Астахова Т.Е., Заева Л.К., Пронина С.В.

Авторы : Астахова Т.Е., Заева Л.К., Пронина С.В.

Данное пособие предназначено для начинающих изучать английский язык и

включает в себя грамматический материал по модальным глаголам «must», «can»

u «may». Пособие состоит из двух частей: теоретической и практической.

В теоретической части пособия дается общий обзор всех значений названных

модальных глаголов.

В практической части пособия использовано большое количество

тренировочных упражнений от более простых к более сложным.

В конце пособия даются короткие тесты для контроля уровня знаний

пройденного материала.

Пособие содержит дополнительный материал, облегчающий подготовку

преподавателей к занятиям и способствующий более эффективному усвоению

модальных глаголов «must», «can», «may».

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C O N T E N T S

1. Grammar notes. 1. Must 2. Can. 3. May. 4. Must – Can’t. 5. Can (could) - May (might). 6. Mixed exercises. 7. Literature

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GRAMMAR NOTES

DEFINITION Modal verbs are a specific group of verbs. They are used to show the speaker’s attitude towards the action. We use them with other verbs. Modal verbs are incomplete. They lack some tense-forms, the passive voice and have some other peculiarities:

1. We don’t use them with «to» –infinitives: to open, to talk.

2. We don’t use the «to» –infinitives after modals: You mustn’t phone now. It’s late.

3. Their form can’t be changed. The boss can see you now.

Many of modal verbs have equivalents or modal verb phrases, which can substitute them when it is necessary: must – to have to; can – to be able; may – to be allowed In their first use modal verbs have basic meanings which are given in the dictionaries: can / could – ability I can lift 25 kg / I can type. may / might – permission You may leave early; must – total obligation You must be quiet. etc. The second use of modal verbs is to express degrees of certainty or uncertainty (doubt), or supposition. We’ll examine the modal verbs MUST, CAN/COULD, MAY/MIGHT in their second meaning. How modal verbs may, might, must, can, could are used Verb Meaning Present/Future Past may (1) polite request

(2) formal permission

(3) less than 50% certainty

May I borrow your pen? You may leave the room. Where’s John? He may be at the library.

He may have been at the library

Might (1) less than 50% certainty

(2) polite request

(rare)

Where’s John? He might be at the library. Might I borrow your pen?

He might have been at the library.

Must (1) strong necessity

I must go to class today. Mari isn’t in class

I had to go to class yesterday

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(2) prohibition (negative)

(3) 95% certainty

You must not open that door, She must be sick (present only)

Mary must have been sick yesterday.

Can (1) ability / possibility

(2) informal

permission (3) informal

polite request

(4) impossibility (negative) /near certainty-98%

I can run fast You can use my car tomorrow Can I borrow your pen? That can’t be true!

I could run fast when I was a child, but now I can’t. That can’t have been true!

Could (1) possibility (2) polite request (3) suggestion (4) less than 50%

certainty (5) impossibility

Could I borrow you pen? Could you help me? I need help in math. You could talk to your teacher. Where’s John? He could be at home. That couldn’t be true! (negative only)

I could run fast when I was a child. You could have talked to your teacher He could have been at home. That couldn’t have been true!

Expression of degree of certainty with the help of modal verbs must, may, might,

could

Why isn’t John in class? 100% sere: He is sick. 95% sure: He must be sick. Less than 50% sure: He may be sick. He might be sick. He could be sick.

«Степень уверенности» означает, насколько мы уверены, как мы оцениваем шансы, является ли что-то истинным или имеет место. Если мы абсолютно уверены в чем-то, то мы не употребляем модальные глаголы. Например, если я говорю «John is sick», то я уверен в этом. Я констатирую тот факт, в котором уверен. Моя степень уверенности – 100%.

Why isn’t John in class? (a) He must be sick. (Usually he isn’t in class every day, but

MUST употребляется для выражения высокой степени уверенности относительно происходящего, но степень уверенности все равно

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when I saw him last night, he wasn’t feeling well. So my best guess is that he is sick today. I can’t think of another possibility).

ниже 100%. В примере (а) говорящий утверждает: «Вероятно (должно быть), Джон болен. У меня есть убедительные сведения, что он болен. – Это мое логическое заключение, но я не знаю наверняка».

Why isn’t John in class? (b) He may be sick. (c) He might be sick. (d) He could be sick. (I don’t rally know. He may be at home).

MAY, MIGHT, COULD употребляются для выражения более 1-ой степени уверенности. В примерах (b), (с), (d) говорящий утверждает: «Возможно, Джон болен. Я только пытаюсь высказать догадку. Я предполагаю и другие возможности

Present Simple: modals + not

100% sure: Sam isn’t hungry. 99% sure: Sam couldn’t be hungry. Sam can’t be hungry. 95% sure: Sam must not be hungry. 50% sure: Sam may not be hungry. Sam might not be hungry.

Modal Perfects

May + have + Past Participle (-ed) (Active) Might + have + Past Participle (-ed) (Active) Must (not)+ have + been + Past Participle (Passive) Could + have + been + Present Participle (-ing) (Continuous) Let’s analyze the following situation. My friend is stout. He is a security. He’s got some problem at work. The administration of the firm decided to fire him. - Why do you think they were worried about his weight? - I don’t know. They might have been afraid that he wouldn’t be able to protect them

because of his weight. They may have thought that he would have a heart attack if he had to run after someone

- Why do you think they hired him in the first place? - He must not have been heavy when he first started working there. - I think he had worked there for quite a while. They must have liked him or they

wouldn’t have kept him. - He must have been doing a good job. He knew that he was overweight and that there

was a policy against it.

