montenegro greenhouse ornamental production workshop october

Montenegro Greenhouse Ornamental ProductionWorkshop October 2007Heiner LiethPlant Sciences DepartmentUniversity of California, Davis

The material that follows in this report consists of material that was supplied to the USDAForeign Ag Service in support of assembling and delivering a workshop in the country ofMontenegro is promotion of the their greenhouse flower production industry.

At the time when the program was planned it was unknown what level of interest and expertisewould be available on-site in Montenegro. Thus a program was created which could be adjusteddynamically. The attached materials represent the final state of the program as it was actuallydelivered in Budvar, Montenegro during the period from October 16 - 19, 2007.

The material included in this report consists of a printout of a website that was built for theworkshop. This website includes most of the visuals that were presented, except the slide-showsthat were developed on-site at the request of the participants. Participants receive a CD with allthis information, but a lot was modified dynamically to address specific needs, so that agenerally-accessible website was created for them at http://lieth.ucdavis.edu/montenegro/Lieth_Montenegro_Oct2007.pdfAll information on the site was translated into Serbo-croatian by locals in Belgrade andMontenegro.

Montenegro Greenhouse Ornamental Production Workshop October 2007Radionica za proizvodnju ukrasnog cveća u staklenicima, Crna Gora, Okt 2007Day 1 (Tue Oct 16)Dan 1 (16. oktobar)

Day 2 (Wed Oct 17)Dan 2 (17. oktobar)

Day 3 (Thu Oct 18)Dan 3 (18. oktobar)

Day 4 (Fri Oct 19)Dan 4 (19. oktobar)

8:30 to 9:00 ‐ Introduction of organizersand overview of the hand‐out materials.Uvodna reč organizatora i pregledmaterijalaProfessor Heiner LiethMr Philippe Chabot

9:00 to 9:45 ‐ Introduction to Greenhouse Flower Production (Lieth)Uvod u proizvodnju cveća u staklenicima

8:30 Virtual tour of some Californiagreenhouse production of ornamentalsas well as some marketing information(in response to previous day’sdiscussion) 9:30 to 10:15 ‐ Soilless crop production:Overview of the root zone; physical/chemical properties of varioussubstrate components Proizvodnjabiljaka sa malo zemljišta: Pregledkorena; fizička/hemijska svojstvarazličitih komponenata supstrata (Lieth)

8:30 ‐ 9:45 ‐ Water management; Irrigation. Overview of technologies(emitters, distribution systems, filters, etc) Upravljanje vodom; navodnjavanje:pregled tehnolgoija (emiteri, distributivni sistemi, filteri, itd) (Lieth)

8:30 ‐ 10:00 ‐ Example of a particularproduction system: Greenhouse Cut flower rose production. Primerodređenog proizvodnog sistema:proizvodnja sečenih ruža u stakleniku(Lieth)

9:50 to 10:15 ‐ Break and further introductions. Participants introducethemselves to each other and organizers during Coffee break Pauza i dalji uvod. Učesnici sepredstavljaju tokom pauze.

10:15 to 11:00 ‐ Typical issues forgrowers in California and NorthAmerican Tipični problemi uzgajivača uKaliforniji i Severnoj Americi (Lieth)

10:15 to 10:30 Break ‐ Pauza

10:30 to 11:15 ‐ Soilless cropproduction(continued): Various properties of substrates and how these drive irrigation and fertilizationProizvodnja biljaka sa malo zemljišta ‐nastavak (Lieth)

10:00 depart for: Local Greenhouse Tour in individual (own) cars

10:00‐ 10:15 Break Pauza

10:15 ‐ 11:00 ‐ ‐ Greenhouse crop ecology: Light, Temperature, CO2 plantrelations and environment optimization Ekologija biljaka u stakleniku: svetlo,temperature, CO2, odnos biljaka i okoline (Lieth)

11:00 to noon: Discussion of Marketing issues: Whatare the options for Montenegran growers: local market; European marketand competitors Do podneva: Diskusija o problemimatržišta: koje su mogućnosti crnogorskihuzgajivača: lokalno tržište, evropskotržište i konkurencija (Chabot and Lieth)

11:15 to noon ‐ Treatment of substrates(pasteurization); rooting mediumpreparation; Tretiranje supstrata(pasterizacija); priprema sredine za koren (Lieth)

We'll look at equipment, controls, plantproblems, pest management (Note: Iwould be instructing during the tour to identify specific elements ‐ we need amobile translator for this)Pregledaćemo opremu, kontrole,probleme biljaka, upravljanještetočinama. (treba nam prvodilac doksmo u poseti)

11:00‐ 11:30 ‐ ‐ Post‐productionhandling of ornamental products Rukovanje ukrasnim cvećem posleproizvodnje (Lieth) 11:30 Check out of hotel room

12:10 to 13:20 Lunch Ručak 12:00 ‐ 13:20 Lunch Ručak (Box lunch) 12:00 ‐ 13:20 Lunch Ručak

13:30 ‐ 14:15: Greenhouse structures ‐ the full spectrum from simple to highlycomplex; issue regarding energy, lightattenuation, temperature control; glazing materials Struktura staklenika –pun pregled od jednostavnih dokompleksnih; problemi koji se tičuenergije, svetlosti, kontrole temperature(Lieth)

13:30 ‐ 15:00 Plant nutrition and Fertilization: Macro and micro nutrients.Ishrana i đubrenje biljaka: Makro i mikronutritijenti (Lieth)

tour continuedNastavak ture

13:00 to 14:00 ‐ Post‐productionhandling of ornamental products Rukovanje ukrasnim cvećem posleproizvodnje (Lieth)

14:00 ‐ 14:30 Virtual tour of an large outdoor nursery in central California.Enphasis on recirculation and water management

14:15 ‐ 15:00‐ Greenhouse environmentcontrol: Part 1: Heating Kontrolaživotne sredine u stakleniku: Deo I:zagrevanje (Lieth)

15:00‐15:20 ‐ Break Pauza

15:00 ‐ 15:20 BreakPauza Fertigation systems and their operation;Calculating the set up of stock tanks and injection rates Sistemi fertigacije i njihov rad;izračunavanje postavljanja tankova ikoličina ubrizgavanja (Lieth)

14:30 – 15:00 Professor Lieth’simpressions of the Montenegroornamental production industries andpotential for the future 15:00 ‐ 15:20 Break Pauza

15:20 ‐ 16:30‐ Greenhouse environmentcontrol: Part 2: cooling Kontrola životnesredine u stakleniku: Deo II: hlađenje(Lieth) 16:30‐17:00 Q&A Pitanja i odgovori

15:20‐16:30 ‐ Pest management ‐ identification of pests Upravljanještetočinama – identifikacija štetočina(Lieth)

Integrated Pest Management (IPM)‐ background material Integrisanoupravljanje štetočinama (IPM) –materijal (Lieth)16:30‐17:00 Q&A Pitanja i odgovori

15:20 ‐ 16:00 Discussion with participants 16:00‐17:00 Q&APitanja i odgovori

Greenhouse FlowerProduction

Proizvodnja cveća u staklenicima

This workshop focuses on production in greenhouses, ranging from primitiveplastic covers to highly automated glass greenhouses.

Most of the emphasis will be on ornamental plants in greenhouse production.We can also discuss some outdoor production, but most of this workshop willfocus on soil-less production (not in-ground)

Ovaj seminar odnosi se na proizvodnju u staklenicima, polazeći od primitivnihplastičnih prekrivača do visoko automatizovanih staklenika obloženih staklom.

Uglavnom ćemo se baviti proizvodnjom ukrasnih biljaka u staklenicima.Takođe, možemo se pozabaviti i prozivodnjom van staklenika, ali je cilj ovogseminara proizvodnja u uslovima gde nema puno zemljišta (ne u zemlji)

Slideshow of products of the industry:

This slideshow will show they types of products that this industryproduces. Note especially the large diversity in products and plants that areused. Points of discussion

Slajdovi proizvoda:

Ovi slajdovi će pokazati koji se proizvodi proizvode u ovojindustriji. Obratite pažnju na veliki broj različitih proizvoda i biljaka.

Distribution system in the United States

grower/shipperwholesale floristflower marketsimportersgarden centers, retail nurseriesretail floristchain and grocery store

Distributivni sistem u SAD

uzgajivač/dostavljačcvećare u veleprodajitržišta cvećauvoznicigarden centri, maloprodajni rasadnicicvećare u maloprodajilanac prodavnica

Distribution system in Europe Distributivni sistem u Evropi

Focus of issues specific to ornamental horticulture

production efficiencydisease and pest managementmarketing

Problemi koji su specifični za hortikulturu ukrasnihbiljaka

efikasnost proizvodnjeupravljanje bolestima i štetočinama

note that marketing is a ballance between "holidayproduction"(ie consumer driven) and year-round level production(Preferred by growers)

post-harvest treatment

marketingzapamtite da je marketing balans između "proizvodnje zapraznike"(npr. uslovljena potrošačima) i jednogodišnjomproizvodnjom (uzgajivači je više vole)

tretiranje posle žetve

End-user issues in the United States Problemi krajnjih potrošača u SAD

End-user issues in Europe Problemi krajnjih potrošača u Evropi

Summary of Export issues

Eco-friendlySocially-responsible production (sustainable methods)Do products need to be Pesticide free?Zero-tolerance for certain pests - how to build a system tohandle this

Problemi koji se javljaju kod izvoza

Mora da bude u skladu sa ekologijomProizvodnja mora da bude odgovorna prema društvu(održive metode)Da li proizvodi moraju biti bez pesticida?Bez tolerancije za određene štetočine – kako izgraditisistem koji će to kontrolisati

Issues faced by growers in the United States (and especially California)

One thing that distinguishes the floriculture industry from otherforms of agriculture is the degree of volatility in the variousproblems faced by growers. New pests seem to emerge every 18months to 2 years. New production pressures emerge aboutevery 2 - 3 years and government regulation changes continuously, especially with regard to pesticide regulation andworker safety.

Problemi sa kojima se sreću uzgajivači u SAD(naročito u Kaliforniji)

Ono što razlikuje industriju cveća od drugih oblika poljoprivredneporizvodnje jeste stepen nestalnosti u različitim problemima, sakojima se suočavaju uzgajivači. Izgleda da se nove štetočinepojavljuju svake 2 - 3 godine, a vladini propisi se redovnomenjaju, naročito po pitanju regulisanja upotrebe pesticide ibezbednosti radnika.

- Energy

Recently energy costs started rising. Last winter energy costswere so high that many greenhouse producers were spending somuch to heat and cool their greenhouses that they had troublemaking a profit; many went out of business. Similar things may

- Energija

U poslednje vreme troškovi energije su počeli da se povećavaju.Prošle zime troškovi energije su toliko bili visoki da su mnogiproizvođači u staklenicima trošili toliko sredstava da zagreju irashlade svoje staklenike, da su imali problema da ostvare profit;

happen this winter, but many growers have found ways to lock insome energy prices that they can live with. We even had some growers that had energy contracts and it was more lucrative forthem to sell this energy back than to use it for greenhouseproduction. This winter things will probably be different (morestable).Note: Energy and Labor represent the two largest portions ofproduction costs in general in the US because energy is notsubsidized. (Does your competitor have subsidized energy?)

mnogi su prestali da rade. Slično se dogodilo i ove zime, ali sumnogi uzgajivači našli načina da zamrznu troškove energije takoda mogu da prežive. Neki su čak potpisali i ugovore o utroškuenergije, tako da je za njih ispalo isplativije da ponovo prodaju tuenergiju nego da je koriste za proizvodnju u staklenicima. Ovezime stvari će biti drugačije (stabilnije).Beleška: Energija i rad predstavljaju dve najveće stavke utroškovima proizvodnje u SAD jer utrošak energije nijesubvencionisan. (Da li vaš konkurent ima subvencionisanuenergiju?)

- Environmental concerns and regulations

Public sensitivity to the environment has reached high levels inrecent years in the US and especially California. Legislation hasbeen developed over the past few years across the country toprotect our natural resources, not just from obvious blights, but also from "invisible" pollutants. Nitrate levels in ground water arevery high in many places (this comes from the use of fertilizerswhich can leach into the ground water). (Can you recognize thewarning signs for your children?)

Pesticides in irrigation run-off can also cause problems.Environmental activists continue to heighten the public'ssensitivity, sometimes higher than it needs to be.

New Government regulations in many states now requiregrowers to obtain discharge merits for agricultural run-off. Inmany states run-off is forbidden. (Note that this makesgreenhouse production basically impossible).

- Problemi životne sredine i propisi

Javna osetljivost na životnu sredinu dostigla je visok nivo uposlednje vreme u SAD, naročito u Kaliforniji. Zakonodavstvo setokom poslednjih godina razvijalo u pravcu zaštite prirodnihresursa, ne samo od očitog uništavanja, nego i od "nevidljivih"zagađivača. Nivo nitrite u podzemnim vodama je veoma visok namnogim mestima (uzrok ovome jeste korišćenje đubriva koje semože sprati u podzemne vode. (Da li možete da prepoznateznake upozorenja za vašu decu?)

Pesticidi koji se ispiraju navodnjavanjem takođe mogu daprouzrokuju probleme. Aktivisti koji se bave zaštitom životnesredine nastavljaju da povećaju osetljivost javnosti, nekada čak iviše nego što je potrebno.

Novi vladini propisi u mnogim saveznim državama sadaobavezuju uzgajivače da obezbede kontrolu ispiranjapoljoprivrednog zemljišta. U mnogim zemljama ispiranje jezabranjeno. (Što u principu čini proizvodnju u staklenicimanemogućom).

- Imports (cut flowers)

The cut-flower production industry in the USA has been affecteddramatically by imported cut-flowers. The same issue is important in northern Europe. This is a problem for domesticgrowers because frequently the imported products are being sold

- Uvoz (sečeno cveće)

Proizvodnja sečenog cveća u SAD je dramatično ugroženauvoznim sečenim cvećem. Isti problem se javlja i u severnojEvropi. Ovo je problem sa domaće uzgajivače zato što se cvećekoje se često uvozi prodaje jeftinije nego što je cena koju mogu

for prices below what it costs domestic growers to produce theircrops (forcing them to sell at a loss). This is possible because inmany foreign countries' wages are a fraction of our minimumwage and the governments subsidize these growers in order tobuild up this industry. Also in many tropical and sub-tropicalcountries (e.g. Columbia, Venezuela, Kenya,..., Ecuador, Mexico,...) the climate is such that many crops can be grownwithout heating or cooling. Thus the cost of producing plants isfar lower.

The problem however is not quite so simple. Although the totalcost of production may be substantially cheaper for the off-shoreproducer, transportation costs and losses due to transit bring theactual cost close to that of the domestic producer. What has hurtdomestic growers the most is something called "dumping": thepractice of importers of selling products for less than what it cost the foreign producer to produce the crop. There are severalreasons why an importer might sell "at a loss".

Foreign government subsidies artificially bringing the costdown (i.e. no loss to the grower or importer)

1.

Attempting to capture the market and to force the domesticproducers out of business so that prices can be raisedlater.

2.

Too much competition in the market at various times forcesprices down; domestic growers respond by not harvesting;importers already have the product and must try to get whatever they can for it, thus selling below cost

3.

In the past few years legal actions have been taken to prevent"dumping". Tariffs are being imposed to prevent blatant dumping.But most growers are not satisfied that all this is working. Mostimporters feel that it has gone as far as it should go.

