Motivation and Motivation and EmotionEmotion

McElhaneyMcElhaney

Basics of MotivationBasics of Motivation

There are links between motives and There are links between motives and emotionsemotions

Basic motives- Hunger-thirst are Basic motives- Hunger-thirst are monitored within the brainmonitored within the brain

Motivated behavior- Is influenced by:Motivated behavior- Is influenced by:– Learned habitsLearned habits– External cuesExternal cues– Cultural valuesCultural values

Activities are related to needs for Activities are related to needs for stimulation and to maintain arousalstimulation and to maintain arousal

Motivation= why we act as we Motivation= why we act as we dodo

What are your goals?What are your goals? Why do you pursue them?Why do you pursue them? How vigorously do you try to reach How vigorously do you try to reach

them?them? When are you satisfied?When are you satisfied? When do you give up?When do you give up?

Sources of MotivationSources of Motivation

Biological Factors- Biological Factors- Autonomic Nervous Autonomic Nervous SystemSystem

Emotional Factors-Emotional Factors- panic, fear, anger, panic, fear, anger, lovelove

Cognitive Factors-Cognitive Factors- perceptions, beliefs, perceptions, beliefs, expectationsexpectations

Social FactorsSocial Factors -influence from parents, -influence from parents, friends, teachers, TV, Siblings…ial friends, teachers, TV, Siblings…ial Factors-Factors-

Theories of Motivation Theories of Motivation (web)(web) InstinctInstinct- biology/innate abliities that allow - biology/innate abliities that allow

us to survive us to survive Drive Reduction-Drive Reduction- needs, or drives, are needs, or drives, are

defined internal states of arousal or defined internal states of arousal or tension which must be reduced.  tension which must be reduced.  -hunger -hunger or thirstor thirst, which motivates us to eat.  We , which motivates us to eat.  We are driven to reduce these drives to are driven to reduce these drives to maintain homoeostasis maintain homoeostasis

Optimal Arousal- Optimal Arousal- we are driven to maintain we are driven to maintain a certain level of arousal in order to feel a certain level of arousal in order to feel comfortable.  A state of emotional, comfortable.  A state of emotional, intellectual, and physical activity. intellectual, and physical activity.

Incentive-Incentive- goals based on environment goals based on environment motivate us motivate us (web)(web)

Basic Model of MotivationBasic Model of Motivation

Dynamics of behavior in the way Dynamics of behavior in the way actions are:actions are:– InitiatedInitiated– SustainedSustained– DirectedDirected– TerminatedTerminated

Example of Food SeekingExample of Food Seeking

InitiatedInitiated by bodily need by bodily need Search was Search was sustainedsustained Action Action directeddirected by possible sources by possible sources TerminatedTerminated by attained goal by attained goal

The Model (Motives)The Model (Motives)

Motivational Activities- begin with needsMotivational Activities- begin with needs– NeedNeed is an internal deficiency is an internal deficiency

Needs cause -Needs cause - DriveDrive= energized state = energized state that facilitates a needthat facilitates a need

Drives --Drives --activate a activate a responseresponse = an = an action or series of actions to attain a action or series of actions to attain a goalgoal

GoalsGoals are targets of motivational are targets of motivational behaviorbehavior

DriveNeed

response

Goal

Need reduction

Difference between Needs and Difference between Needs and DrivesDrives

Needs – are stronger than drivesNeeds – are stronger than drives

Drives fluctuate in strengthDrives fluctuate in strength

External StimuliExternal Stimuli

Motivated behavior can be Motivated behavior can be energized by the pull of External energized by the pull of External StimuliStimuli

And push of internal needsAnd push of internal needs

Incentives Incentives

The pull of a goal= The pull of a goal= Incentive ValueIncentive Value

Incentive Value= Incentive Value= The goal’s appeal The goal’s appeal beyond ability to fill a needbeyond ability to fill a need

Action is a MixAction is a Mix

Internal needs and External Internal needs and External IncentivesIncentives

(types of conflicts are associated)(types of conflicts are associated)

