monkâ•Žs bread: the history of the commercial bakery at
TRANSCRIPT
- 1 -
Monks’ Bread
The Story of the Commercial Bakery at the Abbey of the Genesee
As a child growing up in the Finger Lakes region of New York
State I vividly remember not only being quite fond of Monk’s
Bread but actually aspiring to be like those holy men who were
responsible for such a delight to the palate. This is a product
expectedly familiar to many who live in the Rochester area,
particularly for Roman Catholics who likely feel good about
supporting their local monastic community when purchasing the
delicious baked-goods. As I began toying with titles for this paper,
one alternative that came to mind was: Monks Bread: Converting
Customers One Slice at a Time. While somewhat borrowed and a
bit trite, the title also would not have been entirely true. Cistercian
monks would likely never purposefully descend to that sort of popular commercialism. The
Genesee Trappists who produce the bread belong to one the most austere branches of the
Cistercian order. Their notions of humility and work ethic are rooted in the 5th
century Rule of St.
Benedict and can be traced throughout a history of Cistercian observance which began in the late
11th
century. So as not to be dependent upon secular society the Cistercians became self-
sustaining communities who each carved out for themselves some sort of niche in the local
economic landscape. The practice of relying upon benefices, tithes, rents and tolls was initially
rejected by medieval Cistercians. Working with ones hands (another Benedictine principle) and
earning their own way were connected to both their sense of independence and respect for
monastic tradition ( Rule of Benedict Chapters 48, 50, 57). In the 12th
century foundational
Cistercian document Summa Cartae Caritatis (XV, XIX, XXIII) it states that the lay brothers
should manage these commercial affairs and that their contact with outside associations should
be limited. Incomes tied to monastic businesses should be in keeping with self-sufficiency and
The sixth step of humility is that a monk is content with the lowest and
most menial treatment, and regards himself as a poor and worthless
workman in whatever task he is given. RSB 7:49
Therefore, the brothers should have specified periods for manual
labor .. RSB 48:1
When they live by the labor of their hands, as our fathers and the
apostles did, then they are truly monks … RSB 48:8
- 2 -
the purity of the order. While the Lay brothers of the lower social order initially carried out these
tasks in the medieval period, in the 1960’s and 70’s those who were considered “real” Trappists
were the men fully engaged in the physical labor. Today, whether it’s honey at Holy Trinity,
preserves at Spencer, or Chimay beer from Belgium, the Cistercians have quietly continued to
put their mark on commercial products.
Most of you know that the Abbey of the Genesee was the setting for Henri Nouwen’s
famous Genesee Diary. Others are aware that their motherhouse at Gethsemani, was home to
celebrated author, Thomas Merton. In 1949, when Gethsemani was just beginning to experience
a crisis of overcrowding, newly elected abbot, James Fox, received a letter from a well-to-do
attorney, Porter Chandler and his wife Gabrielle stating that they would like to donate a portion
of their estate in western New York for the development of a new monastery. Chandler was a
former Anglican who had chosen to convert to Roman Catholicism. Dom James once
commented that Porter was a man who took his faith very seriously. Chandler had read an article
about the growth of vocations at Gethsemani and became intrigued with the Trappist way of life.
In 1950 there were nearly 250 monks living at the Kentucky monastery (90 of whom were
novices) in quarters meant to accommodate 100 men. Gerard McGinley (who was soon to be
appointed Genesee’s first superior) wrote home to his family about Gethsemani’s conditions:
We have gone beyond the 250
mark... we are now stretching out
for 300. Some 30 have been
sleeping out in a tent during the
zero weather. It was so cold in
those tents that when they woke up
in the morning they found their
shoes frozen to the floor... This
Christmas will be the happiest
that has ever been at Gethsemani,
Left, Fr. Henri Nouwen and Abbot John Eudes Bamberger at the Abbey of the Genesee c. 1974. Center, The Genesee
Diary published in 1976. Right, Gethsemani Abbey and Thomas Merton, c.1955. Below right, Dom James Fox, c.
1950’s. Below center, the Gethsemani Abbey temporary dormitory for novices in the winter of 1950.