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- He could have tried to lose weight. He could have gone diet. He could have exercised.

Short statements or answers = Modal + have.

Modal + have been (When the main verb is to be or the passive is used).

• Possibility in the Past – One of many. We do not know if it happened or not. May or Might (Not) Have + Past Participle

They might have been afraid that he wouldn’t be able to protect them because of his weight. (It’s a possibility. We don’t know.) He might have been thinking they would change the rules. (Continuous) (Had he been warned about his weight? I don’t know. He might have been. = He might have been warned about his weight.) • Probability in the Past – We are almost sure. We are making an assumption or a

deduction from the facts we have.

Must (Not) Have + Past Participle They must have liked him. We are not 100 percent sure, but we are making a strong guess or an assumption from what we know of the facts. (Did they like him? They must have. + They must have liked him) (Was he well-liked? He must have been. = He must have been well-liked.) • Possibility in the Past that Did Not Happen – One of many possibilities, but we

know it did not happen.

Could Have + Past Participle He could have tried to lose weight. He could have gone on a diet. Could have is frequently used when there was a possibility but we know it did not happen. Here we know or we are assuming that he did not try. Could have is also sometimes used by native speakers like might just to mean a post possibility. However, may / might cannot be used for a possibility if we know it did not happen. He didn’t even try to lose weight. He couldn’t have been too worried about his job. Could not have means «impossibility.» We may be sure of this or it may be an assumption.

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M U S T In its second use must denotes probability or supposition bordering on assurance, almost a conviction. In this meaning it is used in affirmative sentences only. Должно быть, Вероятно

He must + infinitive

do be doing have done have been doing

-Present -Past

• He must be at home at this hour. • He must be writing about his travels. • He must have taken a lot of photos while he was on the islands. • He must have been developing the project for many years. In negative sentences and sentences referring to the future supposition is expressed by means of the modal words "evidently", "probably" or modal phase "to have to do something" • Evidently, she didn't know my address. • She will probably come tomorrow. • She is not likely to come so late. • She won't have to do in again.

COMPARE THE FOLLOWING PATTERNS:

Time of the action Necessity Near certainty Present Must be waiting

Must wait Должен ждать Must know Должен знать

Must be waiting Должно быть, ждет. Must know Должно быть, знает

Past Had to wait Должен был ждать. Пришлось ждать. Had to know Должен был знать. Надо было знать.

Must + have been waiting Должно быть, ждал. Must + have waited Должно быть, подождал. Must + have known Должно быть, знал.

Future Shall/will have to wait Надо будет (придется) ждать. Shall/will have to know Придется (надо будет) знать.

The modal must can have two different meanings in the present: obligation (also expressed by have to or have got to) and probability or supposition.

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She was fired. She must be very upset. (Probability) Although the present forms of these words are the same, the past forms are different and often cause confusion.

Present Past Probability, supposition She must be very upset She must have been very upset.

(She lost her job. We can guess she was upset.)

Exercises Exercise 1. What means of expressing modality are used in Russian and English in corresponding situations? 1. Он должно об этом знает. 1. He must know about it. 2. Должно быть (скорее всего, несомненно), она спросила его об этом.

2. She must have asked him about it.

3. Должно быть, она не спросила его об этом. (Ей не удалось спросить его об этом.)

3. Evidently (surely, most, probably) she didn’t ask him about it. (She must have failed to ask him about it.)

4. Он, должно быть, вас неправильно понял.

4. He must have misunderstood you.

5. Он, должно быть, все еще ждет вас. 5. He must still be waiting for you. Exercise 2. Translate from Russian into English using the chart above as a cue. 1. Вы, должно быть, устали после такой долгой прогулки. 2. Скорее всего, это она написала эту записку. Я знаю ее почерк. 3. Он говорит на трех языках. У него, наверное, ушли на это годы. 4. На побережье сейчас, должно быть, замечательно. 5. Ему, должно быть, за восемьдесят. 6. Тебя, скорее всего, раздражает его поведение. 7. Уже десять. Он наверняка закончил работу. 8. Не могу найти ключ. Его должно быть, взял Боб. 9. Скорее всего, они не получили положительных результатов. 10. Это, наверное, тот дом, который мы ищем. 11. Он наверняка уже ушел. 12. Скорее всего, он еще не ушел. 13. Его, должно быть, об этом не проинформировали. Exercise 3. Analyze the explanation given in brackets. 1. He must have gone there at once. (I am sure that he went there at once.)

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2. He must be working in the library now. (I am sure he is working in the library now.) 3. He must have read this book. (I am sure he has read this book.) 4. He must have been reading this book for a long time now. (I am sure he has been reading this book for a long time now.) 4. He must have dropped off to sleep. (He has just dropped off to sleep). Exercise 4. Analyze the sentences and translate them. 1. You must be a fool to think so. 2. The work must have been carried out in secret for quite long time. 3. The question must have been solved before we began discussing the problem. 4. You must have spent all the money on unnecessary things. 5. You must have taken a taxi if you wanted to catch that train. 6. You must have told your mother about what happened. 7. But she must have seen him! 8. Oh, John, think how she must be suffering! 9. Is she waiting? She must have been waiting for an hour. 10. «Oh, Auntie,» he answered, « you must have talked like that». Exercise 5. Change the sentences according to the model using must. Model: Probably I left my textbook in the classroom. I must have left my textbook in the classroom. 1. Probably I left my bag in the canteen. 2. Probably you left your umbrella in the bus. 3. Probably Mary forgot to call me. 4. Probably mother took my umbrella. 5. Probably I have seen you before: your face is familiar to me. 6. Probably you left your exercise book at school. 7. Evidently she has left the town. 8. Probably Mike has gone to the teachers’ room. 9. Probably Tom and Nick are playing football. 10. Probably Helen has got a bad mark. 11. Evidently they have solved the problem. 12. Evidently the pupils have finished writing their composition. 13. Obviously he forgot to warn them. 14. Evidently the meeting was cancelled. 15. Evidently he forgot to send them a telegram. 16. Evidently there was something wrong with the tape- recorder. Exercise 6. Change the sentences using the modal verb must. 1. You have been absent very long: I am sure you feel hungry.