Incentive valueIncentive value of goals helps us of goals helps us understand motives that don’t come understand motives that don’t come from internal needsfrom internal needs– Example success = status-approvalExample success = status-approval

Types of Motives: 3 Types of Motives: 3 CategoriesCategories

Primary-(innate)Primary-(innate) Based on biological needsBased on biological needs Must be met for survivalMust be met for survival Hunger, thirst, pain avoidanceHunger, thirst, pain avoidance Air, sleepAir, sleep Elimination of wasteElimination of waste

2. Stimulus Motives (not 2. Stimulus Motives (not necessarily for survival)necessarily for survival)

Need for stimulationNeed for stimulation Need for informationNeed for information ActivityActivity CuriosityCuriosity ExplorationExploration ManipulationManipulation Physical contact Physical contact

Motive 2- StimulusMotive 2- Stimulus

Not necessary for survivalNot necessary for survival Stimulus Drives= reflect need for: Stimulus Drives= reflect need for: Need for stimulationNeed for stimulation Need for informationNeed for information Activity – curiosityActivity – curiosity Exploration- manipulationExploration- manipulation Physical contactPhysical contact Sensory inputSensory input

3. Secondary Motives (learned 3. Secondary Motives (learned motives)motives)

Learned needs or drives and goalsLearned needs or drives and goals Making musicMaking music CompetingCompeting Learned needs for powerLearned needs for power

– For affiliationFor affiliation– StatusStatus– SecuritySecurity– Approval Approval – AchievementAchievement– Fear + Aggression are learnedFear + Aggression are learned

Arousal TheoryArousal Theory

Says ideal levels of activation exist for Says ideal levels of activation exist for various activitiesvarious activities

Arousal refers to activation of body + Arousal refers to activation of body + nervous systemnervous system– Zero@death.comZero@death.com = no arousal=death = no arousal=death– Low during sleep or boredomLow during sleep or boredom– Moderate during daily activitiesModerate during daily activities– High at times of excitement, emotion, panic, High at times of excitement, emotion, panic,

fear and anxietyfear and anxiety

Levels of ArousalLevels of Arousal

We perform best We perform best when we have a when we have a Moderate level of Moderate level of ArousalArousal

Not too passive/not Not too passive/not too too anxious=Performaanxious=Performancence

Inverted U FunctionInverted U Function Says at low levels Says at low levels

of of arousal=decrease arousal=decrease performanceperformance

More arousal= More arousal= improved improved performanceperformance

Levels of Arousal 2Levels of Arousal 2

Ideal level arousal depends on Ideal level arousal depends on complexity of the taskcomplexity of the task

Simple tasks--Simple tasks--Best for arousal to be Best for arousal to be highhigh

Complex tasks Complex tasks best for low/moderate best for low/moderate arousalarousal

Yerkes-Dodson LawYerkes-Dodson Law

Sensation SeekersSensation Seekers

People learn to seek particular levels People learn to seek particular levels of arousalof arousal

Sensation seeking scale+ Thrill Sensation seeking scale+ Thrill +adventure seeking+adventure seeking– Experience seekingExperience seeking– Disinhibition Disinhibition – Boredom SusceptibilityBoredom Susceptibility

Motive 3-Motive 3-Secondary MotivesSecondary Motives

Learned motivesLearned motives Learned needs or drives and goalsLearned needs or drives and goals Making music…Competing Making music…Competing Learned need for Learned need for

– PowerPower– AffiliationAffiliation– StatusStatus– SecuritySecurity– ApprovalApproval– AchievementAchievement– Fear + aggression are learned Fear + aggression are learned

Primary Motive is Primary Motive is HomeostasisHomeostasis

Biological needs- direct much of our Biological needs- direct much of our behaviorbehavior

Are used to maintain body balance= Are used to maintain body balance= HomeostasisHomeostasis

HungerHunger (motive) is a regular cycle (motive) is a regular cycle each dayeach day

Good example of how Good example of how internalinternal and and externalexternal factors direct behavior factors direct behavior

