Motivation and EmotionMotivation and EmotionCh 13 notesCh 13 notes

Questions????Questions???? 1. Why did you sign up to take Psychology?1. Why did you sign up to take Psychology? 2. How does it feel when you do your best?2. How does it feel when you do your best? 3. If we know we are going to feel good 3. If we know we are going to feel good

when we do our best; then why donwhen we do our best; then why don’’t we do t we do our best all of the time? Or more often?our best all of the time? Or more often?

4. What is motivation?4. What is motivation? 5. Do you think that our motivation 5. Do you think that our motivation

changes as we age?changes as we age? 6. Besides money, what motivates adults to 6. Besides money, what motivates adults to

go to work?go to work?

TerminologyTerminology Motive: stimulus that moves a Motive: stimulus that moves a

person to behave in ways designed person to behave in ways designed to accomplish a specific goalto accomplish a specific goal

Need: a condition in which we Need: a condition in which we require something we lackrequire something we lack– Both biological (inborn) and Both biological (inborn) and

psychological (learned)psychological (learned)

Drives: forces that motivate an Drives: forces that motivate an organism to take actionorganism to take action (food gives (food gives rise to the hunger drive)rise to the hunger drive)

Theories of MotivationTheories of Motivation(1) Instinct Theory(1) Instinct Theory

Behavior patterns that are genetically Behavior patterns that are genetically transmitted from generation to transmitted from generation to generation are instincts.generation are instincts.

At one time psychologists believed At one time psychologists believed that human behavior, like that of that human behavior, like that of animals, is instinctive.animals, is instinctive.

Today, most psychologists do not Today, most psychologists do not believe that human behavior is believe that human behavior is primarily motivated by instinct primarily motivated by instinct because it would need to be found because it would need to be found throughout the species.throughout the species.

(2) Drive-Reduction Theory(2) Drive-Reduction Theory People and animals experience a drive People and animals experience a drive

arising from a need to rid themselves arising from a need to rid themselves from an unpleasant tension.from an unpleasant tension.

Some drives are caused by biological Some drives are caused by biological needs (hunger), some are learned needs (hunger), some are learned (need for $)(need for $)

Do what we can to maintain a state of Do what we can to maintain a state of equilibrium known as homeostasis.equilibrium known as homeostasis.

Explains a lot but not all motivation. Explains a lot but not all motivation. Some people eat when they are not Some people eat when they are not hungry.hungry.

(3) Humanistic Theory(3) Humanistic Theory People are also motivated by the People are also motivated by the

conscious desire for personal growth and conscious desire for personal growth and artistic fulfillment.artistic fulfillment.– Self-actualization refers to the need to Self-actualization refers to the need to

become what one believes he or she is become what one believes he or she is capable of being.capable of being.

Abraham MaslowAbraham Maslow’’s Hierarchy of Needss Hierarchy of Needs– People rise naturally through the People rise naturally through the

levels as long as they do not encounter levels as long as they do not encounter overwhelming obstacles along the overwhelming obstacles along the way.way.

– Critics say it doesnCritics say it doesn’’t apply to allt apply to all

(4) Sociocultural Theory(4) Sociocultural Theory Even if basic drives such as Even if basic drives such as

hunger are inborn, cultural hunger are inborn, cultural experiences and factors experiences and factors influence the behavior that influence the behavior that people use to satisfy those people use to satisfy those drives.drives.– Foods people eat and the way they Foods people eat and the way they

eat those foods are shaped by eat those foods are shaped by cultureculture

Psychological NeedsPsychological Needs Stimulus motives are desires for Stimulus motives are desires for

stimulationstimulation– Sensory stimulationSensory stimulation– activityactivity– exploration exploration – manipulation of the environmentmanipulation of the environment

Sensory DeprivationSensory Deprivation Is the Absence of stimulationIs the Absence of stimulation What happened to the people in the What happened to the people in the

sensory deprivation experiment?sensory deprivation experiment? Students – small and dark room which could only Students – small and dark room which could only

hear a dull hum of air conditioner. 24hrs paid hear a dull hum of air conditioner. 24hrs paid $145.00 $145.00

((Felt bored and irritable, reported Felt bored and irritable, reported hallucinations, had trouble hallucinations, had trouble concentrating and readjusting to their concentrating and readjusting to their environment after the experiment)environment after the experiment)

Proves the importance of sensory Proves the importance of sensory stimulation to humans.stimulation to humans.