Related issue: intellectual property and plant patent royalties

da ostvare domaći proizvođači za proizvodnju svojih biljaka (štoih uslovljava da prodaju sa gubitkom). Ovo je moguće zato što jeu mnogim stranim zemljama plata samo deo naše minimalneplate, a vlada subvencioniše ovu proizvodnju kako bi je ojačala.Takođe, mnoge tropske i suptropske zemlje (npr. Kolumbija,Venecuela, Kenija, Ekvador, Meksiko…) imaju takvu klimu gdese mnoge biljke mogu gajiti bez hlađenja ili zagrevanja. Stoga sutroškovi proizvodnje niži.

Ipak, problem nije tako jednostavan. Iako je ukupan trošakproizvodnje možda značano jeftiniji od of-šor proizvođača,troškovi transporta i gubici usled transporta čine stvarne troškoveskoro istim kao što su i troškovi domaćih proizvođača. Ono štopovređuje domaće proizvođače jeste ono što se naziva"damping": praksa uvoznika da prodaju proizvode za nižu cenunego što to zaista košta strane proizvođače da proizvedu biljku.Postoji nekoliko razloga zašto uvoznik može prodavati "sagubitkom".

Subvencije stranih vlada veštački snižavaju troškove(npr. nema troškova za proizvođača ili uvoznika)

1.

Pokušaj da se zauzme tržište i da se nateraju domaćiproizvođaći da napuste posao, tako da se cene mogukasnije podići.

2.

Isuviše jaka konkurencija na tržištu u različito vremesnižava cene; domaći uzgajivači odgovaraju tako štone seku cveće; uvoznici već imaju xvoje proizvode imoraju da pokušaju bilo šta, stoga prodaju ispodcene.

3.

U poslednjih nekoliko godina preduzete su zakonske akcije da sespreči "damping". Postavljene su tarife da bi se sprečio damping.Ali većina uzgajivača nije zadovoljna. Većina uvoznika da je sveotišlo predaleko.

Drugo: intelektualna svojina i autorsko pravo za biljne patente

Sudden Oak Death and Glassy-wingedSharpshooter (for Container Nurseries)

Phytophtora ramorum i Homalodisca coagulata (zauzgajališta kontejnere)

I am presenting this as an example to show the strange thingsthat can happen that seem unimportant until they suddenly shutdown part of your distribution system.

Many nurseries are being barred from shipping product intoparticular states and countries (e.g. Canada) for fear that thenursery products may be carrying the pathogen that causesSudden Oak Death

Glassy-winged sharpshooter is an insect that causes littledamage to plants by itself, but it carries the bacterium that isresponsible for Pierces Disease which can wipe out entire orchards and stands of woody plants. Because the nurseryindustry transports huge amounts of plants and some of theplants carry this insect, the industry is seeing restrictions tomovement of plants.

Many nurseries have faced bankruptcy because they suddenlycould not ship any product out of their county or region. Suddenlyany woody plant in a container and any substrate that includeswood from trees that are in the host range of the SOD organism (phytophthera) are restricted. This affects sales dramatically....

Predstavljam vam ovo kao primer da vam pokažem da se čudnestvari mogu dogoditi, koje izgledaju potpuno nebitne sve dok nezatvore deo vašeg distributivnog sistema.

Mnoga uzgajališta su izuzeta od slanja proizvoda u određenezemlje (npr. Kanada), iz straha da proizvodi iz rasadnika mogunositi patogene koji izazivaju iznenadno izumiranje hrastova

Homalodisca coagulata je insekt koji izaziva malu štetu samojbiljci, ali prenosi bakteriju koja je ogovorna za pojavu Piercebolesti, koja može zbrisati čitave voćnjake i drvenaste biljke.Pošto rasadnici prenose ogromne količine biljaka a na nekimbiljkama se nalazi ovaj insekt, industrija nalazi načine da ograničikretanje biljaka.

Mnogi rasadnici su bankrotirali zato što odjednom nisu mogli dapošalju ijedan proizvod van svoje zemlje ili regiona. Odjednom,bilo koja drvenasta biljka u kontejneru ili bilo koji supstrat kojisadrži drvo koje se smatra mogućim domaćinom SODorganizama (fitoftora) su zabranjeni. Ovo se dramatično odrazilona prodaju....

These are not the only severe issues that affect greenhousegrowers of ornamental crops in the US.

Ovo nisu jedini veliki problemi koji utiču na proizvodnju ukrasnihbiljaka u staklenicima u SAD.

1

Greenhouse Production

Heiner Lieth

Greenhouse Production: Crops

• Vegetables• Ornamentals• Ornamentals

– Cut‐flowers– Potted flowering and foliage plants

• “High value crops” – because the input costs are high and only high‐value crops will result on a

ireturn on investment.• I will show you all the tools that are available; everything costs money; be careful to grow a crop that you can market and get enough money to pay your bills (and make a profit)

2

Greenhouse Production: Levels of technology

• I will show you the full range of technology. The key to profitability is to use the most appropriatekey to profitability is to use the most‐appropriate level of technology that is right for you.

• Factors that dictate “Appropriate level of technology”:– Market

– Climate

– Labor costs

– Energy costs

– Infrastructure reliability

Greenhouse technology – glass• Expensive; Low maintenance; Long life (this is an investment) ‐ Unlimited capability to install control technology

3

Greenhouse technology – film

• Inexpensive, Frequent maintenance; Short life (fil 2 4 )(film: 2‐4 years)

• Limited control capability

Greenhouse technology – in‐between

• Intermediate; plastic houses

• Ability to have some controls

4

Greenhouse Production: Levels of technology

• I will show you the full range of technology. The key to profitability is to use the most‐appropriate level ofto profitability is to use the most‐appropriate level of technology that is right for you.

• Factors that dictate “Appropriate level of technology”:– Market – do you need to precision‐control timing?– Climate – do you need to deal with low temperatures?Climate do you need to deal with low temperatures?– Labor costs – does it make sense to install automation?– Energy costs – heating/cooling – insulation?– Infrastructure reliability – can you count on energy/water/ labor when you need it?

Points of discussion

• Later today we will talk about Greenhouse structure– Greenhouse structure

– Glazing materials (the transparent material)– General cost information

• I will NOT talk about:– Specific costs– You will have to calculate the details yourself– You will have to calculate the details yourself– We will not discuss engineering details, energy management calculations, thermal loss data, etc (Greenhouse engineering would be a separate workshop)

5


• Greenhouse production of any crop is NOT staticstatic.– It changes very fast; every year there are different forces that affect production

• Examples– Shift from soil‐based to soilless productionM d t l b il bl– More and more tools become available every month.

• Be sure to stay informed • Always be open to new tools, but evaluate carefully whether each is “right for you”


• Some high‐tech examples –th i ht f ?

Robotic shifting of plants for ease of harvesting:

are these right for you?Robotic transplanting:

Robotic plant handling:Flower grading machine:

Greenhouse construction Izgradnja staklenika

Greenhouse structure:

Various styleslean-tosingle span

Struktura staklenika:

Različiti stilovioslanjaju sejedan otvor

ridge and furrow

A-frame

sleme i brazda

A-ram

Quonset (plastic glazing) Quonset (plastično zastakljivanje)

high-profile

vs low-profile (Venlo-style)

visoko kvalitetno

U odnosu na nisko kvalitetno (Venlo-stil)

Types which allow the entire roof to be opened:

"Retractable"

"Open roof"

Tipovi staklenika kod kojih se kompletan krov može otvoriti:

"Krov se

uvlači" "Krov se otvara"

Support structure: materials typically used: wood, aluminum, steelstronger materials can be spread farther apart - less light loss

Potporna struktura: materijali koji se obično koriste: drvo,aluminijum, čelik

jači materijali mogu još više da se prošire – gubi se manjesvetla

Greenhouse glazing material:

Criteria for electing glazing material:heat versus light penetrationcan they tolerate the forces of the environment: snow, windfire hazardconstruction costs / maintenance costslife expectancycondensation / light environ. & dripping on plants

Materijal za zastakljivanje staklenika:

Kriterijum za odabir materijala za zastakljivanje:toplota u odnosu na prodor svetlostida li mogu da podnesu prirodne sile; sneg, vetaropasnost od vatretroškovi izgradnje / troškovi održavanjaočekivani vek trajanjakondenzacija / svetlost & kapljanje na biljke

glassthe only material used prior to 1950heavy - requires lots of structureexpensivevery durableits now possible to get large panes so light interception is less

staklojedini materijal koji se koristio pre 1950teško – zahteva dobru strukturuskupovrlo dugotrajnosada je moguće dobiti veće ploče tako da je presretanje

serious problemdouble-paning is possible - obviously even more expensive

svetlosti manji problemmoguće je duplo postavljanje – što je očito još skuplje

filmspolyethylenecheap to buyshort life (3 years)with various filters (3-5 years)good light penetration when newdouble layering - inflate with fan (use air from outside)problems with crud between layersfrequent replacement represents high labor (maint. cost)

folijepolietilenjevtinekratkotrajne (3 godine)sa različitim filterima (3-5 godina)dobar prodor svetlosti kada su novedupli sloj – mogu se naduvati ventilatorom (koristi spoljašnjivazduh)problemi sa prljavštinom između slojevačesta zamena zahteva dosta rada (toškovi održavanja)

vinyl, mylar - not used herepolyvinyl fluoridesimilar to polyethylene but lasts longer (10 years)but cost is almost 10x higher

vinil, milar – ne koriste se ovdepolivinil fluoridsličan polietilenu ali traje duže (10 godina)troškovi su skoro 10x veći

rigid panelsfiberglass-reinforced panelsacrylic and polycarbonate

čvrsti panelifiberglas – ojačani paneliakrilni ili polikarbonatni

Credits: Prof Heiner Lieth, University of California, Davis CA, USA Zahvaljujemo se: Profesoru Hajneru Litu, Univerzitet SD Kalifornija,Dejvis, Kalifornija, SAD

Open Roof Greenhouse

View of open roof View of open roof

View of pot mums View of pot mums

Credits: Pictures from http://aesop.rutgers.edu/~horteng

Light and heat transmission for various greenhouse covering material (prenos svetlosti itoplote za različite materijale za prekrivanje staklenika)

Covering - Prekrivači

Fraction of light transmittedthrough material

Delovi svetlosti koja prolazikroz materijal

Heat transmission coefficientx

(Btu.h-1ft-2F-1)

Koeficijent prenosa toplote

Glass – Staklo

clear, double strength, 3.2 mmčisto, duplo ojačano, 3.2 mm

0.89*

clear, 3.0 mmčisto, 3.0 mm

1.6+

Fiberglass reinforced plastic Fiberglas, ojačana plastika

clear, 0.64 mmčisto, 0.64 mm

0.86*

FlatRavno

1.7+

CorrugatedNeravno

1.8+

PolyethylenePolietilen

0.10 mm 0.92*

0.15 mm 2.1+

single layerjednoslojan

1.13++

Doubledvoslojan

0.84* 0.7++

Polyvinyl fluoridePolivinil fluorid

(0.10 mm) 0.93*

Vinyl (PVC)Vinil

ClearČist

0.91* 1.78+

Hazenijansiran

0.89* 1.8+

Acrylic twin-walled panelsAkrilni dupli paneli zazidove

8 mm 0.86*

16 mm 0.83*# 0.58#

Polycarbonate twin-walled panelsPolikarbonatni dupli paneliza zidove

4.0 mm 0.85# 0.74#

6.5 mm 0.80*

8.0 mm 0.56#

16.0 mm 0.73*,0.83# 0.39#

*from Greenhouse Operation and Management, Paul Nelson, 6th Edition, Prentice Hall

+Liu et al., 1969 as cited by Mastalerz, J.W., The Greenhouse Environment, John Wiley & Sons, 1977

++Sheldrake and Langhans, 1962. Proc. Amer. Hort. Soc., 80:666-669.

#from Sharp & Sons 1988 sales catalog

xHeattransmission = each square foot of material will transmit this many Btu for each degree F difference between theinside and outside temperatures.

Prenos toplote = svaka kvadratna stopa materijala će preneti toliko Btu za razliku u svakom stepenu (F) izmeđuunutrašnje i spoljašnje temperature.

Greenhouse Climate Control Kontrola klimatskih uslova ustakleniku

TEMPERATURE CONTROL: KONTROLA TEMPERATURE:

Main design considerations:uniformity over time

availability of heating or cooling when neededminimal fluctuations

spatial uniformityfew hot or cold spots; small temperature differencebetween hottest and coldest spotsmanage/minimize temperature gradients in greenhouse

horizontal air-flow fansconvection tube

capacitybe able to handle the hottest and coldest daysbe able to accommodate entire nursery's heating/coolingneeds at any time

Other considerationsthermostatic control is a must; shield from direct sun;thermostat in a representative location (near crop, at cropheight)manual control must be available in case of system failure(may not be possible with heating)both heating and cooling should occur in stages

Factors to rememberhot air risesethylene (frequently found in combustion exhaust) negativelyimpacts most flowers; combustion directly into greenhouseneeds: pure fuels, proper adjustments.inventory of cool or hot spots should be made; can be used tospeed up and slow down portions of crops.uniformity can be enhanced with horizontal air flow (HAF)

Osnovna konstrukcija: stalna uniformnost

mogućnost grejanja i hlađenja kada je potrebnominimalne promene

prostorna uniformnostponegde postoje hladna ili topla mesta; mala temperaturna razlika između najtoplije i najhladnijetačkekontroliše/minimalizuje srazmerni odnos temperature ustakleniku

horizontalni ventilatorikonveksna cev

kapacitetmože da izdrži i najtoplije i najhladnije danemože da ispuni potrebe hlađenja/grejanja staklenika ubilo koje vreme

Drugokontrola termostatom je obavezna; zaštititi od direktnog sunca; termostat na vidljivom mestu (blizu biljke, na visini biljke)mora postojati manuelna kontrola u slučaju da sistem zakaže(možda nije moguće sa zagrevanjem)i hlađenje i zagrevanje treba da se dešava periodično

Faktori koje treba zapamtititopao vazduh se dižeetilen (često se nalazi u izduvnom sagorevanju) negativnoutiče na većinu cveća; sagorevanje direktno u staklenikuzahteva: čista goriva, pravilno prilagođavanje.trebalo bi zabeležiti hladna i topla mesta; može se koristiti daubrza i uspori delove biljaka.unifmnost se može pojačati horizontalnim protokom vazduha(HAF)

horizontal air-flow fan Ventilator za horizontalni protok vazduha

HEATING SYSTEMS GREJNI SISTEMI

Several factors to consider for design:air infiltrationglazing material heat transmissionoutdoor wind speed - affects heat loss

Hot Water:piped through greenhouse in metal pipes, sometimes with finstemperature of water can vary; the hotter - the less pipe isneededwater is moved with circulating pumpcontrol: water temperature, number of circuits, circulatingpump speed or on/off

Steam:piped through greenhouse in metal pipes, sometimes with finstemperature of steam will not vary much; steam carries a lotmore heat than hot water; less piping is needed.heating coils change temperature very rapidlysteam can be moved over long distancescontrol: number of circuits, motorized valves open/closed.

Za konstrukciju treba uzeti nekoliko faktora u obzir:vazdušna infiltracijamaterijal za zastakljivanje prenosi toplotubrzina spoljašnjeg vetra – utiče na gubitak toplote

Topla voda:sprovodi se metalnim cevima kroz staklenik, nekad sarashladnim rebrimatemperature vode mogu se razlikovati; što je toplija – potrebnoje manje cevivoda se pokreće pomoću cirkularne pumpekontrola: temperature vode, broj strujnih kola, brzinacirkularne pumpe ili uključena/ isključena

Para:sprovodi se metalnim cevima kroz staklenik, nekad sarashladnim rebrimatemperatura pare neće se mnogo menjati; para nosi mnogo višetoplote nego topla voda; potrebno je manje cevi.kalemi za grejanje menjaju temperaturu veoma brzopara se može prenositi na velike udaljenostikontrola: broj strujnih kola, motorizovani ventiliotvoreni/zatvoreni.