Liver affects hungerLiver affects hunger

Hunger 2Hunger 2

Stomach size some indication of hungerStomach size some indication of hunger

Glucose-Glucose- level in blood and level in blood and hypoglycemiahypoglycemia = low blood sugar level = low blood sugar level Feeling of hunger causes stomach Feeling of hunger causes stomach

contractionscontractions

Liver sends nerves signal to brainLiver sends nerves signal to brain desire desire to eatto eat

Primary Motives ContinuedPrimary Motives Continued

Thirst, Sex, and pain avoidanceThirst, Sex, and pain avoidance Thirst 2 kindsThirst 2 kinds Extra-cellular thirst-Extra-cellular thirst- when water is lost when water is lost

from fluids surrounding cellsfrom fluids surrounding cells– Bleeding, vomiting, sweating, drinking Bleeding, vomiting, sweating, drinking

alcoholalcohol Intra-cellular thirstIntra-cellular thirst

– Salt level Salt level – Draws fluid out of cellsDraws fluid out of cells

Pain-Pain-

Drive to avoid pain=episodicDrive to avoid pain=episodic Takes place at certain episodes when Takes place at certain episodes when

body is or is about to be damagedbody is or is about to be damaged

Prompts us to avoid painPrompts us to avoid pain

Pain tolerance-Pain tolerance- is learned- raise of is learned- raise of lower tolerancelower tolerance

Brian MechanismsBrian Mechanisms There are many parts of brain There are many parts of brain

associated with motivationassociated with motivation

HypothalamusHypothalamus

does regulate motivation and emotiondoes regulate motivation and emotion– Thirst, hunger, sexual behaviorThirst, hunger, sexual behavior– Is sensitive to sugar in the bloodIs sensitive to sugar in the blood– Receives neural messages from liver and Receives neural messages from liver and

stomachstomach– One part signals hunger =feeding systemOne part signals hunger =feeding system

Which initiates eatingWhich initiates eating

Hypothalamus 2Hypothalamus 2

Lateral hypothalamus- (hunger Lateral hypothalamus- (hunger feelings)feelings)– When electrified causes animals to eat When electrified causes animals to eat – If destroyed = no eatingIf destroyed = no eating

Ventro-Medial Ventro-Medial HypothalamusHypothalamus

Part of Hypothalamus relates directly to Part of Hypothalamus relates directly to SatietySatiety (fullness) feelings= stop (fullness) feelings= stop mechanismmechanism

If destroyed = overeatingIf destroyed = overeating (Bottom medium part of the (Bottom medium part of the

hypothalamus)hypothalamus)

Marijuana-”Mary-Jane” causes a Marijuana-”Mary-Jane” causes a hypothalamic response= “Munchies”hypothalamic response= “Munchies”

Paraventricular Nucleus Paraventricular Nucleus of of

HypothalamusHypothalamus Affects hunger= helps keep blood Affects hunger= helps keep blood

sugar level steadysugar level steady Both- starts and stops eatingBoth- starts and stops eating Sensitive to Sensitive to Neuropeptide Y (NPY)Neuropeptide Y (NPY)

– Large amount = hungerLarge amount = hunger

Glucagon -Like Peptide 1 Glucagon -Like Peptide 1 (GLP1)(GLP1)

Causes eating to ceaseCauses eating to cease– Released by intestines Released by intestines – After eating a mealAfter eating a meal– In blood then to brainIn blood then to brain– 10 minutes after eating- (eat slow = eat 10 minutes after eating- (eat slow = eat

less)less)

Set Point- ThermostatSet Point- Thermostat

When fat levels riseWhen fat levels rise LeptinLeptin- Fat cells release-- Fat cells release-tells brain tells brain

to stop eating.to stop eating.

The body is homeostatic when we The body is homeostatic when we are at the set point and then it is are at the set point and then it is activated to reach the set point when activated to reach the set point when we fall below.we fall below.

