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Motorcycle SafetyA Single Point of Truth
Bringing together motorcycle safety information from the different data sources into one document
Data sources include ACC, Ministry of Transport, NZ Transport Agency, NZ Police and National Health Statistics (Courtesy of the Transport Agency and Ministry of Transport)
© 2017Not all percentages add up to 100% due to rounding error
Motorcycle Safety – A single point of truth 1
How Motorcycle use and safety has changed over time
20,000
1951 1951 1956 19611966 1971
1976 19811986 1991
19962001
2006 20111955 1960 1965 1970 19751980 1985
1990 19952000
20052010 2015
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
140,000 600
500
400
300
200
100
120,000
Registered motorcycles in New Zealand by year since 1951
• In 1933 – motorcycles were 16.5% of the private light vehicle fleet, three times the figure nowadays
• Motorcycling has always had practical transport related users, enthusiast users and users motivated to a lesser or greater extent in both directions
• Motorcycling has fluctuated over the years related to affordability and other factors
• In 1951 there were 454 motorcycle injury crashes per 10,000 registered motorcycle. In 2015 the figure was 135
Over the same period,
the 30-44 age group increased but not so dramatically
Motorcycling is now much safer
1989/901997/98
2003-2008
2004-2009
2005-2010
2006-2011
2007-2012
2008-2013
2009-2014
Distance travelled per year on motorcycles by age group of rider
350 15-29 30-44 45+ Total
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Annual crashes per 10,000 registered motorcycles
older riders particularly those 45+
Overall, motorcycle travel has increased markedly since 1997/98 but has not yet regained the levels of 1989/90
84%from 1989/90 to 2009-2014
15-29 yr old travel reduced by
There’s been a shift to
45+ TRAVEL more than trebled
per registered motorcycle than in 1951 as is all vehicle travel
Motorcycle Safety – A single point of truth 2
• Motorcycling increased by around 60% from 2005 to 2015
• Motorcycle / moped Police reported crashes increased by around 40% from 2005 to 2015
• ACC claims serious enough to involve ongoing entitlements increased 14% from 2005 to 2015
• 54 motorcyclists died on our roads in 2015, up from a low of 28 in 2003
There is plenty left to be achieved
Indicators of motorcycle travel and safety by year
Motorcycle deaths per year
Motorcycle crashes per 10,000 motorcycles
2000
60
50
40
30
20
0
10
1500
1000
500
140
150
160
130
120
110
100
0
2001
2000
2000
2001
2001
2002
2002
2003
2003
2004
2004
2005
2005
2006
2006
2007
2007
2008
2008
2009
2009
2010
2010
2011
2011
2012
2012
2013
2013
2014
2014
2015
2015
20022003
20042005
20062007
20082009
2010 201120122013
2014 20152016
Motorcycle / Moped travel (million km) Motorcycle / Moped numbers (100s)
ACC entitlement claims Hosp >1 day
since 2002
Motorcycle safety has decreased
The per vehicle motorcycle
The increase in serious ACC claims is much less than the increase in motorcycling
How Motorcycle use and safety has changed over time continued...