- 3 -
according to the old slogan, “the more the merrier”... 1
On Easter Sunday, March 25th
, 1951 a small group of monks were assembled in a room at
Gethsemani and told that they had been chosen to set up a new foundation. The Chandlers had
arranged for the donation of nearly 1,000 acres of land to the Trappists. They began to arrive
from Gethsemani to the Genesee
Valley by car and had to stay in
the Chandler family summer home
for 4 weeks until the buildings on
the property could be renovated.
Construction of a brick guesthouse
and 3 steel-frame buildings on the
hill facing River Road began in
July of 1951.
By November of 1951 the
chapel at Bethlehem house was
completed and the community
sang their first Vespers (six on
each side). In December several
new postulants applied and were
accepted. The farm was
progressing well as they had
managed to plant 140 acres of
wheat before snowfall. However,
for much of the first year the
foundation depended almost
exclusively upon outside financial
support. By the Fall of 1951 they
also had begun to organize a dairy
assembling a modest herd of some
15 cows, 20 calves and a few
yearlings. But what would literally
become their “bread and butter”
began as a suggestion from the
early volunteers who were helping
with the physical construction of
the abbey. Many of the laborers took their meals with the lay brothers who were working on the
buildings. These workers from outside the monastic community particularly enjoyed the bread
that had been baked by the monks to be served with their meals. A number of the volunteers
asked whether or not they might purchase some of the bread and take it home to their families.
Since bread was a staple food of the community and the monks baked it regularly, this was not a
Above: The first Trappists to arrive in the Genesee Valley : (left to
right) Brother Alexis, Brother Pascal, Fr. Gerard (who was soon to
become the first abbot), Fr. Ambrose and Brother Sylvester (the
inventor of Monk’s Bread). Below: Porter and Gabrielle Chandler at
their summer residence in 1951.
- 4 -
particularly difficult request to honor. Brother Sylvester, who served as a cook in the navy, had
initially used the monastery kitchen to produce his popular bread. While serving in the Pacific
during the Second World War, Sylvester would make as many as 400 loaves at a time for his
shipmates. He recounted the story of the bread’s initial popularity in a 1972 interview with
reporter Bill Lamale from the Buffalo Courier Express: “ Some of the boys from Aquinas
Institute [in] Rochester who helped clear the fields for the monastery were the first persons
outside the religious community who wanted to take home some of the bread”. 2
Given the numerous requests, Sylvester began to craft the bread into high-crowned loaves that
were about three pound each and wrapped them in coarse market paper. He used the old oven in
the kitchen of the farmhouse which served as the abbey retreat center. Guests and retreatants who
came to visit the monastery also began to request
loaves. Neighborhood stores soon asked if they
could sell the famous bread to local customers. In
1952 a wooden structure behind Bethlehem was
renovated, and it was there that the monks first
began to produce (smaller) two-pound loaves for
distribution. Peter Cleary took loaves to churches in
the Conesus Lake area which could be sold after
masses. Sylvester McGinley assisted in the
initiation of a more profitable program for wider
dispersal of the product.
Since dairy farming was originally slated to be
the prime industry of the monastery, very little
attention was given to the bread-making early on.
The bakery first started in an old schoolhouse
behind Bethlehem. There, with a small deck oven
and a table mixer, the two-pond loaves were
molded by hand. After baking and cooling they
were wrapped in cellophane and sealed with an
iron. Eventually the famous bread made its way
to Rochester. Not only did the bread provide a
welcome source of income but it also began to
help cover the cost of the new monastic buildings.
In a journal entry for late October of 1952 (found
in the abbey archives among Fr. Gerard’s notes) we find him writing: “Our first snow, 2”. Sold
1,176 loaves of bread this week. This is the most yet for one week.” 3
The new metal buildings were completed by the end of October, 1952. On October 26
th, 1952
the first Pontifical Mass in the new complex was celebrated by Abbot James Fox of the mother-
house, Gethsemani. Five hundred people were present for benediction and the liturgy. At this
time the community numbered forty-three members. By the Fall of 1953 the Genesee community
Above: Original bake house located behind Bethlehem.
Photo from the 1950’s, after the new bakery was built.
Below: Entrance to the new cloister and monastic complex
constructed in 1952.
