morphometrical studies on scapula of bluebull ( boselaphus ... kavita rohlan 1, rakesh mathur 2 and...

Journal of Wildlife Research | April-June, 2017 | Volume 05 | Issue 02 | Pages 16-19 © 2017 Jakraya

JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE RESEARCH

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Morphometrical Studies on Scapula of Bluebull (Boselaphus tragocamelus) Kavita Rohlan1, Rakesh Mathur2 and Nikhil Shringi3

Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, RAJUVAS, Bikaner - 334001, India. *Corresponding Author: Kavita Rohlan Email: [email protected] Received: 21/04/2017 Accepted: 07/06/2017

Abstract The gross morphometrical study was carried out on the scapula of

six adult Blue bulls. The scapula of was flat and triangular in shape, consisting of two surfaces, three borders and three angles. There was no significant difference in between the right and left scapulae procured from same animal. The lateral surface was divided by the scapular spine into a small and elongated supra-spinous fossa and a much larger and triangular, infra-spinous fossa. The spine was sharp and wavy in outline. The acromian process was pointed, tuber spine was indistinguishable and sub-scapular fossa was marked deep. The tuber-scapulae were small and the coracoids process was ill developed. The glenoid cavity was shallow, oval shaped and a small glenoid notch was present over glenoid cavity. Keywords: Bluebull, Morphometrical, Scapular spine, Scapula.

1. Introduction The Blue bull or Nilgai (Boselaphus

tragocamelus) is the largest Asian antelope. Blue Bull is a Schedule - III animal of the Wildlife Protection Act (1972), in India and is in the “Least concern” category as per the IUCN Red Data List assessed by Mallon (2008). The aim of this study is to investigate scapula of Blue bull, in the vetero-legal cases, fails to identify the bones of this animal from those of some other small ruminants. This investigation will be helpful to the field veterinarians as well as zoo veterinarians. 2. Material and Method

In this study six specimens of adult Blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus) were used which were studied at Bikaner zoo. Three of the specimens were of male and three of female. The sex was confirmed by the history taken from the persons engaged in burying the dead animals in the zoo premises. These osteological specimens were studies to record their gross morphological features. Different parameters of scapula were measured and subjected to routine statistical analysis (Snedecor and Cochran, 1994). The following studies were conducted on the collected specimens. Scapular index (SI) was calculated as the average ratio between the length and breadth of scapula.

SI = Maximum length / Maximum breadth*100 (Miller et al., 1964).

3. Result and Discussion The scapula (Fig. 1 & 2) was a flat triangular

and relatively wider bone at the dorsal end and narrower at the ventral end, which is similar to the findings of Raghavan (1964) in ox, Miller et al. (1964) in dog, Getty (1975) in horse, Jangir (2010) in Chinkara, Nzalak et al. (2010) in Lion, Choudhary et al. (2013) in Chital, Gupta and Deshmukh (2014) in dromendary camel, Choudhary and Singh (2016a) in Blackbuck. The lateral surface (Fig 1) was divided by the scapular spine into a smaller supra-spinous fossa and a much larger, infra-spinous fossa which was in agreement with Raghavan (1964) in ox, Getty (1975) in horse, Jangir (2010) in Chinkara, Nzalak et al. (2010) in Lion, Choudhary et al. (2013) in Chital, Gupta and Deshmukh (2014) in dromendary camel and Choudhary and Singh (2016a) in Blackbuck but was in disagreement with Miller et al. (1964) in dog.

The average ratio of the maximum lengths of supra-spinous fossa to infra-spinous fossa was 1: 3.03, while ratio of area was 1:4 for ox (Raghavan, 1964) 1:4.23 for Chinkara (Jangir, 2010), 1:4.15 for Chital (Choudhary et al., 2013), 1:3.21 for Blackbuck (Choudhary and Singh, 2016a). The spine (Fig. 1& 2) of the scapula extended up to the level of neck as acromian process similar to the findings of Raghavan (1964) in ox, Jangir (2010) in Chinkara, Choudhary et al. (2013) in Chital, Gupta and Deshmukh (2014) in dromendary camel and Choudhary and Singh (2016a) in Blackbuck. However, in contrast, it was stated by Getty (1975) that the spine of the scapula subsides at –

Rohlan et al… Morphometrical Studies on Scapula for Bluebull (Boselaphus tragocamelus)


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Fig 1: Lateral view of Right scapula -1. Cranial angle 2. Caudal angle 3. Ventral angle 4. Supra-spinatous fossa 5.

