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Mountain Building Chapter 11 February 28, 2011 Slide 2 Announcements Vocabulary for Chapters 9 and 11 is due on TODAY! TEST next Tuesday! Slide 3 Exploratory Lab Get into groups of 2 or 3 Not 1, not 4 2 or 3 Slide 4 Deformation Lab Write your prediction in the appropriate boxes: 1.Predict what will happen when you stretch out a rubber band. What will happen when you let it relax? 2.Predict what will happen when you pull on cold plastic putty. 3.Predict what will happen when you pull on warm plastic putty. 4.Predict what will happen when you bend the ends of a popsicle stick together. Slide 5 Objectives 2/28/11 I will be able to DESCRIBE THE FACTORS AFFECTING ROCK DEFORMATION I will be able to DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN THE TYPES OF STRESS CAUSING ROCK DEFORMATION Slide 6 Key Points Deformation occurs when there is a change in the size and/or shape of a rock body Deformation is caused by movements of tectonic plates and interactions at plate boundaries Types of deformation: ductile. elastic and brittle Stress is the force per unit area that is acting on a solid Types of stress: compressional, tensional, shear Strain is the change in shape of a rock as a result of stress Slide 7 Rock Deformation Rocks are strong- but no matter how strong, there is a point when rocks will bend or break Deformation refers to all _________________ _____________________________________ _ __________________ of a rock body Most deformation occurs along ______________ margins Slide 8 Rock Deformation Deformation is the result of _________ Stress is the _________________________ that is acting on a solid When a rock is put under more stress than it can handle it will deform- usually by ______________, flowing, or _____________ Slide 9 Rock Deformation ____________________________ that is caused by stress on rocks is called __________ Factors influencing the strength of a rock and how it will deform: - Temperature- Rock types - Confining pressure- Time Slide 10 Types of Deformation _________________deformation: rocks return to their _______________________________ when the force is removed Stress is applied gradually _________________deformation: rocks split and __________________ Temperatures and confining pressures are low ________________ deformation: rocks ___________________ their shape and size _____________________________ Temperatures and confining pressures are high Slide 11 Factors Affecting Deformation Temperature and Pressure _______________ temperatures and pressure ______________the likelihood the rock will show _________________deformation Rock Type Rocks with ____________________ usually show ________________deformation Sedimentary and foliated metamorphic rocks are more likely to show ductile deformation Time Forces that might not deform a rock at first can cause a rock to show ductile deformation if applied over a _____________________________________________ Slide 12 Types of Stress 1.______________- ______apart 2.______________- __________together 3.______________- top and bottom are pushed in ____________directions Slide 13 Examples of Stress Brainstorm examples of the different types of stress from life: TensionalCompressionalShear Slide 14 Check-in 1.Define deformation: 2.What are the 3 types of rock deformation? 3.What type of deformation involves rocks returning to their original shape and size after stress is removed? 4.What type of deformation involves rocks permanently changing shape without fracturing? 5.What are the three types of stress? Slide 15 OBJECTIVES 3/1 I will be able to CLASSIFY THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF MOUNTAINS _____________________________________ _ I will be able to GIVE ___________________ ______________________ OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF MOUNTAINS Slide 16 Key Points Anticlines, synclines, monoclines, faults, and joints are land features created as a result of ___________ and ___________________ The set of processes that produce mountains is called ___________________ Mountains are classified by __________________ The major types of mountains include: ___________ mountains (result of _______________ _____________________) _________________mountains (result of _________ ___________________) __________________________ ________________________mountains (result of the build up of volcanic materials) Slide 17 Folds During mountain building, rock layers are often bent into a series of ripples called ___________ Types 1.Anticlines: ____________________ of rock layers 2.Synclines: _____________________in rock layers 3.Monoclines: __________________________________ in otherwise horizontal sedimentary rock layers Slide 18 Folds Slide 19 Monoclines Slide 20 Faults ____________are fractures in the crust along which __________________has taken place The surface above the fault is called the _______________________ The surface below the fault is called the _______________________ Slide 21 Faults The major types of faults are 1._______________ faults 2._______________ faults 3.Reverse faults 4.Normal faults Slide 22 Faults 1.Normal Faults -Occurs where the _________________________ ________________________________________ -Caused by _______________________________ 2.Reverse Faults -Occurs where the _________________________ ________________________________________ -Caused by _______________________________ Slide 23 Faults 3. Thrust faults - Occurs where the _____________________________ _____________________________________________ - Allow ______________________________________ of younger layers 4. Strike-slip faults - Occurs where the movement is mostly ____________ and _________________to the trend of the fault surface Slide 24 Slide 25 Joints _____________________ along which ______________________ (detectable) ________________________has