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Monitoring Network Requirements and You

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Page 1: Monitoring Network Requirements and You - College of ... · Monitoring Design Site Types • Highest concentration • Typical concentrations in areas of high population density •

Monitoring Network Requirements and You

Page 2: Monitoring Network Requirements and You - College of ... · Monitoring Design Site Types • Highest concentration • Typical concentrations in areas of high population density •

Federal Monitoring Design Objectives

Federal Monitoring Design Objectives

• Provide air pollution information to the general public

• Determine compliance with air quality standards• Support air pollution research studies

• Provide air pollution information to the general public

• Determine compliance with air quality standards• Support air pollution research studies

Page 3: Monitoring Network Requirements and You - College of ... · Monitoring Design Site Types • Highest concentration • Typical concentrations in areas of high population density •

Objectives and RequirementsObjectives and Requirements

• Locations that are representative of appropriate scale

• Locations that can represent populations/sources

• Data that represents actual concentrations

• Requirements and documentation that demonstrates uniform and appropriate data quality

• Locations that are representative of appropriate scale

• Locations that can represent populations/sources

• Data that represents actual concentrations

• Requirements and documentation that demonstrates uniform and appropriate data quality

Page 4: Monitoring Network Requirements and You - College of ... · Monitoring Design Site Types • Highest concentration • Typical concentrations in areas of high population density •

Monitoring Design Site TypesMonitoring Design Site Types• Highest concentration• Typical concentrations in areas of high population density

• Source impacts• Background• Transport• Visibility and other welfare impacts• State and Local needs

• Highest concentration• Typical concentrations in areas of high population density

• Source impacts• Background• Transport• Visibility and other welfare impacts• State and Local needs

Page 5: Monitoring Network Requirements and You - College of ... · Monitoring Design Site Types • Highest concentration • Typical concentrations in areas of high population density •

How is Monitoring Coverage Determined?

How is Monitoring Coverage Determined?

• Core‐Based Statistical Area (CBSA)– Metropolitan Statistical Area

• Population of 50,000– Micropolitan Statistical Area

• Population between 10,000 and 50,000

• Established by the Office of Management and Budget

• Used for population‐based monitoring requirements (O3, PM10, PM2.5, Near roadway)

• Core‐Based Statistical Area (CBSA)– Metropolitan Statistical Area

• Population of 50,000– Micropolitan Statistical Area

• Population between 10,000 and 50,000

• Established by the Office of Management and Budget

• Used for population‐based monitoring requirements (O3, PM10, PM2.5, Near roadway)

Page 6: Monitoring Network Requirements and You - College of ... · Monitoring Design Site Types • Highest concentration • Typical concentrations in areas of high population density •

Other Coverage MethodsOther Coverage Methods

• NCore – Statewide requirements/leverage other networks

• SO2 ‐ based on population and emission inventory

• Source Oriented – Lead and near roadway

• Research• QC or other considerations

• NCore – Statewide requirements/leverage other networks

• SO2 ‐ based on population and emission inventory

• Source Oriented – Lead and near roadway

• Research• QC or other considerations

Page 7: Monitoring Network Requirements and You - College of ... · Monitoring Design Site Types • Highest concentration • Typical concentrations in areas of high population density •

Scales of RepresentativenessScales of Representativeness

• Micro – 100 meters or less

• Middle – 100 meters to 0.5 km

• Neighborhood – 0.5 km to 4 km

• Micro – 100 meters or less

• Middle – 100 meters to 0.5 km

• Neighborhood – 0.5 km to 4 km

Page 8: Monitoring Network Requirements and You - College of ... · Monitoring Design Site Types • Highest concentration • Typical concentrations in areas of high population density •

Up to

100 m

Up to

100 mMicro Scale SiteUsually Source 

Oriented

Micro Scale SiteUsually Source 

Oriented

Page 9: Monitoring Network Requirements and You - College of ... · Monitoring Design Site Types • Highest concentration • Typical concentrations in areas of high population density •