Taste AversionTaste Aversion

Associated with nauseaAssociated with nausea– Classical conditioningClassical conditioning– Biological tendency- associate food with Biological tendency- associate food with

sickness sickness – ProtectiveProtective

Eating DisordersEating Disorders

Anorexia NervosaAnorexia Nervosa– Adolescent Females Adolescent Females

<5-10% male><5-10% male>– Severe DietingSevere Dieting– Compulsive attempt Compulsive attempt

to lose weightto lose weight– Do not seek or Do not seek or

desire fooddesire food– 1 in 20 die of 1 in 20 die of

malnutritionmalnutrition

Bulimia NervosaBulimia Nervosa– Gorge on food then Gorge on food then

vomitvomit– Take laxatives to Take laxatives to

avoid weight gainavoid weight gain

Causes of Bulimia AnorexiaCauses of Bulimia Anorexia

Women dissatisfied with bodiesWomen dissatisfied with bodies– Distorted view of themselves Distorted view of themselves – ““They think they’re fat, exaggerated They think they’re fat, exaggerated

fears of becoming fat.”fears of becoming fat.” Distorted Messages from mediaDistorted Messages from media

– Compulsion- comparing to modelsCompulsion- comparing to models– Distorted body imageDistorted body image

Perfect daughter control issuesPerfect daughter control issues Shame, guilt, self contempt, anxietyShame, guilt, self contempt, anxiety

Treatment of Eating Treatment of Eating DisordersDisorders

Medical dietMedical diet Behavioral Counseling-Behavioral Counseling- self monitoring of self monitoring of

food intakefood intake– Extinction training (to end the learned Extinction training (to end the learned

behavior) urge to vomitbehavior) urge to vomit Cognitive approach-Cognitive approach-

– Change the thinking patterns & belief system Change the thinking patterns & belief system about weight + body imageabout weight + body image

Usually people need outside support and Usually people need outside support and urging from familyurging from family

Sex DriveSex Drive

Sex DriveSex Drive= one’s = one’s motivation to motivation to engage in sexual engage in sexual behaviorbehavior

Mammals- female-Mammals- female-hormone- hormone- EstrusEstrus = = “Heat”“Heat”

Caused by Caused by EstrogenEstrogen

Male animals Male animals Ready to mate Ready to mate sex drive= aroused sex drive= aroused

by behavior + sent by behavior + sent of receptive femaleof receptive female

Human Sex DriveHuman Sex Drive

Non-HomeostaticNon-Homeostatic- it works independent - it works independent of bodily needof bodily need

Sex drive in men is related to Sex drive in men is related to amount of Androgensamount of Androgens= male = male hormonehormone

Produced by Produced by testestestes (puberty- increases supply of (puberty- increases supply of

androgens)androgens)

Women Sex DriveWomen Sex Drive

Produce AndrogensProduce Androgens causes causes increase in sex driveincrease in sex drive

Human Sex DriveHuman Sex Drive Human sex Drive can be aroused at anytimeHuman sex Drive can be aroused at anytime

Sexual activity- does not prevent sexual Sexual activity- does not prevent sexual desiredesire

Sex drive can be aroused + ReducedSex drive can be aroused + Reduced

““The Coolidge EffectThe Coolidge Effect” ” – Male sex drive can be Male sex drive can be aroused repeatedly with newaroused repeatedly with new

sexual partners.sexual partners.–

Circadian RhythmsCircadian Rhythms

Internal Biological ClocksInternal Biological Clocks– 24 hour cycle24 hour cycle– Guide Body ActivityGuide Body Activity

LiverLiver KidneyKidney Blood PressureBlood Pressure Endocrine Glands Endocrine Glands

Peak During Day

Adrenaline is

3-5x higher

Test Anxiety Pg 445Test Anxiety Pg 445

Learned Motives Learned Motives

We learn to pursue excellenceWe learn to pursue excellence

Reinforcers- Reinforcers- – Praise money, success--Praise money, success--affect goals and affect goals and

desiresdesires

Opponent Process TheoryOpponent Process Theory

Richard SolomonRichard Solomon (1980) (1980) Explains learned motives Explains learned motives Example drug addictionExample drug addiction ““If a stimulus causes a strong emotion If a stimulus causes a strong emotion

