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Abortion – Moral Approach 2009

Copyrighted by Mandy Lim Wenn Shin (TP016310) and Her Team

Dedicated to

Ho Wai Leng

Tan Yit Yee

For the support and encouragement

Editor

Kean Ho

Lecturer

Thiagarajan A/L Sinnu

Directors

Lim Wern Shin TP016310

Cheong Kah Mun TP018096

Editors

Chew Kean Ho TP016777

Wong Je Ni TP016075

Tan Yit Yee TP018017

Resources Financer and Publisher

Tan Yit Yee TP018017

This entire assignment report is under copyright from the moral study team members named as mentioned above along with their registered ID name from APIIT/UCTI Malaysia in TPM. Any duplication or copy without permission or proper reference is considered plagiarism and action

will be taken as procedures par to the APIIT/UCTI Rules and Regulations.


Copyrighted by Mandy Lim Wenn Shin (TP016310) and Her Team

CONTENTS

Report Section Page Referral

1. Abortion Prologue

- A brief introduction about abortion.

1

2. Abortion Illustration

- Graphical supports on abortion.

5

3. Moral Aspects Approach

- Briefing on how we approach the abortion with moral theories

10

4. Social Morality Theory

- Approach Social Morality Theory with studies on abortion.

11

5. Teleological Ethics Theory

- Approach Teleological Ethics Theory with studies on abortion.

13

6. Egoism Theory

- Approach Egoism Theory with studies on abortion.

14

7. Utilitarianism Theory

- Approach Utilitarianism Theory with studies on abortion.

15

8. Principle of Duty

- Approach Principle of Duty with studies on abortion.

17

9. Overall Justification

- Summary of all theories along with our own point of views.

18

10. Conclusion

- Our conclusion on yes or no to abortion.

18

11. Reference and Appendix

- Our sources of researches and future attachments.

19 onwards


Copyrighted by Mandy Lim Wern Shin (TP016310) and her Team 1 | P a g e

1. Prologue

Abortion, according to Ministry of Health of Malaysia (2005), is an action of removing or

expulsing an embryo or fetus from the mother’s uterus, in which delivering the unborn child to

its death. However, according to Federation of Reproductive Health Associations Malaysia

(2009), stated that abortion is an action of elimination of an unsafe abortion and ensure effective

use of contraceptive to avoid unwanted pregnancies. Both agreed of termination of a fetus life

with human capabilities and human action.

By Ministry of Health Malaysia (2005), there’re 2 general types of abortion: Medical Abortion

which abortion due to medical purpose like saving the life of the woman, preventing the delivery

of a severely defected baby upon detection and to preserve the woman’s physical and mental

health; Induced Abortion is abortion due to deliberate human action, usually voluntary.

With today’s technologies, there’re various methods being carried out for abortion, depending on

the carriage and the time-length of the fetus development. According to Ministry of Health

Malaysia (2005), based on medical abortion, chemicals such as mifepristone and prostaglandins

are usually being used during early stage of pregnancy. Otherwise, according to them again,

surgical abortion is being carried out, such as vacuum aspiration (whether it’s manual suction or

electronic suction) is suitable for the first twelve weeks of pregnancy; Dilatation and curettage

(D&C) suitable for 15th to 24th week of pregnancy while lastly, intact dilatation and extraction

(partial-birth abortion) which suitable for advanced, third trimester pregnancy.

The risks of abortion and its effect are considerably high and have long-term effect. According to

Spirrey Press (2005), A few health risks, like general anaesthetic (such as choking, slow

recovery, feeling sick and vomiting), Haemorrhage (like excessive bleeding after abortion,

commonly due to adherent placenta or an incomplete abortion or failure of uterus in contact),

infection (like pelvic inflammatory disease), Perforation of uterus, future infertility, cervical

incompetence and ectopic pregnancy.