- 5 -
began to show signs of stability. Since their finances and plans for growth appeared to be in
order, the Cistercian Abbot General (during September of 1953) was able to approve an
elevation in the status of the Genesee “foundation” to that of an abbey. This would create a
greater independence from the motherhouse and allow some semblance of self-governance.
Dom James commented that it was actually quite unusual for a foundation to become an abbey
so quickly (within 2 years) but the early success of their bread-making provided the Genesee
monks with the requisite means to sustain a monastic community.
By 1953 it had become necessary to move the bread making operation up to the new buildings
on the hill overlooking River Road (the old Sherwood property). However, they still continued to
use rather simple equipment in their production process. Originally it was a two-man operation,
but once they began to function in a larger facility, the community was able to increase
productivity. Most of the labor in the bakery was done by the lay brothers. The choir monks
would assist with some of clean-up. Before long, the Genesee monks began to regularly produce
some 1,000 loaves a day (on the days they were baking). The community also decided to
continue to implement their plan for a sizable dairy, using revenues from the bread-making to
purchase a larger herd. Fr. McGinley had grown up on a farm in Wisconsin and was convinced
that the dairy venture would prove to be beneficial to the community. By the Spring of 1953 they
had 75 head of cattle. The choir monks worked clearing the land of thorn-apple trees and six
miles of fence was installed to keep the cattle in pasture. While their dairy business was doing
Above, left: One of the early commercial
labels for Monk’s Bread. The picture on the
label was the one Dom Gerard had drawn-up
to represent what the permanent Genesee
monastery might look like. Above right: Bakery
operation in the mid-1950’s. At that time they
had graduated to using 3 Blodgett ovens. By
1956 they would be fully automated. Below,
left: Brothers Elias, Paschal and Alexis (L to R).
- 6 -
well, the bread making began to take off. It became so successful that they the began selling the
bread by mail.
On April 19th
, 1956 a completely automated bakery was inaugurated. There was a traveling
tray oven and a professionally designed assembly line. A rigorous schedule had to be adopted in
order to keep up with the output. The lay brothers stayed in the bakery throughout the night,
working in shifts. The entire process took 8 hours. They started mixing at 12:00 a.m.; at 2:15
a.m. another group came in to mold the loaves; at 3:30 a.m. a third group of brothers placed the
bread in the ovens to bake. The bread came out of the ovens around 5:00 a.m., then the slicing
and wrapping began. The new bakery cost $ 63,000 to build ($ 22,000 was spent on the oven
alone). 4
That same oven is still being used today! During its first year in the new facility, using
state of the art equipment, Genesee Abbey’s Monk’s Bread made an $ 86,000 profit. The plan for
Product information from
the late 1950’s. These
sleeves were often
enclosed with Abbey of the
Genesee mail orders or
given to distributors.
Gethsemani used similar
labeling in the 1950’s to
promote their cheese,
fruitcakes and breads
connected to their mail
order business called
“Gethsemani Farms”.
Right: The new
commercial oven
c. 1956
Left: Production
line at the new
bakery.
- 7 -
production potential in the new bakery was to turn out an estimated 40 loaves a minute. By 1957
they were producing over 52 loaves a minute! In 1957 the white and whole wheat sold for 27
cents a loaf, the raisin for 32 cents. 5
The automated system allowed them to package 4,800
loaves an hour. Of the community’s 62 monks, 17 were working in the bakery at that time.
So successful was the new bakery operation that it even earned a feature article in the national
industry periodical Bakers Review. In 1958 profits jumped to over ¼ of a million dollars. Soon
it became necessary to work with a distributor who would be able to bring the bread as far away
as New York City. In 1959 the abbey entered into a contract to franchise out their product.
Profits from the franchise alone franchise alone reached ½ a million dollars by 1961. 6
Charlie
Above: Bakery in the late 1950’s. The 125 x 74 foot
building was constructed by the monks themselves. An
additional 90 x 35 foot building served as a storage
facility for the bakery operation.