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2. Where are the children? - They are at the river with Nick. I am sure they are having a very good time. 3. He has probably worked very hard to finish his book. 4. She is a very experienced doctor. I am sure she has been working at this hospital for at least fifteen years. 5. Look! Helen’s windows are open. I feel sure she is at home. 6. The Smiths have always been great football fans. I am sure they are at the stadium watching the football match. 7. Probably they have changed the school program. My granddaughter knows a great deal more than I did when I was her age. 8. It is probably a very difficult rule. 9. I am sure it is pleasant to spend summer in such a picturesque place. 10. You have probably read books of this author before. 11. I feel sure they are preparing a surprise for us. 12. These old legends were probably composed about a thousand years ago. 13. It is probably nine o’clock now. 14. He is very old. I think he is nearly eighty. 15. It is probably high time to go now. 16. I am almost sure they had this book in the library. 17. Probably he recognized you by your photo in the papers. 18. He is sure to be in at this time. 19. Of course she is trying to help you. 20. She is certain to be waiting for you at home. 21. Probably he was already ill. 22. There is little doubt that the first experiment failed. 23. I am sure she is fond of the child. 24. They are sure to have taken the wrong turning. 25. Probably he was taken there by car. Exercise 7. Translate into English using must. 1. Должно быть, он знает несколько иностранных языков. 2. Должно быть, он сейчас работает над этой проблемой. 3. Наверное, они сейчас наслаждаются прекрасной погодой. 4. Наверное, она пытается найти старые письма. 5. Вероятно, они сейчас любуются красотой южной природы. 6. Вероятно, он уже вернулся с юга. 7. Наверное, она потеряла мой адрес. 8. Должно быть, они уже закончили свою работу. 9. Вероятно, он все рассказал на суде. 10. Должно быть, она все приготовила заранее. 11. Должно быть, он еще здесь. 12. Должно быть, они только что пришли. 13. По-видимому, он унес бумаги с собой. 14. Очевидно, здесь уже кто-то был.

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15. Вероятно, они над ним смеются. 16. Должно быть, они тогда жили здесь. 17. Должно быт, идет дождь. 18. Вероятно, это здесь. Exercise 8. Open the brackets. 1. He knows mathematics much better than he did last year. He must (to work) a lot in

summer. 2. Your mathematics is very poor. You must (to work- negative) at it last summer. 3. Where is Peter? - Oh, he must (to read) in the library. He is getting ready for a very

difficult examination. 4. You must (to study) English for several years already. You language is very good. 5. Oh, look how white and clean everything is! It must (to snow) at night. 6. Oh, you are all in snow, you look like a snowman. It must (to snow) heavily. 7. Look, what huge snowdrifts there are everywhere, and the path is covered with knee-

deep snow. It must (to snow) for several hours already. 8. You look fresh! You must (to have) a good sleep at night. 9. You look very tired. You must (to have - negative) a good sleep at night. Exercise 9. Analyze the sentences with the modal verb must. Translate them into Russian. 1. I must be ill. 2. He must have finished the work. 3. She must have come home by now. 4. It must have been raining since the morning. 5. He must have been here since the morning. 6. He must have known it all along. 7. He must have been writing a letter at that moment. 8. They must be eating in the dining room. Why didn’t you ask Jim about it? 9. He must have talked to them about our problem in the morning. Exercise 10. Translate into English. 1. Я должна была прочесть эту книгу ко вторнику, но не успела. 2. Она, должно быть, читает эту книгу. 3. Они, должно быть, играют во дворе. 4. Я должен был пойти в деканат, но забыл об этом. 5. Должно быть, она ушла в банк. 6. Вы должны были поговорить с ней, но не сделали этого. 7. Должно быть, они сейчас разговаривают об этом. 8. Она, должно быть, написала сестре.

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Exercise 11. Answer the questions, the given example will show you what to do. Example: Alice always gets the best grades in the class. Why? Response: She must have studied hard./ She must be intelligent. 1. (...) is yawning. Why? 2. (...) is sneezing and coughing. Why? 3. (...) is wearing a wedding ring. Why? 4. (...) is shivering and has goose bumps. Why? 5. (...)’ s stomach is growling. Why? 6. (...) is scratching his arm. Why? 7. (...) is going to get married in five minutes. His/her hands are shaking. Why? 8. (...) has already had two glasses of water, but now he/she wants another. Why? 9. (...) is smiling. Why? 10. (...) is crying. Why? 11. You just picked up a telephone receiver, but there is no dial tone. Why? 12. There is a restaurant in town that is always packed (full). Why? 13. I am in my car. I am trying to start it, but the engine won’t turn over. I left my lights on all day. What’s wrong? 14. Every night there is a long line of people waiting to get into (a particular movie) I wonder why? 15. Don’t look at your watch. What time is it? Exercise 12. Finish the sentences. Use the phrases given below. be about ten be very proud fit Jimmy be crazy be at a meeting have the wrong number be rich feel terrible like green miss them very much 1. A: Have you noticed that Professor Adams wears something green every day? B: I know. He must like green. 2 A: Ed’s just bought his wife a diamond necklace with matching earrings. B: That’s expensive! He _________ . A: He is. 3. A: Look at the man standing outside the window on the fifteenth floor of the building. 4. B: He _____ . 5. A: I agree. Only a nut would do something like that. 6. A: Where’s Ms. Adams? She’s not in her office. B: I don’t know. She ____ . 7. A: If you see her, would you tell her I’m looking for her? B: Certainly, Mr. Trench. 8. A: Hello? B: Hello. May I speak to Ron?