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The 2 dominant groups that made the debates on abortion are formally known as pro-life group

and pro-abortion group in all around the world. According to Diana Brown (2008), pro-life

groups are believers that a fertilized ovum is a human being and that its destruction is a murder

while pro-choice group believes that fetus is still far from reaching human being is merely a part

of the mother’s body, in which the mother has the right to dispose of; more of like having an

abortion is rather similar to getting a haircut.

According to Spirrey Press (2005),

Pro-lifer, believes that the ‘right to kill’ the closest relatives is improper and it’s a fundamental of

family violence. They believes that each family and community individuals value are equal and

no bias or extras to anyone. Addition to it, the price of freedom is not at the cost of another

human being’s life. They too believe that abortion is a failure for society in answering the call of

the help from a woman in crisis with difficult pregnancy. They strongly agreed with life starts

with conception, where modern genetics and embryology proven that human is formed the

moment the ovum is fertilized, just that it’s discriminated as unseen, unheard and can’t plead for

his/her own life. They believe that unborn child, regardless from intended or unintended

pregnancy is entirely innocent and womb is the ‘Home Address’ for them. They accepted that

abortion laws reflect values and abortion laws doesn’t discriminate women, considering the age

and magnitude of the abortion action’s value. Besides, alternatives such as adoption are always

available for unplanned pregnancy which resolves the young and poor mother’s difficulty. They

strongly stands for no medication support to abortion and should not be paid by tax-payers.

Pro-choices, believe in opposite to pro-lifer, thinks that abortion is a woman’s right, an essential

act of a woman’s freedom and an unwelcome pregnancy child is a trespasser. They strongly

stand on feminist side where abortion laws are the discriminations against woman and are the

central right for women’s struggle for equalities. To them, abortion is necessary for a very young

pregnant woman. They agreed that unattended child may be lead to wrenched lives and child will

be battered if left born. They regarded that government should provide legal medical and

financial supports to abortion, in reducing death of abortion victims.

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3. Moral Approach

In our research, we’ll relate the Abortion based on Principles of Moralities and Moral Theories.

Based on our scope, we’ll look into the Abortion from that perspective point of view and may

look into all direction, one by one as according to theories. The theories that we’re going to

relates will be as follows:



3. Egoism Theory



We’ll look into all directions, basically summarized all the aspects and point of views into Social,

Religion, Medical, Population, Community, Science and Economics. In and out, we’ll relate

some facts aligned to Pro-Choice (believes in fetus is mere tissues and should not be considered

as life) and Pro-Life (life is formed when an ovum is fertilized) point of view, par to point of

views based on medical articles rather a solid ‘yes’ and ‘no’ perspective.




a. Definition

“Social morality theory encompasses social taboo to ensure social harmony. It is

generally the theory of normative values and societal regulations becoming a

measure or criterion on determining a matter or action.”

Kenny Ken (2007)

To be specific, this theory relates with every cause and action with priority given

to the society attributes, rather than individual attributes. It’s the matter of setting

the needs and concerns for the society, relating every individual in one society

and contributes to that society.

b. Theory Approaches

In United States community, according to Robinson (2008), in certain states,

abortion is still be accessible with all pre-elementary criteria fulfilled, par to pre-

1973 anti-abortion laws; while Roe v. Wade (1973) stands fully on pro-life point

of view, in which abortion is illegal except saving the mother’s life. However,

Robinson (2008) mentioned that U.S. Supreme Court may override Roe v. Wade

in future (from 1973 onwards) and 1973 anti-abortion laws may be applicable.

By Pregnant Pause (2008), U.S has legalized abortion anytime during pregnancy

for any reason. Hence, we may justify that in U.S, although stands on both Pro-

Life and Pro-Choices point of view, accepts abortion as legal and should be done.

By both Pregnant Pause (2008) and Robinson (2008), In Canada, the country is

accepting abortion is legal at any reason. Robinson (2008) mentioned in early

2008, there is still no law in restricting access to abortion. By Pregnant Pause

(2008), in Russia, abortion is legal with condition to the pregnancy period; in

China, abortion is virtually available for all reason except gender selection.

