user_data_

G(), 189P ( ), 189V ( ) , 196X ( ) , 189

extension_start_code, 183,189extra_bit_slice, 217extra_information_slice, 217f _codes, 205field, 174field motion, 256field parity, 174field picture, 260field_motion_type, 221field_sequence, 211forward motion vectors, 220frame, 174frame motion, 256frame picture, 260frame_motion_type, 221frame_pred_frame-dct, 205, 221frame_rate_code, 191frame_rate_value, 191group of pictures header, 184,

464

198group_start_code, 189high profile, 178I-field picture, 174I-frame, 174I-frame picture, 174IDCT mismatch, 185interlaced frame, 194intra-coded block reconstruc-

tion, 274intra_dc_mult, 205intra_dc_precision, 205intra_slice, 217intra_slice_flag, 217intra_vlc_format, 206intra_vlc_table, 227invQ_intra_( ), 274level, 192low_delay, 195, 202macroblock skipping, 216macroblock stuffing, 217macroblock_modes( ), 217macroblock_type, 217, 220main profile, 2, 30, 171, 178main profile data elements, 227main profile restrictions, 227main profile syntax, 187main profile video sequence, 183matrix_coefficients , 198motion compensated prediction,

261motion compensation, 256motion vector calculation, 256motion vector codes, 203motion_vector(r, s), 222motion_vectors(s), 222motion_vectors(sO), 220nine parts, 393nonintra block reconstruction,

275optional extensions, 195original_or_copy, 215

overview, 171P-field picture, 174P-frame, 174P-frame picture, 174packetized elementary stream

PES, 173PCR, 174pel reconstruction, 272PES, 173picture, 174picture coding extension, 203picture header, 184, 202picture_coding_type , 202picture_data( ), 215picture_display_

extension( ), 212picture_structure, 205, 221precision, 179profile_and_level_

indication, 194profiles, 178, 192program stream

PS, 173progressive frame, 194progressive_frame, 205, 206progressive_sequence, 195PS, 173PTS, 174q_scale_type, 206quant_matrix_extension(), 212quantiser_scale_code, 206, 217quantiser_scale_type, 217quantization defaults, 192repeat_first_field , 206reserved_bits , 217run-level tables, 227sample aspect ratio

SAR, 191SAR, 191scalability, 31, 171SCR, 174sequence header, 189

465

sequence_display_exten-sion ( ), 191, 196

sequence_extension(), 187, 192sequence_scalable_

extension(), 217simple profile, 178slice, 179slice(), 216slice_start_code, 216slice_vertical_

position, 215slice_vertical_position-

extension, 215SNR scalability, 177SNR scalable profile, 178spatial scalability, 178spatial_temporal_weight _

class, 221spatial-temporal_weight-

code_flag, 220spatially scalable profile, 178start codes, 187STD, 174sub_carrier, 211sub_carrier_phase, 211systems, 31, 173temporal scalability, 178Test Model 5, 327, 335TM5, 335top_field_first, 205transfer_characteristics ,

198transport stream

TS, 173TS, 173user data, 195user_data(), 212v_axis, 211VBV, 179vbv_buffer_size, 192video, 30video formats, 198

zero stuffing, 217zigzag scan, 206

MPEG-3, 1, 31, 383MPEG-4, 1, 31, 383

three parts, 393MPEG-patents

for more information, 362patent holders, 360

MSE, 241, 284mux_rate, 123, 126, 134

next_start_code( ), 117nextbits( ), 114non_intra_quantizer_

matrix, 144nonintra, 7, 22nonintra coding, 28, 137nonphysical primaries, 64nonuniform quantization, 21normative, 7NTSC, 5, 175, 198, 397Nyquist limit, 37, 40

odd function, 34odd symmetry, 33oddification, 265, 268, 271opponent model of human vision,

60optimum code length, 85orthogonal, 38other video standards, 395overscan, 5

p×64, 395, 399p×64 reference model, 334P-picture, 22, 90, 137

coding, 99motion vector coding, 242motion vectors, 253

pack, 18, 31, 120pack header, 120pack layer, 121pack procedure, 121

466

pack start code, 18pack_start_code, 121packet, 18, 31, 120packet header, 120, 127packet layer, 127packet start code, 18packet_data_bytes, 121packet_length, 120packet_start_code, 127packet_start_code_prefix, 119packet_start_codes, 119, 127PAL, 5, 175, 198patents

MPEG, 357pattern classification, 315pattern_code, 158pel, 6pel differences, 8pel reconstruction, 237, 263pel-recursion, 240, 283, 299pel_aspect_ratio, 140perceptual quality, 322picture, 4picture element, 6picture header, 251picture layer, 135, 147picture_coding_type, 147picture_rate , 140, 343pixel, 6pre-echoes, 21predicting uncovered background,

