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Monitoring Network Requirements and You
Federal Monitoring Design Objectives
Federal Monitoring Design Objectives
• Provide air pollution information to the general public
• Determine compliance with air quality standards• Support air pollution research studies
• Provide air pollution information to the general public
• Determine compliance with air quality standards• Support air pollution research studies
Objectives and RequirementsObjectives and Requirements
• Locations that are representative of appropriate scale
• Locations that can represent populations/sources
• Data that represents actual concentrations
• Requirements and documentation that demonstrates uniform and appropriate data quality
• Locations that are representative of appropriate scale
• Locations that can represent populations/sources
• Data that represents actual concentrations
• Requirements and documentation that demonstrates uniform and appropriate data quality
Monitoring Design Site TypesMonitoring Design Site Types• Highest concentration• Typical concentrations in areas of high population density
• Source impacts• Background• Transport• Visibility and other welfare impacts• State and Local needs
• Highest concentration• Typical concentrations in areas of high population density
• Source impacts• Background• Transport• Visibility and other welfare impacts• State and Local needs
How is Monitoring Coverage Determined?
How is Monitoring Coverage Determined?
• Core‐Based Statistical Area (CBSA)– Metropolitan Statistical Area
• Population of 50,000– Micropolitan Statistical Area
• Population between 10,000 and 50,000
• Established by the Office of Management and Budget
• Used for population‐based monitoring requirements (O3, PM10, PM2.5, Near roadway)
• Core‐Based Statistical Area (CBSA)– Metropolitan Statistical Area
• Population of 50,000– Micropolitan Statistical Area
• Population between 10,000 and 50,000
• Established by the Office of Management and Budget
• Used for population‐based monitoring requirements (O3, PM10, PM2.5, Near roadway)
Other Coverage MethodsOther Coverage Methods
• NCore – Statewide requirements/leverage other networks
• SO2 ‐ based on population and emission inventory
• Source Oriented – Lead and near roadway
• Research• QC or other considerations
• NCore – Statewide requirements/leverage other networks
• SO2 ‐ based on population and emission inventory
• Source Oriented – Lead and near roadway
• Research• QC or other considerations
Scales of RepresentativenessScales of Representativeness
• Micro – 100 meters or less
• Middle – 100 meters to 0.5 km
• Neighborhood – 0.5 km to 4 km
• Micro – 100 meters or less
• Middle – 100 meters to 0.5 km
• Neighborhood – 0.5 km to 4 km
Up to
100 m
Up to
100 mMicro Scale SiteUsually Source
Oriented
Micro Scale SiteUsually Source
Oriented
100 m to
0.5 km
100 m to
0.5 km
Middle Scale Site –High
Concentration/Source Impacts
Middle Scale Site –High
Concentration/Source Impacts
0.5 km to
4 km
0.5 km to
4 km
Neighborhood Scale Site – Most common as it balances impacts
and area
Neighborhood Scale Site – Most common as it balances impacts
and area
Additional Scales of RepresentativenessAdditional Scales of Representativeness
• Urban – 4 to 50 km (Usually population oriented sites) – NATTS, California Toxics Network
• Regional – 10 to 100s of km (Usually transport sites) ‐ PAMS
• National and Global ‐ >100s of km (Usually background sites) ‐ CASTNET
• Urban – 4 to 50 km (Usually population oriented sites) – NATTS, California Toxics Network
• Regional – 10 to 100s of km (Usually transport sites) ‐ PAMS
• National and Global ‐ >100s of km (Usually background sites) ‐ CASTNET
Monitoring Objectives & Scale –Appendix D
Monitoring Objectives & Scale –Appendix D
Monitoring Objective Appropriate Siting ScalesHighest concentration
Population
Source impact
General / Background
Micro, middle, neighborhood(sometimes urban)Micro, middle, neighborhood
Neighborhood, regional, global
Neighborhood, urban
Required Air MonitoringRequired Air Monitoring• Meets minimum monitoring requirements
• Is part of a Federally‐required program (e.g., NCore, CSN, NATTS)
• Is the maximum concentration site, or provides information about a boundary, in an attainment/non‐attainment area
• Monitors transport
• Supports exceptional events
• Is required by a SIP or maintenance plan
• Meets state or local needs
• Meets minimum monitoring requirements
• Is part of a Federally‐required program (e.g., NCore, CSN, NATTS)
• Is the maximum concentration site, or provides information about a boundary, in an attainment/non‐attainment area
• Monitors transport
• Supports exceptional events
• Is required by a SIP or maintenance plan
• Meets state or local needs
Required Air Monitoring ResultsRequired Air Monitoring Results
Number of Near Roadway StationsNumber of Near Roadway Stations
CBSA Population Number of Monitors Required
> 2,500,000500,000 – 2,500,000
2 (2nd site by 1/1/15)1 (> to 1 million by 1/1/14)1 (> 500,000 by 1/1/17)
• Location that considers AADT and traffic mix as well as other factors
• Must be within 50m of roadway• Includes CO and PM2.5 in CBSAs > 1 million• CBSA populations > 1 million need one neighborhood or larger scale NO2 monitor
• Location that considers AADT and traffic mix as well as other factors
• Must be within 50m of roadway• Includes CO and PM2.5 in CBSAs > 1 million• CBSA populations > 1 million need one neighborhood or larger scale NO2 monitor
Number of Stations – PM10Number of Stations – PM10
1 Exceeding NAAQS by 20% or more, or 95% Probability of PM10 Nonattainment2 Exceeding 80% of NAAQS, or 20% to 95% Probability of PM10 Nonattainment3 Less than 80% NAAQS, or < 20% Probability of PM10 Nonattainment
CBSA PopulationExpected Maximum ConcentrationHigh1 Medium2 Low3
> 1,000,000500,000 ‐ 1,000,000250,000 ‐ 500,000100,000 ‐ 250,000
6 ‐ 10 4 ‐ 8 2 ‐ 44 ‐ 8 2 ‐ 4 1 ‐ 23 ‐ 4 1 ‐ 2 0 ‐ 11 ‐ 2 0 ‐ 1 0
Usually middle and neighborhood scales – Determined by chart in next slide
Number of Stations ‐ PM2.5Number of Stations ‐ PM2.5
PM2.5 must be sited to represent area‐wide air quality – typically using neighborhood or urban‐scale, though smaller scales may be used if representative of many locations within a metropolitan area. At least onemust be located in an area of expected maximum concentration. In CBSAs with populations over 1,000,000 at least one monitor must be collocated at a near‐road location.
