monitoring forest degradation in the brazilian april 2016
TRANSCRIPT
Degradation Monitoring Methods in the Brazilian Amazon
Carlos Souza Jr., [email protected]
Webinars sobre Experiencias y Lecciones Aprendidas en el Uso ee Datos ee Sensores Remotos ee Alta Resolución
Forest DegradationSelectively logged forest, Sinop-MT Deforested area for plantation, Sinop-MT
Forest degradation has been defined as a type of land modification, which means that the original land cover structure and composition is temporarily or permanently changed, but it is not replaced by other type of land cover type (Lambin, 1999).
Sources of Human Pressure that Cause Forest Sources of Human Pressure that Cause Forest DegradationDegradation
Highly DetectableHighly Detectable Marginally DetectableMarginally Detectable Almost UndetectableAlmost Undetectable
► DeforestationDeforestation► Forest fragmentationForest fragmentation► Recent slash-and-burn Recent slash-and-burn agricultureagriculture► Major canopy firesMajor canopy fires► Major roadsMajor roads► Conversion to three Conversion to three monoculturesmonocultures► Hydroelectric dams and other Hydroelectric dams and other forms of flood disturbancesforms of flood disturbances► Large-scale miningLarge-scale mining
► Selective loggingSelective logging► Forest surface firesForest surface fires► A range of edge-effectsA range of edge-effects► ‘‘Old-slash-and-burn agricultureOld-slash-and-burn agriculture► Small scale gold-miningSmall scale gold-mining► Unpaved secondary roads (6-20-Unpaved secondary roads (6-20-m wide)m wide)► Selective thinning of canopy Selective thinning of canopy treestrees
► Hunting and exploitation of Hunting and exploitation of animal productsanimal products► Harvesting of most non-timber Harvesting of most non-timber plants productsplants products► Old-mechanized selective Old-mechanized selective logginglogging► Narrow sub-canopy roads (<6-m Narrow sub-canopy roads (<6-m wide)wide)► Understorey thinning and and Understorey thinning and and clear cuttingclear cutting► Invasion of exotic speciesInvasion of exotic species► Spread of pathogensSpread of pathogens► Changes in net primary Changes in net primary productivityproductivity► Community wide shifts in plant Community wide shifts in plant species compositionspecies composition► Other cryptic effects of climate Other cryptic effects of climate changeschanges► Most higher-order effectsMost higher-order effects
Selective loggingSelective loggingBurned forestsBurned forestsForest fragmentation Forest fragmentation RoadsRoadsGold miningGold mining
Peres et al., (2006), TREE
Remote Sensing Detection
Selective LoggingSelective Logging
Photo: Carlos Souza Jr. Photo: Carlos Souza Jr.
► Predominantly unplannedPredominantly unplanned► Harvesting intensity varies from 5 Harvesting intensity varies from 5
to 40 mto 40 m33 of logs / ha of logs / ha► Builds extensive road network Builds extensive road network ► Creates favor conditions for forest Creates favor conditions for forest
firesfires► Catalyzes deforestationCatalyzes deforestation
Selective Logging in Sinop – MT, BrazilSelective Logging in Sinop – MT, Brazil
Deforestation, Selective Logging and Fires
Souza Jr. and Roberts (2005)
Photo: P. Barreto, Paragominas, PA. 1993Photo: P. Barreto, Paragominas, PA. 1993
Available Methods to Detect and Map Selective Available Methods to Detect and Map Selective LoggingLoggingMapping Approach Studies Sensor Spatial Extent Objective Advantages Disadvantages
Visual Interpretation
Watrin e Rocha (1992) Landsat TM5 Local Map total logging area Does not require sophisticated image processing techniques
Labor intensive for large areas and may be user biased to define the boundaries.
Stone and Lefebvre (1998) Landsat TM5 Local
Matricardi et al. (2001) Landsat TM5 Brazilian Amazon
Santos et al. (2002) Landsat TM5 Brazilian Amazon
Detection of Logging Landings + Buffer
Souza Jr. e Barreto (2000)Matricardi et al. (2001)Monteiro et al. (2003)Silva et al. (2003)
Landsat TM5 e ETM+
Local Map total logging area (canopy damage, clearings and undamaged forest)
Relatively simple to implement and satisfactorily estimate the total logging area
Logging buffers varies across the landscape and does not reproduce the actual shape of the logged area.
Decision Tree
Souza Jr. et al. (2003) SPOT 4 Local Map forest canopy damage associated with logging and burning
Simple and intuitive classification rules.
It has not been tested in very large areas and classification rules may vary across the landscape.
Change Detection
Souza Jr. et al. (2002) Landsat TM5 e ETM+
Local Map forest canopy damage associated with logging and burning
Enhances forest canopy damaged areas.
Requires two pairs of images and does not separate natural and anthropogenic forest changes.
Image Segmentation
Alencastro Graça et al. (2005) Landsat TM5 Local Map total logging area (canopy damage, clearings and undamaged forest)
Relatively simple to implement and satisfactorily estimate the total logging area. Free software available.