Forced Hot Air:air is heated by burning natural gas; exhausted to outside(otherwise air pollutants and ethylene can cause damage)Horizontal discharge unit heaters

mounted either overhead or on the groundmeasures should be taken to distribute the hot airuniformly: perforated tube attached to heater is used toblow hot air to all areas of the greenhouse. Heater should be adjusted properly to prevent melting of tube.

Vertical discharge unit heaters:mounted overhead, blow hot air directly downmany units are needed, uneven heating (hot spot directlybelow heater)

Izbacivanje toplog vazduha:vazduh se zagreva sagorevanjem prirodnog gasa; izduvava se napolje (u suprotnom zagađivači vazduha i etilen mogu dananesu štetu)Horizontalni izbacivači toplote

postavljeni ili na tavanici ili na zemljitreba sve izmeriti da bi se topao vazduh jednakoraspoređivao: izbušena cev se prikači uz grejač i koristise da duva topao vazduh u sve delove staklenika. Grejačse mora pravilno podesiti da bi se sprečilo topljenje cevi.

Vertikalni izbacivači toplote:postavljaju se na tavanici, duvaju vazduh direktno nadolepotrebno je dosta jedinica, nejednako zagrevanje (vreletačke tačno ispod grejača)

Infrared Heatconsists of small heater which fires directly into a steel tubesuspended over the plants (reflector behind tube).just as light is diminishes as it passes through the canopy, sodoes infrared radiation. Consequently there is a problem withany crops with high LAI or large canopy (plenty of heat at the

Infracrveno zagrevanjesastoji se od malog grejača koji ispušta toplotu direktno u čeličnu cev koja visi direktno iznad biljaka (reflektor iza cevi).kao što svetlo slabi kako prolazi kroz nadstrešnicu, tako iinfracrveno emitovanje. Stoga postoji problem kod biljaka savisokim LAI ili gde je velika nadstrešnica (dosta toplote na

top; not enough at the bottom).studies have shown reduced quality for some pot crops (potroses, easter lilies) resulting in taller plantssuitable in some situations (e.g. propagation) or in conjunctionwith other heating systems (e.g. bottom heat)heat object without heating air; air temperature can besomewhat coolerthermostat must be shielded from direct infrared rays

Bottom-heat or bench-top heatingwarm or hot water is pumped through tubes immediatelybelow plants; heats root-zone, rising warm air heats foliagefrom below.root-zone dries out much fastermost growers raise pots so they are not in direct contact withthe tubes to prevent accidents and having root zonetemperature much higher than foliage temperature

vrhu; nedovoljno pri dnu).studije su pokazale smanjen kvalitet za neke biljke u saksijama(ruže u saksijama, ljiljani) tako što biljke postaju višepogodno je u nekim situacijama (npr.razmnožavanje) ilizajedno sa drugim grejnim sistemima (npr. zagrevanje na dnu)grejač bez vazduha koji se zagreva; temperatura vazduha možebiti nešto nižatermostat mora biti zaštićen od direktnih infracrvenih zraka

Zagrevanje pri dnu ili na policitopla ili vrela voda se pumpa kroz cevi direktno ispod biljaka;zagreva zonu korena, topao vazduh koji se diže zagreva lišćeodozdo.zona korena se mnogo brže sušivećina proizvođača gaji biljke u saksijama tako da one nisu u direktnom kontaktu sa cevi, tako da se spreči nezgoda iliprevisoka temperatura korena u odnosu na temperaturu lišća

COOLING SYSTEMS SISTEMI ZA HLAĐENJE

Ventilators, Vents

roof or side vents - a mustfor every greenhouseused to replace air insidewith air from the outside which has a more desirabletemperature.if outside temperature is extremely cold, care should be takennot to let blast of cold air hit plants directly

Ventilatori,ventilacija

ventilatorina krovuili sastrane–svakistaklenikmora daih imakoriste sedazamenevazduhunutra saspoljašnjimvazduhom,koji imapoželjnijutemperaturu.

control: degree to which vents are open, number of ventsopeneduseful only for small temperature reductions; only if outsideair is significantly cooler than desired temperature.direction of prevailing winds will affect effectivenesscooling of up to 10F can be achieved, slow without wind

ako je spoljašnja teperatura izuzetno niska, moraju se preduzetimere da se ne dozvoli da takav vazduh direktno udari na biljkekontrola: stepen otvorenosti ventilacije otvoreni, brojotvorenih prozorakoriste se samo za malo smanjenje temperature; samo ako jespoljašnji vazduh znatno hladniji od željene temperature.smer preovlađujućih vetrova će uticati na efikasnostmože se postići hlađenje do 10C, polako bez vetra

Forced-air ventilation

Exhaust fans pull air out ofgreenhouse; outside air enters through open vents.control: fan motor speed,number of fans on.if outside temperature is extremely cold, care should be takennot to let blast of cold air hit plants directly; mix cold air intogreenhouse airuse perforated tube attached to intake vent to mix anddistribute air uniformly.cooling of up to 20F (maximally) can be achievedthere will be a gradient if side vents are used exclusively

Fan-and-pad coolingin addition to exhaust fans, walls on opposite side are replacedwith pads through which the air enters the greenhouse. Whenthe pads are wetted, evaporation cools this air.roof vents and doors should be closedcooling degree depends on relative humidity; i.e. less effectiveat nightcontrol: same as forced-air plus on/off for pump deliveringwater to pads.there will be a gradient; should be a design criterion: path

Ventilacijasabijenimvazduhom

Ventilatori zaizbacivanjepovlačevazduh izstaklenika; spoljašnjivazduh ulazikrozotvorenuventilaciju.kontrola: brzina motornog ventilatora, broj uključenihventilatora.ako je spoljašnja temperatura izuzetno hladna, treba preduzetimere da izuzetno hladan vazduh ne udari direktno na biljke;mešajte hladan vazduh i vazduh iz staklenikakoristite izbušenu cevi prikačenu na usisni ventilator da bi sevazduh mešao i jednako raspoređivao.hlađenje do 20C (maksimalno) postojaće srazmera ako se ventilacija sa strane koristi

Hlađenje kliznim ventilatorimakao dodatak ventilatorima koji izbacuju, zidovi na suprotnojstrani su zamenjeni klizačima kroz koje vazduh ulazi u staklenik. Kada su klizači vlažni isparavanje hladi vazduh.ventilacija na krovu i vratima trebala bi da bude zatvorenastepen hlađenja zavisi od relativne vlažnosti; npr. manjeefikasno noćukontrola: ista kao kod sabijenog vazduha plus

traveled by air should be short enough so that gradient is lessthan 7Fpads extend full length of wall - no gaps.material should be durablecooling: 20F cooler than with just vents, can be achieved

uključena/isključena pumpa koja dovodi vodu do klizača.postoji srazmera; trebala bi da bude kriterijum za konstrukciju:putanja kojom ide vazduh trebala bi da bude dovoljno kratkatako da je razlika manja od 7Cklizači moraju biti po čitavom zidu – bez rupa.materijal mora biti trajanhlađenje: 20C hladnije nego samo sa ventilacijom

Greenhouse Pads. Water flows over these as an evaporative cooling method

Klizači na stakleniku. Voda teče preko njih, kao metod hlađenjaisparavanjem

Exterior of pads where air intakeoccurs. Note the vents that can be opened or closed to control air flow.

Spoljašnjost klizača gde ulazi vazduh. Ventilacija se može zatvarati iotvarati da bi se kontrolisao protok vazduha.

Foghigh pressure generated water droplets; evaporate beforestriking plant or groundoperates in cycles (pulses)evaporation results in cooling - resulting humid air must beremoved when relative humidity raises above 90%potential problems with water on foliage - diseasecontrol must be very precise; water must be very cleanmist (1000 microndiameter) vs fog (40 micron diameter)

Maglakapi vode nastale pod visokim pritiskom; isparavaju pre negošto padnu na biljku ili zemljurade cikličnorezultat ispravanja je hlađenje – vlažan vazduh koji nastajemora biti uklonjen kada se relativna vlažnost podigne iznad90%mogući problemi sa vodom na lišću - oboljenjekontrola mora biti veoma precizna; voda mora biti izuzetnočistaizmaglica (prečnika 1000 mikrona) u odnosu na maglu

(prečnika 40 mikrona)

Shadingprevent some solar energy from striking plants and heatingthings upShade compounds: applied to exterior of glazing in summer;washed off in winterShading material (cloth, saran) over outsideShade curtains:

inside greenhouse, used to shade plants from direct sun,reducing heat-load on plantsautomated curtains, thermostatically controlled

cheese cloth or other material

Zastorisprečava da sunčeva energija direktno udari na biljke i izvršizagrevanjedelovi zastora: postavljaju se na spoljašnjost stakala tokomleta; spiraju se zimimaterijal (platno, saran) spoljazavese:

unutar staklenika, koriste se da zaštite biljke oddirektnog sunca, smanjuju toplotu na biljkamaautomatizovane zavese, kontrola pomoću termostata

platno ili drugi materijal

Shade curtains inside a greenhouse

Zavese unutar staklenika

Exterior shade cloth

Platno kao spoljašnji zastor

Air-conditioning (ie using compressors)not feasibletoo expensive per btu relative to the alternatives

Klima (npr. korišćenjem kompresora)nisu izvodljivipreskupi ali mogu postojati kao alternativa

Root media Koren

Purpose of root media:

anchor - support the plantreservoir/conduit of water - so roots have direct access to waterreservoir/conduit of nutrients - most nutrients (building blocks)come through the rootsreservoir/conduit of gasses - allow for exchange of gases betweenroots and atmosphere

Soil-based versus Soilless production

Svrha korena:

učvršćuje – podržava biljkurezervoar/podzemni kanal za vodu – korenje ima direktan pristup vodirezervoar/podzemni kanal za nutritijente – većina hranljivih materija(izgrađeni blokovi) dolazi kroz korenjerezervoar/podzemni kanal za gasove – omogućava razmenu gasovaizmeđu korena i atmosfere

Proizvodnja u zemljištu u odnosu na onu sa malo zemljišta

Reference book on soilless production:

“Soilless Culture” by Michael Raviv and Heiner Lieth

Publisher: Elsevier, Nov 2007

Components (in general):

soils:clay (particle size<0.002mm diameter)silt (particle size >0.002mm and <0.05mm diameter)sand (particle size>0.05mm diameter)

Komponente (uopšte):

zemljišta:glina (veličina delića<0.002mm u prečniku)prah (veličina delića >0.002mm i <0.05mm u prečniku)pesak (veličina delića>0.05mm u prečniku)

loam - combination of these threemined and artificial materials: vermiculite, perlite, rock wool,polystyrene,...

involves processing - be aware of possible by-productsplant products/byproducts: sawdust, peat moss, bark

frequently must be composted before use in root mediaif composting yourself: follow guidelines:

make sure pile is not too big or too smallinterior must achieve killing heat without pile catchingfireturn surface layer in occasionallymay need to add nitrogen to speed up process

ilovača – kombinacija ova trimineralni i veštački materijali: vermikulit, perlit, kamena vuna,polistiren,...

uključuje i preradu – budite svesni da ima mogućihnus-proizvoda

biljni proizvodi/nus-proizvodi: piljevina, tresetna mahovina, koradrveta

često mora istruliti pre nego što se koristi u korenuako sami vršite truljenje: pratite smernice:

postarajte se da gomila ne bude prevelika ili premalaunutrašnjost mora postići dovoljnu toplotu a da se gomilane zapalipovremeno promešajte površinski slojmožda ćete morati da dodate azot da biste ubrzali proces

Variables affecting rooting media design

height of root zoneplant requirementsirrigation system; application methodvolume of root-zone

Promenljive koje se odnose na konstrukciju korena

visina korenske zonezahtevi biljkesistem navodnjavanja; metod primenezapremina korena

Properties and characteristics of root-zone and rooting medium:

texture and structuretexture: particle size distributionstructure: degree of aggregation

"friable" = good structurewill vary over time as organic matter decomposes

stability of organic matterdesirable: slow decomposition

C:N ratioamount of C in relation to N (pounds/pounds)want 30 g/g or less (else: decomposition process will competefor N)

bulk densityrelates to support/anchoragedon't want bulk density too high: heavy potsacceptable range: 40-60 lb/ft3 (640-960 g/liter)

Total porosity

Svojstva i karakteristike korena i sredine:

tekstura i strukturatekstura: raspodela po veličini česticastruktura: stepen gomilanja

"drobiv" = dobra strukturamenjaće se tokom vremena kako se organska materijaraspada

stabilnost organske materijepoželjno: sporo raspadanje

C:N razmerakoličina C u odnosu na N (funte/funte)poželjno 30 g/g ili manje (ili: process raspadanje će se boriti zaN)

gustina gomileodnosi se na potporu/ankerovanjene želite preveliku gustinu gomile: teške saksijeprihvatljiv raspon: 40-60 lb/ft3 (640-960 g/litar)

Ukupna poroznost

total pore space (for water and air)total porosity + % solids= 100%

most mineral soils: 50%most organic media: >70%

ukupan prostor pod porama (za vodu i vazduh)ukupna poroznost + % čvrste materije= 100%

većina mineralnih soli: 50%većina organske sredine: >70%

Moisture / aerationwater holding capacity, available water, readily-availablewater, unavailable water, container capacity

moisture release curvehydraulitc conductivity effect of depth of root medium

aerationAir space: volume of air at container capacity

Vlaga / vazduhkapacitet da zadržava vodu, dostupnost vode, uvek dostupnavoda, nedostupna voda, kapacitet kontejnera

kriva ispuštanja vlagehidraulična provodljivost efekat dubine korena

provetravanjevazdušni prostor: količina vazduha u kapacitetukontejnera

cation exchange capacity (CEC)a measure of the negative electrical charge on the rootmedium (me/100cc for soilless media)relates to ability of medium to hold on to nutrientsdesirable: 6 - 15 meq/100cc or higher

pHmeasure of magnitude of hydrogen ion concentration<7 is acidic; >7 is alkalinedesirable:

kapacitet razmene katjona (CEC)merenje negativnog električnog napona u korenu (me/100cc zasredinu bez zemljišta)odnosi se na mogućost sredine da se veže za nutritijentepoželjno: 6 - 15 meq/100cc ili više

pHizmerite koncentraciju vodonikovih jona<7 je kisela; >7 je alkalnapoželjno:

5.4 to 6 for soilless media6.2 to 6.8 for media with more than 20% mineral soil

soluble saltsinitial level should be low if seedlings will be used

5.4 do 6 za sredinu bez zemljišta6.2 do 6.8 za sredinu sa više od 20% mineralnog zemljišta

rastvorljive solipočetni nivo trebalo bi da bude nizak ako će se koristiti sadnice

Specific components

peat and peat mossseveral typesfrom Sphagnum grown in bogs where the material does notdecompose; peat is drained and harvested

holds lots of water; low pH, good CECquality of peat may vary year-to-year

barkwide varietycomposting may be desirableC:N around 300low CEC

sawdustcomposting to deal with bad C:N ratio (1000)most wood: rapid decompositionredwood is OK