100 m to

0.5 km

100 m to

0.5 km

Middle Scale Site –High

Concentration/Source Impacts

Middle Scale Site –High

Concentration/Source Impacts

Page 10: Monitoring Network Requirements and You - College of ... · Monitoring Design Site Types • Highest concentration • Typical concentrations in areas of high population density •

0.5 km to

4 km

0.5 km to

4 km

Neighborhood Scale Site – Most common as it balances impacts 

and area

Neighborhood Scale Site – Most common as it balances impacts 

and area

Page 11: Monitoring Network Requirements and You - College of ... · Monitoring Design Site Types • Highest concentration • Typical concentrations in areas of high population density •

Additional Scales of RepresentativenessAdditional Scales of Representativeness

• Urban – 4 to 50 km (Usually population oriented sites) – NATTS, California Toxics Network

• Regional – 10 to 100s of km (Usually transport sites) ‐ PAMS

• National and Global ‐ >100s of km (Usually background sites) ‐ CASTNET

• Urban – 4 to 50 km (Usually population oriented sites) – NATTS, California Toxics Network

• Regional – 10 to 100s of km (Usually transport sites) ‐ PAMS

• National and Global ‐ >100s of km (Usually background sites) ‐ CASTNET

Page 12: Monitoring Network Requirements and You - College of ... · Monitoring Design Site Types • Highest concentration • Typical concentrations in areas of high population density •

Monitoring Objectives & Scale –Appendix D

Monitoring Objectives & Scale –Appendix D

Monitoring Objective Appropriate Siting ScalesHighest concentration

Population

Source impact

General / Background

Micro, middle, neighborhood(sometimes urban)Micro, middle, neighborhood

Neighborhood, regional, global

Neighborhood, urban

Page 13: Monitoring Network Requirements and You - College of ... · Monitoring Design Site Types • Highest concentration • Typical concentrations in areas of high population density •

Required Air MonitoringRequired Air Monitoring• Meets minimum monitoring requirements

• Is part of a Federally‐required program (e.g., NCore, CSN, NATTS)

• Is the maximum concentration site, or provides information about a boundary, in an attainment/non‐attainment area

• Monitors transport

• Supports exceptional events

• Is required by a SIP or maintenance plan

• Meets state or local needs

• Meets minimum monitoring requirements

• Is part of a Federally‐required program (e.g., NCore, CSN, NATTS)

• Is the maximum concentration site, or provides information about a boundary, in an attainment/non‐attainment area

• Monitors transport

• Supports exceptional events

• Is required by a SIP or maintenance plan

• Meets state or local needs

Page 14: Monitoring Network Requirements and You - College of ... · Monitoring Design Site Types • Highest concentration • Typical concentrations in areas of high population density •

Required Air Monitoring ResultsRequired Air Monitoring Results

Page 15: Monitoring Network Requirements and You - College of ... · Monitoring Design Site Types • Highest concentration • Typical concentrations in areas of high population density •

Number of Near Roadway StationsNumber of Near Roadway Stations

CBSA Population Number of Monitors Required

> 2,500,000500,000 – 2,500,000

2  (2nd site by 1/1/15)1 (> to 1 million by 1/1/14)1 (> 500,000 by 1/1/17)

• Location that considers AADT and traffic mix as well as other factors

• Must be within 50m of roadway• Includes CO and PM2.5 in CBSAs > 1 million• CBSA populations > 1 million need one neighborhood or larger scale NO2 monitor

• Location that considers AADT and traffic mix as well as other factors

• Must be within 50m of roadway• Includes CO and PM2.5 in CBSAs > 1 million• CBSA populations > 1 million need one neighborhood or larger scale NO2 monitor

Page 16: Monitoring Network Requirements and You - College of ... · Monitoring Design Site Types • Highest concentration • Typical concentrations in areas of high population density •

