More subgrouping evidence for Bima-Lembata(Austronesian, eastern Indonesia)

Hanna Fricke, Leiden University APLL 12 – Oslo (virtual)

20 June 2020

In the village of Bakan on Lembata Island

Aims of this talk

• New evidence for the Austronesian Bima-Lembata subgroup in eastern Indonesia: split of PMP *b

• Show that subgrouping is relevant to placemorpho-syntactic innovations, such as the ‘reversed genitive’, in relative time

20 June 2020 2

The Bima-Lembata languages

Overview

• The Bima-Lembata languages

• Earlier subgrouping work

• Evidence for Bima-Lembata

– Shared innovations in the lexicon (Blust 2008)

– Phylogenetic evidence (Gasser 2014)

– Phonological evidence (Fricke 2019)

• Summary and conclusions

20 June 2020 3

Bima-Lembata languages

• MAP

20 June 2020 4

(Blust 2008)

(Elias 2018)(Fricke 2019)

Earlier subgrouping work of the area

Esser 1938 Wurm & Hattori 1981

20 June 2020 5

Bima-Sumba

??? ??

Ambon-Timor ?

Bima-Sumba Timor Area

???

?

Flores-Lembata - Timor- Maluku

(Ambon)

? ?

Word order in the adnominal possessive construction

20 June 2020 6

First potential evidence for Bima-Lembata (Blust 2008)

20 June 2020 7

(Blust 2008:48)

Bima-Sumba Ambon-Timor

Innovations supporting Bima-Lembata

Blust 2008

Evidence for Sumba-Hawu + CW Flores

– Semanitc innovation

• ‘needle’-> ‘sew’

• ‘cloud’> ‘sky’

• ‘Venus’> ‘star’

– Functional innovation

• PMP *-mu ‘2sg.poss’ > non-genitive pronoun

20 June 2020 8

Evidence for Bima Lembata

PMP *zaRum ‘needle’ -> Bima ⁿdaʔu ‘sew’, Hawu dyau ‘sew’, Lewoingu Lamaholot dauŋ ‘sew’

PMP *mantalaq ‘Venus’-> Bima ⁿtara ‘star’, Manggarai ⁿtala ‘star’, Liodala ‘star’, Western Lamaholot pə|tala ‘star’

Bima weki ‘body’, Manggrai ʋəki ‘body’, Lioʋəki ‘body’, Kambera wiki ‘self’, Central Lembata vəki ‘body’

??

Phylogenetic evidence for

Bima-Lembata(Gasser 2014)

= Esser’s Bima-Sumba

+ Flores-Lembata

20 June 2020 9

Phonological evidence for Bima-Lembata

20 June 2020 10

• Lexical data from the LexiRumah database (Kaiping et al 2019)

• Split of initial PMP *b > PBL *b/*w

– 8 cognate sets with PMP *b -> b/ɓ/ᵐb

– 13 cognate set with PMP *b -> w/ʋ/v

• AN Timor languages also show splits of PMP *b but in different lexical items and with different patterns

8 sets with PMP *b -> b/ɓ/ᵐb

20 June 2020 11

Gloss PMP P-Fl-Lem(1) Ende Palu’e Manggarai Kambera Bima

‘(re)turn’ *bali *gə|valik ɓaɹe palu - ɓeli ᵐbali

‘divide’ *baqagi *bagi bagi - bahi ɓeri bage

‘pound’ *bayu *bayu wadʒu padʒu - ɓai ᵐbad͡ʒu

‘heavy’ *bəRəqat *bərat - pədʒa - ᵐbotu (?) bara

‘white’ *budaq *budaʔ - pura - ɓurahu(2) ɓura

‘flower’ *buŋa *buŋa woŋa - - - ɓuŋa

‘wet’ *baseq *basə ᵐbasa paː bat͡ʃa ᵐbaha ᵐbet͡ʃa

‘split’ *bakaq *baka ‘bite’ ɓeka(3) - - ɓɛra -

(1) Fricke 2019, (2) Onvlee 1984, (3) Rongga and Keo (also Central Flores)

13 set with PMP *b -> w/ʋ/v

20 June 2020 12

Gloss PMP P-Fl-Lem(1) Ende Palu’e Manggarai Kambera Bima

‘new’ *baqəRu *vəru - - ʋəru - -

‘pig’ *babuy *vavi wawi ʋawi - wei wawi

‘stone’ *batu *vatu watu ʋatu ʋatu watu wadu

‘fruit’ *buaq *vua vua(1) - ʋua wua wua

‘moon’ *bulan *vulan wuɹa ʋula ʋulaŋ wulaŋ wura

‘woman’ *bahi *vai hai (<f) ʋai (ine) ʋai - -

‘lips’ *biRbiR *vivir wiwi(2) ʋiʋi ʋiʋir - wiwi

‘body hair’ *bulu *vulu|k fuː(ɜ) ʋulu ʋulu wulu -

‘foam’ *bujəq *vuda wora - ʋusa wura -

ALSO: PMP *baraq ‘lungs’ (?); *beli 'value, price’; *bubuŋ ‘ridge’; *buhek ‘hair’(1) Ngadha (Central Flores); (2) Keo (Central Flores); (ɜ) Nga’o (CF)

Summary of evidence for Bima-Lembata

1. Exclusively shared innovations in different domains – Sound change

initial PMP *b > *w in a specific set of words– Semantic innovations

PMP *mantalaq ‘Venus’ > ‘star’PMP *zaRum ‘needle’ > ‘sew’

– Lexical innovationswəki ‘body; self’

2. Phylogenetic evidence (Gasser 2014)

20 June 2020 13

Conclusions

Bima-Lembata• More and more evidence for Bima-

Lembata as an innovation-defined subgroup

• More work to be done on internal divisions

• The structural similarities between the Flores-Lembata languages and the AN languages on Timor are notinherited from a common ancestor

20 June 2020 14

BimaSumba-Hawu

W Flores

C Flores

Flores-Lembata

Thank you!

20 June 2020 15

ReferencesBlust, Robert. 2008. Is there a Bima-Sumba subgroup? Oceanic Linguistics 47(1). 45–113.

Elias, Alexander. 2018. Lio and the Central Flores languages. Leiden: Leiden University Master thesis.

Esser, S. J. 1938. Talen (9ab). In Koninklijk Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap (ed.), Atlas van TropischNederland. The Hague: Nijhoff.

Fricke, Hanna. 2019. Traces of language contact: The Flores-Lembata languages in eastern Indonesia. Amsterdam: LOT Publications.

Gasser, Emily. 2014. Subgrouping in Nusa Tenggara: the case of Bima-Sumba. In Jeffrey Connor-Linton & Luke Wander Amoroso (eds.), Measured Language: Quantitative Approaches to Acquisition, Assessment, and Variation, 63–78. Washington: Georgetown University Press.

Wurm, Stefen, Hattori Shirō & Theo Baumann. 1981. Language atlas of the Pacific area (Pacific Linguistics. Series C, Books ; No. 66, 67). Canberra: Australian Academy of the Humanities in collaboration with the Japan Academy.

20 June 2020 16