Posebne komponente

treset i tresetna mahovinanekoliko vrstaiz Sphagnum sp (sporofit bele mahovine) koji raste na vlažnomtlu gde se materijal ne raspada; treset se cedi i sakuplja

zadržava dosta vode; niska pH, dobro CECkvalitet treseta može se razlikovati iz godine u godinu

kora drvetapuno vrstatruljenje može biti poželjnoC:N oko 300nizak CEC

piljevinatruljenje da bi se sredila loša C:N srazmera (1000)većinom drvo: brzo raspadanjesekvoja je u redu

coir, coconut husk - peat substitutehas become an attractive substrate in "hydroponic" roseproduction

kokosovo vlakno, kokosova kora – zamena za tresetpostao je atraktivan supstrat u "hydroponic" proizvodnji ruža

stajnjak

manureproblems when used with heat pasteurizationhigh CEC; source of nutrients

other Agricultural by-products: rice hulls"green waste", sewage sludge, composted garbage

quite variable

problemi kada se koristi sa pasterizacijom toplotomvisok CEC; izvor nutritijenata

drugi poljoprivredni nus-proizvodi: ljuske pirinča"zeleni otpad", talog u kanalizaciji, istrulelo đubre

prilično promenljivo

vermiculitelight weight mineral material, low bulk densityhigh CECmakes good addition to soilless media (collapses in soil-basedmedia)

calcined clay (expanded clay)highly porous aggregatesCEC: 3-12 me/100cc

sand (Bulk density 100-120 lbs/ft3) use coarse, washed sand only (free of clay, silt and organicmatter)don't use beach sand or sand marketed for use on icedhighwaysused in media to increase bulk density

perlitevolcanic rock converted into light-weight white materialgood substitute for sand (much lighter) (6 lbs/ft3)small CEC, neutral ph 7.5more expensive than sand

vermikulitlak mineralni materijal, mala gustina gomilevisok CECdobar je dodatak za sredinu bez zemljišta (pada u sredini sazemljištem)

glina (ekspandirana glina)visoko porozni agregatiCEC: 3-12 me/100cc

pesak (gustina gomile 100-120 lbs/ft3) koristite samo grub, oprani pesak (bez gline, prašine iliorganske materije)ne koristite pesak sa plaže ili onaj koji se koristi za zaleđeneputevekoristi se da bi se povećala gustina gomile

perlitvulkanska stena pretvorena u lak beli materijaldobra zamena za pesak (dosta lakši) (6 lbs/ft3)mali CEC, neutralna ph 7.5skuplja od peska

polystyrene - don'thas several positive features but is pollutant

rock woolwas used as soil amendment - not much anymoreslabs of rockwool are used in "hydroponic cut-flowerproduction, particularly in Europe)

field soilmost pot plants are grown with no field soils in the mediummost cut flower production is in media that has some portionfield soil

various other goofy things: chopped tires (don't - too much Zinc),...

polistiren - nemojteima nekoliko pozitivnih osobina ali je zagađivač

kamena vunakoristi se kao dodatak zemljištu – ne baš mnogoblokovi kamene vune se koriste u "hydroponic” proizvodnjisečenog cveća, naročito u Evropi

zemljište u poljuvećina biljaka u saksijama graji se bez takvog zemljišta usredinivećina proizvodnji sećenog cveća je u sredini gde doneklepostoji ovakvo zemljište

druge smešne stvari: iseckane gume (nemojte – previše cinka),...

Amendments Dodaci

wetting agentnutrients, micro nutrientsmaterials for pH correction: limestoneother goofy things: polyacrylamide (don't waste your money); but...

agensi za vlagunutritijenti, mikro nutritijentimaterijali za korekciju pH: krečnjakdruge smešne stvari: poliakril (ne trošite pare bezveze); ali...

Design of a medium

You should be very careful when designing media to optimize all 7functions of the medium; usually it is best to go with provenformulations or productsgenerally two to four components are mixed togethertwo major categories: Soil-based and Soil-less media

Soil-based mediaprimarily with in-ground production (cut flowers)potting media containing soil may well vary over time

Soil-less mediadevelopment of soilless media revolutionized pottedplant production ("UC system")peat-moss-based formulations

e.g., UC Mixbark-based formulations

Sredina

Morate biti veoma oprezni kada uspostavljate sredinu da biste dovelido optimuma svih 7 funkcija; obično je najbolje da se držiteproverenih formula ili proizvodaobično se mešaju dve do četiri komponentedve glavne kategorije: sredina gde ima zemljišta i sredina za manjezemljišta

Sredina gde ima zemljištapre svega u proizvodnji u zemlji (sečeno cveće)saksije koje sadrže zemlji mogu se dosta razlikovatitokom vremena

Sredina sa manje zemljištarazvoj sredine sa manje zemljišta doveo je do revolucije uproizvodnji biljaka u saksijama ("UC sistem")formule zasnovane na tresetnoj mahovini

e.g., UC Mešavinaformule zasnovane na kori drveta

Preparation and handling of media

It may well be cheaper to buy commercial media than to mix themyourself. There are firms which will custom mix media to yourspecification and provide analyses

Priprema i rukovanje

Može biti jevtinije da kupite već pripremljenu mešavinu nego da je samipravite. Postoje kompanije koje će spremiti mešavini prema vašojspecifikaciji i uraditi analize.

remember: "uniformity" - best with automated mixing systems

steam pasteurizationnot sterilization! - coldest spots: 30 minutes at 160F; hottestspots <180F to eliminate: disease organisms, nematodes, insects, weedsdo it to final mix, at final moisture level, unless that results inproblems (e.g. CRFs)if medium contains weed seeds capable of high temperatures,then germinate these firstpotential problems of over-pasteurization

high temperatures of soils: can result in build-up ofmanganese; more than 30 minutes may lead to toxicityif lots of organic matter: ammonium nitrogen may bereleased, possibly leading to suboptimalammonium/nitrate balance, possibly contribute to toxicity

zapamtite: "jednoobraznost" – najbolje je sa automatizovanimsistemima za mešanje

pasterizacija paromne sterilizacija! – najhladnije tačke: 30 minuta na 160F; hottestspots <180F za eliminaciju: bolesnih organizama, nematoda, insekata,korovauradite za konačnu mešavinu, na krajnjem nivou vlažnosti, osimako to ne prouzrokuje probleme (npr. CRFs)ako sredina sadrži seme korova koje može da izdrži visokutemperaturu, onda neka prvo proklijajumogući problemi preterane pasterizacije

visoka temperatura zemljišta: može prouzrokovatigomilanje mangana; više od 30 min može prouzrokovatitoksičnostako ima dosta organske materije: amonijak iz azota možebiti ispušten, koji može dosveti do nedovoljnog balansaamonijaka/nitrite, i doprineti toksičnosti

eliminating too many organisms creates a "vacuum"which may allow pathogens to come in more readily.

chemical pasteurizationMethyl bromide - very effective, very dangerous

suitable for field pasteurization; not used much ingreenhouses

Chloropicrin (tear gas) - not a particularly good choicenew methods are being tested

eliminisanje previše organizama stvara "vakuum" kojimože dozvoliti patogenima da spremno prodru.

hemijska pasterizacijaMetil bromid – veoma efikasan, veoma opasan

pogodan za pasterziaciju u polju; ne koristi se mnogo ustaklenicima

Suzavac – nije baš dobar izbornove metode se testiraju

Make sure you know the physical and chemical characteristics of yourmedia

test each batchECpHnutrientsCECtest-grow some plants in medium

if medium is stored for many weeks, re-test

Potrudite se da saznate fizičke i hemijske karakteristike sredine

testirajte svaku pošiljkuECpHnutritijentiCECuzgajajte neke biljke u toj sredini kao test

ako sredina stoji uskladištena nekoliko nedelja, ponovite test

Credits: Photos and text: Heiner Lieth, UCDavis. Zahvaljujemo se: Fotografije i tekst: Hajner Lit, Univrzitet Kalifornije,Dejvis, Kalifornija.

Fertilization and Fertigation Đubrenje

Plant (leaf) dry matter composition:

89%: C, H, and OMacronutrients: present in large quantities

Primary macronutrients:nitrogen: N 4%phosophoroous: P 0.5%potassium: K 4%

Secondary macronutrients:calcium: Ca 1%magnesium: Mg 0.5%sulfur: S 0.5%

Micronutrients: present in small quantitiesiron: Fe 0.02%manganese: Mn 0.02%zinc: Zn 0.003%copper: Cu 0.001%boron: B 0.006%molybdenum: Mo 0.0002%nickel: Ni 0.0005%chloride: Cl 0.1%some others: sodium: Na, Si, I, Se...

Sastav biljne (lisne) suve materije:

89%: C, H, i OMakronutritijenti: prisutni u velikim količinama

Primarni makronutritijenti:azot: N 4%fosfor: P 0.5%kalijum: K 4%

Sekundarni makronutritijenti:kalcijum: Ca 1%magnezijum: Mg 0.5%sumpor: S 0.5%

Mikronutritijenti: prisutni u malim količinamagvožđe: Fe 0.02%mangan: Mn 0.02%cink: Zn 0.003%bakar: Cu 0.001%bor: B 0.006%molibden: Mo 0.0002%nikal: Ni 0.0005%hlorid: Cl 0.1%drugi: natrijum: Na, Si, I, Se...

Historical perspective

pre 1980: provide everything to excess, but not at toxic levels80's and 90': regulatory/public pressures force growers to re-thinkthis1990's: attempt to provide exactly what plants need; reduce oreliminate fertilizer movement into environment

Istorijska perspektiva

pre 1980: obezbediti sve za preterane, ali ne toksične nivoe80-te i 90-te: pritisci nadležnih organa/javnosti naterali su uzgajivačeda razmisle o ovom1990-te: pokušaj da se biljkama obezbedi upravo ono što žele; smanjiti ili eliminisati kretanje đubriva u životnu sredinu

Fertilization program:

knowing how much of each element is neededFundamental principle:

deliver a program which leaves nothing out and has no toxicexcesses

Program đubrenja:

mora se znati koliko je potrebno svakog elementaOsnovni princip:

postaviti program za kojim ništa ne ostaje i koji nemapreteranu toksičnost

tracking the nutritional status of the plant praćenje nutritivnog statusa biljaka

Preplant fertilization

Once a rooting medium is constructed, a soil test should be used to makedecisions as to what needs to be added. This is interpreted using thefollowing tools:

Đubrenje pre sađenja

Kada je sredina za koren postavljena, treba testirati zemljište da bi odlučilišta treba da se doda. Ovo je prikazano korišćenjem sledećeg:

Diagrams below: Zones shaded with lines are optimum; white zone issuboptimal; zones with dotted shading is bad. From Bailey 1996 in D.W.Reed ed., A Grower's Guide to Water, Media and Nutrition forGreenhouse Crop. Ball Publishing

Dijagrami ispod: Zone osenčene linijama su optimalne; bele zone sumanje optimalne; tačkaste zone su loše. Izvor: Bailey 1996 u D.W.Reeded., “A Grower's Guide to Water, Media and Nutrition for GreenhouseCrop”. Ball Publishing

Influence of pH level in amineral soil on availibility ofessential nutrients

Nitrogen=Azot

Phosphorous=FosforPotassium=KalijumSulfur=Sumpor

Calcium=KalcijumMagnesium=MagnezijumIron=GvožđeManganese=ManganBoron=BorCopper=Bakar Zinc=CinkMolybdenum=Molibden Uticaj pH vrednosti u mineralnom zemljištu na dostupnostosnovnih nutritijenata

Influence ofsoilless medium pH level on availibility of essential nutrients

Nitrogen=AzotPotassium=Kalijum

Phosphorous=FosforCalcium=KalcijumMagnesium=MagnezijumIron=GvožđeManganese=ManganBoron=BorZinc=CinkCopper=Bakar Uticaj srednje pH vrednosti zemljišta na dostupnost osnovnihnutritijenata

root medium pHrange depends on soil content of medium and crop; desirableranges:

soil-based media: 6.2-6.9soil-less media: 5.6-6.2

outside of these ranges:low pH:

increases availability to Fe, Mn, Zn, Cudecreases availability of Ca, Mgincreases leaching of P

high pH:tie-up of P, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B

adjusting medium pH:most greenhouse media have low pHto raise pH: limestone=calcium carbonate (variousforms)(to lower pH: elemental sulfur, iron sulfate, aluminumsulfate)

srednja pH vrednost korenastepen zavisi od sadržaja zemljišta i biljke; poželjan raspon:

sredina zasnovana na zemljištu: 6.2-6.9sredina sa manje zemljišta: 5.6-6.2

van ovih raspona:niska pH:

povećava dostupnost Fe, Mn, Zn, Cusmanjuje dostupnost Ca, Mgpovećava rastvaranje P

visoka pH:vezuje P, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B

prilagođavanje pH sredine:većina staklenika ima nisku pHza povećanje pH: krečnjak=kalcijum karbonat (različitioblici)(za snižavanje pH: osnovni sumpor, sulfat gvožđa,aluminijum sulfat)

Nutrient addition (preplant) to substrate (note rates differ withsoil-bases vs soilless substrates)

phosphorus (in soilless media this may not last the entire cropperiod)

superphosphate (0-45-0)may be better added with fertigation program (later)

Ca and Mgdolomitic limestone (also raises pH)gypsum for CaEpsom salt for Mg

Dodavanje hraniva (pre sađenja) kao supstrata (stepen zavisi odsutrata za zemljišnu osnovu u odnosu na one bez zemljišta)

Fosfor (u sredinama gde je malo zemljišta možda neće trajatitokom čitavog perioda biljke)

superfosfat (0-45-0)možda ga je bolje dodati uz “fertigation” program(kasnije)

Ca i MgKrečnjak Dolomita (takođe povišava pH)gips za Ca

micronutrients: Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B, Moincorporate in the medium (pre-plant) a commercial productwhich provides all this in a form which will be available for along timecould be added as a liquid after plantingcould be handled in on-going program

N and K can also be supplied pre-plant providing a supply for one ortwo weeks

Epsemska so za Mg mikronutritijenti: Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B, Mo

uključite ih u sredinu (pre sađenja) komercijalnog proizvodagde će sve ovo biti postavljeno u obliku koji će biti dostupandugo vremenamože se dodati u tečnom obliku posle sađenjamože se koristiti tokom programa

N i K takođe se mogu dodati pre sađenja, tako da će obezbeditizalihe za nedelju dve

"fertigation"= application of dilute fertilizer solution with each irrigation "fertigation"= primena rastvora razređenog đubriva sa svakimnavodnjavanjem

On-going program

most growers inject dissolved fertilizer into irrigation watereither at each irrigation (fertigation)or whenever needed at whatever concentration

dealing with fertilizerN-P-K analysis: percent of elemental N, P2O5, K2O

e.g.: 15-16-17 means: 15% elemental nitrogen, 16%phosphate, 17% potassiumnote: fertilizer recommendations are in oz/100 gal; croprecommendations are in ppmconversion oz/100 gal <=> ppm

Program

većina uzgajivača dodaje rastvoreno đubrivo u vodu zanavodnjavanje

ili pri svakom navodnjavanju (fertigation)ili kad god je potrebno i u bilo kojoj koncentraciji

rad sa đubrivomN-P-K analiza: procenta osnovnih N, P2O5, K2O

npr.: 15-16-17 znači: 15% osnovnog azota, 16% fosfata, 17% kalijumabeleška: savet za primenu šubriva je unca/100 gal; savetza biljke je u ppm

ppm = (oz/100 gal)(fraction given in analysis)75(oz/100 gal)=[(ppm)/75]/(fraction given in analysis)

Selection of fertilizer:depends on plant species

recommendations are available (in ppm)source of recommendations: crop production guides, plant producers,...if no recommendations can be found forgreenhouse production, start with completefertilizer at 20-10-20 and run tests which deviate from that to find best recommendations

depends on crop growth phaserapid vegetative growth: lots of N is neededmore balanced while there is both vegetative andreproductive growthat end of production period (finishing crop) reducefertilizer, particularly N

depends on irrigation system and substratecharacteristicsdepends on crop climate

if lots of water is needed by the plant for coolingthen fertilizer rate can be lower.