Number of Stations – PM10Number of Stations – PM10

1 Exceeding NAAQS by 20% or more, or 95% Probability of PM10 Nonattainment2 Exceeding 80% of NAAQS, or 20% to 95% Probability of PM10 Nonattainment3 Less than 80% NAAQS, or < 20% Probability of PM10 Nonattainment

CBSA PopulationExpected Maximum ConcentrationHigh1 Medium2 Low3

> 1,000,000500,000 ‐ 1,000,000250,000 ‐ 500,000100,000 ‐ 250,000

6 ‐ 10              4 ‐ 8                2 ‐ 44 ‐ 8               2 ‐ 4                1 ‐ 23 ‐ 4               1 ‐ 2                0 ‐ 11 ‐ 2               0 ‐ 1                   0

Usually middle and neighborhood scales – Determined by chart in next slide

Page 17: Monitoring Network Requirements and You - College of ... · Monitoring Design Site Types • Highest concentration • Typical concentrations in areas of high population density •

Number of Stations ‐ PM2.5Number of Stations ‐ PM2.5

PM2.5 must be sited to represent area‐wide air quality – typically using neighborhood or urban‐scale, though smaller scales may be used if representative of many locations within a metropolitan area.  At least onemust be located in an area of expected maximum concentration.  In CBSAs with populations over 1,000,000 at least one monitor must be collocated at a near‐road location.

MSA  Population

> 1,000,000500,000 ‐ 1,000,00050,000 ‐ <500,000

3 22  1 1  0

Design Value >85% of NAAQS

Design Value < 85% of NAAQS

Page 18: Monitoring Network Requirements and You - College of ... · Monitoring Design Site Types • Highest concentration • Typical concentrations in areas of high population density •

Number of Stations – OzoneNumber of Stations – Ozone

MSA  Population

> 10 million4 – 10 million350,000 – 4 million50,000 ‐ < 350,000

4 33  2 2  11 0

Design Value >85% of NAAQS

Design Value < 85% of NAAQS

At least one monitor must be located to record maximum concentration – using neighborhood, urban or regional‐scale.  Many other factors, such as population density, meteorology, topography and sources of NOx should be considered.

Page 19: Monitoring Network Requirements and You - College of ... · Monitoring Design Site Types • Highest concentration • Typical concentrations in areas of high population density •

Ozone ‐ Distance from RoadwaysOzone ‐ Distance from Roadways

Roadway AADT

< 1,00010,00015,00020,00040,00070,000> 110,000

10 1010  2020 3030 4050 60100 100250 250

Minimum Distance (meters)

Minimum Distance (meters ‐ after 12/18/06)

Page 20: Monitoring Network Requirements and You - College of ... · Monitoring Design Site Types • Highest concentration • Typical concentrations in areas of high population density •

Number of Stations ‐ SO2Number of Stations ‐ SO2

Population Weighed Emissions Index (PWEI) Number of Monitors Required

> 1,000,000100,000 ‐ 1,000,0005,000 ‐ < 100,000

321

Sources that emit more than a given threshold of SO2 per year have to show compliance with the standard either through monitoring at the location of highest concentration or through modeling – Threshold proposal recently released (SO2 Data Requirements Rule)

Page 21: Monitoring Network Requirements and You - College of ... · Monitoring Design Site Types • Highest concentration • Typical concentrations in areas of high population density •

Lead MonitoringLead Monitoring• Monitors at sources where the NEI shows emissions greater than 0.5 tons/yr and airports of 1.0 tons/yr (can be waived if three years of data show the maximum 3 month rolling average is <50% of the NAAQS – must demonstrate appropriateness if PM10method is used)

• Monitored at 15 General Aviation Airports nationwide (must be FRM)

• Non‐source oriented monitors in CBSAs > 500,000 at NCore (can be FRM or FEM)

