Lecture 35

Designing for the developing world and

Moringa for Water TreatmentMoringa for Water Treatment

Dr. Stephanie Velegol

12/07/0912/07/09

1

Designing for the Developing World must reach beyond economicsmust reach beyond economics

Will it promote EconomicDevelopment?

Is the Design Appropriate?

Is the Design Green?

W ll h D Will the Design promote Social Development?

2

Taken from Dr. SchuhmannDirector, Engineering Leadership Development ProgramAt Penn State

Moringa seeds for Moringa seeds for Water Purification

Dr. Stephanie Velegol, Civil EngineeringDr. Darrell Velegol, Chemical Engineering

D Ri k S h h SEDTAPPDr. Rick Schuhmann, SEDTAPPHuda Jerri (Grad) & Kristin Adolfsen (UG), Chemical Engineering

Ashley Curtis (UG), Chemical EngineeringLing Ling Chen & Basayir Hussain Al-Lawati (UG), Chemical Engineering

Bridget Finnegan (UG), Chemical EngineeringChris Bakey (UG), Civil Engineering

M i g i th “Mi l T ”Moringa is the “Miracle Tree”

Food: Leaves are highly nutritious

Fuel: Seeds can be used as biodieselPlant can be used for biogas

Water Treatment: Seeds clarify water

4

Location corresponds to malnutrition and plack of access to potable water

Location of Moringa Trees

Malnutrition

5

Leaves are highly nutritious

7times the Vitamin C of Oranges

g y

4times th Vit i A f C t

7t es t e ta C o O a ges

4

4times the Vitamin A of Carrots

4times the Calcium of Milk

Tiny leaves.

3times the Potassium of Bananas

Enormous Benefits.Gram-for-gram comparison of nutritional data1

2times the Protein of Yogurt6

Moringa seeds clarify water and kill bacteriakill bacteria

5 ml of crushed seed powder to 250 ml of water

Shake for 1 minute

Filter through a cloth into 10 L of dirty waterg y

Stir rapidly for 1 minute, slowly for 5-10 minutes.

Let the water sit for one hour.

Field Guide for Emergency Water Treatment with Moringa oleifera by Beth Doerr, ECHO Staff, March 2005echo@echonet.org7

Moringa seeds contain cationic proteins th t l if t i fl l tithat clarify water via flocculation

cationic protein (~ 5 nm) i i ti l+++ cationic protein ( 5 nm)

6500 kDa+ 6 mV (iep = 10 – 11)

-anionic particle(sand, bacteria, kaolinite)

- -

8 flocculate & settle

Seeds are antimicrobial due to “ l l k if ” ti i t i“molecular knife” on cationic proteins

“Molecular Knife” + +

bacterium bacteriumbacteriumElectrostatically attracted M l l k if

+attracted Molecular knife

disrupts cell wall…kills bacterium

Cationicproteinfrom Moringaseeds

9Advantage: bacteria cannot become resistant

Problem: Treating water with Moringa l b hi d t l bl BODleaves behind water soluble BOD…

h l blOther water soluble proteins, etc. are left behind

Water cannot be stored as long….

10

Can we adsorb the active ingredient Can we adsorb the active ingredient to sand and rinse away BOD?

Procedure for functionalizing sandProcedure for functionalizing sand(Making f(Making f--sand)sand)

f-sand now d tready to

process local water

Fill container with sand

Add moringa solution to sand Drain and Rinseand immobilize

proteinsBOD is

rinsed away

12

Procedure for obtaining water soluble Procedure for obtaining water soluble cationic protein from seedscationic protein from seedspp

1

2

3Crush Moringa

d 4seeds0.5 g powder +20 mL water+20 mL water Roll for 1 hr Sediment

for 1 hour

Supernatant13 Times have not been optimized

Will f sand capture particles and kill Will f-sand capture particles and kill bacteria?