For Malaysia community, according to Pregnant Pause (2008), abortion is legal

mainly on saving the mother’s life, physical and mental condition ONLY. They

added that for Islamic countries, abortion is illegal prior to Islamic laws (Pro-life

standing point-of-view).

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a. Definition

Teleological Ethics Theory means that the value of the action is determined by

prioritize effect/consequence of that action. According to Kenny Ken (2007), the

theory, known as consequentialism, in which the final result determines the

rightfulness of an action.


For Pro-Choice who accepts abortion is necessary, according to Spirrey Press

(2005 and 1999), their reasons are as follows:

i. Young mother may destroy her life by giving up education or career with

unwanted pregnancy.

ii. Mother may die after risking herself preserving the pregnancy while she’s

medically too weak, resulting two deaths instead of one.

iii. The child suffers long-life sickness or defects, causing burden to the

family if left born after the severe defections has been detected during

pregnancy.

iv. Children are battered, being abused and causing social problems if women

keep their babies live in a wretched life resulted from unwanted pregnancy.

For Pro-Life who denied abortion, according to Spirrey Press (2005 and 1999),

their reasons are as follows:

v. The mother may suffer numerous physical, emotional and psychological

risks in both short term and long term after the abortion.

vi. Abortion will cause chaos to the society in future because it is a form of

attack to the fundamental of human rights; an action of killing innocent

unborn child.

vii. The mother may suffer negative impact from unresolved grief with her

partner, children, family members, extended family members and the

community upon having herself with abortion.

viii. May corrupt the fundamental of moral teachings.



6. Egoism Theory

a. Definition

“Egoism is a theory which consider a value as good if it benefits the individual

himself, and bad or cruel if it harms or causes him to suffer a loss.”

Kenny Ken (2007)

In short, egoism theory simply consider the results upon the individual who

applied the action; good results equal good; bad results equal bad.


For Pro-Choice who accept abortion, according to Spirrey Press (2005 and 1999),


i. Young mother may not need to give up her career or education because of

unwanted pregnancy.

ii. The mother would survive from death and breeds in later time, after

abortion from a pregnancy that can kills her.

iii. It’s better to end a much defected unborn child life rather than letting the

mother suffering in raising the child who will be a life-time burden to her.

iv. It would be last resort of birth-control for the mother so that she can

carries out the duty as her mother equally to her children, avoiding

neglected child.

For Pro-Life who denied abortion, according to Spirrey Press (2005 and 1999),


i. The mother suffers permanent emotional and psychological trauma after

having abortion. Seriousness may reach to committing suicide.

ii. The mother may suffer permanent physical injuries and reproductive

problems inclusive infection and incompetence after abortion.

iii. The mother may become object of discrimination from her partner,

family, external family and community, deteriorating her life style.

iv. The mother may not survive the abortion or after abortion if it’s

performed illegally or she’s too weak for abortion.




a. Definition

Under this theory, it prioritizes the amount of beneficial of an action to people,

whether self or a great number of people; the greater the beneficial to people, the

better the value. According to Kenny Ken (2007), he mentioned that action is

right if the value of happiness benefits the great number of people, inclusive self.


Under Pro-Choice who supports abortion, according to Jeremy Bentham's

Hedonic Calculus (Mitch Meredith, n.d.) based on Spirrey Press (2005 and 1999)

sources,

i. Intensity: it’s very intensive in making decision that decides to enter

motherhood intellectually and emotionally; deciding to take the chance

between her death in preserving unsafe pregnancy or her life sacrificing

the child; willingness in bearing a serious defected child after birth, for life.

ii. Duration: Life time. Death on the fetus or the mother or both.

iii. Certainty: Probable. A matter of convinces, counseling, logic and

rationality; a matter of time in saving the mother’s life or death for both.

iv. Remoteness: Immediate. Abortion can performed in any medical hospitals.

v. Fecundity (repeat tendency): Depends. It’s up to the mother’s

disciplinary, health after abortion, faith and surrounding environments.

vi. Purity (premature tendency): Depends. It’s up to the mother’s

disciplinary, health after abortion, faith and surrounding environments.

vii. Number of Benefits: Herself, her partner, her family, her external family,

her close society and peers.