Infra-spinatous fossa 6. Cranial Border 7. Vertebral Border 8. Caudal Border 9. Scapular spine 10. Acromian process 11. Glenoid cavity.

Fig 2: Medial view of Right Scapula - 1. Cranial part for facies serrate 2. Caudal part for facies serrate 3. Sub-scapular

fossa 4. Neck 5. Tuber scapulae 6. Glenoid cavity .

1 2

3

4

5

6

2 7 1

5 9 4

8 6

10 3

11



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Table 1: Different measurements of Scapula

S. No.

Description Maximum

height (Hm)

Maximum breadth (Bm)

Maximum length of spine (Ls)

Maximum breadth of

Neck (Bn)

Maximum breadth of glenoid cavity (Dg)

Maximum breadth of

supra-spinatus

fossa (Bs)

Maximum breadth of

infra-spinatus

fossa (Bi)

1. Female -1 Left 29.40 14.80 25.62 6.30 4.50 3.25 11.70 Right 29.45 14.75 25.65 6.20 6.20 3.20 11.75



4. Male -1 Left 33.25 16.75 27.75 7.50 7.50 4.45 12.20 Right 33.28 16.80 27.72 7.45 7.45 4.90 12.25

5. Male -1 Left 33.38 16.55 27.70 7.10 7.10 4.85 12.35 Right 33.45 16.50 27.78 7.00 7.00 4.80 12.40

6. Male -1 Left 33.60 16.35 27.80 7.25 7.25 4.25 12.10 Right 33.65 16.45 27.82 7.30 7.30 4.30 12.15

Mean 31.40 15.62 26.67 6.83 6.68 3.9 11.83 SD 2.14 1.01 1.14 0.51 0.84 0.75 0.48 SE 0.62 0.29 0.33 0.15 0.24 0.22 0.14

the neck of the bone in horse. Moreover, the acromian process was prominent and plate like as met-acromian process according to Miller et al. (1964) and Nzalak et al. (2010) in Lion. The tuber spine was indistinguishable which was in accordance with the findings of Rhagwan (1964) in ox, Miller et al. (1964) in dog, Jangir (2010) in Chinkara, Choudhary et al. (2013) in Chital, Choudhary and Singh (2016a) in Blackbuck, however it was prominent in horse (Getty, 1975). On medial surface (Fig 2), the sub-scapular fossa was deep which was simulated the findings of Getty (1975) in horse, while it was disagreed with the findings of Raghavan (1964) in ox, Jangir (2010) in Chinkara, Nzalak et al. (2010) in lion, Choudhary et al. (2013) in Chital, Gupta and Desmukh (2014) in dromendary camel and Choudhary and Singh (2016a) in Blackbuck. The facies serrate consisted of a relatively large triangular cranial area and less extensive caudal linear area Bluebull similar to the findings of Raghavan (1964) in ox, Jangir (2010) in Chinkara, Choudhary et al. (2013) in Chital and Choudhary and Singh (2016a) in Blackbuck. This finding was in disagreement with Getty (1975) in horse where both the cranial and caudal areas were triangular. The vertebral border was wavy in blue bull which is similar to the reports of Jangir (2010) in Chinkara, Choudhary et al. (2013) in Chital and Choudhary and Singh (2016a) in Blackbuck, while it was markedly convex at the middle in Sambar deer and concave in Bakarwali goat (Sarma et al., 2004). The caudal border was thickest of all three borders, which is similar to dog (Miller et al., 1964). The nutrient foramen in the scapula of Blue bull was present at the distal third of the caudal border which confirmed with the findings of Getty (1975) in horse, Jangir (2010) in

