movement of the earth’s crust
DESCRIPTION
notes on earths crust movementTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Movement Of The Earth’S Crust](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061515/5555974bb4c905a5178b4f2b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Movement of the Earth’s Crust
Dynamic Earth
Chapter 1
Mr. McKay
![Page 2: Movement Of The Earth’S Crust](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061515/5555974bb4c905a5178b4f2b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Earth’s Changing Surface
Stress in the Earth’s crust is caused by forces pushing and pulling on it
Crust: the surface or outermost layer of the Earth Continental crust makes up the
land masses Between 32 to up to 70 km thick
Oceanic crust lies beneath the oceans
Around 8 km thick
How do we know about the interior of the Earth?
Convection Currents in the Mantle
![Page 3: Movement Of The Earth’S Crust](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061515/5555974bb4c905a5178b4f2b/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Types of Stress The forces of stress change the shape and volume of
the crust and can cause it to move Deformation: The Breaking, Tilting, and Folding of rocks Prefix de = undo Form = shape or configuration
![Page 4: Movement Of The Earth’S Crust](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061515/5555974bb4c905a5178b4f2b/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Compression Compression
occurs when the rocks are pushed together Causes the rocks
to become denser and smaller in volume
Rocks are pushed higher up and deeper down
![Page 5: Movement Of The Earth’S Crust](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061515/5555974bb4c905a5178b4f2b/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Tension Tension pulls on
the rocks causing them to stretch out This causes the
rocks to be thinner so they increase in volume but decreases in density
![Page 6: Movement Of The Earth’S Crust](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061515/5555974bb4c905a5178b4f2b/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Shearing
Shearing pushes the rocks in opposite directions Causes the rocks to twist or
break apart Examples of deformation
San Andreas Fault
Earth's Landmass Formation
![Page 7: Movement Of The Earth’S Crust](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061515/5555974bb4c905a5178b4f2b/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Fracture: the cracking or rocks from stress Where rocks fracture along
flat surfaces without moving they are called joints
Blocks form where the different sets of joints cross one another
![Page 8: Movement Of The Earth’S Crust](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061515/5555974bb4c905a5178b4f2b/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Faulting Fault: a break or
crack along which rocks move
Hanging wall: the block of rock above the fault plane
Foot wall: the block of rock below the fault plane
Faulting Lecture Faulting Demonstrati
on
![Page 9: Movement Of The Earth’S Crust](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061515/5555974bb4c905a5178b4f2b/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Normal Fault Normal Fault: when tension causes the hanging
wall to move down to the foot wall Vertical fault
![Page 10: Movement Of The Earth’S Crust](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061515/5555974bb4c905a5178b4f2b/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Reverse Faults Reverse fault: when compression causes the the hanging wall to move up relative to the foot wall Vertical fault
This fault has the same setup as a normal fault, but reversed, which explains it’s nameJust like the normal fault, one side of the reverse fault is at an angle of the otherThis fault produced part of the Appalachian Mountains in the eastern United States
![Page 11: Movement Of The Earth’S Crust](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061515/5555974bb4c905a5178b4f2b/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Thrust Faults Thrust fault: when
compression causes the hanging wall to slide over the foot wall Horizontal fault Mixes up the layers
of rock and carries them miles away from their original home
![Page 12: Movement Of The Earth’S Crust](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061515/5555974bb4c905a5178b4f2b/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Lateral (Strike-Slip) Fault One block moves to the right or left in relation to
the other block Horizontal movement Shearing
![Page 13: Movement Of The Earth’S Crust](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061515/5555974bb4c905a5178b4f2b/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Faulted Mountains Fault-Block Mountains:
mountains formed by blocks of rock uplifted by normal faults Several normal faults in one
area can cause mountain ranges
Found along the west coast from Mexico into Oregon
![Page 14: Movement Of The Earth’S Crust](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061515/5555974bb4c905a5178b4f2b/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
How Do Mountains Form?
The forces of plate movement can build up Earth's surface, so over millions of years, movement of faults can change a perfectly flat plain into a gigantic mountain rangeSometimes, a normal fault uplifts a block of rock, so a fault-block mountain formsWhen a piece of rock between two normal faults slips down, a valley is createdMountain FormationMountain Animation
![Page 15: Movement Of The Earth’S Crust](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061515/5555974bb4c905a5178b4f2b/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Mountains Formed by Folding
Sometimes, under current conditions, plate movement causes the crust to foldFolds are bends in rock that form when compression shortens and thickens part of Earth's crust
Folds can be microscopic or huge The Appalachian Mountains
are formed from folds Some folds are hidden
underneath other layers of rocks, hills, etc.
These plate collisions can produce earthquakes because rock folding can fracture and lead to faults
![Page 16: Movement Of The Earth’S Crust](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061515/5555974bb4c905a5178b4f2b/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Anticlines and Synclines Geologists use the terms syncline and anticline to describe downward and upward folds in rock An anticline is a fold in a rock that arcs upward A syncline is a fold in a rock that arcs downwardThese folds in rocks are found on many parts of the earths surface where compression forces have folded the crust
![Page 17: Movement Of The Earth’S Crust](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061515/5555974bb4c905a5178b4f2b/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
What determines faulting or folding? Temperature: higher temps during compression
result in folding rather than faulting Pressure: the higher the pressure the more likely
they are to fold Rock Type: brittle versus ductile (able to be
stretched or bend) How the Stress is Applied: the more gradually
stress is applied the more likely the rocks will fold
![Page 18: Movement Of The Earth’S Crust](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061515/5555974bb4c905a5178b4f2b/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Faulted Valleys Rift Valleys: valleys
formed when the block of land between two normal faults slides downward. Death Valley, CA
![Page 19: Movement Of The Earth’S Crust](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061515/5555974bb4c905a5178b4f2b/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
PlateausThe forces that elevate mountains can also raise plateaus, a large area of flat land elevated high above sea level Some form when a vertical fault pushes up a large flat piece of rockLike a lasagna, a plateau consists of many layers, so it is wider than it is tall
May be formed by: a flat-topped fold vertical faulting a series of molten
rock flows Magma reaches the
surface through cracks in the ground
![Page 20: Movement Of The Earth’S Crust](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061515/5555974bb4c905a5178b4f2b/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Domes Dome: uplifted area
created by rising magma The magma underneath
doesn’t rise to the surface but pushes the layers of rock above up
Black Hills, SD
![Page 21: Movement Of The Earth’S Crust](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061515/5555974bb4c905a5178b4f2b/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
The Floating Crust
Mantle: layer of the Earth beneath the crust 2900 km thick Made up very dense
flowing rock The less dense crust floats
on top Isostasy: The balance
between the downward force of the crust and the upward force of the mantle
If material is lost or added to the crust it will float higher or lower in the mantle allowing the crust to rise or sink in areas In northern areas where massive
amounts of ice have thawed the crust has risen due to a loss in material
Think about Antarctica The Mississippi river basin has
dumped millions of tons of mud into the Gulf of Mexico but instead of piling up the weight has caused the crust to sink so the depth of the water has not changed