Sensation SeekersSensation Seekers All people need seek sensory All people need seek sensory

stimulation, but some need more than stimulation, but some need more than others.others.

Some people like being coach potatoes. Some people like being coach potatoes. Relaxing around the television.Relaxing around the television.

Some people seek out active Some people seek out active

lifestyles. They are more happy lifestyles. They are more happy

when mountain biking, throwing when mountain biking, throwing

a ball around, hiking or kayaking.a ball around, hiking or kayaking.

Exploration & ManipulationExploration & Manipulation

New surroundings can be frightening, New surroundings can be frightening, eventually eventually we will explore this new territory we will explore this new territory to learn more about itto learn more about it. (like a cat). (like a cat)

Novel StimulationNovel Stimulation- animals such as - animals such as laboratory rats or chimpanzees laboratory rats or chimpanzees look for new look for new experiencesexperiences and unfamiliar parts of mazes and unfamiliar parts of mazes rather than the familiar to obtain goalsrather than the familiar to obtain goals. . (Busy Boxes- infants)(Busy Boxes- infants)

Achievement MotivationAchievement Motivation

People who are driven to get ahead, tackle People who are driven to get ahead, tackle challenging situationschallenging situations, & meet high , & meet high personal standards of success.personal standards of success.

Will spend extra time on difficult test items Will spend extra time on difficult test items until they find an answer or run out of until they find an answer or run out of time. time.

May strive to move ahead in their careers May strive to move ahead in their careers & set challenging goals for themselves.& set challenging goals for themselves.

Performance v. Learning GoalsPerformance v. Learning Goals

PerformancePerformance– Specific goalsSpecific goals

Ex: gaining Ex: gaining admission to a admission to a collegecollege, earning , earning parent/teacher parent/teacher approval, even approval, even just avoiding just avoiding criticismcriticism

Learning Learning – Learning for the Learning for the

sake of learningsake of learningCan be very Can be very

powerfulpowerful

Extrinsic v. Intrinsic RewardsExtrinsic v. Intrinsic Rewards

ExtrinsicExtrinsic– External rewardsExternal rewards– Good gradesGood grades– Good incomeGood income– Most often how Most often how

performance goals performance goals are rewardedare rewarded

IntrinsicIntrinsic– Internal rewardsInternal rewards– Self-satisfactionSelf-satisfaction– Usually how Usually how

learning goals learning goals are rewardedare rewarded

Making Things FitMaking Things FitCognitive ConsistencyCognitive Consistency

Many psychological needs are aimed at reducing Many psychological needs are aimed at reducing stimulation or tension.stimulation or tension.

Cognitive consistency – people that seek to behave Cognitive consistency – people that seek to behave & think in ways that fit how they believe & how & think in ways that fit how they believe & how others expect them to behave & think. others expect them to behave & think.

Liberal person would not support a conservative Liberal person would not support a conservative candidate. (behave based on their beliefs)candidate. (behave based on their beliefs)

They prefer that the pieces of their lives fit together. They prefer that the pieces of their lives fit together. Seek out friends with similar values.Seek out friends with similar values.

Balance TheoryBalance Theory People need to organize their perceptions, People need to organize their perceptions,

opinions, and beliefs in a harmonious manneropinions, and beliefs in a harmonious manner Maintain a cognitive balance by holding Maintain a cognitive balance by holding

consistent views and by being with people consistent views and by being with people who share their beliefs and valueswho share their beliefs and values

Imbalance - When someone we care about Imbalance - When someone we care about disagrees with us. disagrees with us.

We may try to persuade the person to change We may try to persuade the person to change his/her attitude or we may change our his/her attitude or we may change our feelings about that person.feelings about that person.

Nonbalance – Careless about their opinion, Nonbalance – Careless about their opinion, because we could careless about them.because we could careless about them.

Affiliation – desire to join others and be part Affiliation – desire to join others and be part of something larger than oneselfof something larger than oneself

Why do people desire affiliation with others?Why do people desire affiliation with others?

– Humans are social beings and need to be Humans are social beings and need to be with otherswith others

– During adolescence, this need is VERY During adolescence, this need is VERY strong.strong.

– However, some people are so strongly However, some people are so strongly motivated to affiliate that they find it motivated to affiliate that they find it painful to be by themselves.painful to be by themselves.