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9. A: I’m sorry. You ____ . There’s no one here by that name. A: I’ve heard that your daughter recently graduated from law school and that your son has got a scholarship to the state university. You ____ . 10. B: We are. 11. A: You’re coughing and sneezing, blowing your nose, and running a fever. You ___ B: I do. 12. A: This winter jacket is still in good shape, but Tommy has outgrown it. Do you think it would fit one of your sons? B: Well, it’s probably too small for Johnny, too, but it ____ . 13. A: How long has it been since you last saw your family? B: Over a year. 14. A: You ____ . B: I do. 15. A: How old is their daughter now? B: Hmmm. I think she was born around the same time our daughter was born. She___ . Exercise 13. Translate the sentences into English using must. 1. Поезд должен был прибыть через несколько минут, но опоздал. 2. Должно быть, он очень умен. 3. Должно быть, он вас узнал. 4. Должно быть, он пишет ее портрет. 5. Вероятно, они уже ушли. 6. Вероятно, новости были плохие. 7. Он, должно быть, удивился, узнав об этом. 8. Вероятно, они давно уже уехали из этого города. 9. Должно быть, он очень огорчился, узнав, что его семья переехала, и никто не

знает куда. Exercise 14. Translate into Russian. 1. You must be dying with curiosity. Take a peep. 2. I must have dozed off unexpectedly because I woke to hear someone knocking. The

light was still on, it was daylight. 3. Therefore since there are no fingerprints on the ABC, it must have been carefully

wiped. 4. Mor drew in a deep breath and smiled down at the dry earth below him. «I must be

mad», he thought. 5. «And the railway guide was - where?» - «It was in the right place. Seems as though

he must have been looking up the trains to London».

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Exercise 15. Analyze the sentences in which must expresses supposition. 1. Somebody must know her. 2. Somebody must be waiting there. 3. Somebody must have known her. 4. Somebody must have done it. 5. Somebody must have been waiting there. 6. He must have failed to get in touch with her. 7. He must have misunderstood you. 8. He must be unaware of that. 9. He must never have guessed the truth. 10. No one must have told him about it. Exercise 16. Translate into English. 1. «Но не мое имя должно быть в списке». - «Очень сожалею, должно быть,

произошла какая-то ошибка’. 2. «Можно поговорить с мистером Фрейзером?» - « Его нет». «А когда он

будет?» - «Он, должно быть, обедает (be out to lunch) и придет минут через двадцать».

3. «Мистер Фрейзер у себя?» - «Да, скорее всего. Он собирался приехать утром». 4. «Где Бренда?» - «В саду, наверное». - «Да нет, она, должно быть, пошла на

реку». 5. «Почему же он мне сам ничего не сказал?» - «Он, должно быть, просто забыл,

как это важно для тебя. 6. Поторопитесь. Она, должно быть, уже ждет вас и, скорее всего, давно ждет.

Она собиралась приехать сюда утренним поездом. 7. «Мне нужно идти», - сказала она, протягивая мне руку. 8. Зачем вы все время об этом говорите? Вы должны постараться забыть все, что

произошло. Вы, должно быть, вините во всем себя, а напрасно. 9. «Зачем вы здесь?» - «Мой брат сказал, что я должна была прийти и ждать его». 10. Я почувствовала, что я должна непременно ей рассказать и тотчас же. 11. Он сказал, что нужно двигаться, иначе можно замерзнуть. 12. «Вы непременно должны нас навестить (to come and see)», - сказала она,

улыбаясь. 13. Ты выглядишь очень усталой. Тебе сегодня надо хорошенько выспаться (to

have a good night’s sleep). Exercise 17. Translate into Russian. 1. He must have taken it. 2. He must be trying to find the lost stamp. 3. You must have tried to find the lost stamp. 4. She must be the youngest child in this group. 5. If you want to become a good football player, you must be an all-round athlete.

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6. He must have read the letter many times. 7. They must be talking about us. 8. Start reading this text again. You must have forgotten to read it aloud at home. Exercise 18. Translate the following negative sentences into English. Model: 1) Она, должно быть, не дала ему She must have given him no возможности возразить. opportunity to object. 2) Она, должно быть, не старается She must be taking no trouble to сделать это правильно. do it right. 1. Должно быть, он не сделал ошибки. 2. Должно быть, они не обедали. 3. Должно быть, она не имела опыта. 4. Должно быть, он не дал ответа. 5. Должно быть, они не принимают мер. 6. Должно быть, она не обращает внимания на это. 7. Должно быть, у них нет книг. 8. Должно быть, этого письма он не получал. 9. Должно быть, деньги им не платят. 10. Это, должно быть, не заняло много времени. Exercise 19. Practice the following according to the model. Model: A: The door is open (leave) B: Peter must have left it open. 1. The teapot is in pieces! (drop) 2. The plates are all clean! (wash up) 3. The library books have disappeared! (take back to the library) 4. How shiny the furniture looks! (polish) 5. There are some sandwiches on the kitchen table! (make) 6. The steps are unusually clean! (sweep) 7. There are no biscuits left! (eat) 8. The car is in a terrible state! (drive into a wall) Exercise 20. Open the brackets using the correct from of the infinitive. Translate the sentences into Russian. 1. George must (be) pleased that he has passed his examination. 2. I found this baby bird at the foot of the tree. It must (fall) from a nest. 3. During the storm the captain was on the bridge the whole time. He must (be)

exhausted afterwards. 4. If Fred left here at four o’clock, he must (be) home by now.