Importance of on-going testingdo nutrient analyses to see if any of the needed nutrientsis falling below the recommended (needed) rate

Issues to address in selecting fertilizer (in this order:)Frequency of application

with each application (fertigation)less frequently, at higher concentration

desired nitrogen ratecustomize to croprecommendations range from 100-250 ppm(weekly: 240 - 600 ppm)if no recommendation is available try 150- 200ppm and adjust from there

desired proportion of potassium (third number inanalysis)

most cases can use same level of potassium asnitrogen

konverzija oz/100 gal <=> ppmppm = (oz/100 gal)(razlomak koji se prikazuje uanalizi)75(oz/100 gal)=[(ppm)/75]/(razlomak dat u analizi)

Odabir đubriva:zavisi od vrste biljaka

saveti (u ppm)izvor saveta: uputstva za proizvodnju biljaka, proizvođači,...ako ne možete pronaći savete za proizvodnju u staklenicima, započnite sa kompletnim đubrivomod 20-10-20 i testirajte, tako da pronađete najboljerešenje

zavisi od faze rasta biljkebrz vegetativni rast: potrebno je dosta N bolja izbalansiranost gde postoji i vegetatvni ireproduktivni razvojna kraju proizvodnog perioda (završetak biljke) smanjite đubrivno, naročito N

zavisi od irigacionog sistema i karakteristika supstratazavisi od klime

ako biljci treba dosta vode da bi se hladila ondaprocenat đubriva može biti niži.

Važnost neprestanog testiranjauradite analize nutritijenata da biste videli da likoncentracija pada ispod preporučene

Na šta treba obratiti pažnju pri izboru đubriva (ovim redom:)Učestalost primene

uz svaku primenu (fertigation)ne tako često, viša koncentracija

poželjan procenat azotazavisi od biljkepreporučuje se od 100-250 ppm (nedeljno: 240 -600 ppm)ako ne znate koliko se preporučuje probajte 150-200 ppm i počnite prilagođavanje odatle

poželjna proporcija kalijuma (treći broj u analizi)u većini slučajeva koristi se isti nivo kalijuma kaoi azotaizuzeci:

examples of exceptions:azalea 3:1 (N:K) (e.g. 21-7-7 could work)foliagecarnation 2:3 (N:K); cyclamen (1:2)

desired proportion of phosphatemany cases half of N if none is provided pre-plantnone is needed at start if pre-plant incorporationtest media to track when phosphate is removed(from leaching and by the plant); then start supplying it as the initial charge runs out.

form of nitrogenthree common forms ammonium, urea, and nitrateurea becomes ammoniumammonium acts different from nitrateplant takes up luxuriant amounts of N; excessnitrate is no problem; excess ammonium can betoxic

if providing exactly what the plant needs(no build-up in plant) then there will be noammonium toxicitywe don't know how to do this reliablynitrifying bacteria convert ammonium tonitrate (so this rate will affect how muchammonium you can have)in general: keep ammonium N to no morethan 40% of N

another effect: effect on medium pHammonium&urea lower pH; nitrate raises pH

secondary macronutrients (Ca, Mg, S)present to varying degree in many fertilizers - youneed to control thistrack these nutrients and make adjustments

micronutrientsmost fertilizers come with this - verify on labelat low pH micronutrients are more availableat very high pH micronutrients are tied up

combining fertilizer carriers to make your own fertilizerusually purchased in solid form and dissolved to makeconcentrated stock solution

azaleja 3:1 (N:K) (npr. 21-7-7 može)lišćekaranfil 2:3 (N:K); ciklama (1:2)

poželjna proporcija fosfatau mnogim slučajevima pola N ako nije dodat pre sađenjane treba na početku ako je dodat pre sađenjatestirajte sredinu da biste videli kada je fosfatuklonjen (ispiranjem i od strane biljke); zatim gadodajte kada početna količina nestane.

oblici azotatri uobičajena oblika amonijak, urea i nitraturea postaje amonijakamonijak deluje drugačije od nitratabiljka uzima veliku količinu N; preterana količinanitrata nije problem; preterana količina amonijakamože biti toksična

ako obezbedite tačno ono što biljci treba(bez nagomilavanja u biljci) onda neće doćido toksičnosti amonijakane znamo kako da to pouzdano uradimonitrifikacijske bakterije pretvaraju amonijaku nitrat (tako da će ovaj stepen uticati na to koliko možete da imate amonijaka)uopšte: držite amonijak N na ne više od40% N

drufi efekti: efekat na pH vrednostamonijak & urea snižavaju pH; nitratpovišava pH

sekundarni makronutritijenti (Ca, Mg, S)prisutni u različitim količinama u mnogimđubrivima – ovo morate kontrolisatipratite ove nutritijente i prilagođavajte ih

mikronutritijentiveć se nalaze u većini đubriva – proverite naetiketipri niskoj pH mikronutritijenti su bolje dostupnipri visokoj pH mikronutritijenti su vezani

kombinujte nosioce đubriva da biste napravili sopstvenođubrivo

don't combine Ca or Mg with sulphate or phosphate(precipitate)injection of fertilizer in irrigation water

use 1 to 3 stock solutions and inject eachseparatelycould have more or less depending

proportionersnote that substrate pH control is very important

obično se kupuju u čvrstom obliku i rastvaraju se da bi se napravio koncentrovani rastvorne kombinujte Ca ili Mg sa sulfatom ili fosfatom(padavine)ubacivanje đubriva u vodu za navodnjavanje

koristite 1 do 3 rastvora i dodajte svaki odvojenomože više ili manje zavisiti

menzurezapamtite da je pH kontrola supstrata veoma važna

Examples of calculations Primeri kalkulacijaslow-release fertilizers

formulations which release fertilizer in a regulated pattern overmonthsapplied directly to root medium (surface)Controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) or plastic-encapsulatedfertilizers

plastic or resin coating doles-out a specific amountcontinuallyrate of delivery is temperature dependent: the higher thetemp, the higher the rate (so don't steam media that hasthis incorporated)

slowly-soluble fertilizers - e.g. limestoneurea aldehydes - slow-releasing N fertilizer - release mediatedby micro-organisms or chemical hydrolysissulfur-coated fertilizer (not used much in greenhouseproduction since too much ammonium)chelated micronutrients

large organic chemicals holding the micronutrientcan be taken up by plantnutrients released slowly either outside or inside theplant

đubriva koja se polako oslobađajuformule koje oslobađaju đubriva prema regulisanom modelutokom mesecinanose se direktno na koren (površina)Đubriva sa kontrolisanim oslobađanjem (CRF) ili đubriva u plastičnim kapsulama

plastičan ili smolasti omotač neprestano dozira određenukoličinustepen ispuštanja zavisi od temperature: što je višatemperatura, veći je stepen ispuštanja (nemojte dodavatiparu gde je ovo uključeno)

đubriva koja se sporo rastvaraju – npr. limestoneurea aldehidi – đubrivo koje sporo oslobađa N – oslobađa sepomoću mikroorganizama ili hemijskom hidrolizomđubriva sa omotačem od sumpora (ne koriste se mnogo u staklenicima zato što ima isuviše amonijaka)helatni mikronutritijenti

organske hemikalije koje sadrže mikronutritijentebiljka ih može iskoristitinutritijenti se sporo oslobađaju bilo u biljci ili van nje

Fertigation injection systems.Above pneumatic piston-style injectionsystem with 7 injectors; Below: 6-head injector system (DGT Volmatic) and 5 of the stock solution tanks.

Fertigation sistemi ubrizgavanja.Gore- pneumatski-klipni sistemubrizgavanja sa 7 ubrizgavača; Ispod: 6-glavni sistem ubrizgavanja (DGT Volmatic) i 5 tankova sa rastvorima.

Pests on Greenhouse and Nursery plants

Štetočine u staklenicima irasadnicima

Picture of pest and examples of damage

INSECTS: (more on insects and their lifcycles); Note resource: Universityof California IPM web page: http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/index.html

Slika štetočina i primeri oštećenja

INSEKTI: (više o insektima i njihovom život); Izvor: UniverzitetKalifornija IPM web page: http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/index.html

Aphids

Green peach aphid: Myzus persicae and others

Feed by sucking sap from leaves, buds; result in distorted tissues;Secretion of honeydew leads to sooty mold

Aphididae (Lisne vaši)

Breskvina lisna vaš: Myzus persicae i druge

Hrani se tako što isisava biljni sok iz lišća, pupoljaka; rezultat jeizmenjeno tkivo; sekrecija medljike uzrokuje čađavicu na voćkama

Fungus gnat

Damage is caused by larvae feeding on roots, bulbs and other fleshy plant tissue

Bradysia sp. (male crne mušice )

Štetu čine larve koje se hrane korenjem, pupoljcima i drugim mesnatimtkivima biljke

a.adult, b. larva a. odrasla jedinka, b. larva

Shore fly

Not a particularly important pest (merely a nuisance) but is frequentlyconfused for fungus gnats

Scatella Stagnalis

Ne baš važna štetočina (možda samo nijansa) ali je često mešaju sa fungus mušicama

Whiteflies:

Silverleaf whitefly: Bemisia argentifolii; Greenhouse whitefly: Trialeurodes vaporariorum

Štitasti moljac:

Srebrnolisni štitasti moljac: Bemisia argentifolii; Štitasti moljac u staklenicima: Trialeurodes vaporariorum

Leafminers

Serpentine leaf miner: Liriomyza trifolii; chrysanthemum leaf miner: Phytomyza atricornis

Larval stage tunnels in leaves making them unsightly

Liriomyza trifolii

Serpentine leaf miner: Liriomyza trifolii; leaf miner kod hrizanteme: Phytomyza atricornis

Nabori u lišću čine ih nevidljivim kada su u stadijumu larvi

Thrips

Western flower thrips: Frankliniella occidentalis and others. (note the word "thrips" is singular)

Frankliniella occidentalis

Thrips kod zapadnih cvetova: Frankliniella occidentalis i druge.

Mealybugs

There are mealybugs that affect the stems and leaves as well as ones that live in the root zone

Crv (brašnjavi)

Postoje crvi koji napadaju stabljike i lišće, kao i oni koji žive u korenu

Scale

Štitasta vaš

Caterpillars or worms Gusenice i crvi

MITES (are not insects):

Spider mites

Two-spotted spider mite (a.k.a. red spider): Tetranychus urticae; Cyclamen mite: Steneotarsonemus pallidus

Very small, virtually impossible to see. They suck sap - cause chloroticstippling. Cover underside of leaves, appearing as sandy cover, eventuallykilling leaf. Spin silk

GRINJE (nisu insekti):

Crveni pauk

Crveni pauk: Tetranychus urticae; grinje kod ciklama: Steneotarsonemuspallidus

Veoma mali, skoro nevidljivi. Isisavaju biljni sok - prouzrokuju oštećenezaliske. Prekrivaju unutrašnju stranu lista, izgledaju kao peščani omot, i nakraju ubijaju biljku. Predu paukovu mrežu

Integraged Pest Managment(IPM)

Integrisano upravljanjepesticidima (IPM)

Major Pests:weeds - competition for plants' resourcesInsects and mites - feed on plantssnails and slugs - feed on plantsmicroorganisms (disease): infect plants, causing damage

fungi, bacteria, viruses, phytoplasmas, nematodes

Glavne štetočine:korovi – takmičenje za biljne izvoreinsekti i grinje – hrane se biljkamapuževi i puževi golaći – hrane se biljkamamikroorgaizmi (bolesti): inficiraju biljke, izazivaju štetu

gljivice, bakterije, virusi, fitoplazme, nematode

Elements of an Integrated PestManagement Program

Element Programa integrisanogupravljanja pesticidima

Weed control

a weed is any plant that is not purposely present under yourcontroleliminate competition for light, water, and nutrientseliminate product blemish that will render plant unmarketable(e.g. potted plants)eliminate habitat for pestsindicator of problems: presence of weeds in flowers or evenseedMethods of control: herbicides, hand-pulling, prevention

Kontrola korova

korov je svaka biljka koja nije namerno postavljena pod vašukontrolueliminišite takmičenje za svetlost, vodu i hranivoeliminišite oštećenja na biljci koja će biljku učinitinereprezentativnom za tržište (npr. biljke u saksijama)eliminišite staništa za štetočineindikator problema: presustvo korova u cveću ili čak u semenumetode kontrole: herbicidi, čupanje, prevencija

Routine sanitation

keep tools, work area, production area cleandispose of dead, diseased, infected, plant material away fromgreenhousewhen removing pathogen, be careful not to spread it withinyour growing areakeep anything off the benches that comes in contact with thegroundpasteurization of root media, pots, benchesdon't handle tobacco, or other dead plant materials, around

Rutinska sanitacija

održavajte pribor, radnu sredinu, i proizvodnu sredinu čistimuklonite mrtav, oboleli, inficirani, biljni materijal iz staklenikakada uklanjate patogene budite pažljivi da se oni ne proširegde uzgajate biljkesve ono što dođe u dodir sa zemljom sklonite sa policapasterizacija korena, sakcija, policanemojte raditi sa duvanom ili drugim mrtvim biljnim materijalomoko svojih biljaka

your plants

Inspection and clean-up of new plant material

seeds: make sure seeds are not carrying diseasecuttings: use only healthy cuttings; cuttings showing diseaseneed to be tossed (no way to make them healthy)growing plants of any size: do not introduce pests and pathogens into the production area with new plants. If it cannotbe avoided then make a plan for dealing with upcomingproblems

Pregled i čišćenje novog sadnog materijala

seme: proverite da seme ne nosi nikakvu bolestsečeno: koristite samo čisto sečeno cveće; sečene biljke kojepokazuju bolest moraju biti odbačene (ne mogu ponovo bitizdrave)rastuće biljke bilo koje veličine: nemojte uneti štetočine ipatogene u proizvodnu oblst sa novim biljkama. Ako se to nemože izbeći onda napravite plan kako ćete rešiti probleme kojiće nastati

Exclusion:

screening of vents: need to achieve balance betweenexclusion and air-flow needsautomated doorwayspositive-pressure cooling systemcontrol access to facility by potential carriers of pests

Izuzeci:

pregled ventilacije: morate ostvariti balans između izuzetaka ipotreba za protokom vazduhaautomatizovana vratasistem hlađenja sa pojačanim pritiskomkontrola pristupa objektu zbog potencijalnih prenosiocaštetočina

Monitoring program

Develop scouting program:assign task to employees who are trained in IPMscouting program: flag hot-spotsanticipate appearance of pests, diseasesmonitor effectiveness of control measures

use graphical tracks

Monitoring program

Razvijte program nadgledanja:dodelite zadatke zaposlenima koji su obučeni za IPMpočetni program: obeležite žarištapredvidite pojavu štetočina, bolestinadgledajte efikasnost kontrolnih mera

koristite grafikone

Prevent pests (before they appear)

eliminate conditions conducive to pests (high humidity, water on plants,...)prophylactic use of control methods (e.g. pesticide andbiologicals)

Sprečite štetočine (pre nego što se pojave)

uklonite uslove koji su povoljni za pojavu štetočina (visokavlažnost, voda na biljkama,...)profilaktična upotreba kontrolnih metoda (npr. pesticidi ibiološki proizvodi)

Understand biology and lifecycles of host (your crop), pest, andbeneficial organisms<

be able to understand which stages are susceptiblewhich pesticides will cause problems for beneficials

Morate razumeti biologiju i životni ciklus domaćina (vaša biljka), štetočina i korisnih organizama

morate razumeti koja su stanja prijemčivakoji pesticidi će izazvati probleme za korisne organizme

length of time between eggs and various stages dužina trajanja između jaja i drugih stadijuma razvoja