• Monitors at sources where the NEI shows emissions greater than 0.5 tons/yr and airports of 1.0 tons/yr (can be waived if three years of data show the maximum 3 month rolling average is <50% of the NAAQS – must demonstrate appropriateness if PM10method is used)

• Monitored at 15 General Aviation Airports nationwide (must be FRM)

• Non‐source oriented monitors in CBSAs > 500,000 at NCore (can be FRM or FEM)

Page 22: Monitoring Network Requirements and You - College of ... · Monitoring Design Site Types • Highest concentration • Typical concentrations in areas of high population density •

Other Requirements/Considerations –Appendix E

Other Requirements/Considerations –Appendix E

• Probe placement ‐ height

• Potential chemical reactions – trees, traffic, minor sources, sample line length, sample line material, etc.

• Air flow – obstructions, topography

• Data quality – collocation, calibration, other operational issues

• Documentation of the above.

• Probe placement ‐ height

• Potential chemical reactions – trees, traffic, minor sources, sample line length, sample line material, etc.

• Air flow – obstructions, topography

• Data quality – collocation, calibration, other operational issues

• Documentation of the above.

Page 23: Monitoring Network Requirements and You - College of ... · Monitoring Design Site Types • Highest concentration • Typical concentrations in areas of high population density •

Network Design ConsiderationsNetwork Design Considerations

• Capture highest pollution concentration for some pollutants – NAAQS evaluation

• Represent exposure of populations – Health studies

• Air Transport/meteorology – Source and area impacts

• Evaluation of progress – measurement of success

• Other considerations – research/further actions

• Capture highest pollution concentration for some pollutants – NAAQS evaluation

• Represent exposure of populations – Health studies

• Air Transport/meteorology – Source and area impacts

• Evaluation of progress – measurement of success

• Other considerations – research/further actions

Page 24: Monitoring Network Requirements and You - College of ... · Monitoring Design Site Types • Highest concentration • Typical concentrations in areas of high population density •

Other Network Design ConsiderationsOther Network Design Considerations

• Environmental Justice• Future development ‐Trends

• Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) – Near Roadway Monitoring

• Health research• 5 Year Network Assessment conclusions

• Environmental Justice• Future development ‐Trends

• Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) – Near Roadway Monitoring

• Health research• 5 Year Network Assessment conclusions

Page 25: Monitoring Network Requirements and You - College of ... · Monitoring Design Site Types • Highest concentration • Typical concentrations in areas of high population density •

Instrument/Method SelectionInstrument/Method Selection

• Collocation (PQAO Basis)• FRM vs FEM (PM)

– Sampling scheduling requirements– Time savings vs data availability

• Other Considerations– Other compounds collocated?– Speciation?– Space limitations– In wide use – operational experience

• Collocation (PQAO Basis)• FRM vs FEM (PM)

– Sampling scheduling requirements– Time savings vs data availability

• Other Considerations– Other compounds collocated?– Speciation?– Space limitations– In wide use – operational experience

Page 26: Monitoring Network Requirements and You - College of ... · Monitoring Design Site Types • Highest concentration • Typical concentrations in areas of high population density •

Additional Information/Data QualityAdditional Information/Data Quality

• Co‐pollutant information–NOx/Ozone–PM10/PM2.5 ratio

• Data Quality Indicators–Metadata– Location/Instrument performance indicators

• Co‐pollutant information–NOx/Ozone–PM10/PM2.5 ratio

• Data Quality Indicators–Metadata– Location/Instrument performance indicators

Page 27: Monitoring Network Requirements and You - College of ... · Monitoring Design Site Types • Highest concentration • Typical concentrations in areas of high population density •

Other ConsiderationsOther Considerations

• Documenting • Entering information into AQS/Annual Network Plan

• California Air Monitoring Network Assessment Tool (CAMNAT)

• Documenting • Entering information into AQS/Annual Network Plan

• California Air Monitoring Network Assessment Tool (CAMNAT)