0
100
200
300
'52 '53 '54 '55 '56 '57 '58 '59
Profits 7 10 43 56 86 220 260 252
Franchise 100
7 10 43 56
86
220
260 252
100
Thousand Dollars
Year
Bakery Profits
- 8 -
Vaughn from the Roman Meal Company gave some early franchise assistance. There were two
main distributors, one in Rochester, the other in Buffalo. Bread was also shipped to Ohio,
Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Connecticut. NABISCO was involved in some of the franchising
during the late 1950’s and early 60’s. Bond Bakers franchised in the South. After Charlie
Vaughn left as franchise manager, Ray Bair became the new traveling manager who would come
to oversee multiple franchises.
As I began to study the various advertising labels
prepared by the distributors it seemed rather clear
that the wrappers of the bread were attempting to
send out strong messages to consumers (particularly
Catholics). Was that message conscious and
planned? I believe it was. While the Cistercians
were not historically looking for charity they did
view the success of their businesses as vital to the
survival of their communities. Likewise, the
Genesee monks saw their bread-making venture as
an important business foundation. I suspect people
actually felt they were doing something good by
purchasing the bread. (I know my family did.) For
the monks, was it an opportunity to advertise their
lifestyle? Again, I think this is undeniable. Look at
the right-hand wrapper below from 1959. It boasts:
When you place this tall loaf of slender slices on your table, you are sharing the monks’ bread
with them.
Genesee monks load a truck bound for eastern markets
- 9 -
In 1960, Ward Distributing, who was helping the monks to increase their market, enlisted the
services of Grey Advertising. One of their ploys (as reported in the Nov. 22nd
issue of New York
World Telegram) was to pass out 1,200 loves of bread on the 5:29 p.m. rush hour train from New
Haven to Stamford, CT. 7
Below is one of Ward’s newspaper advertisements. This add also ran
in the New York Daily News, October 13, 1960. The Lakeland Ledger in Florida called Monks’
Bread, “the bread that was never meant to be sold, the backbone of the Trappist Monks’ simple
diet”. Dandee Bakers became one of the Florida distributors. They called it “the product of
centuries of fine bread baking”. 8
(Brother Sylvester’s recipe was certainly not centuries old.)
In a quiet green Valley, at the Abbey of
the Genesee, an unusual group of men live
and work. They eat neither meat, fish nor
poultry, but subsist largely upon the bread
they bake. This remarkably satisfying food
has come to be known as “Monks’
Bread.” Now Monk’ Bread has come to
New York. And today, you can share the
same nourishing loaf that sustains the
monks year in and year out through their
rigorous labors. You will find it far
different from any other bread. More truly
satisfying. Heartier. The way bread once
was meant to taste. You will even enjoy it
plain. Monks’ Bread is now at your food
store. Look for it in the tall loaf, in white,
whole wheat, or raisin.
While the monks did eat a diet devoid of meat, they
certainly did not “subsist largely on the bread they
baked”. The Genesee community would eat the
cripples, loaves that were not quite perfect enough to
sell, but ate a simple diet of soups, vegetables, crops
grown on their farm, and dairy from their barns.
The distributors and franchise bakeries continued to further play up the monastic angle in their
advertising. In 1962 the Genesee monks directly hired the Rumrill Company to begin promotion of
their products. Prior to this, the franchises and licensees were free to create their own
advertisements. A 1962 Rochester newspaper add for the bread appears on the next page:
- 10 -
In 1963, an advertisement in the
Courier Journal (the local Rochester
Diocesan newspaper) proclaimed:
This bread may very well make the
best toast you ever tasted... Monks’
bread has a flavor you can’t toast
away. It has goodness you won’t
find in most breads. It’s a bread
that wasn’t meant to be sold. It
began as a simple sustenance for
the monks at the Abbey of the
Genesee. All the good things the
monks baked into their full-
flavored loaf naturally toasts up
better. Try Monks’ Bread
tomorrow, toasted. 9
The Monks’ Bread story
continued to be told on the
wrappers and inserts. While
business was thriving there was
never any pressure for the monks
to alter their daily routine.
In a 1962 interview with
Bill Beeney of the
Rochester Democrat and
Chronicle, Brother Clair
pointed out: “we do not
press for production,
because that would cut
into our religious life and
defeat the entire purpose
of the program”.10
A crew
to 10 to 12 monks works
in the bakery each day
turning out what they
comfortably can each
shift.