-Kristin Adolfsen (UG) & Huda Jerri (Grad Student)

Chemical Engineering-Chemical Engineering

ff--sand captures fluorescent anionic 1 sand captures fluorescent anionic 1 m m ti lti lparticles particles

No particles present on bare silica

Jerri H A ; Adolfsen K J ; Velegol D ; Velegol S B “Immobilization of cationic

15

Jerri, H. A.; Adolfsen, K. J.; Velegol, D.; Velegol, S.B. Immobilization of cationic Moringa oleifera proteins: from raw seeds to naturally-functionalized antimicrobial sand.” (Submitted to ES&T Nov. 20, 2009)

MOCP-functionalized f-sand also removes kaolin turbidityremoves kaolin turbidity

0.50

0.30

0.40

trat

ion

(mg/

ml)

bare sand

0.10

0.20

Kao

lin C

once

nt

f-sand

0.000 200 400 600

Time (minutes)

KImage taken after 600 minutes(a) f-sand (b) bare sand (c) original kaolin stock solution.

88% of kaolin was removed

( ) g

16 Jerri et al. (Submitted to ES&T Nov. 20, 2009)

f-sand captures and kills DH5α E. coliBare sand f sandBare sand f sand

Bacteria stained with BacLight

Images taken using confocal gmicroscopy

17 Jerri et al. (Submitted to ES&T Nov. 20, 2009)

Bacteria stay adhered after rinsing and will not transfer to sandnot transfer to sand

18 Jerri et al. (Submitted to ES&T Nov. 20, 2009)

What factors affect kaolin removal?

Ashley Curtis (UG)

Chemical EngineeringChemical Engineering

The Amount of Sand Does Not Increase Removal of Kaolinof Kaolin

0.27 g seed/L0 54 g seed/L0.54 g seed/L

20

Age of f-sand Has No Effects

21

Type of Mixing Makes a Difference

22

What is the best concentration of What is the best concentration of seed/sand to produce f-sand?

Ling Ling Chen (UG) Basayir Hussain Al-Lawati (UG) Kristin Adolsen (UG)

Chemical Engineering Chemical Engineering Chemical Engineeringg g g g g g

Technique for finding optimum t ti f dconcentration of seeds

fluorescentfluorescent particles Image slides

Add supernatant to glass slides

2424 25 mg/mL

p25 mg/mL

25 mg/mL12.5 mg/mL0 mg/ml- Control

50 mg/mL37.5 mg/mL

Concentrations- Moringa oleifera in DI25

What happens if dirty water is used What happens if dirty water is used to make f-sand?

Bridget Finnegan (UG), Chemical Engineering

Make f-sand with PSU WWTP secondary effluentsecondary effluent

5g Moringa suspended i 200 L ffl tin 200mL effluent

Strained through cheese cloth 50g sand added & stirred

Sampled every 10 minutes with 25 min of settlingwith 25 min of settling

27 Test Effluent for CFU removal

90% CFU removed from effluent (105 CFU) in 20 minutes

0 80.9

1

0CFU

0.50.60.70.8

)/ 1

1480

0.20.30.4

/100

mL)

00.1

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

(CFU

/

28

Time (min)

Can we use f-sand in a continuous Can we use f sand in a continuous flow system?

Christopher Bakey (UG)Civil Engineeringg g

29

Leveling sand is too disperseLeveling sand is too disperse

Media Size Distribution

100

60

80

100

tain

e Leveling SandFilter Sand

20

40

% R

et Filter SandAnthracite

00.01 0.1 1 10

Sieve Size

30

Set up of columns and future plansSet up of columns and future plans

• Flow Rate– Clogging

– Media Available

• Lifespan– Cost

– Time

• Effectiveness– Storage Capabilities

– % of Removal

3131

What’s next? Optimize! Design!What’s next? Optimize! Design!Batch design (point of use, for a household)g (p , )

1 tree = ??? liters water mixing: min time, strategy

32Continuous process (village or larger)