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5. Look, there’s a tree right across the road! So there is. It must (be) blown down by the gale last night.

6. I sat on a seat in the park and now my coat is covered with green stripes. The paint must (be) wet.

7. As soon as I switched on my new electric cooker there was an explosion. There must (be) something wrong with it.

8. I don’t know at what time I went to bed last night, but it was late. It must (be) after midnight.

9. Look, the streets are wet; it must (rain) now. 10. He promised to come at six, but he didn’t. He must (forget) his promise. 11. I didn’t hear the telephone. I must (be) asleep. 12. He must (be) very careless if he makes such mistakes. 13. The baby woke up when she went into the bedroom. She must (make) noise. 14. The taxi - driver got to the airport in half an hour. He must (drive) very fast. 15. He never got the letter. It must (send) to the wrong address. Exercise 21. Translate these sentences into English. Use must in the meaning of supposition. 1. Где мама? - Она, наверное, в кухне, загляни. 2. Кто это? - Это, наверное, новый учитель. 3. Эти девочки, наверное, играют в прятки. 4. Который час? - Наверное, уже три. 5. Что это? - Это, должно быть, электрический вентилятор. 6. Интересно, сколько стоит такое платье? - Должно быть, 300 рублей, как и мое. 7. Чья это тетрадь? Она не подписана. - Должно быть, Кирилла. Видишь, она вся

разрисована. 8. Ты уверена, что это Анина шапочка? - Это, наверняка, ее шапочка. Я видела ее

в такой. 9. А где же мои тапочки? - Я уверена (наверное), в кухне. Ты всегда их там

оставляешь. Я удивлена, что ты ищешь их здесь. 10. Наверное, очень трудно быть учителем. Exercise 22. Combine the verb must with the proper form of the infinitive in brackets. 1. Look! People are hurrying along the street with collars and umbrellas up. It must (to

rain) hard. 2. Peggotty enclosed the half - guinea in the letter; I was afraid she must (to have) a

world of trouble to get it out of Mr Barkin’s box. (Ch. D.) 3. You must (to follow) my advice. There is no other way out for you. 4. He saw an old woman sleeping soundly in Green Park. A shower was falling all the

time, she must (to get) drenched to the skin. (J.L.)

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5. «The hotels must (to do) a tremendous business», old Jolyon thought. «A few years ago there had been none of these big hotels». Then he thought of his son».... It Jo were only with him. The boy must (to be) forty by now». (GIsw.)

6. She must (to be) angry with you. She does not even look in your direction. 7. She must (to get) angry with me. She left without saying good-bye. 8. Mary must (to be) ill, otherwise she would have come. 9. Mary must (to fall) ill. She looked so pale and tired last night. Exercise 23. Translate the following sentences into English. 1. Она, должно быть, ждет нас в институте. 2. Он, должно быть, живет недалеко отсюда. 3. Он, должно быть, много читает вслух; у него хорошее произношение. 4. Она, должно быть, гостит у своих друзей, так как она писала, что проведет

отпуск у них. 5. Они, должно быть, ждут меня, а я никак не могу дать им знать о себе. 6. Он, по всей вероятности, забыл, что обещал починить замок. 7. Они, наверно, пишут сочинение уже около двух часов и скоро должны

кончить. 8. Не шумите: дети, должно быть, спят. 9. Никто, наверно, не слышал, как подъехала машина. Было очень поздно. 10. Они, наверно, забыли, что должны были прийти в 5 часов. Exercise 24. Translate into English, using the modal verb must where possible. Use «probably» to denote near certainty in other cases. Должно быть, он хорошо знает язык. - He must know the language quite well. Должно быть , он об этом не знал. - Probably, he didn’t know about it. Должно быть , он приедет завтра. - Probably, he will come tomorrow. 1. Должно быть, он еще здесь. Его кейс лежит на столе. 2. Должно быть, они только что пришли. Их одежда мокрая от дождя. 3. По-видимому, он унес документы с собой. Я не могу найти их в сейфе. 4. Очевидно, мои часы отстают. 5. Вероятно, они еще не получили этого страшного известия. 6. Вероятно, они смеются над тем, как мы говорим по-английски. 7. Должно быть, они тогда жили здесь. Я нашел их соседку. 8. Должно быть, на улице ужасная погода. Все сидят по домам. 9. Вероятно, дождя завтра не будет. На небе ни облачка. 10. По-видимому, она не сдала книгу в библиотеку вовремя. 11. Должно быть, он как раз чинил машину, когда вы пришли. 12. Вероятно. это его дом. Я узнаю этот чудесный сад.

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Exercise 25. Paraphrase the sentence using the verb must. 1. I am sure he has got all he needed. Did you see how triumphant he was? 2. The boy was evidently reading something funny. He was smiling all the time. 3. They have most likely not realized what opportunity they were losing. 4. I shan’t bother you any longer; no doubt you are tired of my talking. 5. I see something is eating him. He is like on tenterhooks. 6. It was clear the family were expecting some guests: mother was bustling about the house tidying up the rooms. 7. She was obviously upset by something. I never saw her so unbalanced. 8. He surely did not find out the real reason for their silence. Exercise 26. Translate into Russian. 1. He must have missed my last words. 2. She must be the smartest child in her school. Her talent is fantastic! 3. He must be trying to find the leak. 4. He must have turned over the page. 5. She must be thinking we are English. 6. Where are they? It’s time to start. They must have forgotten our address. 7. My sister has got a sore throat. She must have eaten a lot of ice-cream. 8. Why are you so dirty? You must have fallen down in the yard. Exercise 27. In the following statements of near certainty change the form of the infinitive to refer to the past. Model: They must know him. Должно быть, они его знают.