So what has become
clear is that a delicate
- 11 -
balance was sought between the commercial enterprise of bread-making and the routine of
monastic life. When I was originally working on this material for my doctoral dissertation (in the
late 90’s) my core adviser suggested I attempt to address the spirituality behind the famous bread.
This seemed like a good idea. Most of us can imagine connections between the bread and the
Eucharist, bread as the staff of life, or bread as a metaphor for both intellectual and spiritual food.
I found an interesting quote in Thomas Merton’s Seven Story Mountain that connected the image
of bread to spiritual teaching. Merton was referring to a letter written by the great Cistercian
spiritual master, Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, to Henry Murdac of York, sometime around 1128.
(I will cite the original letter here.) Bernard wrote:
If I could but have you as my fellow in the school of piety of which Jesus is the master...
How gladly would I share with you the warm loaves, still piping hot, fresh as it were from
the oven, that Christ of his heavenly bounty so often breaks with his poor. Would that when
God sweetly deigns to shed upon his poor servant a drop of that heavenly dew which he
keeps for his chosen…11
The spiritual writer Henri Nouwen, during his seven month stay at the Abbey of the Genesee,
spent a good deal of time in the bakery. Yet he did not seem to make many connections between
this particular type of labor and the spiritual significance of the bread. The closest he came was
after his first day in the bakery when he wrote:
After Lauds - the communal morning prayer at 5:00
a.m. - Brother Anthony put me to work in the
bakery on the “hot bread line”. With baseball-like
gloves I picked up hot bread... and put them on
racks to be pushed away into the “cooling room”...
When I saw hundreds of loaves moving in my
direction I panicked. Brother Christian smiled and
took a few of “my loaves”... Meanwhile, I meditated
on the sentence “With sweat on your brow you shall
eat your bread” (Gen. 3:19). Bread and sweat had
never been closer together in my life.” 12
Following that incident Nouwen hardly had anything
good to say about the bakery, let alone any romantic
notions linking the bread to the spirituality. The bakery
is hard work and in its current mechanized state it is a
very noisy place. The closest I could get to the Genesee
monks reporting any spiritual connections to the bread-
making was the Benedictine notion mentioned by a few
of the monks concerning work (labora) being a form of
prayer. Brother Anthony once commented in a
newspaper interview:
- 12 -
Making bread or any other work becomes, for a monk, an act of prayer. Our work
is an extension of the devotion we feel for God. Making bread or any other work
becomes, for a monk, an act of prayer. Our work is an extension of the devotion we
feel for God. 13
With the changes in leadership at the Abbey of the Genesee came changes in the bakery.
Abbot John Eudes (elected in 1971) oversaw upgrades and renovation through the 1970’s. Father
Joseph initiated the construction of a loading dock at the bakery entrance after a number of
brothers suffered back injuries from carrying 100 lb. sacks of flour. A short time after that they
went on to install a bulk flour system. In the late 1970’s the bakery was upgraded with the
installation of a divider, overhead proofer and Helimatic system for cooling the bread. Prior to
the Helimatic system the bread was stacked by hand onto cooling trays. (Henry Nouwen told the
story in the mid 70’s of having to remove the hot loaves with the use of using special oven mitts.)
The financial condition of the community and its Monks Bread industry were so strong that
during the 1970’s it had been able to help start and sustain two daughter affiliates in the Third
World. With the completion of the new Church, the gatehouse, the redesigning of space for a
larger library along with technological improvements in the bakery, the community had
positioned itself for a successful transition from the Vatican II era into the age of the
contemporary Catholic Church. With the daughter houses, income from the bread became
increasingly important. Parishes in Rochester sold it every Sunday to congregants. Generous
donations (some 1,000 loaves a week were sent to soup kitchens). In 1973 a one pound loaf of
white bread cost 50 cents. It began to steadily increase through the decade. Prices for ingredients
began to double. Franchise production of the bread by Millbrook was at its peak. The monks
Photos of the bakery in February of 1979
including a new cooling rack system
(above).
- 13 -
used the money they made from the bread they personally baked to support the monastery.