Chinkara, Choudhary et al. (2013) in Chital and Choudhary and Singh (2016a) in Blackbuck, but it was in disagreement with Miller et al. (1964), who noted it to be located on the junction of ventral border of spine and scapula properly in dog. In the present study, the glenoid cavity was shallow and oval or heart-shaped in Blue bull which is similar to the findings in Chinkara (Jangir, 2010) and in Chital ( Choudhary et al. 2013) , in dromedary camel (Gupta and Desmukh, 2014) and in blackbuck (Choudhary and Singh, 2016a); whereas it was mostly circular and deep in Black Bengal goat (Siddiqui et al., 2008), oval in outline in horse (Getty, 1975), shallow and circular in outline in ox (Raghavan, 1964), very shallow in the dog (Miller et al, 1964). A small glenoid notch was present over the rim of glenoid cavity in Blue bull, which is similar to Getty (1975) in horse, Miller et al. (1964) in dog and undeveloped in ox (Raghavan, 1964), in Chinkara (Jangir, 2010), in Chital ( Choudhary et al., 2013), in dromedary camel ( Gupta and Desmukh, 2014) and in blackbuck (Choudhary and Singh, 2016a).

Tuber scapulae was small in Blue bull, which simulates the findings in Chinkara (Jangir, 2010), in Chital (Choudhary et al., 2013), in blackbuck (Choudhary and Singh, 2016a); it disagrees with the findings in dog (Miller et al., 1964), in horse (Getty, 1975), and in dromedary camel (Gupta and Desmukh, 2014) where it was prominent one. The coracoid process was ill-developed in the present study, which is more or less similar to the findings of Raghavan (1964) in ox, Getty (1975) in horse, Siddiqui et al. (2008) in Black Bengal goat, Jangir 2010) Chinkara, Choudhary et al. (2013) in chital and Choudhary and Singh (2016a) in blackbuck; while dissimilar to the



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observations of Gupta and Desmukh (2014) in dromedary camel where it was well developed.

The average maximum length and breadth of scapula (Table 1) in Blue bull was 31.40 ± 0.616 cm and 15.62 ± 0.29 cm respectively, which was 13.94 ± 0.30 cm and 6.62 ± 0.11 cm in Black Bengal goat (Siddiqui et al.2008); 14.07 ± 0.019 cm and 8.59 ± 0.016 cm in blackbuck (Choudhary and Singh, 2016a), 20.46 ± 0.03 cm and 11.94 ± 0.03cm, in chital (Choudhary et al., 2013) and 12.35 ± 0.12cm and 6.94 ± 0.06 cm in chinkara (Jangir, 2010). The scapular index in the present study was 49:74 for Blue bull which was 82.05 for tiger, 72.82 for leopard, 67.34 for Sambar, 65.83 for sheep, 62.43 for buffalo, 57.51 for deer, 55.74 for pig, 52.59 for ox, 45.86 for horse and 43.62 for goat as per calculations of Dalvi et al. (1997), 57.78 for Chinkara (Jangir, 2010), 58.35 for Chital (Choudhary et al., 2013) and 61.05 for blackbuck (Choudhary and Singh, 2016a). The average maximum length of spines, breadth of necks of scapulae and

breadth of glenoid cavities were 26.67 ± 0.33 cm, 6.833 ± 0.148 cm and 3.9 ± 0.217 cm, respectively. 4. Summary

The scapula was a flat triangular bone with two surfaces, three borders and three angles. The lateral surface was divided by the scapular spine into a small and elongated supra-spinous fossa and a much larger and triangular, infraspinous fossa. The acromian process was pointed, tuber spine was indistinguishable and sub-scapular fossa was deep. The glenoid cavity was shallow, oval shaped and glenoid notch was present over rim of glenoid cavity. Acknowledgement

My sincere thanks to Ministry of Forest, Govt. of Rajasthan, Deputy Conservator of Forest (WL), Bikaner, Additional Principal Chief Conservator of Forest (APCCF), Jaipur (Rajasthan) and Deputy forest protection plan, Jaipur who backed me during the course of the approval.

References Choudhary OP and Singh I (2016a). Morphometrical studies

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morphometrical studies on scapula of bluebull ( boselaphus ... kavita rohlan 1, rakesh mathur 2 and...

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