They must have known him. Должно быть, они его знали. They must be waiting for you. Должно быть, они ждут вас. They must have been waiting for you. Должно быть, они ждали вас. 1. It must be raining. 2 She must be pleased about it. 3. She must be really fond of you 4. They must be always trying to help him. 5. She must know nothing about it. 6. She must be out shopping. 7. This must be the prettiest garden in the village. 8. She must be the best mother I’ve ever known. 9. Somebody must be trying to get you on the phone. 10. The children must be at school now. Exercise 28. Paraphrase the following sentences using must + infinitive to express near certainty. Use the indefinite infinitive when speaking about the present, the perfect infinitive when speaking about the past.

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Model: Of course, he is somewhere here. - He must be somewhere here.

Certainly, she knew that something was wrong. - She must have known that something was wrong.

1. Probably, he recognized you. He saw your programme on TV last night. 2. He is sure to solve the problem in a day or two. 3. Of course, she is trying to help you. And you don’t understand that. 4. She is certain to be waiting for you at the appointed place and time. 5. Probably, he was already ill. 6. Here is little doubt that their son was injured in that accident. 7. No doubt, she knew what she was about to do. 8. I’m sure she is very found of her cat. 9. They are sure to have made that awful mistake. 10. Probably, he was taken to the nearest hospital. Exercise 29. Translate the sentences into Russian. 1. There’s no one there. He’s taken his hat and coat. He must have gone out. 2. «And where is her son?» «He’s in there. He must be amusing himself», said Rosalia

with a laugh. 3. «A very nice woman», he said when she had left us. «And a head on her shoulders.

She must have been very pretty as a girl». 4. «How old is M’Cola?». «He must be over fifty». 5. Somebody important must have been arriving from Europe by air, for there was a

policeman pacing the pavements every 20 yards along the road. 6. I couldn’t imagine what he must be thinking of me. 7. «Walter Luke didn’t say much tonight, did he?» «He must have had something in his

mind. His experiment, I suppose». 8. Now we’ll go in and have something to eat. You must be starving. 9. We found his car in the garage. It was empty of petrol. He must have gone off last

night in somebody else’s car. 10. I went to the restaurant at which he habitually dined, but found he had not been there

for a long time, and thought he must have gone away. 11. You must have been misled by an accidental resemblance. 12. He glanced sideways at Christine. How she must have suffered because of him! 13. I was tickled at the confusion he must be experiencing when he compared his ideal

picture of the prima donna with the ruthless reality. Exercise 30. Finish the sentences using the necessary form of must. Open the brackets. Dramatize the dialogues. Model: A: Paula fell asleep in class this morning. B: She (stay up). She must have stayed up too late last night.

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1. A: Jim is eating everything in the salad but the onions. He’s pushed all of the onions over to the side of his plate with his fork. B: He (like) ______ onions.

2. A: George had to give a speech in front of 500 people. B: Whew! That’s a big audience. He (be) ____ nervous. A: He was, but nobody could tell.

3. A: What time is it? B: Well, we came at seven, and I’m sure we’ve been here for at least an hour. So it (be) _____ around eight o’clock.

4. A: My favorite magazine doesn’t come in the mail any more. I wonder why. B: Did your subscription run out? A: That’s probably the problem. I (forget) ____ to renew it.

5. A: I met Marie’s husband at the reception and we said hello to each other, but when I asked him a question in English, he just smiled and nodded. B: He (speak) ___ must English.

6. A: Where’s Dorothy? I’ve been looking all over for her. B: I saw her about ten minutes ago in the living room. Have you looked there? A: Yes, I’ve looked everywhere. She (leave) ______ .

7. A: Listen. Do you hear a noise downstairs? B: No, I don’t hear a thing. A: You don’t? Then something (be) ____ wrong with your ears.

8. A: You have a black eye! What happened? B: I walked into a door. A: Ouch! That (hurt) ____ . B: It did.

9. A: Who is your teacher? B: I think his name is Mr. Rock, or something like that. A: Mr. Rock? Oh, you (mean) _____ Mr. Stone.

10. A: I grew up in a small town. B: That (be) ____ dull. A: It wasn’t at all. You can’t imagine the fun we had.

11. A: Why are you here so early? B: Sam told me that the party started at seven o’clock. A: No, it doesn’t start until eight o’clock. You (misunderstand) ____ .

Exercise 31. Translate these sentences into English. 1. Они, наверное, тебя не видели. 2. Они, вероятно, не вернулись вовремя. 3. Он, наверное, не сдал экзамен. 4. Алик, очевидно, не узнал тебя. 5. Петя, должно быть, не принес тебе книгу, которую обещал. 6. Он, очевидно, не слышал, что ты сказал. 7. Они, наверное, не нашли наш адрес. 8. Она, должно быть, и не начинала подготовку к докладу.