Franchise profits were given to charity. There was pressure by Millbrook for the monks to
increase production, but they stuck to a three day baking schedule.
During the 1980’ and 90’s a number of family brothers were hired to work in the bakery.
Throughout the 90’s all able community members (some 35 men or so) spent time working the
bakery shifts. The franchising of the bread operation ended in 1990. The community no longer
needed the revenue and began to rely on local production, making some 15,000 loaves a day on
bake days (Wednesday, Thursday and Saturday).
They increased the varieties of bread,
producing: white, wheat, raisin, sunflower, rye, and they also bake fruitcakes and brownies
during the Holiday Season. Adding variety however has slightly cut down upon the efficiency of
their operation. In the 1990’s, they decided to go back to using an independent distributor
Bakery production in the 1990’s.
Mechanized Abbey of the Genesee Bakery in the 1970’s
- 14 -
(Charles Lazio) which resulted in the need for increased production to over 39,000 loaves a
week. In the late 1990’s the community began to once again develop franchise accounts with
bakeries in Florida and Vermont.
During my 2002 interviews with several of the Genesee Family Brothers I again asked the
same question concerning spirituality and the bread. Each one saw little if no connection. Again,
this is a testament to the bakery being a hot, noisy, uncomfortable place where a rigor of
schedule has to be maintained. Longtime Family Brother, Ross Cimino, expressed a certain
peace and joy that he feels when delivering the bread to soup kitchens and food pantries in
Rochester. He said the cab of his van often feels like his own personal hermitage. Maybe the
realization of a spiritual link occurs with the consumer’s connection to the finished bakery
product that is made by the hands of these holy men. The retreatants at the Abbey who break this
bread at breakfast must certainly feel some gratitude toward the monks who made it. Might
consumers (who eat and enjoy the bread) indicate an appreciation for monastic life through their
offering of a slightly higher than usual price for this food? When the bread franchising took off
in the 1960’s, the monks were careful to put the label “Made by Trappist Monks” on loaves
which were produced exclusively at the Abbey.
Today the equipment has become even more
sophisticated with the incorporation of computers into the
process. Their mail order business is now highly
dependent upon online orders. The graying of the
community (average age is now 62) has caused them to hire a full-time group of laity to run the
bakery operation. An advisory committee of monks still gives input and advice. There are 16 lay
workers (in 2012) who work on the production lines, operate and repair equipment, drive
delivery trucks and work in the business office. Some monks (15 or 16) are still involved in
various facets of the baking. Normally the bakery produces 50,000 loaves a week which includes
Left: Computerized machinery in the bakery.
Above, right: the tractor trailer truck that transports Monks’
Bread. The trailer is owned by the Abbey.
- 15 -
10 varieties of the bread. Bake days are Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday. The facility is capable
of mixing 1,000 loaves at a time and the machinery can handle 60 loaves a minute. Randy Colvin,
a retired businessman (and former machinist at the abbey bakery for 7 years) is now in charge.
He has helped the facility pass rigorous certification from the BRC (British Regulatory
Commission) and the AIB (American Institute of Baking). The abbey is still associated with one
franchise operation, the St. Armand Bakery in Florida. During my last visit (in 2012) there was
some reported talk about converting one of the garages into a new production line (the abbey has
always been a single production line) which might serve as a place for tourism where people
could come and see the monks bake bread. This might possibly constitute a major shift toward
future commercialism while at the same time furthering the 21st century awareness of the
Trappist way of life (for a whole new generation).
Tim J. Davis
Associate Professor of Humanities
Columbus State & Otterbein University
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Above: Photo of trailer from the loading dock.
Right: At the loading dock, Brother Edward, who was
visiting from Mepkin Abbey, looks on as Brother
George Fyffe gets ready to load the finished product
into the carrying trays. Today both men would be
wearing hair and beard nets due to stricter AIB
regulations.
- 16 -
Footnotes
1. Gerard McGinley, A Trappist Writes Home; Letters of Abbot Gerard McGinley O.C.S.O. To
His Family, Intro. by Fr. Raymond O.C.S.O. ( Milwaukee: Bruce Publishing, 1960), pp. 131-2.