“Motorcycling has increased particularly in the older age groups”
crash rate has been on the increase since 2002
Motorcycle Safety – A single point of truth 3
Motorcycle travel & safety information from travel surveys
45+ years
30-44 years
15-29 years
0 20 40 60 80 100
Percentage of age-group travel on motorcycles in different cc rating groups
Fatal crashes and injury crashes per million km by urban and rural
Urban and open road motorcycle travel by engine size
>1000cc
601-1000cc
51-600cc
up to 50cc
100
141210
86420
Fatal crashes per million km All injury crashes per million km
Up to 50 51-250 251-600 601-1000 1001+
90
Mill
ion
km tr
avel
led
per y
ear
Vehicle engine cc range
8070605040302010
0
Urban roadOpen road
UrbanRural
• Ministry of Transport travel survey analyses provide information on motorcycle travel by cc rating by urban road and rural road for 2011-2014
• These can be matched with crash statistics to provide estimates of crash rates per million kilometres ridden by urban and rural
• For travel survey analyses urban means speed limit 50km/r and under and rural means speed limit greater than 50km/hr
Similarly people under 30 are the main users of motorcycles lower than
In urban areas, there is on average around per 80,000 km of riding and in rural areas injury crash per 400,000 km of riding
1/4 of all riding is in
Rural crashes are biased towards more severe crashes
Older people predominantly uselarger motorcycles
cc 251In urban & open road areas, on average motorcyclists have around one fatal crash per 5.5 million kilometres of riding
urban areas and3/4 open road
on the
-related to the amount of riding done in rural areas
“Rural crashes are more severe”
“Older riders tend to own larger bikes and ride for recreation”
Motorcycle Safety – A single point of truth 4
Motorcyclist age and gender related to risk
50 50%
45%
40%
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
14%
12%
6%
4%
2%
8%
10%
40
30
25
35
45
20
Average age of motorcyclist casualtiesAverage age if motorcyclist deaths
5-910-14
15-1920-24
25-2930-34
35-3940-44
45-4950-54
55-5960-64
65-6970+0-4
20002002
20042006
2008 20122010 2014
20002002
20042006
20082010 2012 2014
Aver
age
age
Perc
enta
ge o
f rid
ers a
nd
mot
orcy
clis
ts in
volv
ed in
cra
shes
Perc
enta
ge o
f cas
ualti
es
Average age of motorcyclists killed and injured by year Percentage of riders 40 years and over, percentage of motorcycles under 60cc and percentage of motorcycles 750 cc and over involved in crashes by year
Motorcycle casualties by age and gender
• The average age of both deaths and injuries has increased from the low 30s in 2000 to the high 30s in 2014
• As this has happened the percentages of crashes involving 40years plus riders has increased considerably
• The percentage of small machines under 60cc has also increased from around 11% to over 20%
% of riders 40 years or older% of m/c under 60cc% of m/c 750cc or over
40yrs+The average age of both killed & injured riders has moved from around
The vast majority of motorcycle casualties are men
The % of injured riders 40+ has risen from 26% - 45%
Since 2000...
35+ years
“Motorcyclists who are under 30 and over 40 are most at risk”
40yrs+
Motorcyclists have become an older group
under 35 to close to 40yrs
Motorcycle Safety – A single point of truth 5
Alcohol, drugs & speed in motorcycle crashes
Single vehicle, motorcyclist at fault
Multi vehicle, motorcyclist primary responsibility
Multi vehicle, motorcyclist some responsibility
Multi vehicle, no motorcyclist fault identified
Single vehicle, no motorcyclist fault identified
7%
35%
2% 33%
23%
Motorcyclist alcohol/drugs and speed involvement in fatal crashes % fatal
Alcohol/drugs
Speed
Neither
Alcohol/drugs and speed
16%
12%
20%
52%
The pie chart describes motorcyclist alcohol/drugs and speed involvement in fatal crashes. It shows that alcohol/drugs and or speed are involved in 48% of motorcycle fatal crashes with alcohol/drugs involved in 28%, speed alone in 20% and alcohol/drugs alone in 12%.
Alcohol or drugs were present with speed in a further 16% of crashes
Responsibility in crashes
Alcohol, drugs or speed
without alcohol or drugs was present in 20% of fatal crashes
The pie chart looks at the primary responsibility for single vehicle and multi-vehicle motorcycle crashes.