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9. Коля, наверное, не закончил контрольную работу вовремя. 10. Кирилл, должно быть, не напомнил тебе о встрече. 11. Вероятно, вечером будет дождь. 12. Он, скорее всего, будет инженером. 13. Они, очевидно, подождут нас там. 14. В это время у них, вероятно, будет урок математики. 15. В следующем году ему, должно быть, будет 17 лет. 16. Должно быть, этой осенью рано начнет идти снег. 17. Папа, наверное, купит мне видеомагнитофон. 18. Весной мы, наверное, пойдем в поход. 19. Она, наверное, пригласит меня на день рождения. 20. Вероятно, завтра будет гораздо теплее.

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C A N In the second way we use can to express strong doubt or astonishment Can he know it? – Неужели он знает это? Can he be working now? – Неужели он сейчас работает? Can he have been waiting for us all this time? – Неужели он ждал нас все это время? We can express strong doubt about negative statements "Неужели он не …", "он не мог не …", "не может быть, чтобы он не …" Не может быть, чтобы …

He can't + infinitive

do be doing have done have been doing

Present Past

• Oh! cried Fleur: "You can't have done it!" – Не может быть, чтобы вы это

сделали! • She can't be still waiting. – Не может быть, чтобы она все еще ждала вас. Model: 1. He didn't notice you.

a) Can/could he have failed to notice you? – Неужели он не заметил … b) He can't have failed to notice you. – Он не мог не заметить…

Не может быть, чтобы он не заметил… 2. He doesn't like it here.

Can he dislike it here? – Неужели ему здесь не нравится? He can't dislike it here. – Не может быть, чтобы ему здесь не нравилось.

3. We didn't see him do it. Can nobody see him do it? – Неужели никто не заметил…? Nobody can have seen him do it. – Не может быть, чтобы никто не заметил…

4. He didn't see your letter. Can he have never got my letter? – Не может быть, чтобы он не получил моего письма.

The past of could (do) is could have (done). We use could have (done) to say that we had the ability or opportunity to do something but did not do it. • We didn't go out last night. We could have gone to the cinema but we decided to

stay at home. …могли бы пойти в кино, но решили остаться дома. • Why did you stay at a hotel in New York? You could have stayed with Linda. – Вы

могли бы остановиться у Линды.

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We use could to ask about possible future actions. In this case it has a present or future meaning: • What shall we do this evening? • We could go to the cinema. Мы могли бы пойти в кино. • When you go to New York, you could stay with Linda. …ты могла бы

остановиться у Линды. Compare the usage of: could have (done): • I'm so tired. I could sleep for a week. (now) • I was so tired. I could have slept for a week. (past) Most often, we use could have (done) for things which were possible but did not happen: • Why did you stay at a hotel when you went to New York? You could have stayed

with Barbara. (=you had the opportunity to stay with her but you didn't). • Jack fell off a ladder yesterday but he's all right. He's lucky – he could have hurt

himself badly (but he didn't hurt himself). • The situation was bad but it could have been worse. Sometimes could means "would be able to …": • We could go away if we had enough money. (=we would be able to go away). • I don't know how you work so hard. I couldn't do it. Could have (done) = would have been able to (do): • Why didn't Liz apply for the job? She could have got it. • We could have gone away if we'd had enough money. • The trip was cancelled last week. Paul couldn't have gone anyway because he was

ill. (=he wouldn't have been able to go) • You did very well to pass the exam. I'm sure I couldn't have passed it. (=I wouldn't

have been able to pass it if I had taken it).

Exercises Exercise 1. What means of expressing modality are used in Russian and English in corresponding situations? He could have translated the text (but he didn’t want to). He can’t have asked you about it. He can’t have failed to ask you about it. It can’t be he didn’t ask you about it. Can he have asked you about it? Can it be that he didn’t ask you about it? Can he have failed to ask you about it?

Он мог бы перевести этот текст (но не хотел). Не может быть, чтобы (вряд ли) он тебя об этом спросил. Не может быть, чтобы (вряд ли) он тебя об этом не спросил. Неужели (разве) он тебя об этом спросил? Неужели (разве) он тебя об этом не спросил?

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I suppose he could ask her this question now.

Думаю, он мог бы задать ей этот вопрос сейчас.

Exercise 2. Translate from Russian into English using the chart as a cue. 1. Он мог бы перевести этот текст, но не захотел. 2. Не может быть, чтоб он меня заметил. 3. Неужели он меня заметил? 4. Не может быть, чтобы он меня не заметил. 5. Не может быть, чтобы она забыла мой адрес. 6. Неужели она забыла мой адрес? 7. Неужели она мне лжет? 8. Вряд ли она тебе солгала. 9. Неужели это правда? 10. Не может быть, чтобы это было правдой. 11. Разве он бросил курить? 12. «Ну, что же, ничего страшного, все могло бы быть хуже». - думал он, медленно шагая по дороге домой. 13. «Ну, и что же вы сказали?» - «Конечно, я сказал, что это было несчастный случай. Что еще это могло быть?» Exercise 3. Analyze the explanation given in brackets. 1. Can he be doing it? (Is it possible that he is doing it now?) 2. Can he have done it? (Is it possible that he has done/ did it?) 3. He cannot have done it. (It is impossible that he has done it.) 4. Can he have been doing it for so long a time? (Is it possible that he has been doing

it for so long a time? 5. He could do it. (He was capable of doing it - with reference to the past.) 6. He could do it if he tried. (It would be possible for him to do it if he tried.) 7. He could have done it if he had tried. (It would have been possible for him to do it if

he had tried.) Exercise 4. Express strong doubt about these negative statements. Model: He didn’t notice you. Can he have failed to notice you? - Неужели он не заметил?

He can’t have failed to notice you. - Он не мог не заметить... He doesn’t like it here. Can he dislike it here? He can’t dislike it here. 1. You didn’t understand me. 2. She didn’t like the play. 3. They don’t trust him. 4. They didn’t notice the mistake.