Under Pro-Choice who supports abortion, according to Jeremy Bentham's

Hedonic Calculus (Mitch Meredith, n.d.) based on Spirrey Press (2005 and 1999)

sources,

i. Intensity: it’s very intensive in giving birth of a child, creating a new form

of life and new discoverable love in the family; not supporting in

corrupting the fundamental of human rights; adoption is always available

for the child; sacrificing for the child from a mother.

ii. Duration: Life time. Creating a life (regardless wanted or unwanted).

iii. Certainty: Probable. A matter of convinces, counseling, logic and

rationality; to strengthen the spirit of the mother in giving the birth and to

cancel the effect of the initial fear and shock from having a child.

iv. Remoteness: Immediate. Counseling is always available throughout the

world and easy accessible.

v. Fecundity (repeat tendency): Depends. It’s up to the mother’s

disciplinary.

vi. Purity (premature tendency): Unlikely. Since there’re solutions (ex:

adoption) for the child if the mother can’t bear the children, the mother

may be able to cope up if there’s any unwanted pregnancy occurred.

vii. Number of Benefits: Herself, her partner, her family, her external family,

her close society, her peers and the community she lives in.

NOTE: The calculus only considering these cases for abortion:

i. Induced Abortion

a. Teen pregnancy

b. Unwanted Pregnancy

ii. Medical Abortion

a. Mother’s life in hazard

b. Severe child defects detection during pregnancy.




a. Definition

Principle of Duty gives ultimate priority on the motive, intension and purpose of a

task/action, rather not on what are needs to be done and the consequences behind

the task/action.


For Pro-Choice who accepts the act of abortion, by Spirrey Press (2005 and 1999),

i. It’s her duty to decide whether to suffer in long life with unwanted

pregnancy, rather than only concerning importance about the child.

ii. It’s her duty in controlling her fertility upon her will, inclusive acts of

abortion if she can’t cope up with motherhood for that child.

iii. It’s her duty to decide for herself with concerning her health safety as well,

rather than just being focus onto the baby like the Pro-Life supporters does.

For Pro-Life who denied the act of abortion, by Spirrey Press (2005 and 1999),


i. The mother should carry out her duty as her mother in protecting her off-

spring, rather than killing it.

ii. It’s rather a duty for the mother to seek out all flexibilities for the

unwanted pregnancy child, instead of killing it as a one-stop solution.

iii. Indeed bringing up a child requires huge commitment, the mother cannot

neglect her responsibility is giving birth for a child, whether wanted or

unwanted, as there’re many solutions in resolving the unwanted child

such as adoption.

iv. Mother should be responsible along with her partner when she got

unwanted pregnancy if their intercourse is voluntary, whether safe

intercourse or unsafe intercourse.

v. The mother should have done her duty in preparing herself for

motherhood before engaging a voluntary intercourse.



9. Justifications

Judging from all the arguments along with its theories, there’re numerous cases we think

it should be applied when necessary.

From science, under Social Morality Theory, we believe that Pro-Life supporters’ reason

on life starts at conception is logical and true, by proving via full unique human DNA

formation in the zygote stage.

We too support the Pro-Choice supporters’ reason on aborting the pregnancy when the

mother’s physical and medical condition is outfitted; saving one life better than saving

none. Based on Egoism Theory, we accepts the argument that the mother may have a

chance to breed in later time; rather than none after risking herself dying.

However, by the Principle of Duty theories, we fully support on Pro-Life side since every

couples should be responsible for what they did and whenever there’s a flexibility, killing

isn’t necessary. We denied the Pro-Choice side due to our reason which is allowing

freedom to abortion may stimulates more unwanted pregnancy especially during teen era

when they have more curiosity about sexual attraction.