In crashes with other road users, the other road user is more likely to be primarily responsible
56%for 56% of the crashes
without speed were present in 12% of fatal crashes
SpeedMotorcyclists are primarily responsible
“More than half of fatal motorcycle crashes do not involve alcohol, speed or drugs”
of fatal crashes
½
16%=
impacted on almost
Alcohol or drugs
Motorcycle Safety – A single point of truth 6
Type and cc rating of crashed motorcycles
Percentage of sample of motorcycles in fatal crashes by type
Fatally or seriously injured – annual average July 2009-June 2014
• We looked at the 100 most recent fatal motorcycle crashes on sealed roads
• The motorcycles were classified by type by a motorcycle expert
Adventure
Cruise
up to 60ccDirt or Trail bike
601-1000ccScooter
61-600cc
Street/Naked
Tourer
Other and unknown 1001+cc
Sport
3%
23%
12%10%
31%2%
30%
10%
7%
21%27%
24%
Scooters
of fatal crashes
were in
2%“Higher powered bikes 600cc and over are more likely to be involved in a fatal crash”
The bike typesmost in fatalcrashes wereCRUISER BIKES
SPORTS BIKES&
are involved in58% of fatal & serious injuries
bikes over 600cc+
Motorcycle Safety – A single point of truth 7
Motorcycle size related to risk
• Most rural fatal crashes (60%) are on bikes known to be >749cc
• 40% of urban fatal crashes are on bikes >749 cc
• 79% of fatal crashes on 1000+ cc engines are on the open road
Percentage of fatal crashes by CC range by urban/ rural
Percentage of injury crashes by CC range by urban/ rural
Urban roadOpen road
Urban roadOpen road
35%
% a
ll fa
tal
% a
ll in
jury
30%
25% 25%
20% 20%
15% 15%
10% 10%
5% 5%
0% 0%
unknownunknown
0-59 0-5960-249
60-249250-499
250-499500-749
500-749750-999
750-9991000+
1000+
On average riders on bikes >1000cc have around:
250-1000cc
2xthe risk of those between
Larger cc motorcycles dominate in open road injuries & fatalities
“Motorcyclists on big bikes tend to be injured more severely than those on smaller bikes – more rural high speed riding.”
the risk of dying in
13x
60cc
a yearthan those on
bikes up to
60-250cc
6xthe risk of
bike riders
Motorcycle Safety – A single point of truth 8
What time & day do crashes and injuries occur?
100
Mon Tues Wed Thurs Fri Sat Sun
80
60
40
20
0
Motorcycle crashes in 2015 by day of week and time of day
Midnight to 4am4am to 8am8am to noon
noon to 4pm4pm to 8pm8pm to midnight
12 a
m1 a
m2
am 3 am
4 am 5 a
m6
am7
am8
am9
am10
am
4 pm 5 p
m6
pm7
pm8
pm9
pm10
pm
11 p
m
6
4
2
0
8
10
Average motorcycle claims by crash time in proportion from CY2007 to CY2016.
(CY means claims year)
11 a
m12
pm
1 pm
2 pm 3 p
m
• The two charts on crashes show that most motorcycle crashes occur during the day
• This is particularly so at weekends when there is a large peak from noon to 4pm
• The chart on claims shows a similar pattern over the day
midnight - 4am
4am - 8am
8am - noon
Noon - 4pm
4pm - 8pm
8pm - midnight
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Motorcycle crashes by weekday/weekend
WeeklyWeekend
“Most motorcycle crashes occur between noon and 8pm with a large weekend peak between noon and 4pm ”
Motorcycle Safety – A single point of truth 9
Time of year & where on the road network are motorcyclists crashing & getting injured?
Percentages of injury and fatal crashes which are rural by quarterJanuary
- MarchJanuary - March
April - JuneApril - June July - SeptemberJuly - September
October - December
October - December
33%26%
21%27% 17%23%
29%24%
• The percentage of fatal crashes which are rural varies by quarter between 72 and 85% and is highest in the months October to March-when conditions are more conducive to rural riding. This reflects the greater severity of higher speed rural crashes
• The percentage of injury crashes which are rural is much lower varying from 36 to 48% between quarters. The higher percentages are again in the better weather months as with the fatal crashes
• Rural crashes vary between quarters much more from 33% in January –March to 17% in July- September, a quarter unconducive to rural riding due to weather conditions
Urban crashes Rural crashes
evenly throughoutthe year than rural crashes
100
80
60
40
20
0
Inju
ry
Inju
ry
Inju
ry
Inju
ry
Fata
l
Fata
l
Fata
l
Fata
l
Motorcyclists tend to ride, crash, and get injured in the warmer dryer months of the year
Urban crashes are spread more“Rural crashes peak during warmer weather with improved conditions for rural riding”
With the quarters differing from 27% in April - June to 23% in July - September