<Fear or Pleasure> an opposite emotion <Fear or Pleasure> an opposite emotion tends to occur when stimulus ends”tends to occur when stimulus ends”

Stimulus of pain + Pain ends =Stimulus of pain + Pain ends =reliefrelief

Opponent Process Theory 2Opponent Process Theory 2 Pleasure + Drug use – end of drug use=Pleasure + Drug use – end of drug use= Pleasure ends – craving & discomfort Pleasure ends – craving & discomfort

developsdevelops

In love + feel good when lover is present In love + feel good when lover is present Take away lover = discomfort when they Take away lover = discomfort when they

are not thereare not there If stimulusIf stimulus is repeated- our response is is repeated- our response is

habituatedhabituated (gets weaker) (gets weaker)

Emotional after affectsEmotional after affects get stronger with get stronger with repetition (example- depression when repetition (example- depression when drug use ends) drug use ends)

Social MotivesSocial Motives

Success, money, possessions, status, Success, money, possessions, status, love, approval, grades, powerlove, approval, grades, power

Acquired through conditioning + Acquired through conditioning + socializationsocialization

Due to learned needsDue to learned needs

Need For Achievement Need For Achievement (nAch)(nAch)

A desire to meet an internal standard A desire to meet an internal standard of excellenceof excellence

People strive to do well- in any People strive to do well- in any situation which evaluation takes placesituation which evaluation takes place

People for high need for achievement People for high need for achievement enjoy challenges + chances to test enjoy challenges + chances to test abilitiesabilities

Need For Achievement Need For Achievement (NACH) (NACH)

Mclelland- could predict behavior of Mclelland- could predict behavior of high and low achievers.high and low achievers.

Characteristics of:Characteristics of:– People with high (nAch) don’t seek goals People with high (nAch) don’t seek goals

that are too easythat are too easy– Avoid goals that are too riskyAvoid goals that are too risky– Complete difficult tasks to get gradesComplete difficult tasks to get grades– Excel in occupations Excel in occupations – Work harder when they don’t do wellWork harder when they don’t do well

Achievers- Key To SuccessAchievers- Key To Success

Benjamin BloomBenjamin Bloom Identified via a studyIdentified via a study Found Found drive and determination = drive and determination =

successsuccess

Achievers- Parents Support Achievers- Parents Support Success in ChildrenSuccess in Children

Parents Parents expose childrenexpose children to music, to music, swimming, science, (ideas for fun) swimming, science, (ideas for fun) (Stimulating environment= more (Stimulating environment= more synapses) synapses)

Talent is Talent is nurtured by dedication + hard nurtured by dedication + hard workwork

Support child’s special interestSupport child’s special interest Emphasize doing one’s best at all timesEmphasize doing one’s best at all times Coaching and encouraging practiceCoaching and encouraging practice

Achievers- Achievers- Self ConfidenceSelf Confidence==people believe they can reach a goalpeople believe they can reach a goal

Set goals that are Set goals that are specific and specific and challenging but challenging but attainableattainable

Visualize the steps Visualize the steps you need to reach you need to reach your goalyour goal

Advance with small Advance with small stepssteps

Get expert Get expert instructioninstruction

Find skilled models Find skilled models to emulateto emulate

Get support + Get support + encouragementencouragement

If you fail- regard it If you fail- regard it as a sign you need as a sign you need to try harderto try harder

Self Confidence affects Motivation--- “Duh”

Abraham Abraham MaslowMaslow

Self actualizing = Full use of personal potential

Described a Hierarchy of Human needs

Base of Pyramid= Base of Pyramid= Necessary for Necessary for survivalsurvival

Pre-potent = Pre-potent = Dominant over Dominant over higher needshigher needs

Deficiency Deficiency Motives- Motives- Activated by a Activated by a lack of – food, lack of – food, water, security, water, security, love, esteem, or love, esteem, or other basic need.other basic need.

Growth needs-Growth needs-– Positive-Positive- life life

enhancing for enhancing for personal personal growth.growth.

