morphology, ploidy and molecular phylogenetics reveal a new … new gps.pdf · 2013-01-17 · 1242...
TRANSCRIPT
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TAXON����������'HFHPEHU�����������±����3HWWLJUHZ��DO����Adansonia kilima sp. nov., a diploid baobab from Africa
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INTRODUCTION
7KH�$IULFDQ�EDREDE�WUHH��Adansonia digitata /���VRPH-WLPHV�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�7UHH�RI�/LIH��KDV�P\ULDG�XVHV�LQ�PDQ\�GLI-IHUHQW�FXOWXUHV��VXSSO\LQJ�D�ZLGH�YDULHW\�RI�IRRGVWXIIV��DV�ZHOO�DV�ZDWHU��ILEHUV�IRU�ZHDYLQJ�DQG�URSH�PDNLQJ��YHVVHOV��DUWLVWLF�PDWHULDOV��HWF���:LFNHQV��������*HEDXHU��DO���������6LGLEH��:LOOLDPV��������:LFNHQV��/RZH��������'H�&DOXZp��DO����������%DREDEV�DOVR�VXSSO\�UDZ�PDWHULDOV�IRU�KXQWLQJ�DQG�ILVK-LQJ�HTXLSPHQW��IRU�PDNLQJ�PXVLFDO�LQVWUXPHQWV��DQG�DV�D�VRXUFH�RI�PDQ\�KHUEDO�UHPHGLHV��+ROORZ�EDREDEV�DUH�XVHG�IRU�VKHOWHU�DQG�WR�VWRUH�ZDWHU��DOVR�DV�SULVRQV��EXULDO�VLWHV��VWDEOHV��VWRUDJH�URRPV��ZDWFKWRZHUV��HWF��9LUWXDOO\�DOO�SDUWV�RI�WKH�SODQW�FDQ�EH�XVHG��DQG�WKH�WUHH�LV�LQGHOLEO\�LPSODQWHG�LQ�WKH�IRON�WUDGLWLRQV�DQG�P\WKRORJ\�RI�PDQ\�FXOWXUHV��7KHLU�LFRQLF�VKDSH��H[WUDRUGL-QDU\�ORQJHYLW\��LQGLYLGXDO�WUHHV�FDQ�OLYH�IRU�ZHOO�RYHU�WKRXVDQG�
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Morphology, ploidy and molecular phylogenetics reveal a new diploid species from Africa in the baobab genus Adansonia (Malvaceae: Bombacoideae)Jack D. Pettigrew FRS,!"# Karen L. Bell,$"% Adhil Bhagwandin,& Eunice Grinan,' Ngalla Jillani,& Jean Meyer,( Emily Wabuyele) & Claudia E. Vickers#
1 Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia2 Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne, Birdwood Avenue, South Yarra, Victoria 3141, Australia�� School of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia4 School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg,
Gauteng, 2193, South Africa�� Centre for Microscopy & Microanalysis, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072 Australia6 Pretoria National Herbarium, Cussonia Ave, Bremmeria 0001, South Africa�� East African Herbarium, Museum Hill Road, P.O Box 45166, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya�� Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072 Australia$XWKRU�IRU�FRUUHVSRQGHQFH� Jack D. Pettigrew, [email protected]
Abstract 7KH�JHQXV�Adansonia KDV�D�GLVMXQFW�JHRJUDSKLFDO�GLVWULEXWLRQ��VL[�VSHFLHV�DUH�HQGHPLF�LQ�0DGDJDVFDU��RQH�LQ�$IULFD��DQG�RQH�LQ�$XVWUDOLD��7KH�ZHOO�NQRZQ�$IULFDQ�EDREDE��Adansonia digitata��LV�DQ�LFRQLF�WUHH�ZLWK�FRQVLGHUDEOH�HWKQRERWDQLFDO�VLJQLILFDQFH��,Q�FRQWUDVW�WR�WKH�RWKHU�VHYHQ�VSHFLHV��ZKLFK�DUH�GLSORLG��A. digitata�LV�WHWUDSORLG��$�FRPPRQ�DQFHVWRU�RI�A. digitata DQG�WKH�RWKHU�GLSORLG�EDREDE�VSHFLHV�ZRXOG�EH�GLSORLG��KRZHYHU��WKHUH�DUH�QR�GLSORLG�VSHFLHV�UHFRUGHG�RQ�WKH�$IULFDQ�PDLQODQG��([DPLQLQJ�YDULDWLRQ�LQ�IORUDO�DQG�SROOHQ�FKDUDFWHUV�DQG�FKURPRVRPH�QXPEHU�LQ�VSHFLPHQV�IURP�$IULFD�LGHQWLILHG�D�QHZ�GLSORLG�EDREDE�VSHFLHV��Adansonia kilima VS��QRY���ZKLFK�FR�H[LVWV�ZLWK�A. digitata�LQ�$IULFD��Adansonia kilima�LV�UHVWULFWHG�WR�PRGHUDWH�HOHYDWLRQV�����±�����P���LQ�FRQWUDVW�WR�A. digitata� ZKLFK�LV�ZLGHVSUHDG�WKURXJKRXW�$IULFD�EXW�SUHIHUV�HOHYDWLRQV�EHORZ�����P��Adansonia kilima LV�VXSHUILFLDOO\�VLPLODU�WR�A. digitata��EXW�FDQ�EH�GLIIHUHQWLDWHG�RQ�WKH�EDVLV�RI�IORUDO�PRUSKRORJ\��SROOHQ��DQG�FKURPRVRPH�QXPEHU��:H�XVHG�WZR�FKORURSODVW�'1$�PDUNHUV�DQG�WKH�QXFOHDU�,76�WR�H[DPLQH�SK\ORJHQHWLF�UHODWLRQVKLSV�ZLWKLQ�Adansonia��7KUHH�OLQHDJHV�ZHUH�REVHUYHG��RQH�FRQWDLQLQJ�WKH�0DODJDV\�VSHFLHV��RQH�FRQWDLQLQJ�WKH�$XVWUDOLDQ�VSHFLHV��DQG�RQH�FRQWDLQLQJ�WKH�$IULFDQ�VSHFLHV��7KH�UHODWLRQVKLSV�EHWZHHQ�WKHVH�FODGHV�ZHUH�GLIILFXOW�WR�UHVROYH��EXW�D�OLQN�EHWZHHQ�WKH�$IULFDQ�DQG�$XVWUDOLDQ�FODGHV�HPHUJHG�ZKHQ�WKH�DQDO\VLV�XVHG�IHZHU�UHSOLFDWH�VDPSOHV�RI�LQGLYLGXDO�0DODJDV\�WD[D��LQFOXGHG�LQGHO�FKDUDFWHUV�DQG�LQFOXGHG�IHZHU�RXWJURXS�WD[D��7KH�,76�SK\ORJHQ\�GHPRQVWUDWHG�WKDW�A. digitata�DQG�A. kilima�DUH�JHQHWL-FDOO\�VLPLODU��VXJJHVWLQJ�WKDW�WHWUDSORLG\�HYROYHG�UHODWLYHO\�UHFHQWO\�
Keywords Adansonia kilima� $IULFD��EDREDE��GLSORLG��PROHFXODU�SK\ORJHQ\
Supplementary Material )LJXUHV�6�±6��DUH�DYDLODEOH�LQ�WKH�(OHFWURQLF�6XSSOHPHQW�WR�WKH�RQOLQH�YHUVLRQ�RI�WKLV�DUWLFOH��KWWS���ZZZ�LQJHQWDFRQQHFW�FRP�FRQWHQW�LDSW�WD[��
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3HWWLJUHZ��DO����Adansonia kilima sp. nov., a diploid baobab from AfricaTAXON����������'HFHPEHU�����������±����
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A. gregorii�)��0XHOO���HQGHPLF�WR�WKH�.LPEHUOH\�UHJLRQ�RI�QRUWK�ZHVWHUQ�$XVWUDOLD��DQG�VL[�VSHFLHV��A. grandidieri�%DLOO���A. su-arezensis�+��3HUULHU��A. rubrostipa�-XP���+��3HUULHU��A. za�%DLOO���A. madagascariensis�%DLOO���A. perrieri�&DSXURQ��ZKLFK�DUH�HQ-GHPLF�WR�0DGDJDVFDU��%DXP��������%UXPPLWW��������:LFNHQV��/RZH���������%DREDEV�DUH�GLYLGHG�LQWR�WKUHH�VHFWLRQV�DFFRUG-LQJ�WR�IORUDO�PRUSKRORJ\��A. VHFW��Adansonia (A. digitata�/����VHFW��Brevitubae�+RFKUHXWLQHU��WZR�0DODJDV\�VSHFLHV��A. grandidieri��A. suarezensis��DQG�VHFW��Longitubae +RFKUHXWLQHU��ILYH�VSHFLHV��WKH�UHPDLQLQJ�IRXU�0DODJDV\�VSHFLHV��DQG�WKH�$XVWUDOLDQ�VSHFLHV�A. gregorii���+RFKUHXWLQHU��������%DXP��������%UXPPLWW��������
7KH�FXULRXV�ELRJHRJUDSK\�RI�Adansonia KDV�FDXVHG�PXFK�VSHFXODWLRQ��$UPVWURQJ��������:LFNHQV��/RZH���������7KH�GLVMXQFW�GLVWULEXWLRQ²LQ�SDUWLFXODU��WKH�SUHVHQFH�RI�A. gregorii LQ�$XVWUDOLD��VR�IDU�IURP�WKH�RWKHU�VSHFLHV²LV�XQXVXDO��,W�ZDV�RULJLQDOO\�SUHVXPHG�WKDW�WKH�JHQXV�UHSUHVHQWV�D�UHOLFW�RI�WKH�*RQGZDQDQ�ODQG�PDVV��KRZHYHU��JHQHWLF�DQDO\VHV�KDYH�GHPRQ-VWUDWHG�WKH�JHQXV�SUREDEO\�DURVH�RQO\����PLOOLRQ�\HDUV�DJR��0D���ORQJ�DIWHU�*RQGZDQD�IUDJPHQWHG��%DXP��DO����������/RQJ�GLVWDQFH� GLVSHUVDO� �YLD� KXPDQV� DQG� WUDQVRFHDQLF� FXUUHQWV��$UPVWURQJ��������:LFNHQV��������$UPVWURQJ��������%RZPDQ��������%DXP��DO���������%OHQFK��������LV�QRZ�WKRXJKW�WR�EH�UHVSRQVLEOH�IRU�WKH�PRGHUQ�GLVWULEXWLRQ�
7KH�$IULFDQ�VSHFLHV��A. digitata��SUHVHQWV�DQ�LQWHUHVWLQJ�SUREOHP�FRQFHUQLQJ Adansonia� RULJLQV�EHFDXVH� LW� LV� WHWUD-SORLG²XQOLNH�WKH�RWKHU�VHYHQ�VSHFLHV��DOO�RI�ZKLFK�DUH�GLS-ORLG��%DXP��2JLQXPD���������$IULFD�FRXOG�EH�WKH�FHQWUH�RI�RULJLQ�IRU�Adansonia� IROORZLQJ�GLUHFW�RU�LQGLUHFW�GLVSHUVDO�RI�WKH�SURJHQLWRU�IURP�WKH�1HZ�:RUOG��ZKHUH�WKH�UHPDLQGHU�RI�VXEIDPLO\�%RPEDFRLGHDH��ZLWK�D�VPDOO�QXPEHU�RI�H[FHSWLRQV��LV�IRXQG��%DXP��DO���������'XDUWH��DO��������. ,Q�WKLV�FDVH��
DQFHVWRUV�RI�A. digitata�OLYLQJ�LQ�$IULFD�PXVW�KDYH�EHHQ�GLS-ORLG��ZLWK�WHWUDSORLG\�HYROYLQJ�RQO\�DIWHU�WKH�GLYHUJHQFH�RI�WKH�$XVWUDOLDQ�DQG�0DODJDV\�OLQHDJHV��$OWHUQDWLYHO\��A. digitata PD\�KDYH�KDG�D�GLSORLG�SURJHQLWRU�WKDW�KDG�LWV�RULJLQV�RXWVLGH�RI�$IULFD��H�J���LQ�0DGDJDVFDU��ZKLFK�LV�WKH�FHQWUH�RI�GLYHUVLW\���ZLWK�WHWUDSORLG\�HYROYLQJ�GXULQJ�RU�DIWHU�GLVSHUVDO�WR�$IULFD��7KLV�K\SRWKHVLV�LV�VKRZQ�LQ�)LJ�����DQG�UDLVHG�WKH�SRVVLELOLW\�WKDW�D�GLSORLG�UHSUHVHQWLQJ�WKH�SURJHQLWRU�RI�WKH�WHWUDSORLG�LV�VWLOO�H[WDQW�LQ�$IULFD��$�UHFHQW�ILHOG�VHDUFK�LQ�$IULFD�KDV�UHYHDOHG�D�QHZ�GLSORLG�VSHFLHV�WKDW�PLJKW�UHSUHVHQW�WKH�SRVWXODWHG�GLSORLG�SURJHQLWRU�OLQH��WKXV�SURYLGLQJ�HPSLULFDO�HYLGHQFH�LQ�VXSSRUW�RI�WKLV�K\SRWKHVLV. ,Q�WKH�SUHVHQW�SDSHU�ZH�GHVFULEH�WKLV�QHZ�VSHFLHV��A. kilima��DQG�H[DPLQH�WKH�SK\ORJHQHWLF�UHODWLRQVKLSV�ZLWKLQ�Adansonia LQ�OLJKW�RI�WKH�QHZ�VSHFLHV�
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sampling. — /HDYHV��IORZHUV��DQG�VHHGV�ZHUH�FROOHFWHG�IURP�EDREDE�WUHHV�LQ�D�QXPEHU�RI�ORFDWLRQV�LQ�$IULFD��7KH�VXUYH\�UHJLRQ�UDQJHG�IURP�WKH�HDVWHUQ�VORSHV�RI�0W��.LOLPDQMDUR��7VDYR�:HVW�1DWLRQDO�3DUN��LQ�.HQ\D�WR�WKH�VRXWK�.HQ\DQ�FRDVW��WKH�FHQWUDO�SODWHDX�RI�7DQ]DQLD�DQG�=DPELD��ZHVW�WR�%RWVZDQD�DQG�1DPLELD�DQG�VRXWK�WR�WKH�OLPLWV�RI�EDREDE�GLVWULEXWLRQ�LQ�WKH�/LPSRSR�UHJLRQ�RI�6RXWK�$IULFD��$�IHZ�VDPSOHV�IURP�6HQHJDO�LQ�:HVW�$IULFD�ZHUH�DOVR�SURYLGHG�E\�$ODLQ�&RDFKH��2&,6���/HDI�PDWHULDO�IURP�WKH�$XVWUDOLDQ�VSHFLHV�A. gregorii ZDV�FROOHFWHG�IURP�WUHHV�JURZLQJ�ZLOG�LQ�WKH�UHPRWH�.LPEHUOH\�UHJLRQ�RI�:HVW-HUQ�$XVWUDOLD��/HDI�PDWHULDO�IURP�0DODJDV\�VSHFLHV�ZDV�NLQGO\�SURYLGHG�E\�3DVFDO�'DQWKX��&,5$'��0DGDJDVFDU��DQG�&KULVWLDQ�.XOO�DQG�+DULSUL\D�5DQJDQ��0RQDVK�8QLYHUVLW\��$XVWUDOLD��
Hawk mothpollinated
Limitedinformation
Mammalpollinated
Mammalpollinated
Bombacoid outgroups
A. perrieri
A. madagascariensis
A. za
A. rubrostipa
A. suarezensis
A. grandidieri
A. gregorii
hypothetical diploid
A. digitata
Malagasy
Australian
African
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Phylogenetic analysis. —�6HTXHQFHV�XVHG�LQ�WKH�DQDO\VLV�DUH�VKRZQ�LQ�WKH�$SSHQGL[��$QDO\VHV�ZHUH�FDUULHG�RXW�XVLQJ�DOO�VHTXHQFHV�IRU�ZKLFK�YRXFKHU�VSHFLPHQV�ZHUH�DYDLODEOH��)XUWKHU�DQDO\VHV�ZHUH�FDUULHG�RXW�ZLWK�D�PRUH�FRPSOHWH�GDWDVHW��LQFOXG-LQJ�DW�OHDVW�RQH�UHSUHVHQWDWLYH�RI�DOO�VSHFLHV�LQ�WKH�JHQXV��EXW�IRU�ZKLFK�QRW�DOO�VHTXHQFHV�KDG�YRXFKHU�VSHFLPHQV��0XOWLSOH�VHTXHQFH�DOLJQPHQWV�ZHUH�FDUULHG�RXW�XVLQJ�086&/(�Y������WKURXJK�WKH�*HQHLRXV�LQWHUIDFH��ZLWK�HLJKW�LWHUDWLRQV��5HJLRQV�ZKHUH�WKH�DOLJQPHQW�ZDV�DPELJXRXV�ZHUH�UHPRYHG��LQGHOV�RI�PRUH�WKDQ�RQH�QXFOHRWLGH�ZHUH�UH�FRGHG�DV�D�VLQJOH�FKDUDFWHU��DQG�WKHQ�DQDO\VHV�ZHUH�UXQ�ZLWK�JDSV�WUHDWHG�DV�D�QHZ�FKDUDFWHU�VWDWH��DQG�ZLWK�JDSV�WUHDWHG�DV�XQNQRZQ��3DUVLPRQ\�DQDO\VHV�ZHUH�FDUULHG�RXW�LQ�3$83 �Y����ȕ����6ZRIIRUG���������)RU�HDFK�'1$�VHTXHQFH�UHJLRQ��D�KHXULVWLF�VHDUFK�ZLWK������UHSOLFDWHV��UDQGRP�DGGLWLRQ�RI�WD[D��DQG�WUHH�ELVHFWLRQ�UHFRQQHFWLRQ��7%5��EUDQFK�VZDSSLQJ�ZDV�XVHG��%RRWVWUDS�DQDO\VHV�ZHUH�FDUULHG�RXW�ZLWK������ERRWVWUDS�UHSOLFDWHV��HDFK�ZLWK�����KHXULVWLF�VHDUFK�UHSOLFDWHV��ZLWK�UDQGRP�DGGLWLRQ�RI�WD[D�DQG�7%5�EUDQFK�VZDS-SLQJ��8QFHUWDLQW\�DERXW�WKH�WRSRORJ\�RI�WKH�EDVDO�$XVWUDOLDQ��$IULFDQ�DQG�0DODJDV\�OLQHDJHV�ZDV�UHGXFHG�E\�WUHDWLQJ�JDSV�DV�D�QHZ�FKDUDFWHU�VWDWH��DV�GHVFULEHG�DERYH���UHGXFLQJ�WKH�QXPEHU�RI�VHTXHQFHV�LQ�WKH�ODUJH�0DODJDV\�FODGH��DQG�LQFOXGLQJ�GLIIHU-HQW�RXWJURXS�WD[D��:H�FRQWLQXHG�ZLWK�Cavanillesia platanifolia �%RQSO���.XQWK�DV�RXWJURXS��DV�WKLV�JDYH�WKH�ORZHVW�QXPEHU�RI�HTXDOO\�PRVW�SDUVLPRQLRXV�WUHHV��DOO�RI�ZKLFK�ZHUH�FRQVLVWHQW�LQ�WKHLU�UHVROXWLRQ�RI�WKH�EDVDO�QRGH��DQG�GLG�QRW�FRQIOLFW�ZLWK�FRQVHQVXV�WUHHV�GHULYHG�XVLQJ�RWKHU�RXWJURXS�WD[D�
%D\HVLDQ� DQDO\VLV�ZDV� FDUULHG� RXW� XVLQJ� WKH�0U%D\HV��+XHOVHQEHFN��5RQTXLVW��������5RQTXLVW��+XHOVHQEHFN��������SOXJLQ�Y�������IRU�*HQHLRXV��7KH�RSWLPDO�PRGHOV�RI�VH-TXHQFH�HYROXWLRQ�IRU�HDFK�JHQH�UHJLRQ�ZHUH�GHWHUPLQHG�ZLWK�WKH�$NDLNH�LQIRUPDWLRQ�FULWHULRQ��$,&��XVLQJ�0RGHOWHVW��WKURXJK�WKH�*HQHLRXV�LQWHUIDFH��8VLQJ�WKH�VHOHFWHG�PRGHO��WZR�VLPXOWD-QHRXV�VHDUFKHV�ZHUH�SHUIRUPHG��HDFK�ZLWK�IRXU�0&0&�FKDLQV��RQH�FROG�DQG�WKUHH�KRW���ZLWK�D�VDPSOH�IUHTXHQF\�RI�������(YHU\�����������JHQHUDWLRQV��WKH�VWDQGDUG�GHYLDWLRQ�RI�VSOLW�IUHTXHQFLHV�EHWZHHQ�WKH�WZR�VLPXOWDQHRXV�DQDO\VHV�ZDV�FDO-FXODWHG�DQG�ZKHQ�WKLV�GHFUHDVHG�WR�OHVV�WKDQ������WKH�VHDUFK�ZDV�VWRSSHG��7KLV�SURFHVV�ZDV�UHSHDWHG�ZLWK�WZR�IXUWKHU�VL-PXOWDQHRXV�UXQV�RI�WKH�0&0&��DQG�WKH�UHVXOWV�ZHUH�FRPSDUHG�WR�FRQILUP�WKDW�DSSDUHQW�FRQYHUJHQFH�RI�WKH�ILUVW�WZR�UXQV�ZDV�QRW�GXH�WR�ERWK�UHDFKLQJ�WKH�VDPH�ORFDO�RSWLPXP��3ORWV�RI�WKH�OLNHOLKRRGV�RI�VDPSOHG�WUHHV�ZHUH�H[DPLQHG�WR�GHWHUPLQH�ZKHQ�WKH�0&0&�FKDLQV�KDG�UHDFKHG�VWDWLRQDULW\��DQG�WKH�VDPSOHG�WUHHV�SULRU�WR�WKLV�ZHUH�GLVFDUGHG�DV�EXUQ�LQ��$�PDMRULW\�UXOH�FRQVHQVXV�WUHH�ZDV�REWDLQHG�IURP�WKH�UHPDLQLQJ�WUHHV�
Morphological analyses. —�6WRPDWDO�GLPHQVLRQV�ZHUH�GHWHUPLQHG�E\�XVLQJ�D�VPDOO��SRUWDEOH�ILHOG�PLFURVFRSH��3\VHU�(YROXWLRQ��3\VHU�6*,�/WG��(GHQEULGJH��8�.����&OHDU�QDLO�YDUQLVK�OLIWV�RI�WKH�DGD[LDO�OHDI�VXUIDFH�ZHUH�H[DPLQHG�XQGHU�î����PDJ-QLILFDWLRQ��,PDJHV�ZHUH�FDSWXUHG�WKURXJK�WKH�H\HSLHFH�XVLQJ�DQ�L3KRQH��$SSOH��DQG�VWRPDWDO�DSHUWXUH�PHDVXUHG�ZLWK�FDOLSHUV�DW�WKH�PD[LPXP�PDJQLILFDWLRQ�RQ�WKH�L3KRQH�VFUHHQ��7ULDOV�RQ�GLSORLG��A. gregorii� A. madagascariensis��DQG�WHWUDSORLG�(A. digitata��EDREDEV�IURP�WKH�%ULVEDQH�%RWDQLFDO�*DUGHQV��0W��&RRW�WKD��%ULVEDQH��GHPRQVWUDWHG�WKH�XWLOLW\�RI�WKLV�PHWKRG�IRU�GLIIHUHQWLDWLQJ�EHWZHHQ�GLSORLG�DQG�WHWUDSORLG�VSHFLHV��0HDQ�VWRPDWDO�OHQJWK�ZDV�PHDVXUHG�DQG�VWRPDWDO�GHQVLW\�ZDV�FDO-FXODWHG�IRU�OHDYHV�VDPSOHG�LQ�$IULFD��7UHHV�ZHUH�DVVLJQHG�WR�HLWKHU�GLSORLG�A. kilima RU�WHWUDSORLG�A. digitata�EDVHG�RQ�VL]H�RI�VWRPDWDO�DSHUWXUH��3ROOHQ�PHDVXUHPHQWV�XVLQJ�WKH�SRUWDEOH�PLFURVFRSH�ZHUH�DYDLODEOH�LQ�PDQ\�FDVHV�DQG�ZHUH�XVHG�WR�VXS-SRUW�WKH�GLDJQRVLV�EHFDXVH�RI�WKH�PXFK�ODUJHU�SROOHQ�VL]H�RI�WKH�WHWUDSORLG��VHH�EHORZ���0HDVXUHPHQWV�RI�DQGURHFLXP�OHQJWK�DQG�VWDON�GLDPHWHU��PD[LPXP�FDO\[�GLDPHWHU��DQG�VWDPLQDO�FRUROOD�ZLGWK�ZHUH�WDNHQ�XVLQJ�D�UXOHU��7KH�QXPEHU�RI�IUHH�VWDPLQDO�ILODPHQWV�ZDV�FRXQWHG�
3ROOHQ�ZDV�FROOHFWHG�RQWR�GRXEOH�VLGHG�DGKHVLYH�WDSH�WKDW�ZDV�DWWDFKHG�WR�D�PLFURVFRSH�VOLGH��)LHOG�PHDVXUHPHQWV�RI�SROOHQ�ZHUH�FDUULHG�RXW�XVLQJ�WKH�SRUWDEOH�ILHOG�PLFURVFRSH�DW����PDJQLILFDWLRQ��,PDJHV�ZHUH�FDSWXUHG�DQG�JUDLQV�PHDV-XUHG�RQ�WKH�L3KRQH�VFUHHQ�DV�GHVFULEHG�DERYH��&ROOHFWHG�SROOHQ�ZDV�FRDWHG�ZLWK�SODWLQXP�DQG�LPDJHG�ZLWK�D�-(2/�����)��)LHOG�(PLVVLRQ�6FDQQLQJ�(OHFWURQ�0LFURVFRSH��6(0��DW���N9��3ROOHQ�JUDLQ�GLDPHWHU�ZDV�PHDVXUHG�DQG�SROOHQ�VSLQHV�ZHUH�FRXQWHG��3ROOHQ�YROXPH�DQG�SROOHQ�VSLQH�GHQVLW\�ZHUH�FDOFXODWHG�IURP�WKHVH�GDWD�
Chromosome number. —�6HHGV�ZHUH�VRDNHG�LQ�FRQFHQ-WUDWHG�K\GURFKORULF�DFLG�IRU����KU�WR�EUHDN�GRUPDQF\�DQG�WKHQ�JHUPLQDWHG�LQ�FRPPHUFLDO�VHHG�UDLVLQJ�PL[��6HDUOHV��.LOFR\��$XVWUDOLD��XQWLO�WKH�FRW\OHGRQV�ZHUH�H[SDQGHG��6HHGOLQJV�ZHUH�WKHQ�UHPRYHG�IURP�WKH�VRLO��ULQVHG��DQG�SODFHG�LQ�WHVW�WXEHV�ILOOHG�ZLWK�DTXHRXV������FROFKLFLQH��7XEHV�ZHUH�ZUDSSHG�LQ�DOXPLQLXP�IRLO�DQG�LQFXEDWHG�DW���&�IRU����KU��5RRW�WLSV�DQG�
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RESULTS
Morphological differentiation between the diploid and the tetraploid. —�:H�SHUIRUPHG�D�VXUYH\�RI�EDREDEV�IURP�VHYHUDO�GLIIHUHQW�ORFDWLRQV�LQ�$IULFD�DQG�ZHUH�DEOH�WR�LGHQWLI\�WZR�VWRPDWDO�FODVVHV��)LJ��6����7KH�FODVV�ZLWK�D�ODUJHU�VWRPD-WDO�DSHUWXUH�DQG�ORZHU�VWRPDWDO�GHQVLW\��������P�DQG�����SHU������Pð��UHVSHFWLYHO\��KDG�D�FKURPRVRPH�FRXQW�RI��n = 160 �7DEOH�����7KLV�LV�LQ�DJUHHPHQW�ZLWK�SUHYLRXV�ILQGLQJV�IRU�WHWUD-SORLG�A. digitata��%DXP��2JLQXPD���������1XPHURXV�WUHHV�ZHUH�IRXQG�ZLWK�D�VPDOOHU�VWRPDWDO�DSHUWXUH��PHDQ�OHQJWK� ����1��P���KLJKHU�VWRPDWDO�GHQVLW\����SHU������Pð��DQG�PXFK�
Table . 0RUSKRORJLFDO�PHDVXUHPHQWV�DQG�FKURPRVRPH�QXPEHUV�IRU�A. kilima�DQG�A. digitata��1XPEHUV�DUH�DYHUDJHV�RU�UDQJHV�IURP n = ��WUHHV�SHU�VSHFLHV��A. kilima VDPSOHV�IURP�WKH�&HQWUDO�+LJKODQGV�RI�7DQ]DQLD��ILYH�A. digitata�VDPSOHV�IURP�WKH�FRDVWDO�UHJLRQ�DURXQG�0RPEDVD��.HQ\D�DQG�RQH�IURP�%ULVEDQH�%RWDQLF�*DUGHQV��IRU�DOO�PHDVXUHPHQWV�H[FHSW�IUHH�VWDPLQDO�ILODPHQWV��n� �����:KHUH�DYHUDJHV�DUH�XVHG��HUURUV�DUH�JLYHQ�DV�VWDQGDUG�GHYLDWLRQ��6�'���
&KDUDFWHULVWLFA. kilima �GLSORLG�
A. digitata �WHWUDSORLG�
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Phylogenetic analysis. —�:H�REWDLQHG�QHZ�psbA-trnH VSDFHU�VHTXHQFHV�IRU����LQGLYLGXDOV�DQG�trnL-trnF�VSDFHU�VH-TXHQFHV�IRU����LQGLYLGXDOV��RI�ZKLFK�IRXU�KDG�KHUEDULXP�YRXFK-HUV��LQ�DGGLWLRQ��ZH�REWDLQHG�WKH�,76�UHJLRQ�IRU����LQGLYLGXDOV��RI�ZKLFK�WKUHH�KDG�YRXFKHUV��6HTXHQFHV�ZHUH�DOVR�UHWULHYHG�IURP�*HQ%DQN�IRU�LQFOXVLRQ�LQ�WKH�DQDO\VLV��:KHQ�FRPELQHG�ZLWK�RXWJURXS�VHTXHQFHV��DQG�ZLWK�WKH�LQGHOV�UHFRGHG�DV�GH-VFULEHG�LQ�0DWHULDOV�DQG�0HWKRGV��WKLV�JDYH�D�WRWDO�DOLJQHG�'1$�VHTXHQFH�OHQJWK�RI�������RI�ZKLFK�����FKDUDFWHUV�ZHUH�YDULDEOH��DQG����RI�WKHVH�ZHUH�SDUVLPRQ\�LQIRUPDWLYH��7KH�VWULFW�FRQVHQVXV�WUHHV�RI�WKH�PRVW�SDUVLPRQLRXV�WUHHV��037V��IRU�HDFK�JHQH�UHJLRQ��XVLQJ�RQO\�WKRVH�VDPSOHV�ZLWK�YRXFKHUV��DUH�VKRZQ�LQ�)LJ���$±%��DQG�WKH�PDMRULW\�UXOH�FRQVHQVXV�WUHHV�
Fig. .�3ROOHQ�IURP�GLSORLG�DQG�WHWUDSORLG�VSHFLHV�RI�Adansonia��3ROOHQ�IURP�WHWUDSORLG�A. digi-tata (Ad)�KDV�WZLFH�WKH�YROXPH�RI�SROOHQ�IURP�GLSORLG�A. kilima (Ak)��7DEOH�����PDNLQJ�LGHQWLILFD-WLRQ�VWUDLJKWIRUZDUG�XVLQJ�D�ILHOG�PLFURVFRSH��7KLV��DQG�WKH�ORZHU�GHQVLW\�RI�VSLQHV��GLIIHUHQWLDWHV�LW�IURP�A. kilima SROOHQ��Adansonia digitata�VSLQHV�DUH�DOVR�ODUJHU�DQG�VWRXWHU�WKDQ�A. kilima�VSLQHV��3ROOHQ�IURP�A. madagascariensis �$P��KDV�PXFK�JUHDWHU�VSLQH�GHQ-VLW\�WKDQ�WKDW�RI�A. kilima��ZKLOH�SROOHQ�IURP�A. gregorii �$J��KDV�D�PXFK�ORZHU�VSLQH�GHQVLW\��4XDQWL-WDWLYH�DQDO\VLV�RI�SROOHQ�GLDPHWHU�DQG�VSLQHV�RQ�WKH�SROOHQ�IDFH��)LJ��6���FOHDUO\�GLVWLQJXLVKHV�DOO�IRXU�VSHFLHV� 7KHUH�DUH�DOVR�VRPH�VLPLODULWLHV�EHWZHHQ�WKH�SROOHQ�RI�WKH�$IULFDQ�WHWUDSORLG��$G��DQG�WKH�$IULFDQ�GLSORLG�A. kilima��$N���VXFK�DV�WKH�ODUJHU�SHUIRUDWLRQV�LQ�WKH�H[LQH�DQG�EURDG�VSLQHV��EXW�QRWH�WKDW�WKHVH�VSHFLHV�DUH�FOHDUO\�VHSDUDWHG�E\�SROOHQ�VL]H�DQG�VSLQH�QXPEHU�
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3HWWLJUHZ��DO����Adansonia kilima sp. nov., a diploid baobab from AfricaTAXON����������'HFHPEHU�����������±����
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7KH�FKORURSODVW��psbA-trnH��trnL-trnF��SK\ORJHQLHV�ZHUH�OHVV�LQIRUPDWLYH�WKDQ�WKH�QXFOHDU��,76��SK\ORJHQ\��7KH�trnL-trnF� WUHH��)LJ���$��&��VXJJHVWHG�WKDW�PRUH�WKDQ�RQH�VSHFLHV�
PLJKW�EH�SUHVHQW�ZLWKLQ�WKH�$IULFDQ�FODGH��EXW�WKH�UHODWLRQ-VKLSV�EHWZHHQ�WKH�UHPDLQLQJ�WD[D�ZHUH�XQUHVROYHG��:KHQ�H[-WUD�VDPSOHV��ZLWKRXW�YRXFKHUV��ZHUH�DGGHG��)LJ��6�%��(���WKH�DQDO\VLV�JDYH�VRPH�VXSSRUW�IRU�WKH�VLVWHU�VSHFLHV�UHODWLRQVKLS�RI�A. perrieri DQG�A. za��DQG�WKH�VLVWHU�VSHFLHV�UHODWLRQVKLS�RI�A. grandidieri DQG�A. suarezensis �L�H���Adansonia VHFW��Brevi-tubae���,QVXIILFLHQW�YRXFKHU�VSHFLPHQV�ZHUH�DYDLODEOH�IRU�IXOO�
A trnL-trnF B ITS
D ITSC trnL-trnF
Cavanillesia platanifolia HQ696737
A. gregorii HQ696740
A. madagascariensis Ama1 JN400307
A. za HQ696741
A. rubrostipa Aru1 JN400306
A. digitata HQ696378
A. kilima 402 JX178941
A. kilima 488 JX178942
A. grandidieri HQ696739
A. suarezensis DIEB005.i JN400304
2.0 substitutions
66
85
0.88
0.72
Cavanillesia platanifolia HQ696737
A. madagascariensis Ama1 JN400307
A. rubrostipa Aru1 JN400306
A. za HQ696741
A. gregorii HQ696740
A. kilima 402 JX178941
A. kilima 488 JX178942
A. sp. HQ696378
A. grandidieri HQ696739
A. suarezensis DIEB005.i JN400304
0.02 subs/site
Cavanillesia platanifolia HQ658371
A. gregorii AF028524
A. sp. AF028525
A. kilima 488 JX178940
A. kilima 402 JX178939
A. rubrostipa AF028531
A. digitata AF028526
A. digitata Adi2 JX254900
A. suarezensis AF028529
A. za AF028536
A. grandidieri AF028528
A. grandidieri AF028527
A. perrieri AF028538
A. madagascariensis AF028533
A. madagascariensis AF028534
20.0 substitutions
100
94
89
77
62
61
54 87
0.79
0.76
0.86
0.96
1
0.89
0.92
1
Cavanillesia platanifolia HQ658371
A. rubrostipa AF028531 A. gregorii AF028524
A. za AF028536
A. suarezensis AF028529
A. kilima 402 JX178939 A. kilima 488 JX178940 A. sp. AF028525
A. perrieri AF028538
A. grandidieri AF028527 A. grandidieri AF028528
A. digitata AF028526 A. digitata Adi2 JX254900
A. madagascariensis AF028533 A. madagascariensis AF028534
0.03 subs/site
1
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1246
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DQG�$)�������DUH�ODEHOHG�DV�Adansonia VS��LQ�)LJ���%�DQG�'��VLQFH�WKH\�ZHUH�FROOHFWHG�SULRU�WR�UHFRJQLWLRQ�RI�WKH�GLSORLG�VSHFLHV��$)�������ZDV�VDPSOHG�IURP�D�WUHH�LQ�%XUNLQD�)DVR��LWV�JHRJUDSKLF�ORFDWLRQ��KRW��FRDVWDO��LQGLFDWHV�WKDW�LW�LV�PRVW�OLNHO\�A. digitata��)XUWKHUPRUH��WKH�VHHG�EDWFK�ZKLFK�SURYLGHG�WKLV�'1$�VDPSOH�ZDV�DOVR�XVHG�IRU�FKURPRVRPH�FRXQWV�LQ�D�VXEVHTXHQW�VWXG\�E\�%DXP��2JLQXPD��������'��%DXP��SHUV��FRPP����WKH�FKURPRVRPH�QXPEHU�LQGLFDWHV�LW�LV�LQGHHG�WHWUD-SORLG��7KLV�VXSSRUWV�LWV�SRVLWLRQ�RQ�WKH�,76�WUHH��ZKLFK�SODFHV�LW�ZLWK�WKH�A. digitata�DFFHVVLRQV��$)�������ZDV�VDPSOHG�IURP�D�FXOWLYDWHG�WUHH�LQ�,RZD�6WDWH�8QLYHUVLW\��VHHG�VRXUFH�XQNQRZQ���LWV�SODFHPHQW�LQ�WKH�,76�SK\ORJHQ\�VXJJHVWV�WKDW�LW�LV�LQ�IDFW�A. kilima��7KH�DFFHVVLRQ�RI�$)�������LV�XQNQRZQ��DV�WKHUH�LV�QR�SXEOLFDWLRQ�DVVRFLDWHG�ZLWK�WKLV�*HQ%DQN�VHTXHQFH��,WV�SODFHPHQW�LQ�WKH�SK\ORJHQ\�VXJJHVWV�WKDW�LW� LV�A. digitata.�,I�ZH�FRQVLGHU�Adansonia VS� $)�������WR�EH�A. kilima��WKH�SK\-ORJHQHWLF�DQDO\VLV�VXJJHVWV�WKDW�WKH�WHWUDSORLG�LV�PRQRSK\OHWLF�ZLWKLQ�D�SDUDSK\OHWLF�GLSORLG��FRQVLVWHQW�ZLWK�WKH�WZR�JURXSV�EHLQJ�VHSDUDWH�VSHFLHV��2QO\�D�VPDOO�QXPEHU�RI�VXEVWLWXWLRQV�VHSDUDWH�WKHP��DSSUR[LPDWHO\�DQ�RUGHU�RI�PDJQLWXGH�OHVV�WKDQ�WKH�GLYHUJHQFH�EHWZHHQ�WKHVH�WZR�VSHFLHV�DQG�A. gregorii.
DISCUSSION
Ploidy level and morphology differentiate two African species. —�3RO\SORLGL]DWLRQ�LV�NQRZQ�WR�KDYH�VHYHUDO�GLUHFW�HIIHFWV�RQ�SODQW�PRUSKRORJ\��,QFUHDVHV�LQ�WKH�VL]H�RI�FHOOV�DQG�RUJDQV��H�J���IORZHUV��VWRPDWD��SROOHQ��VHHGV��UHODWLYH�WR�GLSORLGV�LV�FRPPRQ��6WHEELQV��������5DPVH\��6FKHPVNH���������,Q�SDUWLFXODU��LQFUHDVLQJ�SORLG\�OHYHO�RIWHQ�UHVXOWV�LQ�GHFUHDVHG�QXPEHUV�RI�VWRPDWD�DQG�LQFUHDVHG�JXDUG�FHOO�VL]H��(YDQV��������%LQJKDP��������0LVKUD��������$U\DYDQG��DO���������&KHQ��DO���������DQG�WKHVH�WUDLWV�FDQ�VRPHWLPHV�EH�XVHG�WR�LQIHU�SORLG\��:H�XVHG�WKLV�DSSURDFK�WR�VXFFHVVIXOO\�GLIIHUHQWLDWH�EH-WZHHQ�GLSORLG�A. kilima�DQG�WHWUDSORLG�A. digitata�LQ�WKH�ILHOG��ZLWK�WKH�GLDJQRVLV�FRQILUPHG�E\�FKURPRVRPH�FRXQWV��7DEOH�����)XUWKHU�DQDO\VLV�UHYHDOHG�VHYHUDO�PRUSKRORJLFDO�GLIIHUHQFHV��7DEOH����)LJV���±���)LJV��6���6���6����)LJXUH�6��VKRZV�WKH�GLV-FRYHUHG�ORFDWLRQV�RI�WKH�$IULFDQ�GLSORLG�ZLWKLQ�WKH�VDPSOHG�UHJLRQV�
Phylogenetic conclusions for Adansonia. —�3K\ORJHQLHV�LQIHUUHG�IURP�DOO�WKUHH�JHQH�UHJLRQV�LQ�RXU�VWXG\�ZHUH�FRQFRUG-DQW�LQ�VXJJHVWLQJ��D�FORVH�UHODWLRQVKLS�EHWZHHQ�A. kilima DQG�A. digitata��WKH�PRQRSK\O\�RI�A. gregorii��DQG�FORVH�UHODWLRQ-VKLSV�DPRQJ�WKH�0DODJDV\�VSHFLHV��,Q�DGGLWLRQ��WKH�H[LVWHQFH�RI�WKUHH�PDMRU�VXEFODGHV�ZLWKLQ�Adansonia��FRUUHVSRQGLQJ�WR�WKH�WKUHH�JHRJUDSKLFDO�DUHDV��$IULFD��$XVWUDOLD��0DGDJDVFDU���LV�VWURQJO\�VXSSRUWHG�E\�WKH�,76�SK\ORJHQ\��3UHYLRXV�VWXGLHV�EDVHG�RQ�D�FRPELQDWLRQ�RI�FKORURSODVW�DQG�QXFOHDU�'1$�DQG�PRUSKRORJLFDO�FKDUDFWHUV��%DXP��DO����������DQG�SK\ORJHQHWLF�DQDO\VLV�RI�%RPEDFRLGHDH�EDVHG�RQ�,76�VHTXHQFHV��'XDUWH��DO���������KDV�VXJJHVWHG��DOEHLW�ZHDNO\��WKDW�WKH�$XVWUDOLDQ�DQG�$IULFDQ�FODGHV�ZHUH�VLVWHUV��2XU�GDWD�DOVR�WHQG�WR�VXSSRUW�WKLV�FRQFOXVLRQ��EXW�DJDLQ�VXSSRUW�ZDV�ORZ��LQGLFDWLQJ�WKDW�DG-GLWLRQDO�GDWD�ZLOO�EH�QHHGHG�WR�UHVROYH�WKH�GHHS�UHODWLRQVKLSV�DPRQJ�WKH�PDMRU�OLQHDJHV�RI�Adansonia�
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$�UHFHQW�GLYHUJHQFH�VXFK�DV�WKDW�EHWZHHQ�A. digitata�DQG�A. kilima�FDQQRW�EH�FDOFXODWHG�ZLWK�KLJK�DFFXUDF\�ZLWK�WKH�FXUUHQWO\�DYDLODEOH�GDWD��6HYHUDO�FORFN�FDOLEUDWLRQV�DUH�DYDLO-DEOH�IRU�,76��UHYLHZHG�LQ�.D\��DO����������DQG�WKHVH�YDU\�E\�PRUH�WKDQ�DQ�RUGHU�RI�PDJQLWXGH��EHWZHHQ������î���–"�DQG����î���–"�VXEVWLWXWLRQV�VLWH�\HDU���7KLV�ZRXOG�FRUUHVSRQG�WR�DQ�DJH�RI���±�����0D�IRU�WKH�DJH�RI�WKH�GLYHUJHQFH�RI�A. kilima DQG�A. digitata��UDQJLQJ�IURP�WKH�0LRFHQH�WR�WKH�ODWH�3OHLVWRFHQH���,I�ZH�FRQVLGHUHG�WKH�DJH�RI�WKH�HDUOLHVW�GLYHUJHQFH�LQ�Adansonia WR�EH���±��0D�DV�LQIHUUHG�E\�%DXP��DO����������DQG�HVWLPDWHG�WKH�GDWH�RI�WKH�GLYHUJHQFH�EHWZHHQ�A. kilima DQG�A. digitata EDVHG�RQ�WKH�QXPEHU�RI�,76�VXEVWLWXWLRQV��LW�ZRXOG�EH�EHWZHHQ�����DQG������0D��3OHLVWRFHQH���(YLGHQFH�WKDW�PXWDWLRQ�UDWHV�DUH�IDVWHU�DW�KLJKHU�WHPSHUDWXUHV��*LOORRO\��DO���������IRU�H[-DPSOH�LQ�WKH�+RORFHQH��UHODWLYH�WR�WKH�3OHLVWRFHQH���PD\�OHDG�WR�RYHUHVWLPDWHV�RI�GLYHUJHQFH�WLPH�IRU�UHFHQW�GLYHUJHQFHV��VR�WKH�GLYHUJHQFH�EHWZHHQ�A. digitata�DQG�A. kilima�FRXOG�EH�PRUH�UHFHQW�WKDQ�ZH�KDYH�HVWLPDWHG�KHUH��7KH�IDFW�WKDW�WKH�,76�VHTXHQFH�EXW�QRW�WKH�FKORURSODVW�VHTXHQFHV�FRXOG�EH�XVHG�WR�GLVWLQJXLVK�WKH�WZR�VSHFLHV�VXSSRUWV�D�UHODWLYHO\�UHFHQW�GLYHU-JHQFH��)LJXUH���VKRZV�D�FODGRJUDP�RI�WKH�UHODWLRQVKLSV�ZLWKLQ�Adansonia��WDNLQJ�LQWR�DFFRXQW�WKH�QHZ�VSHFLHV�A. kilima�DQG�WKH�PROHFXODU�ZRUN�SUHVHQWHG�KHUH�
Ploidy of Adansonia digitata. — Adansonia digitata� LV�SUHVXPHG�WR�EH�DQ�DXWRWHWUDSORLG��%DXP��2JLQXPD���������:H�GLG�QRW�ILQG�D�VHFRQG�$IULFDQ�GLSORLG�GXULQJ�RXU�VXUYH\��WKRXJK�ZH�GLG�QRW�LQFOXGH�D�WKRURXJK�VXUYH\�RI�:HVW�$IULFD��:H�ZHUH�SURYLGHG�ZLWK�VRPH�VDPSOHV�IURP�:HVW�$IULFD��VHH�0DWHULDOV�DQG�0HWKRGV��WKDW�ZHUH�DOO�A. digitata��,W�LV�XQOLNHO\�WKDW�D�VHFRQG�GLSORLG�ZLOO�EH�IRXQG�LQ�:HVW�$IULFD�LI�LW�KDV�WKH�VDPH�SUHIHUHQFH�IRU�D�FRROHU�FOLPDWH�DV�A. kilima��,W� LV�DOVR�SRVVLEOH�WKDW�D�VHFRQG�GLSORLG�PD\�RQFH�KDYH�H[LVWHG�EXW�LV�QR�ORQJHU�H[WDQW��,Q�HLWKHU�FDVH��WKH�SRWHQWLDO�H[LVWV�WKDW�A. digitata LV�DQ�DOORWHWUDSORLG��7KH�PRVW�SDUVLPRQLRXV�FKDUDFWHU�UHFRQ-VWUXFWLRQ�IRU�SORLG\�OHYHO�LQIHUV�D�GLSORLG�DQFHVWRU�IRU�WKH�JHQXV�Adansonia��ZLWK�D�UHFHQW�WUDQVLWLRQ�WR�WHWUDSORLG\�RFFXUULQJ�GXULQJ�RU�VKRUWO\�DIWHU�WKH�VSHFLDWLRQ�HYHQW�EHWZHHQ�A. digitata DQG�A. kilima.�7KLV�VXSSRUWV�WKH�LGHD�WKDW�WKH�WZR�VKDUHG�D�FRP-PRQ�DQFHVWRU�YHU\�UHFHQWO\��,W�VHHPV�OLNHO\�WKDW�A. digitata�LV�DQ�DXWRWHWUDSORLG�RI�WKLV�FRPPRQ�DQFHVWRU�
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RYHU�WKHLU�GLSORLG�DQFHVWRUV��:RRG��DO����������'HVSLWH�WKLV�LW�VKRXOG�EH�QRWHG�WKDW�WKH�WHWUDSORLG�A. digitata�KDV�VHYHUDO�IHDWXUHV�ZKLFK�PLJKW�IDYRXU�DUWLILFLDO�VHOHFWLRQ�E\�KXPDQV�UHODWLYH�WR�A. kilima��LQ�SDUWLFXODU��WKH�ODUJHU�IUXLWV��7KLV��FRX-SOHG�ZLWK�WKH�VWRPDWDO�SURSHUWLHV�WKDW�PD\�DOORZ�A. digitata�WR�FRORQLVH�GU\HU��KRWWHU�DQG�FRDVWDO�HQYLURQPHQWV��PLJKW�H[SODLQ�LWV�EURDGHU�GLVWULEXWLRQ�LQ�$IULFD�UHODWLYH�WR�A. kilima�
Altitudinal distribution of African species. —�$OWKRXJK�VWRPDWD�LQ�GLSORLGV�DUH�VPDOOHU�WKDQ�WKRVH�RI�WHWUDSORLGV��WKH�PXFK�KLJKHU�VWRPDWDO�GHQVLW\�LQ�GLSORLGV�OHDGV�WR�D�QHW�LQFUHDVH�LQ�ZDWHU�ORVV�IURP�FORVHG�VWRPDWD�DW�QLJKW��&DLUG��DO����������7KH�GHFUHDVHG�VWRPDWDO�GHQVLW\�PHDQV�WKDW�SRO\SORLGV�FDQ�EH�PRUH�WROHUDQW�RI�ZDWHU�GHILFLW�WKDQ�GLSORLGV��/L��DO����������7KLV�PD\�H[SODLQ�WKH�SUHIHUHQFH�RI�WKH�GLSORLG�A. kilima�IRU�HOHYDWLRQV�DERYH�����P��ZKHUH�KLJKHU�PRLVWXUH�LV�DYDLODEOH��,Q�WKH�/LPSRSR�UHJLRQ��WKHUH�ZDV�PRUH�RYHUODS�EHWZHHQ�GLSORLGV�DQG�WHWUDSORLGV�DW�ORZHU�DOWLWXGHV�WKDQ�ZH�REVHUYHG�LQ�.HQ\D�DQG�7DQ]DQLD��7KLV�LV�FRQVLVWHQW�ZLWK�WKH�LGHD�WKDW�GLVWULEX-WLRQ�LV�UHODWHG�WR�VWRPDWDO�FKDUDFWHULVWLFV��VLQFH�WKH�FOLPDWH�LV�FRROHU�DQG�PRLVWHU�DW�WKLV�VRXWKHUQ�OLPLW�RI�EDREDE�GLVWULEX-WLRQ��$Q�DOWLWXGH�FHLOLQJ�RI�a�����P�FRXOG�EH�UHODWHG�WR�WKH�H[WUHPH�VHQVLWLYLW\�RI�WKH�KLJK�ZDWHU�FRQWHQW�EDREDE�WR�IURVW��:LFNHQV��������:LFNHQV��/RZH���������IURVW�LV�RIILFLDOO\�UHFRUGHG�GRZQ�WR������P�IRU�PDQ\�FURSV�LQ�WKH�.HQ\DQ�DQG�7DQ]DQLDQ�KLJKODQGV��EXW�SUREDEO\�UHDFKHV�HYHQ�ORZHU�DW�LQ-IUHTXHQW�LQWHUYDOV�
Concluding comments. —�,W�LV�VRPHZKDW�VXUSULVLQJ�WKDW�D�VHSDUDWH�EDREDE�VSHFLHV�KDV�FR�H[LVWHG�DORQJVLGH�A. digitata ZLWKRXW�GHWHFWLRQ�ZKHQ�ERWK�DUH�FRPPRQ�DQG�ZLGHO\�GLVWULE-XWHG��7KHUH�KDYH�EHHQ�RFFDVLRQDO�VXJJHVWLRQV�WKDW�WKHUH�PLJKW�EH�PRUH�WKDQ�RQH�VSHFLHV�RI�EDREDE�LQ�$IULFD��,Q�������%XUWRQ�LGHQWLILHG�LQODQG�DQG�FRDVWDO�YDULHWLHV�DV�ZHOO�DV�QRUWKHUQ�DQG�VRXWKHUQ�YDULHWLHV��EDVHG�RQ�GLIIHULQJ�PRUSKRORJ\��%XUWRQ���������2QH�RI�WKHVH�ZDV�GHVFULEHG�DV�UDUH�DQG�IRXQG�RQO\�LQ�WKH�8VDJDUD�PRXQWDLQV��LW�KDG�VPDOOHU�OHDYHV�WKDQ�WKH�ORZODQG�EDREDE��,Q�������&KHYDOLHU�GLVWLQJXLVKHG�EHWZHHQ�WZR�VSH-FLHV��RQH�LQ�WKH�ZHVW�DQG�RQH�LQ�WKH�HDVW��KLV�GLVWLQFWLRQ�ZDV�EDVHG�RQ�GLIIHUHQWO\�VL]HG�IUXLWV��&KHYDOLHU���������1RQH�RI�WKHVH�YDULHWLHV�ZHUH�ZLGHO\�DFFHSWHG��:LWK�WKH�H[FHSWLRQ�RI�%XUWRQ¶V�8VDJDUD�PRXQWDLQ�YDULHW\��QRQH�RI�WKH�GHVFULSWLRQV�FRUUHVSRQGV�ZLWK�WKDW�RI�A. kilima��DQG�LW�VHHPV�OLNHO\�WKDW WKH�RWKHU�YDULHWLHV�DUH�VLPSO\�D�PDQLIHVWDWLRQ�RI�WKH�JUHDW�PRU-SKRORJLFDO�DQG�JHQHWLF�GLYHUVLW\�ZKLFK�LV�REVHUYHG�ZLWKLQ�WKH�$IULFDQ�EDREDE�SRSXODWLRQ��:LFNHQV��������6LGLEH��:LOOLDPV��������$VVRJEDGMR��DO���������.\QGW��DO���������3RFN�7V\��DO���������&XQL�6DQFKH]��DO����������6RPH�RI�WKH�REVHUYHG�YDULDELOLW\��DQG�SRVVLEO\�%XUWRQ¶V�8VDJDUD�PRXQWDLQ�YDULHW\��LV�OLNHO\�H[SODLQDEOH�E\�WKH�SUHVHQFH�RI�A. kilima� LQ�$IULFD��7KH�IDFW�WKDW�YDULDELOLW\�LV�ZHOO�NQRZQ��LQ�FRPELQDWLRQ�ZLWK�WKH�VXSHUILFLDO�VLPLODULW\�RI�WKH�WZR�VSHFLHV��PD\�H[SODLQ�ZK\�A. kilima�UHPDLQHG�XQGHWHFWHG�IRU�VR�ORQJ�DPRQJVW�WKH�A. digi-tata�SRSXODWLRQ�
7KH�SUHVHQFH�RI�A. kilima ZLWKLQ�SRSXODWLRQV�SUHVXPHG�WR�FRQVLVW�RQO\�RI�A. digitata PLJKW�H[SODLQ�LQFRQVLVWHQFLHV�REVHUYHG�LQ�SDVW�VWXGLHV��)LUVWO\��WKHUH�KDV�EHHQ�D�ZLGH�YDULHW\�RI�FKURPRVRPH�FRXQWV�UHSRUWHG�IRU�A. digitata��VHH�:LFNHQV�������DQG�UHIHUHQFHV�WKHUHLQ���$�PL[HG�SRSXODWLRQ�PLJKW�HDVLO\�
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TAXON����������'HFHPEHU�����������±����3HWWLJUHZ��DO����Adansonia kilima sp. nov., a diploid baobab from Africa