It has not been tested in very large areas and segmentation rules may vary across the landscape.
CLAS
Asner et al., 2005 Landsat TM5 e ETM+
Three states of the Brazilian Amazon (PA, MT and AC)
Map total logging area (canopy damage, clearings and undamaged forest)
Fully automated and standardized to very large areas.
Requires very high computation power, and pairs of images to forest change detection. Tested only with Landsat ETM+
NDFI+CCA
Souza Jr., 2005b Landsat TM5 e ETM+
Local Map forest canopy damage associated with logging and burning
Enhances forest canopy damaged areas.
It has not been tested in very large areas and does not separate logging from burning damages.
Gregory P. Asner, Michael Keller, Marco Lentini, Frank Merry, and Carlos Souza Jr., 2009. LAB Chapter 3
Logging and Fires in Landsat Images: visual interpretation
Selective logging
1998
1999 Old Selective logging
Selective logging and burning
2000
2001 Old selective logging andburning
R5, G4, B3 Souza Jr. et al., (2003)
Mapping Infrastructure: GIS mapping
Souza Jr. and Barreto (2002), IJRS 7
Texture Enhancement and Visual Interpretation
Matricard et al., 2007. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431160600763014
Spatial Distribution of Logging
Matricard et al., 2007. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431160600763014
CLASlite Forest Monitoring
http://claslite.carnegiescience.edu/en/
DEGRAD 2007, INPE
ImgTools Software
Souza Jr., et al., (2005); Souza Jr. et al., (2013); Souza Jr. e Siqueira (2013)
Spectral Mixture Analysis and NDFI
Souza Jr. et. Al (2005), RSE
Soil
NPV
GV
-1 ≤ NDFI ≤1NDFI baixo a moderado
NDFI = ˜1
Veg - altoNPV e Solo - Baixo
Veg - baixo a moderadoNPV e Solo - moderado a alto
Fraction Images and NDFIa) Paragominas,Pará State - 223/62
Solo
Veg NDFI
NPV
NPV Fraction
226/68 - 2001 (Sinop - MT)
Roads
LoggedForest
Mapping Selective Logging with Landsat Image (Souza Jr. et al., 2005)
GV Fraction
226/68 - 2001 (Sinop - MT)
LoggedForest
Roads
Mapping Selective Logging with Landsat Image (Souza Jr. et al., 2005)
NDFI (Normalized Difference Fraction Index)
226/68 - 2001 (Sinop - MT)
Roads
LoggedForest
Mapping Selective Logging with Landsat Image (Souza Jr. et al., 2005)
SMA Application: Forest Change Detection
Deforestation 1999
GV 1999
GV 2000
GV Classified Image
RegenerationDegradationNew deforestationIOld deforestationForest
SMA Application: Forest and Land Cover Dynamics
1997 1998 1999
2000 2001 2002
0
10
20
30
40
50
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
NPV
%NPV Fraction (%)Small damage
Burned forest
Regeneration
Profile location
1997 1998 1999
2000 2001 2002
0
10
20
30
40
50
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
NPV
%NPV Fraction (%)Small damage
Burned forest
Regeneration
Profile location
SMA Application: Forest and Land Cover Dynamics
Knowledge based Decision Tree
Souza Jr. et al., (2013), Remote Sensing
DEFORESTATION AND FOREST DEGRADATION DYNAMICS
Souza Jr., 2013
Classification 2002R: NDFI02, G: NDFI03
B: NDFI03 Classificaiton 2003
Forest Change Detection
Old Deforestation
New Deforestation
Non-forest
Forest Degradation
Deforestation
LoggingOld Logging
LoggingDeforestation
Logging
Forest loss
Regrowth
Non Change
Tracking Forest Cover Dynamics
Dynamic of Forest Degradation
1998
Logged and Burned
a
Logged
Logged
Old
Logged
Old Logged and Burned
Old Logged and Burned
Logged and Burned
c d
e f
b
• Degrataion signal changes fast.
• There is a synergism of forest degradation processes that can reduces more C stocks of degraded forests.
• Reccurrent forest degratation is expected and creates even more loss of C stocks.
• Annual monitoring is required to keep track of forest degrataion process.
Deforestation and Forest Degradation in the Brazilian Amazon: 2000-2010
27Souza Jr. et , 2013, Remote Sensing.
Accuracy Assessment
Accuracy Assessment
Souza Jr. et al., (2013), Remote Sensing
Accuracy Assessment
Accuracy Assessment
Souza Jr. et al., (2013), Remote Sensing
Mapping Results
Souza Jr. et al., (2013), Remote Sensing
Monitoring of forest degradation: a review of methods in the Amazon basinC Souza Jr - Global forest monitoring from earth observation, 2012
Equipe SAD :Carlos Souza Jr.Antônio Victor FonsecaMarcelo JustinoJoão Victor SiqueiraDalton Cardoso
Colaboradores:Beto VeríssimoHeron Martins
Júlia RibeiroKátia Pereira
Rodney SalomãoBruno Oliveira