MetaMeta needs- needs- Higher needs, Higher needs,

Tendency for Tendency for self-self-actualizationactualization

Meta NeedsMeta Needs

We tend to move up to Meta needsWe tend to move up to Meta needs

A person who meets survival needs then A person who meets survival needs then moves to meta needs if these are moves to meta needs if these are unfulfilled unfulfilled

They are in a “ They are in a “ Syndrome of DecaySyndrome of Decay”” Characterized by despair, apathy, and Characterized by despair, apathy, and

AlienationAlienation

Syndrome of decay- when we cannot Syndrome of decay- when we cannot reach our higher other needsreach our higher other needs

Most people are concerned with Most people are concerned with esteem, love, security, but they don’t esteem, love, security, but they don’t get much past that.get much past that.

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Intrinsic and Extrinsic MotivesMotives

Intrinsic motivation- we act without Intrinsic motivation- we act without any obvious external rewards. You any obvious external rewards. You are motivated on your own part.= are motivated on your own part.= high achievershigh achievers

Extrinsic- external rewards enhance Extrinsic- external rewards enhance motivation- ex money, grades, motivation- ex money, grades, approvalapproval

Creativity + MotivationCreativity + Motivation

Creativity is enhanced by personal Creativity is enhanced by personal interest and freedom of choice. Killed interest and freedom of choice. Killed when you are limited (surveillance, when you are limited (surveillance, rules, conforming)rules, conforming)

Working to get money= not being Working to get money= not being creativecreative

Children and intrinsic Children and intrinsic motivationmotivation

If basic skill is lacking, extrinsic If basic skill is lacking, extrinsic activity can help develop intrinsic activity can help develop intrinsic motivation.motivation.

Basics of EmotionBasics of Emotion

Emotions help us to adapt to Emotions help us to adapt to environmentenvironment

= physiological arousal= physiological arousal

Emotional Knowledge= self awareness Emotional Knowledge= self awareness EmpathyEmpathy Can manage feelings Can manage feelings We can use emotionsWe can use emotions Romantic love is in this chapterRomantic love is in this chapter

EmotionsEmotions Help and can cause Help and can cause

problems- hate, problems- hate, anger, fearanger, fear

Disrupts behavior and Disrupts behavior and damages relationshipsdamages relationships

Physiological- bodily Physiological- bodily responsesresponses

Posture, tone, facial Posture, tone, facial expressions, body expressions, body language= emotional language= emotional outward expressionsoutward expressions

Sympathetic nervous Sympathetic nervous systemsystem

ANS= responses to emotion. ANS= responses to emotion. Sympathetic= activates emotion, Sympathetic= activates emotion, arousal, fight or flightarousal, fight or flight

Parasympathetic- opposite. Slows Parasympathetic- opposite. Slows down the reaction and conserves down the reaction and conserves energy.energy.

PlutchikPlutchik

Plutchik’s 8 primary emotions:Plutchik’s 8 primary emotions:

Fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger, Fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger, anticipation, joy, and trust/ anticipation, joy, and trust/ acceptanceacceptance

They fluctuate in intensity and can They fluctuate in intensity and can be mixed and yield to another be mixed and yield to another emotion (hybrid emotion)emotion (hybrid emotion)

Moods are tied to circadian rhythms. Moods are tied to circadian rhythms.

Brain and EmotionBrain and Emotion

Positive emotion= left hemisphere.Positive emotion= left hemisphere. Negative emotion= right Negative emotion= right

hemisphere.hemisphere. Some emotional processing= Some emotional processing=

cerebral cortexcerebral cortex Amygdala= fearAmygdala= fear

Facial ExpressionsFacial Expressions

Expressing Emotions“Psychologists believe that emotional expressions evolved to communicate our feelings to others which aids survival”People more sensitive to angry, scheming thinking, faces…Basic Facial expressions seem to be universal

Cultural Differences in Cultural Differences in EmotionEmotion

Asian cultures- group harmony is Asian cultures- group harmony is importantimportant

-- Anger is not a public emotion Anger is not a public emotion

America and Western Europe= Anger is America and Western Europe= Anger is commoncommon

reflects values of independence + reflects values of independence + rightsrights

justicejustice