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H[SODLQ�WKHVH�GLVFUHSDQFLHV��,Q�DGGLWLRQ��LW�VKRXOG�EH�QRWHG�WKDW�SUHYLRXV�VWXGLHV�RI�EDREDE�JHQHWLFV�DQG�SRSXODWLRQ�FKDU-DFWHULVWLFV��%DXP��DO���������.\QGW��DO���������3RFN�7V\��DO���������9HQWHU��:LWNRZVNL��������PD\�KDYH�XQZLWWLQJO\�LQFOXGHG�A. kilima�VDPSOHV�LQ�WKHLU�A. digitata�FROOHFWLRQV��7KLV�PD\�ZHOO�DIIHFW�LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ�RI�WKH�GDWDVHWV��,QGHHG��DOO�SK\OR-JHQHWLF�FRPSDULVRQV�WR�GDWH�ZLWKLQ�Adansonia XVLQJ�SUHVXPHG�A. digitata VDPSOHV�PD\�EH�FRPSURPLVHG��6WXGLHV�ORFDOL]HG�LQ�%HQLQ��$VVRJEDGMR��DO���������������&XQL�6DQFKH]��DO���������DUH�XQOLNHO\�WR�EH�FRPSURPLVHG��VLQFH�LW�LV�SUREDEOH�WKDW�WKH�SRSXODWLRQ�LQ�%HQLQ�FRQVLVWV�HQWLUHO\�RI�A. digitata�JLYHQ�WKH�ORZ�HOHYDWLRQ�RI�WKH�FRXQWU\��PRVWO\�EHORZ�����P��UHDFKLQJ�D�SHDN�RI�DERXW�����P�DW�WKH�KLJKHVW�SRLQW�LQ�WKH�QRUWKHUQ�KLOOV���,Q�VXSSRUW�RI�WKLV�SUHVXPSWLRQ��JXDUG�FHOO�PHDVXUHPHQWV�LQ�WUHHV�IURP�%HQLQ�ZHUH���±����P��&XQL�6DQFKH]��DO����������VXJJHVWLQJ�WKDW�WKH�WUHHV�ZHUH�DOO�WHWUDSORLG�A. digitata��WKLV�LV�FRQVLVWHQW�ZLWK�WKH�REVHUYHG�DOWLWXGH�SUHIHUHQFH�RI�A. kilima�
TAXONOMIC CONCLUSIONS
:H�KDYH�LGHQWLILHG�D�QHZ�GLSORLG�$IULFDQ�VSHFLHV�LQ�Adan-sonia��:H�QDPH�WKLV�VSHFLHV�A. kilima 3HWWLJUHZ��%HOO��%KDJ-ZDQGLQ��*ULQDQ�� -LOODQL��0H\HU��:DEX\HOH��9LFNHUV��7KH�HSLWKHW�kilima�LV�GHULYHG�IURP�6ZDKLOL��µRI�WKH�KLOOV¶��7KH�IORUDO�FKDUDFWHULVWLFV�RI�A. kilima�SODFH�LW�ZLWK�A. digitata�LQ�A. VHFW��Adansonia.
Adansonia kilima�3HWWLJUHZ��%HOO��%KDJZDQGLQ��*ULQDQ��-LO-ODQL��0H\HU��:DEX\HOH��9LFNHUV��sp. nov.�±�+RORW\SH��6RXWK�$IULFD��/LPSRSR��RQ�VRXWK�VLGH�RI�WKH�URDG�EHWZHHQ�7VKNXZL�DQG�7VKLWXQL�����NP�(DVW�RI�WKH�1��+LJKZD\������������6����������(��Jack Pettigrew & Chloë Callis-temon 1�����1RY�������35(������������3DUDW\SH��1DPLELD��&DSULYL�6WULS�����������6����������(��
Jack Pettigrew & Chloë Callistemon s.n.����'HF�������:,6�Y�������:,6��
Diagnosis. – Adansoniae digitatae� WHWUDSORLGHDH�DI¿QLV�VHG�GLIIHUW�ÀRULEXV�GLPLGLR�PLQRULEXV��SHWDOLV�DQGURHFLR�VX-SHUDQWLEXV��IROLLV�EUHYLRULEXV��VWRPDWLEXV�PLQRULEXV�GHQVL-RULEXVTXH��SROOLQH�VSLQRVLRUH��VSLQLV����±�����LQ�A. digitata ��±������PLQRUH������P��LQ�A. digitata ����P�GLDPHWUR���¿ODPHQWLV�OLEHULV�VWDPLQXP�SDXFLRULEXV�����±�����LQ�A. digi-tata����±�������&KURPRVRPDWXP�QXPHUXV�GLSORLGHXV�����
/LNH�WKH�WHWUDSORLG�A. digitata��EXW�GLIIHUV�LQ�KDYLQJ�IORZ-HUV�KDOI�WKH�VL]H��SHWDOV�VKRUWHU�WKDQ�WKH�DQGURHFLXP�ZLWK�QR�NLQHVLV��VPDOOHU�OHDYHV��VPDOOHU�DQG�GHQVHU�VWRPDWD��VPDOOHU�DQG�PRUH�GHQVHO\�VSLQRVH�SROOHQ��44��P�LQ�GLDPHWHU�FRPSDUHG�ZLWK�����P�LQ�A. digitata���IHZHU�IUHH�VWDPLQDO�ILODPHQWV�����±�����FRPSDUHG�ZLWK����±�����LQ�A. digitata���GLSORLG�FKURPRVRPH�QXPEHU��n� ����
Description� �PRGLILHG�DQG�H[WHQGHG�IURP�WKH�GHVFULS-WLRQ�RI�A. digitata�E\�%DXP�������ZKHUH�DSSURSULDWH���±�7UHH�UHDFKLQJ����P�LQ�KHLJKW�DQG�XS�WR���P�GLDP���XVXDOO\�ZLWK�VLQJOH� F\OLQGULFDO� WUXQNV� DQG� VSUHDGLQJ�� URXQGHG� FURZQV��%UDQFKHV� LUUHJXODUO\� GLVWULEXWHG�� %DUN� GDUN� JUH\�� VPRRWK�WR�LUUHJXODUO\�WXEHUFXODWH��/HDYHV��±��±���IROLRODWH��OHDIOHWV�
VHVVLOH�WR�VXEVHVVLOH��YDU\LQJ�JUHDWO\�LQ�VL]H��PHGLDQ�OHDIOHW��±���î�����î���FP��XVXDOO\�HOOLSWLF�RERYDWH��ZLWK�DFXPLQDWH�DSH[�DQG�GHFXUUHQW�EDVH��JODEURXV��PDUJLQV�HQWLUH��6WRPDWD��VWRPDWDO�DSHUWXUH�����������P��DGD[LDO�VWRPDWDO�GHQVLW\���SHU������Pð��)ORZHU�EXGV�JORERVH��VROLWDU\��IORZHU�VWDON�SHQGXORXV���±���FP�ORQJ��IORZHUV�SURGXFHG�DIWHU�WKH�HQG�RI�WKH�ZHW�VHDVRQ��LQ�FRQWUDVW�WR�A. digitata��WKHUH�LV�QR�UDSLG�NLQHVLV�GXULQJ�WKH�RSHQLQJ�RI�WKH�IORUDO�EXGV��&DO\[�OREHV����WULDQJXODU��JUHHQ�DQG�WRPHQWRVH�RXWVLGH��FUHDP�DQG�YLOORXV�ZLWKLQ��VOLJKWO\�UHIOH[HG���±��î��±��FP��IXVHG�LQWR�D�EURDG����FP�GLDP���GLVF�EHORZ��3HWDOV�ZKLWH��IROGHG�LQ�EXG��EURDGO\�RERYDWH��DSSUR[LPDWHO\�DV�ORQJ�DV�EURDG�����î����PP��VKRUWHU�WKDQ�DQGURHFLXP��QRW�UHIOH[HG��$QGURHFLXP�ZKLWH��FRPSULVLQJ�D���±���PP�ORQJ�F\OLQGULFDO�RU�WDSHULQJ�VWDPLQDO�WXEH��VXUPRXQWHG�E\����±����IUHH�ILOD-PHQWV����DV�ORQJ�DV�WKH�VWDPLQDO�WXEH��2YDU\�FRQLFDO�RYRLG�RU�JORERVH��VW\OH�ZKLWH��VLQXRXV��EHQW�RYHU�DW�ULJKW�DQJOHV�RU�UDUHO\�VWUDLJKW��GHQVHO\�YLOORXV�EHORZ��JODEURXV�DERYH��ILWWLQJ�ORRVHO\�LQWR�VWDPLQDO�WXEH�DQG�SHUVLVWLQJ�DIWHU�IORUDO�DEVFLV-VLRQ��6WLJPD�ZKLWH�ZLWK�LUUHJXODU�OREHV��3ROOHQ�JORERVH�ZLWK�EURDG��VKRUW��LUUHJXODUO\�VL]HG�VSLQHV�����±����SHU�������Pð���44��P�LQ�GLDPHWHU��)UXLW�YDULDEOH��JORERVH�WR�RYRLG�WR�REORQJ�F\OLQGULFDO���±���FP���FDO\[�OREHV�FDGXFRXV��SHULFDUS�XS�WR��±��PP�WKLFN��ZRRG\��ZLWK�IHZ�HPEHGGHG�ORQJLWXGLQDO�ILE-HUV��FRYHUHG�E\�D�YHOYHW\�LQGXPHQWXP�RI�\HOORZ�EURZQ�KDLUV��6HHGV�UHQLIRUP��ODWHUDOO\�IODWWHQHG����±���î��±���î��±��PP��HPEHGGHG�LQ�FUHDP�FRORXUHG�SXOS�SHQHWUDWHG�E\�ILQH�VWULQJV. *HUPLQDWLRQ�SKDQHURFRW\ODU�
Distribution and ecology. – ,Q�RXU�OLPLWHG�VXUYH\��A. kilima ZDV�IRXQG�IURP�WKH�HDVWHUQ�VORSHV�RI�0W��.LOLPDQMDUR��VRXWK�WR�VRXWKHUQ�7DQ]DQLD�DQG�ZHVW�WR�QRUWKHUQ�1DPLELD��DV�ZHOO�DV�LQ�WKH�9HQGD�RI�6RXWK�$IULFD��UHVWULFWHG�WR�HOHYDWLRQV�EHWZHHQ�����DQG������P��Adansonia digitata�EXW�QRW�A. kilima�ZHUH�IRXQG�LQ�FRDVWDO�1DPLELD�DQG�6HQHJDO�
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
:H�WKDQN�WKH�IROORZLQJ�SHRSOH��'DQLHO�0XUSK\��5R\DO�%RWDQLF�*DUGHQV�0HOERXUQH���'DQLHO�2UWL]�%DUULHQWRV�DQG�/\Q�&RRN��7KH�8QLYHUVLW\�RI�4XHHQVODQG���DQG�6WXDUW�*DUGQHU��5R\DO�%RWDQLF�*DU-GHQV�0HOERXUQH��IRU�FRPPHQWV�RQ�WKH�PDQXVFULSW�DQG�DVVRFLDWHG�DG-YLFH�DQG�GLVFXVVLRQV��SDUWLFXODUO\�DURXQG�WKH�SK\ORJHQHWLF�DQDO\VLV��+DULSUL\D�5DQJDQ�IRU�HVWDEOLVKLQJ�WKH�FRQQHFWLRQ�DQG�IDFLOLWDWLQJ�WKH�FROODERUDWLRQ�EHWZHHQ�-��3HWWLJUHZ��.��%HOO�DQG�&��9LFNHUV��'DYLG�%DXP�IRU�FRPPHQWV�RQ�WKH�PDQXVFULSW�DQG�LQIRUPDWLRQ�DERXW� WKH�A. digitata�DFFHVVLRQV��/DUV�1LHOVHQ�IRU�XVH�RI� WKH�IDFLOLWLHV�DW� WKH�$XVWUDOLDQ�,QVWLWXWH�IRU�%LRHQJLQHHULQJ�DQG�1DQRWHFKQRORJ\��7KH�8QL-YHUVLW\�RI�4XHHQVODQG�DQG�5R\DO�%RWDQLF�*DUGHQV�0HOERXUQH�IRU�XVH�RI�IDFLOLWLHV��-HUHP\�:LFNV�IRU�DVVLVWDQFH�LQ�ZD\SRLQW�DQDO\VLV��&KORs�&DOOLVWHPRQ�IRU�DVVLVWDQFH�ZLWK�SODQW�SUHVV�FRQVWUXFWLRQ�DQG�FROOHF-WLRQV�LQ�=DPELD��6RXWK�$IULFD�DQG�1DPLELD��$ODLQ� �&RDFKH��2&,6��2EVHUYDWRLUH�HW�&RQVHUYDWRLUH�GHV�,QVHFWHV�GX�6pQpJDO���1LDQLQJ��IRU�6HQHJDO�VDPSOHV�RI�EDREDEV��DQG�3DVFDO�'DQWKX��&,5$'��0DGDJDV-FDU��DQG�&KULVWLDQ�.XOO�DQG�+DULSUL\D�5DQJDQ��0RQDVK�8QLYHUVLW\��$XVWUDOLD��IRU�SURYLGLQJ�SODQW�PDWHULDO�IURP�0DODJDV\�EDREDEV��./%�ZDV�IXQGHG� WKURXJK�$5&�GLVFRYHU\�SURMHFW�'3���������5DQJDQ��0XUSK\��.XOO��
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Adanson, M. ������'HVFULSWLRQ�G¶XQ�DUEUH�G¶XQ�QRXYHDX�JHQUH�DSSHOp�%DREDE��REVHUYp�DX�6pQpJDO��Mem. Acad. Roy. Sci. (Paris)��������±����
Armstrong, P. ������%DREDEV��5HPQDQW�RI�*RQGZDQDODQG"�Trees South Africa�������±���
Armstrong, P. ������7KH�GLVMXQFW�GLVWULEXWLRQ�RI�WKH�JHQXV�Adansonia��Natl. Geogr. J. India��������±����
Armstrong, P. ������6W�-DJR��&DSH�9HUGH��6RXUFH�RI�LQVSLUDWLRQ��3S����±���LQ��$UPVWURQJ��3���HG����Darwin’s other islands��/RQGRQ��1HZ�<RUN��&RQWLQXXP�
Aryavand, A., Ehdaie, B., Tran, B. & Waines, J.G. ������6WRPDWDO�IUHTXHQF\�DQG�VL]H�GLIIHUHQWLDWH�SORLG\�OHYHOV�LQ�Aegilops neglecta��Genet. Resources Crop Evol.��������±����
Assogbadjo, A., Kyndt, T., Sinsin, B., Gheysen, G. & Van Damme, P. ������3DWWHUQV�RI�JHQHWLF�DQG�PRUSKRPHWULF�GLYHUVLW\�LQ�%DREDE�(Adansonia digitata��SRSXODWLRQV�DFURVV�GLIIHUHQW�FOLPDWLF�]RQHV�RI�%HQLQ��:HVW�$IULFD���Ann. Bot. (London)��������±����
Assogbadjo, A.E., Sinsin, B., Codjia, J.T.C. & Van Damme, P. ������(FRORJLFDO�GLYHUVLW\�DQG�SXOS��VHHG�DQG�NHUQDO�SURGXFWLRQ�RI�WKH�EDREDE��Adansonia digitata��LQ�%HQLQ��Belg. J. Bot.��������±���
Baum, D.A. ������$�V\VWHPDWLF�UHYLVLRQ�RI�Adansonia��%RPEDFDFHDH���Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard.��������±����
Baum, D.A. & Oginuma, K. ������$�UHYLHZ�RI�FKURPRVRPH�QXPEHUV�LQ�%RPEDFDFHDH�ZLWK�QHZ�FRXQWV�IRU�Adansonia��Taxon�������±���
Baum, D.A., Small, R.L. & Wendel, J.F. ������%LRJHRJUDSK\�DQG�IORUDO�HYROXWLRQ�RI�EDREDEV��Adansonia��%RPEDFDFHDH��DV�LQIHUUHG�IURP�PXOWLSOH�GDWD�VHWV��Syst. Biol.��������±����
Baum, D.A., Witt Smith, S., Yen, A., Alverson, W.S., Nyffeler, R., Whitlock, B.A. & Oldham, R.L. ������3K\ORJHQHWLF�UHODWLRQ-VKLSV�RI�Malvatheca �%RPEDFRLGHDH�DQG�0DOYRLGHDH��0DOYDFHDH�VHQVX�ODWR��DV�LQIHUUHG�IURP�SODVWLG�'1$�VHTXHQFHV��Amer. J. Bot. ��������±�����
Bingham, E.T. ������6WRPDWDO�FKORURSODVWV�LQ�DOIDOID�DW�IRXU�SORLG\�OHYHOV��Crop Sci.�������±����
Blench, R. ������7KH�LQWHUWZLQHG�KLVWRU\�RI�WKH�VLON�FRWWRQ�DQG�EDREDE��3S���±���LQ��9DQ�GHU�9HHQ��0���HG����Fields of change: Progress in African archeobotany.�*URQLQJHQ��%DUNKXLV��*URQLQJHQ�8QL-YHUVLW\�
Bowman, D.M.J.S. ������2EVHUYDWLRQV�RQ�WKH�GHPRJUDSK\�RI�WKH�$XV-WUDOLDQ�%RDE��Adansonia gibbosa��LQ�WKH�1RUWK�ZHVW�RI�WKH�1RUWK-HUQ�7HUULWRU\��$XVWUDOLD��Austral. J. Bot.��������±����
Brummitt, R.K. ������5HSRUW�RI�WKH�&RPPLWWHH�IRU�6SHUPDWRSK\WD������Taxon��������±����
Burton, R.F. ������7KH� ODNH�UHJLRQV�RI�&HQWUDO�(TXDWRULDO�$IULFD��J. Roy. Geogr. Soc.������±����
Caird, M.A., Richards, J.H. & Donovan, L.A. ������1LJKWWLPH�VWRPD-WDO�FRQGXFWDQFH�DQG�WUDQVSLUDWLRQ�LQ�&#�DQG�&$�SODQWV��Pl. Physiol. ������±���
Chen, G., Sun, W.-B. & Sun, H. ������0RUSKRORJLFDO�FKDUDFWHULVWLFV�RI�OHDI�HSLGHUPLV�DQG�VL]H�YDULDWLRQ�RI�OHDI��IORZHU�DQG�IUXLW�LQ�GLIIHUHQW�SORLG\�OHYHOV�LQ�Buddleja macrostachya��%XGGOHMDFHDH���J. Syst. Evol.��������±����
Chen, S.L., Yao, H., Han, J.P., Liu, C., Song, J.Y., Shi, L.C., Zhu, Y.J., Ma, X.Y., Gao, T., Pang, X.H., Luo, K., Li, Y., Li, X.W., Jia, X.C., Lin, Y.L. & Leon, C. ������9DOLGDWLRQ�RI�WKH�,76��UHJLRQ�DV�D�QRYHO�'1$�EDUFRGH�IRU�LGHQWLI\LQJ�PHGLFLQDO�SODQW�VSHFLHV��PLoS One����H������GRL����������MRXUQDO�SRQH���������
Chevalier, A. ������/HV�%DREDEV��Adansonia��GH�O¶$IULTXH�FRQWLQHQWDOH��Bull. Soc. Bot. France��������±����
Comai, L. ������7KH�DGYDQWDJHV�DQG�GLVDGYDQWDJHV�RI�EHLQJ�SRO\SORLG��Nat. Rev. Genet.�������±����
Cuni Sanchez, A., Haq, N. & Assogbadjo, A. ������9DULDWLRQ�LQ�EDREDE�(Adansonia digitata�/���OHDI�PRUSKRORJ\�DQG�LWV�UHODWLRQ�WR�GURXJKW�WROHUDQFH��Genet. Resources Crop Evol.�������±���
De Caluwé, E., Halamová, K. & Van Damme, P. ������%DREDE�
LITERATURE CITED (Adansonia digitata�/����$�UHYLHZ�RI�WUDGLWLRQDO�XVHV��SK\WRFKHP-LVWU\�DQG�SKDUPDFRORJ\��3S����±���LQ��-XOLDQL��+�5���6LPRQ��-���+R��&��7���HGV����African natural plant products: New discover-ies and challenges in chemistry and quality��:DVKLQJWRQ��'�&���$PHULFDQ�&KHPLFDO�6RFLHW\�
Drummond, A.J., Ashton, B., Buxton, S., Cheung, M., Cooper, A., Duran, C., Field, M., Heled, J., Kearse, M., Markowitz, S., Moir, R., Stones-Havas, S., Sturrock, S., Thierer, T. & Wilson, A. ������*HQHLRXV��YHUVLRQ������KWWS���ZZZ�JHQHLRXV�FRP��
Duarte, M.C., Esteves, G.L., Salatino, M.L.F., Walsh, K.C. & Baum, D.A. ������3K\ORJHQHWLF�DQDO\VHV�RI�Eriotheca�DQG�UHODWHG�JHQHUD��%RPEDFRLGHDH��0DOYDFHDH���Syst. Bot.��������±����
Evans, A.M. ������7KH�SURGXFWLRQ�DQG�LGHQWLILFDWLRQ�RI�SRO\SORLGV�LQ�UHG�FORYHU��ZKLWH�FORYHU�DQG�OXFHUQH��New Phytol.��������±����
Gebauer, J., ElSiddig, K. & Ebert, G. ������%DREDE��Adansonia digi-tata�/����$�UHYLHZ�RQ�D�PXOWLSXUSRVH�WUHH�ZLWK�SURPLVLQJ�IXWXUH�LQ�WKH�6XGDQ��Gartenbauwissenschaft�����6XSSO�������±����
Gillooly, J.F., McCoy, M.W. & Allen, A.P. ������(IIHFWV�RI�PHWDEROLF�UDWH�RQ�SURWHLQ�HYROXWLRQ��Biol. Lett.�������±����
Gonzalez, M.A., Baraloto, C., Engel, J., Mori, S.A., Petronelli, P., Riera, B., Roger, A., Thebaud, C. & Chave, J. ������,GHQWLIL-FDWLRQ�RI�DPD]RQLDQ�WUHHV�ZLWK�'1$�EDUFRGHV��PLoS One �������H������GRL����������MRXUQDO�SRQH���������
Hochreutiner, B.P.G. ������8Q�QRXYHDX�EDREDE�±�5HYLVLRQ�GX�JHQUH�Adansonia��Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève����������±����
Huelsenbeck, J.P. & Ronquist, F. ������05%$<(6��%D\HVLDQ�LQIHU-HQFH�RI�SK\ORJHQHWLF�WUHHV��Bioinformatics��������±����
Kay, K., Whittall, J. & Hodges, S. ������$�VXUYH\�RI�QXFOHDU�ULERVRPDO�LQWHUQDO�WUDQVFULEHG�VSDFHU�VXEVWLWXWLRQ�UDWHV�DFURVV�DQJLRVSHUPV��$Q�DSSUR[LPDWH�PROHFXODU�FORFN�ZLWK�OLIH�KLVWRU\�HIIHFWV��B. M. C. Evol. Biol.��������GRL�������������������������
Kress, W.J., Erickson, D.L., Jones, F.A., Swenson, N.G., Perez, R., Sanjur, O. & Bermingham, E. ������3ODQW�'1$�EDUFRGHV�DQG�D�FRPPXQLW\�SK\ORJHQ\�RI�D�WURSLFDO�IRUHVW�G\QDPLFV�SORW�LQ�3DQDPD��Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. ����������±������
Kress, W.J., Wurdack, K.J., Zimmer, E.A., Weigt, L.A. & Janzen, D.H. ������8VH�RI�'1$�EDUFRGHV�WR�LGHQWLI\�IORZHULQJ�SODQWV��Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.����������±�����
Kyndt, T., Assogbadjo, A.E., Hardy, O.J., Glele Kakai, R., Sinsin, B., Van Damme, P. & Gheysen, G. ������6SDWLDO�JHQHWLF�VWUXFWXU-LQJ�RI�EDREDE��Adansonia digitata��0DOYDFHDH��LQ�WKH�WUDGLWLRQDO�DJURIRUHVWU\�V\VWHPV�RI�:HVW�$IULFD��Amer. J. Bot.��������±����
Li, W.-L., Berlyn, G.P. & Ashton, P.M.S. ������3RO\SORLGV�DQG�WKHLU�VWUXFWXUDO�DQG�SK\VLRORJLFDO�FKDUDFWHULVWLFV�UHODWLYH�WR�ZDWHU�GHILFLW�LQ�Betula papyrifera �%HWXODFHDH���Amer. J. Bot.�������±���
Linneaus, C. ������Species plantarum���QG�HG��6WRFNKROP��6DOYLXV�Livingstone, D. ������A popular account of missionary travels and
researches in South Africa��/RQGRQ��0XUUD\�Mishra, M. ������6WRPDWDO�FKDUDFWHULVWLFV�DW�GLIIHUHQW�SORLG\�OHYHOV�LQ�
Coffea�/��Ann. Bot. (London)��������±����Patrut, A., Reden, K.F. von, Lowy, D.A., Alberts, A.H., Pohlman,
J.W., Wittmann, R., Gerlach, D., Xu, L. & Mitchell, C.S. ������5DGLRFDUERQ�GDWLQJ�RI�D�YHU\�ODUJH�$IULFDQ�EDREDE��Tree Physiol. ��������±�����
Pock Tsy, J.-M.L., Lumaret, R., Mayne, D., Vall, A.O.M., Abutaba, Y.I.M., Sagna, M., Raoseta, S.O.R. & Danthu, P. ������&KOR-URSODVW�'1$�SK\ORJHRJUDSK\�VXJJHVWV�D�:HVW�$IULFDQ�FHQWUH�RI�RULJLQ�IRU�WKH�EDREDE��Adansonia digitata�/���%RPEDFRLGHDH��0DO-YDFHDH���Molec. Ecol.���������±�����
Ramsey, J. & Schemske, D.W. ������1HRSRO\SORLG\� LQ� IORZHULQJ�SODQWV��Annual Rev. Ecol. Syst.��������±����
Ren, B.Q., Xiang, X.G. & Chen, Z.D. ������6SHFLHV�LGHQWLILFDWLRQ�RI�Alnus��%HWXODFHDH��XVLQJ�QU'1$�DQG�FS'1$�JHQHWLF�PDUNHUV��Molec. Ecol. Resources��������±����
Ronquist, F. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. ������0U%D\HV����%D\HVLDQ�SK\ORJH-QHWLF�LQIHUHQFH�XQGHU�PL[HG�PRGHOV��Bioinformatics���������±�����
Sidibe, M. & Williams, J.T. ������Boabab: Adansonia digitata L.:
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Stebbins, G.L. ������Chromosomal evolution in higher plants��/RQGRQ��$UQROG�
Swart, E. ������$JH�RI�WKH�EDREDE�WUHH��Nature���������±����Swofford, D.L. ������3$83 ��3K\ORJHQHWLF�DQDO\VLV�XVLQJ�SDUVLPRQ\�
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Taberlet, P., Gielly, L., Pautou, G. & Bouvet, J. ������8QLYHUVDO�SULP-HUV�IRU�DPSOLILFDWLRQ�RI�WKUHH�QRQ�FRGLQJ�UHJLRQV�RI�FKORURSODVW�'1$��Pl. Molec. Biol.���������±�����
Venter, S.M. & Witkowski, E.T.F. ������%DREDE��Adansonia digi-tata�/���GHQVLW\��VL]H�FODVV�GLVWULEXWLRQ�DQG�SRSXODWLRQ�WUHQGV�EH-WZHHQ�IRXU�ODQG�XVH�W\SHV�LQ�QRUWKHUQ�9HQGD��6RXWK�$IULFD��Forest Ecol. Managem.���������±����
Wickens, G.E. ������7KH�EDREDE��$IULFD¶V�XSVLGH�GRZQ�WUHH��Kew Bull. �������±����
Wickens, G.E. & Lowe, P. ������The baobabs: Pachycauls of Africa, Madagascar, and Australia��%HUOLQ��1HZ�<RUN��6SULQJHU�
Wood, T.E., Takebayashi, N., Barker, M.S., Mayrose, I., Greenspoon, P.B. & Rieseberg, L.H. ������7KH�IUHTXHQF\�RI�SRO\SORLG�VSHFLDWLRQ�LQ�YDVFXODU�SODQWV��Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.�����������±������
Appendix. *HQ%DQN�DFFHVVLRQ�QXPEHUV�XVHG�LQ�PROHFXODU�DQDO\VLV��,QIRUPDWLRQ�LV�OLVWHG�DV�IROORZV��WD[RQ�QDPH��FROOHFWLRQ�ORFDOLW\��FRXQWU\��VWDWH�WHUULWRU\���FROOHFWRU�DQG�FROOHFWLRQ�QXPEHU��psbA-trnH� trnL-trnF� DQG�,76�*HQ%DQN�QXPEHUV��UHVSHFWLYHO\��1HZO\�JHQHUDWHG�VHTXHQFHV�DUH�QRWHG�ZLWK� DQ�DVWHULVN�
Adansonia digitata L., Australia, 4XHHQVODQG��FXOWLYDWHG�VSHFLPHQ�� ���������6�����������(� J. Pettigrew 259 �QR�YRXFKHU�� -1������� -1������� -1������. A. digitata, Australia, 1RUWKHUQ�7HUULWRU\��FXOWLYDWHG�VSHFLPHQ������������6�����������(��J. Pettigrew 210 �QR�YRXFKHU��� -1�������� -1��������±��A. digitata, Kenya, &RDVW����������6����������(��J. Pettigrew 293 �QR�YRXFKHU���±�� -1��������±��A. digitata, Zimbabwe, 0DVYLQJR�����������6����������(��J. Pettigrew 444Z �QR�YRXFKHU���±�� -1��������±��A. digitata, Tanzania, 'RGRPD����������6����������(��J. Pettigrew 361 �QR�YRXFKHU���±�� -1��������±��A. digitata, South Africa, /LPSRSR�����������6����������(��J. Pettigrew 404 �QR�YRXFKHU���±��±�� -1��������A. digitata, Senegal, P. Danthu Adi2 �0(/���±��±�� -;��������A. digitata,a,c U.S.A., ,RZD��FXOWLYDWHG�VSHFLPHQ���Small s.n. �,6&���$)��������A. digitata,b,c Burkina Faso, 3REp�0HQJDR�7RXIOp��Baum 349 �02���±��±��$)��������A. digitata,a,d XQSXEOLVKHG� ±��±� $)��������A. digitata,e Kenya, FROOHFWRU�XQNQRZQ 770032002 �37%*���±��+4��������±��A. digitata,f XQSXEOLVKHG� ±� $<��������±��A. grandidieri Baill.,c,e Madagascar, 7ROLDUD�����������6��������(��Baum 345 �02���±��+4��������$)��������A. grandidieri,c Madagascar, 7ROLDUD��Baum 347 �02���±��±��$)��������A. gregorii Muell., Australia, :HVWHUQ�$XVWUDOLD�����������6�����������(��J. Pettigrew 81 �QR�YRXFKHU��� -1�������� -1��������±��A. gregorii, Australia, :HVWHUQ�$XVWUDOLD�����������6�����������(��J. Pettigrew 76 �QR�YRXFKHU��� -1��������±��±��A. gregorii, Australia, :HVWHUQ�$XVWUDOLD�����������6�����������(��J. Pettigrew 37 �QR�YRXFKHU��� -1�������� -1��������±��A. gregorii, Australia, :HVWHUQ�$XVWUDOLD�����������6�����������(��J. 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