Under Utilitarian Theory, it’s vividly proven that Pro-Life side is more beneficial and

effective to more factions than Pro-Choice side via Jeremy Bentham's Hedonic Calculus

by Mitch Meredith.

Under Teleological Ethics Theory, we believe Pro-Life’s statement on abortion will

corrupts the fundamental of human right and leaves chaos to the society since every

mother is given the right to kill her own off spring at her will.

10. Conclusions

From out justifications, we conclude that abortion is not a good act and should not be

carried out except the case of mother’s physical, mental and medical condition that might

kill both the mother and the unborn child simultaneously.



11. Appendix and References

Ministry of Health of Malaysia / Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia, © 2005, “Abortion” in

www.myhealth.gov.my, MYHEALTH Editorial Board Members, viewed 21st May 2009,

<http://www.myhealth.gov.my/myhealth/eng/remaja_content.jsp?lang=remaja&sub=0&bhs=

eng&storyid=1193356705206>

Federation of Reproductive Health Association Malaysia, © 2009, “Abortion” via

www.frham.org.my, MYHEALTH Editorial Board Members, viewed 21st May 2009, Media

and Publication officer, Jeen Voon Leong, viewed 21st May 2009,

< http://www.frham.org.my/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4&Itemid=16>

The Spirrey Press, © 2005, “The Abortion Issue”, Ligare Pty. Ltd., Riverwood, Sydney,

Australia.

Kenny Ken, © 2009, “Abortion, Right or Wrong?” in www.associatedcontent.com,

Associated Content Inc., viewed 21st May 2009,

<http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/400820/abortion_right_or_wrong.html>



<http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/400820/abortion_right_or_wrong.html>



B.A. Robinson, © 1998 to 2008, “Major U.S. laws concerning abortion” in

www.religioustolerance.org, Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance,

< http://www.religioustolerance.org/abo_supr.htm>

B.A. Robinson, © 1998 to 2008, “Canadian court decisions” in www.religioustolerance.org,

Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance,

< http://www.religioustolerance.org/abo_can.htm>

Pregnant Pause, © 2002 to 2008, “Summary of Abortion Laws Around the World” in

www.pregnantpause.org, Pregnant Pause,

< http://www.pregnantpause.org/lex/world02map.htm >

Pregnant Pause, © 2002 to 2008, “World Abortion Law Map” in www.pregnantpause.org,

Pregnant Pause,

< http://www.pregnantpause.org/lex/world02.jsp>

Heritage House '76, Inc., © 2006, “I AM Pro-Life and here’s What I Think” in

www.abortionfacts.com, Heritage House '76, Inc.,

< http://www.abortionfacts.com/life_or_choice/prolife_information.asp>

Heritage House '76, Inc., © 2006, “I AM Pro-Choice and here’s What I Think” in

www.abortionfacts.com, Heritage House '76, Inc.,

< http://www.abortionfacts.com/life_or_choice/pro_choice.asp>





<

http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/400820/abortion_right_or_wrong_pg2.html?cat=1

7>

The Spirrey Press, © 1999, “The Abortion Debates”, Ligare Pty. Ltd., Riverwood, Sydney,

Australia.

Diana Brown, 2008, “Abortion Should Not Be Restricted” in “Should Abortion Rights be

Restricted?”, Thomson Gale - Greenhaven Press, U.S.A

Mitch Meredith, n.d, “Jeremy Bentham's Hedonic Calculus”, in www.iejs.com, Hawthorne

Justice International, viewed 25th May 2009,

< http://www.iejs.com/Criminology/jeremy_benthams_hedonic_calculus.htm>

Cynthia Dailard, 1996-2009, “Abortion in Context: United State and Worldwide”, in

www.guttmacher.org, Guttmacher Institute, viewed 25th May 2009,

< http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/ib_0599.html>

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