Eradication (after they appear)

Understand pesticide suitability and resistance problem forparticular pest

use this information to decide on timing of pest controlactivities

where 100% control is needed: chemical controlwhere lower levels are tolerable: combine conventional controlwith biological control

Iskorenjivanje (pošto se pojave)

Morate razumeti pogodnost pesticida i problem rezistentnostikod određene štetočine

koristite ovaj podatak da odlučite o kontroli štetočina u pravo vreme

gde je potrebno 100% kontrole: hemijska kontrolagde se niži nivoi mogu tolerisati: kombinujte konvencionalnukontrolu sa biološkom kontrolom

Control Methods Kontrolne metode

Biological controls

Predators - wasps, Lady beetle, Lacewing, predatory mitesParasites - wasps laying egg in hostFungiBacteria - Bacillus thuringiensis (BT)

Biološka kontrola

Predatori – ose, buba mare, grinje predatoriParaziti – ose ležu jaja na domaćinuGljiviceBakterije - Bacillus thuringiensis (BT)

Chemical controls Hemijske kontrole

Pesticides vary by pest and cropalways use label on package - this is a contract!note: list changes continuallynote: not all may be available for the designated uses inyour particular region

Application methodology (use only the methods spelled out onlabel of the pesticide)

spray applicationconventional spray equipment - backpack sprayer, spray rig,...

ultra-low-volume applicatorhigher concentration, lower volume may equalsame efficacynew twist on ULV: electrostatic sprayer: particlesare charged to use "static cling" to attach sprayparticles to plant and pest surface

aerosol - mostly in small problem areas (home&garden);

Pesticidi se razlikuju po vrsti štetočina i biljakauvek koristite etiketu na pakovanju – to je obavezno!zapamtite: lista se stalno menjazapamtite: možda se ne mogu svi koristiti u vašemregionu

Metodologija primene (koristite samo metode navedene naetiketi pesticida)

primena prskanjemkonvencionalna oprema za prskanje – prskalica naleđima, prskalica vozilo,...

aplikator veoma male zapreminevisoka koncentracija, mala zapremina može imatiistu efikasnostnovi preokret na ULV: elektrostatična prskalica: delovi se menjanju da bi koristili "statično kačenje" da bi se zakačili delovi spreja na površinu biljaka ištetočina

rarely used in commercial operationsfoggers - fog is directed in the air and into aisles, spreadseverywheresmoke - combustion of materialvolatilization - evaporate in hot pandrench to root medium

Regulatory issuesattend to required book keeping

Pesticide Safety(note - be careful)

aerosol – obično u oblastima gde su mali problemi(kuća&vrt); retko se koristi u komercijalnim poslovimazamagljivači – magla se usmerava u vazduh i prolaze, širi se svudadim – sagorevanje materijalaisparljivost – isparava u toplim saksijamamokra sredina u kojoj je koren

Propisiodržavajte knjigovodstvene knjige u redu

Bezbednost od pesticida(budite pažljivi)

Irrigation Navodnjavanje

Recall moisture release curve. Let's look at implications for irrigation(this link might not work from Montenegro)

Setite se krive koja prikazuje ispuštanje vlage. Pogledajmo šta čininavodnjavanje(ovaj link možda neće raditi u Crnoj Gori)

· Overwatering

if medium is good: too luxuriant growth, plants may be too tall or toosoftif medium is not good: waterlogging, reduced oxygen in the rootzone

· Underwatering

suboptimalretardation of various processes (may not be noticable):photosynthesis, cell elongationmay result in shorter stemscould be used in hight control but it is not particularly uniform

wilting/water stressstunted growthdamage to young tissueleaves may drop

· Preterano navodnjavanje

ako je sredina dobra: preteran rast, biljke mogu biti previsoke iliisuviše mekeako sredina nije dobra: nagomilavanje vode, manja količinakiseonika u korenu

· Nedovoljno navodnjavanje

neoptimalnazaostalost kod raznih procesa (možda nije primetno): fotosinteza, izduživanje ćelijamože usloviti kraće stabljikemože se koristiti u kontroli visine ali nije bas jednako

uvelost/stres od vodezakržljao rastoštećeno mlado tkivolišće može otpasti

Irrigation principles:

1. Do not allow any part of the root-zone to dry out completelywhy: root death and subsequent potential infection and inability totolerate stresswhy: highly saline areas - high salt concentrations cause problemsfor plantswhy: hard to re-wet dry areas

2. Avoid water stress if you want plants to grow and thrivewhy: water is vital for many plant processes and for transportingmineral nutrients into the plantnote: what is water stress?

3. If there is no way to monitor the level of moisture stress, then use a welldrained medium and water the container fully each time. With most mediathis means applying more water than the medium can hold.

Principi navodnjavanja:

1. Ne dozvolite da se bilo koji deo korena potpuno osušizašto: koren odumire i može doći do infekcije i nemogućnosti dapodnosi streszašto: oblasti visokog saliniteta – visoka koncentracija soli izazivaprobleme kod biljakazašto: teško je ponovo navlažiti suve oblasti

2. Izbegavajte stres od vode ako želite da vam biljke rastu i odlično se razvijaju

zašto: voda je važna za mnoge procese kod biljaka, kao i zaprenošenje mineralnih hranjljivih sastojaka u biljkubeleška: šta je stres od vode?

3. Ako ne postoji način da nadgledate nivo stresa vlažnosti, onda koristitesredinu koja je dobro oceđena, i uvek zalivajte posudu potpuno. Kodvećine to znači da treba da zalivate mnogo više nego što posuda može dasadrži.

Irrigations systems

Hand-wateringOverhead systems (above foliage)

Sprinkler systemsMist and fog systemsBoom systems

Surface systems (under foliage)DripSpray nozzles

Subsurface systemsCapillary MatTroughsFlooded tables/traysFlooded floors

Sistemi navodnjavanja

Ručno zalivanjeSistemi postavljeni odozgo (iznad lišća)

SprinkleriSistemi izmaglice i magleSistemi navodnjavanja preko horizontalnih cevi na prskalici

Površinski sistemi (ispod lišća)KapljanjeRaspršivači

Sistemi ispod površineKapilarno zalivanjeKoritaNavodnjavanje plavljenjem, stolovi/policeNavodnjavanje plavljenjem, podovi

Irrigation control

Timer-based control ("manual on" and "time-clock on")Sensor-based control

check out tensiometer-based irrigation on Dr. Lieth'sWWWpage and the section there on "frequently askedquestions"on tensiometer use in potted plants and cut-flower production

Model-based control

Kontrola navodnjavanja

Kontrola zasnovana na određenom vremenu (“manuelno" ili"pomoću tajmera")Kontrola zasnovana na senzoru

posetite tensiometer-based irrigation Dr. Lieth's WWWpage(navodnjavanje) i odeljak sa "frequently asked questions"(često postavljana pitanja)o tensiometru koji se koristi kod proizvodnje biljaka u saksijama i sečenog cveća

Kontrola prema modelu

Cut-flower Rose Production Proizvodnja sečenih ruža

Cultivars and typeshybrid teaminiatures

Propagation plant is a combination of a rose with good productioncharacteristics and rootstock with good root-characteristics:Rosa maneti, Rosa odorata,...done either by graft or buddingtypes of propagules:

Kultivari i vrstehibridni čajminijaturne

Razmnožavanjebiljka je kombinacija ruže sa dobrim proizvodnimkarakteristikama i dobrim korenom, takođe sa dobrimkarakteristikama korena: Ruža maneti, Ruža odorata,...radi se ili kalemljenjem ili okuliranjemvrste:

grafted plants (budded and grown on in the field untilplant has sizable canes, then sold to cut-flower growerfor use in greenhouse production)mini-plants (graft and rooting at same time, move intoproduction quickly as small plant and build up in thegreenhouse)

Most desirable cultivars are patented - cannot propagatewithout paying royalties

Production systems:In-ground productionIn stone wool - common in Europe - essentially a hydroponicsystemHydroponics (in coconut coir in buckets)single-stem rooted cutting: one flower then discard

kalemljene biljke (kalemljene i gajene u polju dok biljkane dobije dovoljnu veličinu stabljika, zatim se prodajuuzgajivačima sečenog cveća za proizvodnju u staklenicima)minijaturne biljke (kalemljenje i ukorenjivanje u istovreme, brzo se prenosi u proizvodnju kao mala biljka irazvija se u stakleniku)

Najželjeniji kultivari su patentirani – ne možete razmnožavatidok ne platite za prava korišćenja

Proizvodni sistemi:Proizvodnja u zemljiU kamenoj vuni – često u Evropi – osnovno za "hydroponic"sistemHydroponics (u ljuski kokosa u kofama)sečenje jedne stabljike iz jednog korena: jedan cvet, zatim se odbacuje

Plantingin ground (from budded large plants)

ground preparationconstruct well drained root zone with drainage

Sađenjeu zemlji (iz okalemljnih velikih biljaka)

priprema zemljepostavite zonu za koren sa dobrom drenažom, sa

provisions (tile)steam pasteurization or methyl bromide (beingphased out)

planting to replace existing plants is done after themain holidays (mother's day)beds are generally 2.5-3 ft wide with ~1.5 ft betweenplanted usually at 3 or 4 plants across in a rowbud-union should stay above soil line (don't wantnamed cultivar striking roots)prevent excessive water loss in the first week (beforenew functional roots grow)

in buckets with media (you can generally start withmini-plants)

media preparation (generally soilless media)provide for drainage (i.e. treat as if potted plant)plant 2-4 plants per bucket (depending on spacing)

Building the plants (first 2-3 months)Do not expect a crop off the first set of breaksFocus on building up the crop - remove any flower budsPinch or bend shoots

Types of pinch: soft / hardLocation of pinch: after first 5-leaflet leaf (perhaps higher )Wire support frames are constructed to keep shoots in the bed

odrednicama za drenažu (pločice)pasterizacija parom ili metil bromide (u fazama)

sadite da zamenite postojeće biljke i to posle glavnihpraznika (Dan majki)leje su obično 75-90 cm široke udaljene oko 45cm jednaod drugeobično se sadi 3 do 4 biljke u redumesto kalema trebalo bi da ostane iznad zemljišta (neželite da korenje štrči)sprečite preteran gubitak vode tokom prve nedelje (prenego što novo funkcionalno korenje izraste)

u kofama (možete početi sa minijaturnim biljkama)priprema sredine (obično sredina sa malo zemljišta)obezbedite drenažu (npr. tretirajte je kao biljku u saksiji)sadite 2-4 biljke (u zavisnosti od prostora)

Rast biljaka (prva 2-3 meseca)Ne očekujte da odmah sasečete izdankeUsredsredite se na gajenje biljke – uklonite pupoljkePritisnite ili savite mladice

Vrste pritiska: meko / tvrdoMesto pritiska: posle prvih 5- lisnih izdanaka (možda svetlijih )Žičani okviri se postavljaju da bi zadržali izdanke u podlozi

ProductionTemperature:

Night: 60-62FDay:

70F on cloudy days75F on sunny days

below 60F may cause "bullheads"; below 58Fproduction may stopTemperature drives development

Light: PARNeed high light to produce lots

production is naturally lower in the winter than inthe summermake sure greenhouse cover is clean and hashigh light transmission

Supplemental light in dark winter (Generally not usedin CA – this is changing)

ProizvodnjaTemperatura:

Noćna: 60-62FDnevna:

20C tokom oblačnih dana24C tokom sunčanih dana

ispod 60F mogu izazvati "rascvetalost"; ispod 58F proizvodnja može statiRazvoj zavisi od temperature

Svetlo: PARSvetlo je potrebno da bi se dosta proizvodilo

prirodno, proizvodnja je manja tokom zime negotokom letabudite sigurni da je prektivač na stakleniku čist i dadozvoljava prodor svetlosti

Dodatna svetlost tokom tamnih zimskih dana (obično sene koristi u Kaliforniji – ovo se menja)

Winter: keep glazing clean Zima: održavajte stakla čistim

CO2 - enrichmentuseful when greenhouse vents are normally closed during theday: not in CAHigh light and high CO2 - can have higher temperaturenote: no point in enriching CO2 at night - no photosynthesisif day temperatures are below 60F, then inject CO2 only to maintain ambient levelsbest time: early morning when vents are closed and plantshave light for photosynthesis

CO2 - obogaćenostkorisno kada je ventilacija na stakleniku obično zatvorenatokom dana: ne u KalifornijiDosta svetlosti i dosta CO2 – može se postići viša temperaturane treba obogaćivati CO2 noću – nema fotosintezeako su dnevne temperature ispod 60F, onda dodajte CO2 samoda biste održali nivonajbolje vreme: rano jutro, kada je ventilacija zatvorena i kadabiljke imaju svetlost za fotosintezu

Crop management:conventional in-ground production with a hedge

The hedge goes through annual variationallowed to get tall in the fallsize gets reduced in the winterpruned after mother's dayPinching/bending - this is done to induce synchronizedbreaks so that there will be a big flush of flowers later(for a holiday)

remove top portion of shoot prior to bloomhard vs soft pinchWhen pinching hard you are throwing awayaccumulated biomass (for which you paid) in

Upravljanje biljkama:konvencionalna proizvodnja u zemlji sa živom ogradom

Živica se proteže kroz godišnje promenemože da ode u visinu tokom jeseniveličina se smanjuje tokom zimepodrezivati posle Dana majki (u maju)Pritiskanje/savijanje – ovo se vrši da bi se dobilisinhronizovani prelomi tako da posle bude više cvetova(za praznik)

uklonite gornje izdanke pre cvetanjatvrdo pritiskanje u odnosu na mekokada jako pritisnete odbacujete akumuliranubiomasu (za koju ste platili) a u korist biomase koju

favor of biomass which you can sell, hopefully, at a higher price.

Note: harvesting has the same effect as pinching!bending has similar effect but keeps plantmaterial working for you for some timeeffect is hormonal

možete da prodate po višoj ceni.

Branje ima isti efekat kao i pritiskanje!savijanje ima sličan efekat ali održava sadnimaterijal tako da radi za vas neko vremeefekat je hormonski

Combination "hydroponics" and bendingnew method - a lot is still not knownhydroponics - a misnomer?

reservoirs of irrigation solution in bottom of bucketmedium (e.g. coir) above reservoirnot fertigation is required; applications several timesper day

"Bending" (or "Arching")shoots with little potential to generate strong cane arebent down - this allows selection for more strong canesover weak canesbreaks apical dominance, allowing new breaks to come(same as pruning, pinching, and harvesting)leaves stay on plant and are used to capture light, butthe resulting carbohydrate is added to other shoots...thiswill result in few shoots but at higher grades

Kombinacija "hydroponic" i savijanjanovi metod – dosta toga je nepoznatohydroponics – nepravilan naziv?

rezervoari rastvora za navodnjavanje na dnu posudesredina (npr. ljuska kokosovog oraha) iznad rezervoaranije potrebna fertigacija; primena nekoliko puta dnevno

"Savijanje" (ili "Lukovi")izdanci koji imaju malo mogućnosti da stvore čvrstestabljike savijaju se nadole – to omogućava odabir jačihgrana u odnosu na slabijeslama dominantnost na vrhu, dozvoljava pojavu novih(isto kao orezivanje, pritiskanje ili branje)lišće ostaje na biljci i koristi da uhvati svetlost, ali ugljenihidrat koji se dobija dodaje se drugim izdancima...ovo ćeza rezultat imati novije izdanke ali boljepostoje problemi sa ovim

note that there are problems with thismat of dead material develops...

razvija se pokrivka od mrtvog materijala...