occurred Slide 26 Joints Slide 27 Slide 28 Slide 29 Slide 30 Slide 31 Slide 32 Slide 33 Slide 34 Mountains Why do all of these mountains look different Because different processes are responsible for their formation The collection of processes that produce mountains is called ________________________ Mountains are classified based on the ________________________________________ ________________________________________ Slide 35 Mountain Types FoldedDomes and Basins Fault-block Volcanic Slide 36 Folded Mountains Formed primarily by ________________ Major force that causes formation is ______________________ Examples: _____________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ __ Slide 37 Fault-Block Mountains Large-scale __________________________ ______________force ____________________________________ Horsts are uplifted structures bordered on either side by sunken in valleys called grabens Examples: ________________________________________ ________________________________________________ Slide 38 Domes and Basins When _________________produces a ___________________or elongated structure, the feature is called a __________________. _________________________ are circular or elongated structures formed by uplifting of the underlying basement rock. The Black Hills in SD are an example Slide 39 Volcanic Mountains Formed when one plate ________________ under another, _________, and __________ rises to the surface Examples: _____________________________ _____________________________________ _ Slide 40 Objectives 3/2 I will be able to DESCRIBE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF MOUNTAINS THAT FORM AT DIFFERENT PLATE BOUNDARIES I will be able to ANALYZE THE TYPES OF MOUNTAINS CREATED BY THE DIFFERENT PLATE BOUNDARIES Slide 41 Key Points Different plate _______________________produce different types of ____________________because of how the lithosphere behaves ____________________are associated with _______________ and _______________mountains ______________________are associated with __________________ mountains Non-boundary mountains- formed from ____________________ Fragments of crustal material can collide with continental plates and become wedged on in a process called _________________ Slide 42 Plate boundaries Answer these questions before we continue on your check-in sheet 6. What are the three types of plate boundaries? 7. Of those three, which does not result in the destruction or formation of new lithosphere? 8. One of the three types of boundaries has 3 subtypes- what are those subtypes? 9. What are the three types of stress? Which is associated with each type of plate boundary? Slide 43 Mountains at Convergent Boundaries __________________mountain building occurs at convergent plate boundaries ____________________forces from the colliding plates cause rock to _________, ____________, and _____________________ _____types of convergent boundaries - ______________- _______________ - ___________________ Slide 44 Mountains at Convergent Boundaries Ocean-Ocean Convergence Produces mainly ___________________________ One oceanic plate ______________under another Examples: ________________________________ _________________________________________ _ Slide 45 Mountains at Convergent Boundaries Ocean-Continental Convergence Produces mountains in ______, roughly ______________ belts In-land: _____________________ Closer to the sea: _____________________________ that produce _____________mountains ______________: a process that occurs when crustal fragments collide with and stay connected to continental plates Slide 46 Mountains at Convergent Boundaries Ocean-Continental Convergence (Continued) Examples: _________Mountains of _____________________________ Slide 47 Mountains at Convergent Boundaries Continental-Continental Convergence Since continental lithosphere is not dense enough to subduct, ________________________ are produced at C-C convergent boundaries Examples: ____________________formed when __________collided with the ______________ plate Slide 48 Slide 49 Mountains at Divergent Boundaries Divergent boundaries experience ____________________ stress This results in the formation of ______________________mountains Examples: Mid-Atlantic Ridge Slide 50 Non-boundary mountains Mountains can also be formed places ______________ plate ______________ _________________can create ______________ ______________________when lithosphere moves over them Example: ________________________________ Slide 51 Continental Accretion Pieces of crust can collide with and stick to continental landmasses _______________: a process that occurs when _______________________________ __________________________________ to continental plates ________________of different ______________ ____________________ rocks combined with scraps of ____________ crust Slide 52 Continental Accretion ___________________: crustal fragments with a geologic history thats different from the fragments next to them Example: The _______________of the US, ______ Mountains may result from the _________________forces that bring ________________________together with ______________________ Slide 53 Mountain Study Guide Youre going to make your own mini study guides to organize the information from today Fold your paper in half (hamburger style) Fold one of those halves in half again In the top portion, summarize mountain building at CONVERGENT boundaries Include the 3 types, and an example of each In the middle portion, summarize mountain building at DIVERGENT boundaries Include examples In the bottom portion, summarize mountain building at hot spots Include an example On the back -In the top portion, summarize the three types of deformation and the three types of stress -In the middle portion, summarize folded and fault-block mountains -In the bottom portion, summarize domes and basins, and volcanic mountains