motivation hbd4741.01 / hbd5741.01 candace genest, ph.d. january 26, 2011 candace genest, ph.d....
TRANSCRIPT
MOTIVATIONHBD4741.01 / HBD5741.01
MOTIVATIONHBD4741.01 / HBD5741.01
Candace Genest, Ph.D.January 26, 2011
Candace Genest, Ph.D.January 26, 2011
Behavioral Approaches:Learning, Incentive, &
Hedonism
• Chapter 6: Learned Motives: Classical, Instrumental, & Observational Learning
• Chapter 7: Incentive Motivation
• Chapter 8: Hedonism & Sensory Stimulation
Chapter 6
• Pavlov (1960)- classical conditioning
• CS - bell
• UCS - meat powder
• CR / UCR - salivation
• Extinction, experimental neurosis
Classical Conditioning (continued)
• John Watson & Rosalie Rayner (1920)
• Fear of loud noise / white rat
• Generalization to other furry obj.
• Liddell (1954)
• sheep & goats
• neurosis w/ difficulty of task
• generalized; maladaptive bx
Elimination of Behavior
• Extinction or Counterconditioning
• Negative CS (neg bx) paired with strongly positive UCS (relax)
• UCR - old = anxiety
• UCR - new = relaxation
• Wolpe (1958, 1973)
• Systematic desensitization
Classical Conditioning(Continued)
• Interoceptive Conditioning
• CS, UCS, or both applied directly to internal organs or mucosa
• 1. intero-exteroceptive - CS internal; UCS external
• 2. intero-interoceptive - CS & UCS internal
• 3. extero-interoceptive - CS external; UCS internal
Interoceptive Conditioning (Cont.)
• 1. usually unaware of interoceptive conditioning when it occurs
• 2. Cannot be avoided
• 3. more resiliant than external cond.
• 4. links to psychosomatic med
Aversive Conditioning
• Garcia & Koelling (1966)
• noisy, bright water - foot shock
• taste - illness
• Seligman (1970) - continuum of assoc.
• prepared - quickly & easily learned
• unprepared - learned w/ # pairings
• contraprepared - cannot be learned
Interference
• Progressive Muscle Relaxation & Guided Imagery
• Can interfere with conditioned aversions / reactions in chemo patients
Operant Conditioning
• Thorndike (1913) - Law of Effect
• consequences of response strengthen connection b/w response and stim
• Skinner (1938)
• Reinforcement - strengthens not the connection, but the response itself
Reinforcement / Punishment
Positive Negative
Reinforcement
Reward Removal of Buzzer
Punishment Spanking Time-Out Response
Cost
Quantity• Crespi (1942)
• Initially - larger rewards = better performance
• Switch - smallest performs best
• Long-term - common reward leads to same level of performance
• More intense or vigorous, but not greater persistence
Quality
• Simmons (1924) - various foods 2 rats
• Performed better for tastier treats
Contrast
• History / Experience: determines reaction to a given reward / reinforcer
• Positive Contrast: small reward performs better when switched to med.
• Negative Contrast: large reward performs worse when switched to med.
Types of Reinforcers
• Primary - inherently rewarding (i.e., food)
• Secondary - conditioned
• Generalized conditioned - money, tokens
Classical-Operant Interactions
• Miller (1948)
• “taught” rats to avoid shock and learn responses to escape shock
• Conditioned Emotional Responses CER
• food on schedule
• tone/shock interferes with learned bx
Learned Helplessness(Demotivation)
• Martin Seligman (1975, 1976)
• Dogs fail to avoid shock when they have “learned” that it is unavoidable
• Symptoms:
• Passivity / Learned Laziness
• Ret. of Learning(Associative)
• Somatic Effects - Less competitive
• Reduction over time
Cause / Prevention
• Control
• Trauma in itself does not lead 2 helplessness if some control
Observational Learning (Modeling)
• Vicarious or Social Learning
• (Bandura, 1969, 1971, 1977)
• Modeling - observation
• Ability to symbolically represent
• Foresee consequences & alter bx
• Regulate bx internally (self-reinf.)
• Compare to self & others
Modeling (Cont.)
• Attention - obs., exposure, attraction
• Retention - verbal & imaginal memory
• Reproduction - seq. & approximate
• Vicarious Reinforcement - strengthen or weaken inhibitions re: bx based on observed consequences
Aggression
• Modeling - copycat threats and bx; Bobo doll experiments
• Classical Conditioning - Pain/Aggression Link (aggr. stimuli)
• Operant Conditioning - Praise or act itself reinforcing
Sexual Motivation
• Learning important aspect of sexual bx
• Sexual values taught by society
Puzzles: Harlow
• Daniel Pink Drive 2009
• Monkeys solved puzzles w/out observation, training, or “rewards”
• Internal drive - food, water, etc.
• External drive - rewards, punishm.
• Third drive - ?? Intrinsic reward
Deci: Soma Puzzle
• Curiosity - continued to motivate bx
• With reward - worked harder
• Over time - unpaid continued 2 b curious; paid spent less time when reward taken away
• Rewards had a negative effect in the LT
Quality of Product
• Microsoft Encarta vs. Wikipedia?
Chapter 7Incentive Motivation
Chapter 8Hedonism & Sensory
Stimulation