HarvestingTypes of cuts at harvest:

1st 5-leaflet leaf (approximately summer and fall)knuckle-cut (approximately winter)"below the knuckle"; aka: "below the hook"(approximately spring)

Pruning: after Mother's day - to reduce canopy size, get newbottom-breaks

BranjeVrste sečenja pri branju:

Prvi 5-to lisni izdanak (obično u leto ili jesen)zasek do članka (obično u zimu)"ispod članka"; poznat i kao: "ispod kuke" (obično uproleće)

Orezivanje: Posle Dana majki – smanjivanje veličine nadstrešnice, novi izdanci na dnu

Production management schedule (approximate): Plan rada menadžmenta u proizvodnji (od prilike):

IrrigationFertilization

base level: 160-200 ppm N with at most 20% ammonium;150 ppm K

Problems:pests:

whiteflytwo-spotted spider mitethripsaphids

DiseasesPowdery mildew - sulfur vaporization is usedBotrytisothers

physiological disordersblind shootsbullheads

Postharvest handling:Grading of roses: by lengthmany varieties don't do well if allowed to be out of waterdon't harvest onto the ground - put directly in buckets withclean waterstore transport cold in water or preservative solution (sugar,citric acid and biocide)re-cut under water when preparing for sale and in the home

Market info:US:

the majority of money made on roses in the US is for holiday productioncurrently severe pressure from imported product fromSouth America (Colombia and Equador)

Europe:less emphasis on holiday production, spikes inproduction are smallerimports from Africa are putting pressure on market inEurope

NavodnjavanjeĐubrenje

osnovni nivo: 160-200 ppm N sa najviše 20% amonijaka;150 ppm K

Problemi:štetočine:

štitasti moljaccrveni paukFrankliniella occidentalis i dr.aphididae

BolestiPepelnica – koristi se isparavanje sumporaBotrytis (plesan)drugo

fiziološki nedostacislepi izdancirascvetali izdanci

Rukovanje posle branja:Klasifikacija ruža: po dužinimnoge vrste ne mogu da podnesu da budu van vodene berite na zemlji – stavite ih odmah u kofe sa čistom vodomskladištite ih za transport u hladnoj vodi ili rastvoru (šećer,limunska kiselina ili biocid)ponovo podsecite pod vodom kada pripremate cveće za prodajuili kod kuće

Informacije o tržištu:SAD:

većina novca od ruža u SAD nastaje posle prazničneproizvodnjetrenutno postoji jak pritisak zbog uvezenih proizvoda izJužne Amerike (Kolumbija i Ekvador)

Evropa:manji naglasak na prazničnoj proizvodnji, razlike u proizvodnji su manjeuvoz iz Afrike pritiska tržište u Evropi

Cut Flower Rose Production management schedule over the course of a year (approximate)aimed at holiday production:Upravljanje proizvodnjom sečenih ruža – raspored tokom godine sa osvrtom na poizvodnju za praznike: Date Datum Pinch Pritisak Cut/harvests Sečenje/Branje Notes Beleške

Juli 1-10 With hedge production: When harvesting between July 1 and Sep1, leave two 5-leaflet leaves to build canopy.

Sa proizvodnjom živice: kada jebranje između 1. jula i 1. septembra, ostavite dva petolisna izdanka daizgrade baldahin

In hydroponics: build plant but keepcutting point below 30 cm above top of pot

Hydroponic: izgradite biljku ali mestosečenja mora biti 30 cm iznad vrhasaksije

11-20

21-31

Avgust 1-10 Pinch all short stems

Pritisnite sve kratke grane

target: mid September to act as Christmas pinch

cilj: sredina septembra da bi bilespremne za Božić

11-20

21-31

Sep 1-10 When cutting, leave one 5-leaflet leaf(until late winter)

Kada sečete, ostavite petolisniizdanak (sve do kasne zime)

11-20

21-30 Cut crop from August pinch

Isecite biljku iz kada je pritisnuta u avgustu

It might be hard to sell this crop

Možda ćete teško prodati ovubiljku

Oct 1-10 Pinch for Thanksgiving You have to decide whether a stem will bear for Thanksgiving

Pritisak za Dan zahvalnostior Christmas - can't do both

Morate da odlučite da li ćestabljika izdržati do Danazahvalnosti (novembar) iliBožića (decembar) – ne možeoba

11-20

21-31 Pinch for Christmas

Pritisak za Božić

Nov 1-10

11-20

21-30 Cut for Thanksgiving

Sečenje za Dan zahvalnosti

Dec 1-10

11-20 Pinch for Valentines Day crop

Pritisak za Dan zaljubljenih

Cut for Christmas

Sečenje za Božić

21-31

Jan 1-10

11-20

21-31

Feb 1-10 cut Valentine crop (early flowers gointo cooler)

Secite biljke za Dan zaljubljenih(rano cveće ide u frižidere)

11-20 Pinch for Easter

Pritisak za Uskrs

Cut Valentine crop

Secite biljke za Dan zaljubljenih

Easter pinch will vary with date of Easter (pinch 50-56 days priorto Easter)

Pritisak za Uskrs zavisi od danakada pada Uskrs (pritisnite50-56 dana pre Uskrsa)

21-28

Mar 1-10

11-20 Pinch for Mother's Day

Pritisak za Dan majki

cuts at this stage may be below 1st5-leaflet leaf

sečenje u ovo vreme može biti ispodpetolisnog izdanka

Note: Probably can't do Mother's day off Easter cut (count it out:45-52 days)

Biljke koje su isečene za Uskrsverovatno neće izdržati do danamajki21-31 Cut Easter crop (date varies with

Easter) probably with knuckle cuts oflower

Isecite biljke za Uskrs (datum zavisiod Uskrsa)

Apr 1-10

11-20

21-30 Uniform production strategy at this point;no more pinches until August unless you get a big order

Jednaka proizvodna strategija u ovomtrenutku: nema više pritisaka sve do avgusta, osim ako imate većuporudžbinu

in preparation for pruning bring canopy down with cuts belowthe knuckle

za pripremu za orezivanjespustite nadstrešnicu nadole, tako što ćete iseći ispod zgloba

May 1-10

11-20 Cut Mother's Day crop

Secite biljke za Dan majki

21-31

June

Rest of summer you will be discarding a lot of flowers. Manage crop to maximize sales and to build plants for thestress of the winter.

Tokom ostatka leta odbacivaćete dosta cveća. Upravljajte biljkama tako da maksimalno povećate prodaju, I daizgradite biljke da izdrže stres od zime

Crop Ecology: Light, Temperature and CO2

Ekologija useva: Svetlost, temperature iCO2

Effect of light on greenhouse production Uticaj svetlosti na proizvodnju u staklenicima

Light for assimilation:

properties of light: spectrum, short wave, long wave,etclight on earthenergy (shortwave or visible, and longwave)

heats up plant tissue (shortwave to longwave)plant needs to cool itself (mostlyevaporative)shading compoundshade curtainmany crops can take full light (rose,carnation, chrysanthemum) but many can't (many foliage plants, africanviolets, poinsettia, some plants when in flower)

Svetlost za asimilaciju:

karakteristike svetlosti: spektar, kratki talasi, dugi talasi, itd.svetlost na zemljienergija (kratkotalasna ili vidljiva, i dugotalasna)

zagreva tkiva biljaka (kratkotalasna ka dugotalasnoj)biljka mora da se hladi (najčešće isparavanjem)hladzavesa od senkemnoge biljke mogu da podnesu punu svetlost (ruža, karanfil, hrizantema) amnoge ne mogu (mnoge lisnate biljke, afrička ljubičica, poinsetija, nekebiljke dok cvetaju)

Photosynthesis Fotosinteza

plants use light for photosynthesis biljke koriste svetlost za fotosintezu

Response of photosynthetic rate to various parts of the visiblespectrum of

Rezultat stepena fotosinteze na različitimvidljivim delovima spectra

Response of individual leaf or whole plant (per unit leaf area)

Odgovor pojedinačnog lista ili čitave biljke (po jedinici površine lista)· the more light, the more photosynthesis· control over photosynthetic active radiation

o start with clean cover (simple structure)o to increase amount of PAR; supplemental light

(i.e to enhance photosynthetic rate)§ incandescent - low efficiency (7%)§ flourescent

§ efficiency (20%)§ output is low so that too many

lamps are needed (high cost, lots of light intercepted by

o što je više svetla to je više fotosintezeo kontrola nad fotosintetičkim aktivnim zračenjem

§ počnite sa čistim pokrivačem (jednostavna struktura)§ da se poveća količina PAR; dodatna svetlost (da se poveća stepe

fotosinteze)§ užarena – niska efikasnost (7%)§ flourescentna

§ efikasnost (20%)§ rezultat je mali tako da je potrebno isuviše lampi (veliki

lamps when not in use)§ suitable for growth rooms

(particularly since ballasts can be mounted outside of lightedarea)

§ HID efficiency ranges 20-25%§ LPS = "low pressure sodium" -

poor spectrum, too much energy in a narrow set ofwavelengths in wrong part of spectrum

§ Hetal halide§ 20% efficient

§ HPS = "high pressure sodium"§ 25% efficient§ small profile§ long bulb life (24000

hours)§ currently most

popular,§ this may have an effect on stem

elongation (e.g. Lilies under metal halide lamps will be short)

o to decrease: shading§ automated shade curtains§ want reflective, not absorbing, material

o crop spacing / "foliage spacing"§ effect of LAI on plant growth§ most recommendation for crop spacing

are based on observations about this

troškovi, lampe kada se ne koriste onemogućavaju prodorsvetla)

§ pogodna za uzgajivačnice (posebno što se balast moženagomilati van osvetljene oblasti)

§ HID efikasnost je između 20-25%§ LPS = "low pressure sodium" = minimum natrijuma – slab

spektar, previše energije u uskom delu talasnih dužina upogrešnom delu spektra

§ Halidne lampe§ 20% efikasnost

§ HPS = "high pressure sodium" = maksimum natrijuma§ 25% efikasnost§ malog profila§ dugotrajne svetiljke (24000 sati)§ trenutno najpopularniji

§ ovo može uticati na izduživanje stabiljike (npr. ljiljani pod metalnimhalidnim lampama biće kratki)

§ smanjiti: hlad§ automatizovane zavese senki§ potreban je reflektujući materijal, koji ne upija

§ razmak između biljaka / “razmak između listova”

§ uticaj LAI na rast biljaka§ većina saveta koji se tiču razmaka između biljaka zasnovana je na

ovomPhotoperiodism:

· plant's response to day-night cycle· response can take on many forms

Fotoperiodičnost:

· odgovor biljke na dan-noć ciklus

o branching, plant shapeo floweringo pigmentation

· phytochrome response· initiation or suppression of flowering: Long-night vs

short-day· Long night plants:

o undergo response when continuous dark periodis longer than some critical length

o poinsettia (bract color and flower initiation),chrysanthemum (flower initiation), kalanchoe(plantlet formation)

· Short-night plants:o response occurs if dark period is longer than

critical length· day-neutral plants· facultative ... - response is enhanced by ...· critical lengths can be temperature dependent· method:

o lights - incandescent 60W, 4-5 ft above plantso night-break (10 pm-2 am), continuous or cyclical

(6 min of every 30 min)o black-cloth for 12 hr night: 7 pm to 7 amo can be automated, but must be supervisedo avoid excess heat under black cloth

· odgovor može biti različito grananje, oblik biljkeo cvetanjeo pigmentacija

· fitohromni odgovor· početak ili suzbijanje cvetanja: duge noći u odnosu na kratak dan

· Biljke kojima prija mrak:o loš odgovor kada je neprestani period tame duži od kritičnog trajanjao poinsetija (brakteje su obojene i počinje cvetanje), hrizantema (počinje cvetanje),

kalanchoe (formiranje mlade biljke)· Biljke kojima prija da su kratko u mraku:

o dolazi do odgovora ako je period tame duži od kritičnog trajanja· Biljke neutralne po pitanju dnevne svetlosti· fakultativno ... – odgovor je pojačan ...· kritično trajanje može zavisiti od temperature· metod:

o svetlost - užarena 60W, 120-150 cm iznad biljakao noć (10 uveče do 2 ujutru), neprestano ili ciklično (6 min svakih 30 min)o navlake od crne tkanine tokom 12 sati noću: 7 uveče do 7 ujutruo mogu biti automatizovane, ali moraju biti nadgledaneo izbegavajte preterano zagrevanje pod tamnim navlakama

Effect of temperature on greenhouse crops Uticaj temperature na useve u stakleniku

· Temperature limitso high extreme: plant overheats; break-down of

· Granice temperatureo visoka ekstremna: biljka se pregreva; raspadanje enzima

enzymeso low extreme: ice formation; destruction of

tissueso genotypic; varies by cropo acclimation

· Temperature affects all biochemical reactions in the planto e.g.: photosynthesiso e.g.: respiration

· Growth: If all other factors are adequate, temperature canlimit plant growth

o niska ekstremna: formiranje leda; uništavanje tkivao genotip; razlikuje se od biljke do biljkeo aklimatizacija

· Temperatura utiče na sve biohemijske reakcije u biljci

o npr.: fotosintezao npr.: respiracija

· Rast: Ako su svi drugi faktori odgovarajući, temperatura može ograničini rast biljke

· Development: driven by "average temperature"· Stem elongation: DIF

o DIF= (average daytime temperature) -(average nighttime temperature)

o positive (+DIF): stretchingo negative (-DIF): less stretching

· temperature factors to monitor and control ingreenhouse production

o maximum temperature - can cause damageo minimum temperature - many crops have a

minimum below which there will be problemso average daily temperature: crop

Razvoj: uslovljen "prosečnom temperaturom"Izduživanje stabljike: DIF

DIF= (prosečna dnevna temperatura) - (prosečna noćna temperatura)pozitivna (+DIF): izduživanjenegativna (-DIF): manje izduživanje

faktori temperature koje treba nadgledati i kontrolisati u proizvodnji u staklenikumaksimalna temperatura – može da izazove štetuminimalna temperatura – mnoge biljke imaju minimum ispod koje mogu nastatiproblemiprosečna dnevna temperatura: razvoj biljke

developmento night temperature - crop respirationo average day temperature minus average

night temperature (DIF) - stem elongationo morning (pre-dawn) temperature - stem

elongation· Note that the interaction between all of the various

processes determines the temperature response pattern andthe point of the optimum

o so don't expect the optimum to be the sameduring the day and night, or on clear and cloudydays, or at low or high carbon dioxide concentrations

§ day temperatures: 5-10F higherthan night temperatures

3-5 F higher on clear days than cloudydays

noćna temperatura – raspiracija biljkeprosečna dnevna temperatura minus prosečna noćna temperatura (DIF) –izduživanje stabljikejutarnja temperatura (pre svitanja) – izduživanje stabljike

Interakcija između različitih procesa određuje modela odgovora temperature, kao ioptimalna tačka

nemojte očekivati da optimum bude isti danju i noću, ili tokom sunčanih i oblačnihdana, ili pri visokoj ili niskoj koncentraciji ugljen dioksida

dnevna temperatura: 5-10C viša od temperatura tokom noći3-5 C viša tokom sunčanih u odnosu na oblačne dane

Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide· CO2 is used in photosynthesis; produced by

respiration and combustion· Ambient level: 0.035% or 350 ppm of air, higher at

night and in urban and industrialized areas· In closed greenhouse with lots of foliage:

o on sunny day plants draw down CO2 in minutes

o on cloudy day: slowero at night: CO2 is produced in the greenhouse

by decomposing material· During the day you can get starvation (<120ppm) if

plants use it up and none comes in to replenish the CO2o below 100 ppm very little CO2 is entering

leafo inside plant canopy this problem can occur

earlier

· CO2 management strategy:o prevent starvationo add CO2 when below 200 ppmo if economically feasible, enrich to high

levels (1000-1500 ppm)· Note interaction between light, temperature and CO2

o with higher CO2 and light, temperaturescan be higher

CO2 koristi u fotosintezi; proizvodi se respiracijom i sagorevanjemAmbijentni nivo: 0.035% ili 350 ppm vazduha, viši noću i u gradskim iindustrijalizovanim oblastimaU zatvorenim staklenicima gde ima dosta lišća:

tokom sunčanih dana biljka povlači CO2 u minutimatokom oblačnih dana: sporijenoću: CO2 se proizvodi u stakleniku od materijala koji se raspada

Tokom dana može doći do gladovanja (<120ppm) ako ga biljke iskoriste a nemanadoknade CO2

ispod 100 ppm veoma malo CO2 ulazi u listpod biljnom nadstrešnicom ovaj problem može i ranije da se desi

o with high light, CO2 enrichment can make sense (but not if greenhouse vents are open,unless CO2 is very cheap)

CO2 – strategija upravljanja:sprečite gladovanjedodajte CO2 kada je ispod 200 ppmako je ekonomski izvodljivo, obogatite do visokog nivoa (1000-1500 ppm)

Zabeležite interakciju između svetlosti, temperature i CO2sa više CO2 i sa više setlosti, i temperature mogu biti višesa visokom svetlošču, CO2 obogaćenost ima smila (ali ne ako je ventiacija nastakleniku otvorena, osima ako CO2 nije veoma jeftin)

· Methods of providing CO2o burners - must have clean natural gas source;

burn and exhaust into the greenhouse§ still ... must have vigilant burner

maintenance to keep it adjusted properly§ otherwise: could produce ethylene,

carbon monoxide (CO), other air pollutants

o Boiler- specially adjusted to burn clean: exhaustis used for CO2 enrichment

§ unit heats water while generating CO2- runs when greenhouse computer callsfor eiether heat or CO2

§ if for heat: then heat and CO2 are put into greenhouse

§ if only for CO2: then hot water is stored in large tanks; CO2 is injectedinto greenhouse; at night hot water from storage tank is injected first

o inject gas from storage tank§ can assure clean CO2§ must rent or buy storage tank

· Načini obezbeđivanja CO2o sagorevači – moraju imati izvor prirodnog gasa; spaliti i izduvati u staklenik

§ mada ... moraju biti vidljivo održavani i moraju se pravilno podešavati§ u suprotnom: mogu proizvesti etilen, ugljen monoksid (CO), druge

zagađivačeo bojler – posebno podešen za čisto sagorevanje: izduvavanje se koristi

za obogaćivanje za CO2§ aparat zagreva vodu dok proizvodi CO2 – uključuje se kada kompjuter u

stakleniku pokazuje potrebu za zagrevanjem ili za CO2§ za zagrevanje: tada se i toplota i CO2 puštaju u staklenik§ ako je samo za CO2: onda se topla voda skladišti u velikim cisternama;

CO2 se ubacuje u staklenik; noću se topla voda iz cisterne prva ubacujeo ubacivanje gasa iz cisterne

§ može obezbediti čist CO2§ morate iznajmiti ili kupiti cisternu

· Economics of CO2 enrichment:o In CA we tend to have vents open every day and

frequently during the day§ thus CO2 enrichment is not

economically feasibleo Where greenhouses are closed for long periods

of time (due to very cold climate) CO2enrichment can make sense

o Feasibility may depend on value of crop§ Rose production: increases may pay for

investment (but it is usually marginal)§ Carnations: not enough profit to

warrant the extra cost of CO2 injection

· Ekonomičnost obogaćivanja CO2:o U Kaliforniji mi otvaramo ventilaciju svaki dan, i nekoliko puta tokom dana

§ stoga obogaćivanje CO2 nije ekonomičnoo Gde su staklenici zatvoreni tokom dužeg vremena (zbog vrlo hladne klime)

obogaćivanje CO2 ima smislao Izvodljivost može zavisiti od vrednosti biljaka

§ Proizvodnja ruža: povećanja mogu nadomestiti investiciju (ali je običnomarginalno)

§ Karanfili: profit nije dovoljan da garantuje za ekstra troškove ubacivanjaCO2

Post harvest handling of ornamental crops

Rukovanje ukrasnim cvećem poslebranja

Considerations:: Local market; export to markets abroad; cut flowers andfoliage versus potted plants

Uzeti u obzir: lokalno tržište; izvoz na strana tržišta; sečeno cveće i lisnatebiljke u odnosu na biljke u saksijama

Problems in the commercial ornamental production industries:

Product loses in marketing chain - easily 25%, higher in some areas;higher in some seasons.

1.

Ornamentals are placed on market "in their prime"; 2.Cut Flowers have short vaselifea.Potted plants last long time, but not in prime condition - shelflife is short

b.

International market, strong competition3.Disparity between production and consumers4.

many times producers are disconnected from the salesa.Overproduction4.Insufficient demand (in the US; less of a problem in Europe)5.

Problemi u komercijalnoj proizvodnji ukrasnog cveća:

1. Proizvod se izgubi u tržišnom lancu - lako 25%, češće u nekimoblastima; češće tokom određenog godišnjeg doba.

Ukrasno cveće dolazi na tržište "u najboljem izdanju"; 2.

Sečeno cveće kratko traje u vazamaa.Biljke u saksijama duže traju,ali ne u najboljem izdanju – nisudugotrajne

b.

Međunarodno tržište, jaka konkurencija3.Disparitet između proizvodnje i potrošača4.

mnogo puta proizvođači su izbačeni iz prodajea.Prevelika proizvodnja5.Nedovoljna tražnja (u SAD; manji je problem u Evropi)6.

Research on Postharvest methods and factors

Goal - reduce losses, sustain or even increase quality1.Understand factors involved in postharvest losses; identify mitigationmeasures

2.

Develop new technologies and protocols to reduce or eliminatelosses

3.

Research on Postharvest methods and factors

Cilj – smanjiti gubitke, održati ili čak poboljšati kvalitet1.Shvatite faktore koji su uključeni u gubitak posle branja; odredite mere koje to mogu umanjiti

2.

Razvijte nove tehnologije i protokole da biste smanjili iliuklonili gubitke

3.

Factors affecting the postharvest life of ornamental plantsand flowers:

Faktori koji utiču na život ukrasnih biljaka i cveća poslebranja:

Temperature Temperatura

Cut flowers and plants are aliveRate of deterioration vs a rate of respirationRespiration increases exponentially with Temperature

Sečeno cveće i biljke su živeStopa raspadanja u odnosu na stopu respiracijeRespiracija se eksponencijalno povećava sa temperaturom

Water supply

Plants are mostly water (80-90%)Loss of water causes loss of quality, wilting and accelerated aging(ethylene production)How do plants get water?

Evaporation from leaves (transpiration) creates tension in theconducting system (xylem).Tension pulls water from the soil or vase solution

Why do plants and flowers wiltAir embolism (cut flowers)Bacterial blockage (cut flowers)Drought and water-logging (potted plants)

Zalihe vode

Biljke su većinom sastavljene od vode (80-90%)Gubitak vode dovodi do gubitka kvaliteta, uvenuća i ubrzanogstarenja (proizvodnja etilena)Kako biljke dolaze do vode?

Isparavanjem sa lišća (transpiracija) stvara se napon uprovodnom sistemu (ksilem).Napon vuče vodu iz zemljišta ili rastvora u vazi

Zašto biljke i cveće venuEmbolija (sečeno cveće)Blokada bakterija (sečeno cveće)Suša i nagomilavanje vode (biljke u saksijama)

Disease

Botrytis the main cause. Disease triangle and life cycleEarly detection

Oboljenje

Botrytis (plesan) je glavni uzrok. Trougao bolesti i životni ciklusRano otkrivanje

Ethylene

Some flowers and plants are very sensitive to ethylene (0.1 ppm)Ethylene is everywhere (engines, ripening fruit, cigarette smoke)Techniques for inhibiting ethylene action

Controlled atmospheres Low oxygen, high CO2 inhibitproductionSTS complex salt of silver nitrate, sodium thiosulfateInhibitors of ethylene binding - 1-methylcyclopropene(1-MCP)Cultivar selection and genetic engineering

Etilen

Neko cveće i neke biljke su veoma osetljive na etilen (0.1 ppm)Etilen je svuda (motori, prezrelo voće, cim cigarete)Tehnike za smanjenje delovanje etilena

Kontrolisana atmosfera, nizak kiseonik, visok CO2 smanjijeproizvodnjuSTS kompleksna so nitrata srebra, natrijum tiosulfatInhibitori vezivanja etilena - 1-metilciklopropan (1-MCP)Selekcija odabirom i genetski inženjering

Food for cut flowers

To grow and develop, they need "food" (i.e. sugar)note that leaves in postharvest life are generally not useful forthiswe need to supply sugars for cut flowers that still need to grow(open from tight bud)

Ishrana za sečeno cveće

Da bi raslo i da bi se razvijalo, cveću treba "hrana" (npr. šećer)život lišća posle branja obično nije korisno za ovu fazumoramo obezbediti šećere sečenom cveću koje još uvek trebada raste (da se otvore zatvoreni pupoljci)biljkama u saksijama treba svetlo tokom perioda posle

potted plant need some light during post-production periodSimple food for cut-flowers is sugar

Sugar is also food for bacteria - so if you use sugar, then alsouse a biocide

Use a good preservative (high-quality water, sugar, biocide, citricacid,...)

proizvodnjeJednostavna hrana za sečeno cveće je šećer

Šećer je takođe hrana za bakterije – tako da ako koristite šećer, koristite i biocid

Koristite dobre prezervative (voda visokog kvaliteta, šećer, biocid, limunska kiselina,...)

Growth

Developing organs (Snapdragons, Tulips)many flowers will curve - this can render them useless

GravistimulusLight stimulusAn auxin responseCan be overcome: Pack and hold vertical; treat with Naphthylpthalamic acid (NPA)

Rast

Razvijanje organa (zevalice, lale)brojno cveće će se iskriviti – ovo ih može učiniti beskorisnim

GravistimulusSvetlosni stimulusOdgovor auksinaMože se prevazići: pakujte i držite vertikalno; tretirajte sa Naphthylpthalamic kiselinom (NPA)

Postharvest handling of cut flowers and potted plants Rukovanje sečenim cvećem i cvećem u saksijama poslebranja

In the Greenhouse:

Production variables: plants and flowers MUST be healthy - nevership sick plants - this will always come back to hurt you.Harvesting issues

Selection based on maturity (bud harvest vs open flower)Time of dayHarvesting tools (note especially sanitation issues)Temperature management at harvest Plants should NOT be under stress when harvesting

U stakleniku:

Promenljive u proizvodnji: biljke i cveće MORAJU biti zdrave –nikada ne šaljite bolesne biljke – ovo će vam se uvek vratiti da vas povredi.Problemi pri branju

Odabir se vrši na osnovu zrelosti (pupoljci u odnosu naotvorene cvetove)Doba danaPribor za branje (posebno problemi sanitacije)Upravljanje temperaturom pri branju Biljke NE bi trebalo da budu pod stresom kada se seku

In the Packing room (including temporary storage in cooler)

Grading (bunching)Size or stem length

SleevingSeparate products, damage protectionPaper or plastic

PretreatmentsSTS

U prostoriji za pakovanje (uključujući privremeno skladištenje uhladnjaku)

Sortiranje (grupisanje)Veličina ili dužina stabljike

OdvajanjeOdvajanje proizvoda, zaštita od oštećenjaPapir ili plastika

Prethodno tretiranje

1-MCPClorox or pesticidesSugar or food supplyNPA prevents after-growthBA or gibberellic acid to prevent leaf yellowing

STS 1-MCPHlor ili pesticidiZalihe šećera ili hraneNPA sprečava naknadni rastBA ili gibberellic acid da se spreči požutelost lišća

Prior to shipping:

Packingquality vs costMaterials: paper or plasticPlants and flowers are delicateSleeves; Careful packing; Keep plants from shifting

Pre slanja:

Pakovanjekvalitet u odnosu na trošakMaterijali: papir ili plastikaBiljke i cveće su osetljiviOdvajanje; pažljivo pakovanje; sprečava biljke da se mešaju

The entire chain from packing to end-user:

Temperature during the time from harvest to end-userin the production facility

cut when it is not hot;Bring flowers and plants to desired postharvesttemperature as soon as feasible; DO NOT LET THEM GET HOT!Know what the ideal temperature is for your products

note that some plants and flowers arechilling-sensitive (e.g. Anthurium); some can takefreezing temperaturesin general, temperature should be as cold asfeasible without freezingdo not combine chilling-sensitive plants withothers in same shipment.

CoolingForced air for cut flowersFast cooling

Potential problems:what happens if your precooled flowers are allowed to warm up during shipmen

Water supplyMaintaining water supply - Cut Flowers:

Recut under wateruse preservative (with citric acid and biocide)clean buckets

Kompletan lanac – od pakovanja do krajnjeg potrošača:

Temperatura od vremena branja do kranjeg potrošačau proizvodnom objektu

seče se kada nije toplo;dovedite cveće i biljke do poželjne temperature poslebranja što je izvodljivije moguće; NE DOZVOLITE DASE ZAGREJU!Morate znati šta je idealna temperatura za vašeproizvode

neko cveće i neke biljke su osetljive na hlađenje(npr. Anturijum); neke mogu podneti itemperature smrzavanjauopšte, temperatura bi trebalo da bude što niža alida ne dođe do smrzavanjane kombinujte biljke koje su osetljive na hlađenjesa drugima u istu pošiljku

HlađenjeSabijeni vazduh za sečeno cvećeBrzo hlađenje

Mogući problemi:Šta se dešava ako se prethodno ohlađeno cveće zagrejetokom prenosa

Zalihe vodeOdržavajte zalihe vode – sečeno cveće:

Ponovo isecite pod vodomKoristite prezervative (sa limunskom kiselinom i

Maintaining water status - potted plantsUse medium that holds water well while also allowingfor good oxygen movementWater as needed and allow to drainNote that many stores do not do this well - what can youdo to avoid problems

addressing the water issue during transitshipping wet vs shipping dry

Techniques for mitigating ethylene actionControlled atmospheres Low oxygen, high CO2 inhibitproductionSTS (silver thiosulfate)Inhibitors of ethylene binding - 1-methylcyclopropene(1-MCP)Cultivar selection and genetic engineering

biocidom)Čiste vaze

Održavanje količine vode – biljke u saksijamaKoristite posude koje dobro drže vodu dok istovremenoomogućavaju dobar protok kiseonikaVoda je potrebna ali mora i oticatiMnoge radnje to ne rade dobro – šta možete da učiniteda izbegnete probleme

obratite pažnju na problem vode tokom prenosaslanje mokrog u odnosu na slanje suvog

Tehnike za smanjenje delovanja etilenaKontrolisana atmosfera, nizak kiseonik, visok CO2 smanjujeproizvodnjuSTS (tiosulfat srebra)Inhibitori vezivanja etilena - 1-metilciklopropan (1-MCP)Selekcija odabirom i genetski inženjering

Aircargo issuesArrival inspection, quarantine, heart-break,... Maybe we should take a lookat what growers in Colombia are having to do (slide show).

Problemi slanja avionomInspekcija na dolasku, karantin,... Možda bi trebalo da pogledamo štaproizvođači u Kolumbiji moraju da rade (slajdovi).

Credits: Heiner Lieth, University of California, Davis CA USA Zahvaljujemo se: Hajneru Litu, Univerzitet Kalifornije, Dejvis, Kalifornija, SAD

montenegro greenhouse ornamental production workshop october

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