2. Bill Lamale, “Fame, Aroma of Trappists’ Bread Widely Expanded”. Buffalo Courier Express
(Jan 6 , 1972).
3. Journal of Fr. Gerard McGinley, entry for Oct. 20th
1952 (Genesee Abbey Archives).
4. Tim Davis’ 9/16/2000 Interview on the History of the Bakery with Brother Theodore, and
Tim Davis’ Oct. 2000 interview with Brother Theodore. During the mid-1950’s they normally
baked 3 or 4 days a week.
5. Norman J. Baratt, “Monks’ Bread Achieving Ever-Growing Popularity”. The Tablet.
(Saturday, December 14, 1957).
6. These figures and the statistics from the chart on page 7 come from hand written records kept
by Brother Theodore who was one of the monks in charge of the Bakery from 1956 to 2003. I
interviewed him during September and October of 2000 . He showed me samples of the old
mimeo-graphed forms they used when jotting down daily and weekly production.
7. Alfred Russell, “Monks Bread Cast on Commuter Path”. New York World Telegraph
(Tuesday November 22, 1960).
8. “Monks’ Bread To Be Sold Here”. Lakeland Ledger ( December 12, 1957).
9. Courier Journal, Advertisement for Monks’ Bread (Friday October 25, 1963).
10. Bill Beeney, “A Study in Contrasts”. Rochester Democrat and Chronicle (Sunday February
11, 1962).
11. Bruno Scott James (editor & translator), The Letters of Saint Bernard of Clairvaux
(Kalamazoo Michigan, Cistercian Publications, 1998), Letter 108, p. 156.
12. Henri Nouwen, The Genesee Diary: Report from a Trappist Monastery. (New York: Image
Books, 1981), p. 23-33.
13. “Bread Profitable Venture For Abbey Monks”, Democrat & Chronicle (April 22, 1979).
------------------------------------------
Bibliography
Bamberger, John Eudes. “Thomas Merton and Henri Nouwen: Living with God in Modern
America”. The Merton Seasonal ( Summer 2000, Vol. 25, No. 2).
Benedict, Abbot of Monte Cassino. Benedict’s Rule. Translation and Commentary by Terrance
Kardong. Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical Press, 1996.
- 17 -
The Letters of Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, Bruno Scott James (editor & translator). Kalamazoo
Michigan, Cistercian Publications, 1998.
“Bread Profitable Venture For Abbey Monks”, Democrat & Chronicle (April 22, 1979).
Carroll, Walter. “Cowled Farmers of The Genesee Valley” Syracuse Post Standard Pictorial
( August 14th
, 1955), pp. 1-10.
Chandler, Porter. Unpublished Autobiography. PRC Biographical Notes. Written by Porter
Chandler between 1964 and 1977. A handwritten copy is in the home of Kathleen Houston,
Geneseo N.Y. (Porter’s granddaughter). This is the copy I had access to while doing research.
Typed copies are in the possession of Dr. David Chandler,Washington D.C. (Porter’s son) and at
the New-York Historical Society, in New York City.
Davis, Timothy J. A History of the Abbey of the Genesee. Doctoral Dissertation, Union Institute.
Cincinnati OH, 2003.
Frank, Mark. “Bakery Produces At Its Own Pace”. Augusta Herald (May 2, 1979).
McGinley, Gerard. A Trappist Writes Home; Letters of Abbot Gerard McGinley O.C.S.O. To His
Family. Introduction. by Fr. Raymond O.C.S.O. Milwaukee: Bruce Publishing, 1960.
Nouwen, Henri. The Genesee Diary: Report from a Trappist Monastery. New York: Image
Books, 1981.
Russell, Alfred. “Monks Bread Cast on Commuter Path”, New York World Telegraph (Tuesday
November 22, 1960).
Toomey, Gerry. Oral History of the Abbey of the Genesee. Senior Honors Project, SUNY
Geneseo, 1975. Audio-taped Interviews of numerous monks 1974-75.
All photographs and labels (expect for the book covers for Rule of Benedict, Bakers Review
and Genesee Diary) are from the Abbey of the Genesee archives and were used with
permission in my doctoral dissertation. Rochester newspapers have also given permission.