244predictive model, 90predictive-coded picture

P-picture, 22presentation time stamp

PTS, 19presentation unit, 8progressive, 171progressive scan, 140progressive video, 175pseudocode, 12, 135

branches, 111comments, 105data elements, 113do-while, 113for, 113 loop structures, 111operators, 110presentation, 106procedure call, 111syntax, 105while, 111

PTS, 19, 131

QCIF, 400quant, 158quantization, 27, 46, 48

DCT, 27default, 91rounding, 46scaling, 48switching overhead, 327, 349variable, 313visually-weighted, 27, 46, 69,

315uanti er_scale, 48, 150, 313

quarter CIFQCIF, 400

r_size, 247rate

uanti er_scale, 347rate buffer, 334rate control, 313, 333, 345

adaptive GOP, 339adjusting bit allocation, 355bit allocation, 339buffer occupancy, 347complexity estimation, 348complexity prediction, 338discarding DCT coef., 355error carry, 349feedback, 347interleaved systems, 349

467

limit cycle oscillation, 350literature review, 333picture complexity, 339picture repeating, 355profiles, 353rate discontinuities, 349recoding, 336recursive prediction, 337s-shaped curve, 335, 354stressing system, 356target rate, 348variable bitrate, 337

rate_bound, 126reconstructed data, 7reconstruction module, 100red-green-blue

RGB, 52region of support, 42repeating pictures, 354reserved_byte, 127residual, 247RGB, 52RGB CIE primary system, 64rounding

quantization, 46run

of zero coefficients, 95run-level, 95

SAD, 284sample, 4sampling format 4:2:0, 175sampling format 4:2:2, 175sampling format 4:4:4, 175satellite, 3scene change, 76, 297scene complexity, 321SCR, 123, 126SCR calculation examples, 133SECAM, 5, 175, 198sector, 134separable transform, 42sequence, 4

sequence header, 136, 140sequence header code,138sequence_end_code, 136sequence_error_code, 138SIF, 301Sign(), 115simultaneous masking, 20sine transform, 33, 99skipped macroblocks, 160slice, 23slice layer, 135, 150slice_start_code, 150slice_vertical_position, 167software reference model, 17source data, 7source input format, 301spatial masking, 314spatial resolution, 4standards vocabulary, 7start code value, 117start codes, 117, 119, 137statistical model, 88statistical modeling, 83

statistically sparse fast search, 304STD, 19, 120STD buffer size, 120STD_buffer_bound_scale , 127STD_buffer_size_bound, 127stereo, 2stream-id, 121, 127subband coding, 21subtractive color system, 52sustained signals in HVS, 74symbols, 30, 82, 83

combining, 89conditional probabilities, 89efficient set, 88pairing in Huffman coding, 86probabilities, 88

synchronization, 17system clock, 120system data element summary, 131

468

system header, 120, 123system layer, 117, 119, 135

MPEG-1, 17system start codes, 119, 138system syntax, 117system target decoder

STD, 19, 120system_audio_lock_flag, 126system_clock_frequency , 126system_clock_reference, 133system_header_start_code, 126system_video_lock_flag, 127systems, 1systems layer

MPEG-2, 31

teleconferencing, 3teleconferencing standards, 395

G.711 audio, 395G.722 audio, 397G.723 speech, 397G.728 audio, 397H.221 multiplex, 395H.223 multiplexing, 397H.230 control protocol, 395H.242 system control, 395H.245 control protocol, 397H.261 video, 395H.263 video, 397H.320 systems, 395H.324 terminal, 397

temporal masking, 21, 76, 314temporal_reference, 147three-color system, 53time stamp, 120time_code, 145time_code_hours, 146time_code_minutes, 146time_code_pictures, 146time_code_seconds, 146toggling, 274tracking of moving objects, 78transform coding, 359

transient signals in HVS, 74trichromatic theory, 52tristimulus values, 53true bitrate, 140, 344

U.S. Advanced TelevisionATV, 397

U.S. Advanced Television SystemsCommittee

ATSC, 397uimsbf, 133, 166user data, 144user_data_start_code, 145

variable length codes, 29variable quantization, 70, 313, 333

background drag, 331bitrate reduction, 332literature review, 314perceptual studies, 328still-picture coding, 315

VBV, 342picture removal, 345video buffering verifier, 333

vbv_buffer_size, 140, 343vbv_delay, 126, 147, 344vertical_size, 140video buffering verifier

VBV, 333video layers, 22, 117video sequence, 135, 138video sequence layer, 22, 135video simulation model, 385video start codes, 119, 138video_bound, 127video_sequence( ), 138Videotex, 3vlclbf, 166vocabulary, 7

Weber’s law, 54, 314White Book, 126, 172wraparound, 248

469

470

X3L3.1, 14XYZ CIE primary system, 64

YCbCr, 58YIQ, 59YUV, 58

zero frequency problem, 88zigzag, 94zigzag scan order, 29

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