MSA Population
> 1,000,000500,000 ‐ 1,000,00050,000 ‐ <500,000
3 22 1 1 0
Design Value >85% of NAAQS
Design Value < 85% of NAAQS
Number of Stations – OzoneNumber of Stations – Ozone
MSA Population
> 10 million4 – 10 million350,000 – 4 million50,000 ‐ < 350,000
4 33 2 2 11 0
Design Value >85% of NAAQS
Design Value < 85% of NAAQS
At least one monitor must be located to record maximum concentration – using neighborhood, urban or regional‐scale. Many other factors, such as population density, meteorology, topography and sources of NOx should be considered.
Ozone ‐ Distance from RoadwaysOzone ‐ Distance from Roadways
Roadway AADT
< 1,00010,00015,00020,00040,00070,000> 110,000
10 1010 2020 3030 4050 60100 100250 250
Minimum Distance (meters)
Minimum Distance (meters ‐ after 12/18/06)
Number of Stations ‐ SO2Number of Stations ‐ SO2
Population Weighed Emissions Index (PWEI) Number of Monitors Required
> 1,000,000100,000 ‐ 1,000,0005,000 ‐ < 100,000
321
Sources that emit more than a given threshold of SO2 per year have to show compliance with the standard either through monitoring at the location of highest concentration or through modeling – Threshold proposal recently released (SO2 Data Requirements Rule)
Lead MonitoringLead Monitoring• Monitors at sources where the NEI shows emissions greater than 0.5 tons/yr and airports of 1.0 tons/yr (can be waived if three years of data show the maximum 3 month rolling average is <50% of the NAAQS – must demonstrate appropriateness if PM10method is used)
• Monitored at 15 General Aviation Airports nationwide (must be FRM)
• Non‐source oriented monitors in CBSAs > 500,000 at NCore (can be FRM or FEM)
• Monitors at sources where the NEI shows emissions greater than 0.5 tons/yr and airports of 1.0 tons/yr (can be waived if three years of data show the maximum 3 month rolling average is <50% of the NAAQS – must demonstrate appropriateness if PM10method is used)
• Monitored at 15 General Aviation Airports nationwide (must be FRM)
• Non‐source oriented monitors in CBSAs > 500,000 at NCore (can be FRM or FEM)
Other Requirements/Considerations –Appendix E
Other Requirements/Considerations –Appendix E
• Probe placement ‐ height
• Potential chemical reactions – trees, traffic, minor sources, sample line length, sample line material, etc.
• Air flow – obstructions, topography
• Data quality – collocation, calibration, other operational issues
• Documentation of the above.
• Probe placement ‐ height
• Potential chemical reactions – trees, traffic, minor sources, sample line length, sample line material, etc.
• Air flow – obstructions, topography
• Data quality – collocation, calibration, other operational issues
• Documentation of the above.
Network Design ConsiderationsNetwork Design Considerations
• Capture highest pollution concentration for some pollutants – NAAQS evaluation
• Represent exposure of populations – Health studies
• Air Transport/meteorology – Source and area impacts
• Evaluation of progress – measurement of success
• Other considerations – research/further actions
• Capture highest pollution concentration for some pollutants – NAAQS evaluation
• Represent exposure of populations – Health studies
• Air Transport/meteorology – Source and area impacts
• Evaluation of progress – measurement of success
• Other considerations – research/further actions
Other Network Design ConsiderationsOther Network Design Considerations
• Environmental Justice• Future development ‐Trends
• Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) – Near Roadway Monitoring
• Health research• 5 Year Network Assessment conclusions
• Environmental Justice• Future development ‐Trends
• Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) – Near Roadway Monitoring
• Health research• 5 Year Network Assessment conclusions
Instrument/Method SelectionInstrument/Method Selection
• Collocation (PQAO Basis)• FRM vs FEM (PM)
– Sampling scheduling requirements– Time savings vs data availability
• Other Considerations– Other compounds collocated?– Speciation?– Space limitations– In wide use – operational experience
• Collocation (PQAO Basis)• FRM vs FEM (PM)
– Sampling scheduling requirements– Time savings vs data availability
• Other Considerations– Other compounds collocated?– Speciation?– Space limitations– In wide use – operational experience
Additional Information/Data QualityAdditional Information/Data Quality
• Co‐pollutant information–NOx/Ozone–PM10/PM2.5 ratio
• Data Quality Indicators–Metadata– Location/Instrument performance indicators
• Co‐pollutant information–NOx/Ozone–PM10/PM2.5 ratio
• Data Quality Indicators–Metadata– Location/Instrument performance indicators
Other ConsiderationsOther Considerations
• Documenting • Entering information into AQS/Annual Network Plan
• California Air Monitoring Network Assessment Tool (CAMNAT)
• Documenting • Entering information into AQS/Annual Network Plan
• California Air Monitoring Network Assessment Tool (CAMNAT)