Motorcycle Safety – A single point of truth 10
Motorcyclists’ interactions with Road Policing
Apprehensions/Infringements vs rider age
Demerit points accrued by riders by age range
POLICE
25,000
350,000
300,000
250,000
200,000
150,000
100,000
50,000
0
20,000
Age ranges
15,000
10,000
5,000
<1616-20
21-25
under 21
Age ranges
26-30 31-3536-40
21-30
41-4546-50 51-55
31-45
56-6061-65
66-70
over 45
71-75 76+
ApprehensionsTotal number of infringements
Apprehensions/Infringements vs primary infringement type
80,000
App
rehe
nsio
ns/ i
nfri
ngem
ents 70,000
60,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
Lice
nsin
g,
over
load
ing
park
ing
Alc
ohol
Spee
d in
clud
ing
cam
eras
and
red
light
cam
era
Man
ner
of d
rivi
ng
Vehi
cle,
WO
F/C
OF,
Roa
d C
ode
dutie
s &
oblig
atio
ns
• When people are stopped by Police more than one infringement may be detected
• The infringement associated with the main reason they were stopped is the primary infringement type
• The charts include infringements from automatic enforcement (speed and red light cameras) under speed
although demerit points accrued donot drop off until age ranges 50+ are reached
caught for SPEEDING & LICENSING/WOF INFRINGEMENTS
Motorcyclists are mainly
Police apprehensions of motorcyclists-2007-2016
6,000
5,500
4,500
5,000
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May Ju
n
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
4,000
Hel
met
WOF
Teens & early 20 year olds are the main offenders,
ApprehensionsNumber of infringements detected
Motorcycle Safety – A single point of truth 11
Vehicle movements in motorcycle crashes
• These charts look at vehicle movements in motorcycle crashes involving injury or death
• Most urban crashes occur at intersections and most rural crashes involve losing control
48%
11%
10%22%
3%
5%2%
Movements in urban injury or fatal crashes
“Be cautious at intersections & keep your bike under control when out on the highway”
For rural crashes
More than ½ are lost control
Only 14% are at intersections
For urban crashesAlmost are at intersections
A fifth are lost control ½
14%11%
54%
9% 9%
3%
Movements in rural injury or fatal crashes
Lost control/ run off road
Lost control/ run off road
Rear end/ obstruction
Rear end/ obstruction
Head on
Head on
IntersectionIntersection
Manoeuvring/miscellaneous
Manoeuvring/miscellaneous
Overtaking/lane changePedestrianOvertaking/
lane change
Motorcycle Safety – A single point of truth 12
The consequences of crashes – injuries
• A quarter of ACC injuries are entitlement claims, serious enough for the claimant to have ongoing entitlements
• The average entitlement claim length is around 6 months
• Most injuries are fractures/dislocations and soft tissue injuries which include injury to internal organs
• The relatively small number of concussions and other brain injuries may relate to helmet use
• Most common injury sites are the knee and shoulder joints, other joints and other parts of limbs
1,500
1,200
900
600
300
0
Concussion/ Brain injury Fracture/ Dislocation
Soft tissue injury (contusion, internal organ, strain)
Infected/ Non-infected laceration, puncture wound, sting
ChestHead and faceLower back/spineNeck, back of head vertebraeUnobtainableOtherLimbs and extremities
Other Claims74%
Entitlement claims
25%Fatal claims1%
7%
7%7%
6%9%
50%11%
Head injuries are relatively rare –
when it is a major impact site indicates
ACC Motorcycle Claims 2007-2016
The result of crashes injury
Site of ACC injuries
full face helmets work
Indicates that safety gear is effective
Most injuries are at body places least protected
Low rate of face injury
“Safety gear works – Wear it!”
indicating helmets work
20072008
20092010 2011
2012 20132014 2015
2016
ST JOHN AMBULANCE 153
Motorcycle Safety – A single point of truth 13
65
1 47
910
23
8Motorcycle SafetyA Single Point of Truth
Motorcycling has increased particularly in the older age groups
Motorcyclists who are under 30 and over 40 are most at risk
Safety gear works – wear it!
Most motorcycle crashes occur between noon & 8pm with a large weekend peak between noon & 4pm
Be cautious at intersections & keep your bike under control on the highway
Rural crashes are more severe and urban crashes are more frequent
Higher powered bikes with engines over 600cc are involved in most fatal and serious injuries
Older riders tend to own larger bikes and ride for recreation
Over half of fatal crashes do not involve alcohol, drugs or speed
Rural crashes peak during warmer weather with improved conditions for rural riding
Sat/Sun