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5. They didn’t receive the telegram in time. 6. They didn’t realize the importance of the event. 7. She didn’t see you. 8. He doesn’t see in the distance. Exercise 5. Express your doubt or disbelief. Use the sentences as a dialogue. Model: - He phoned me yesterday.

a) - Can he have phoned you yesterday? b) - He can’t have phoned you yesterday.

1. He brought me his essay that afternoon. 2. I have already heard this story repeated twice. 3. He is studying in the library now. 4. She will have translated this article by tomorrow. 5. It is still raining. 6. It has been raining since morning. 7. He injured his knee badly during the match. 8. He knows about it only too well. 9. She has broken her promise. 10. We were kept waiting at the door. Exercise 6. Translate into Russian. 1. I have to take my youngest to the kindergarten otherwise I could explain it to you

now. 2. She could read her texts fluently and expressively if she had such a teacher as her

best friend Ann. 3. Of course, I could have taken the short cut across the birch grove, but I did not want

to go to the park. 4. It’s only ten to five, I think we could do it if we ran all the way. 5. You could have done it quite well if you had only tried. 6. How can I describe it to you? You could try. Exercise 7. Translate into English. 1. Я бы не смогла пойти вчера в кино. У мня было много дел дома. 2. Я бы не смог перевести этот текст без словаря. Мой английский не очень

хорош. 3. Мне жаль, что его не было дома. Он бы мог помочь вам. 4. Мне жаль, что его нет дома. Он бы мог помочь вам. 5. Он смог бы решить такую задачу, когда ему было десять лет. 6. Спросите его, мог бы он научить меня произносить этот звук по-английски? 7. Никто не смог бы научить ее произносить этот звук правильно, потому что она

не хотела учиться.

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8. Мне жаль, что погода плохая, я могла бы показать вам такие красивые места в парке.

9. Жаль, что погода была плохая, я могла бы погулять в парке. 10. Погода была плохая, и мы могли бы пойти без пальто. Exercise 8. Form requests in the perfect tense using the following word combinations. Translate the sentences. Model: to leave the child with its grandparents request: Can (could) you leave the child.... You couldn’t have left the child.... to help somebody with one’s work; to do something directly; to wait a minute; to take somebody’s picture; to take the child out walking; to have cream with one’s tea; into a shop for some face-cream; to discuss the subject with one’s friends. Exercise 9. Express strong doubt about the statements made in the following sentence (give two variants in each case). Model He knows the language quite well. a) Can (could) he know the language quite well? b) He can’t (couldn’t) know the language quite well. He is waiting for someone. a) Can (could) he be waiting for someone? b) He can’t (couldn’t) be waiting for someone. 1. He understands every word you say. 2. She is really fond of the child. 3. They know how to get there. 4. She is crying. 5. She is looking for somebody. 6. She is always interfering and criticizing every single thing we do. 7. They are always fighting. 8. But they are very fond of each other. 9. She is trying so hard to please everybody. 10. Children like to play here. 11. He is telling the truth. Exercise 10. Translate the sentences into Russian. Pay attention to the modal verb can/can’t, could/couldn’t. 1. I simply could not have refused: they were waiting for us to come. 2. He was not old. He couldn’t have been more than forty. 3. «Oh!» she cried in surprise, «it’s impossible! You can’t have done it!»

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4. A little bit of boiled fish couldn’t have hurt you, you know. 5. You could have helped me with the translation of this article, but you didn’t want. 6. I am sorry I couldn’t come in time. If you came in time we could do it better. 7. Can she have been waiting for us all this time? Exercise 11. Say that those events could not happen. The given example will help you. Model: Yesterday I saw Pete in the assembly-hall. You can’t have seen Pete in the assembly-hall yesterday. 1. Boris was in the canteen five minutes ago. 2. Robert took two bags with him. 3. That was Ann who plugged in the tape-recorder. 4. Nick has been doing the recording for two hours already. 5. It was Mary who rewound the tape. 6. The teacher let me take the tape home. 7. The teacher permitted us to use the dictionary. 8. Nick got up at seven and did morning exercises. 9. It was Kate who entered the room. 10. There were a lot of pupils in the library yesterday. 11. It was John who broke the radio-set. Exercise 12. Say that these events cannot happen. Use the modal verb can’t. Model: This old bracelet was found in Africa. This old bracelet can’t have been found in Africa. 1. I saw Ann in the library yesterday. 2. This tower was built in the 9th century. 3. This book was written by a very good writer. 4. This film was made by a well-known director. 5. This play was written by a very clever playwright. 6. This film has been shot in a fortnight. 7. This book was translated into Russian in the 18th century. 8. This castle was built in the 15th century. 9. This picture was painted by an Italian artist. 10. This refrigerator was produced ten years ago. 11. This car was built twenty years ago. 12. These photographs were taken in the north. 13. This tape-recording was done last week. 14. James was given an excellent mark in history. 15. Ann was given an excellent mark for her geometry test. 16. This house was built at the beginning of this century.

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Exercise 13. Translate into English using can’t. 1. Не может быть, чтобы они сейчас были дома. 2. Не может быть, чтобы он так много знал. 3. Не может быть, чтобы они сейчас играли во дворе. Уже поздно. 4. Не может быть, чтобы она еще спала. Уже поздно. 5. Не может быть, чтобы он опоздал на поезд. 6. Не может быть, чтобы она обманула его. 7. Не может быть, чтобы вы сделали такую ошибку. 8. Не может быть, чтобы она провалилась на экзамене. 9. Не может быть, чтобы она предала меня. Exercise 14. Analyze the sentences with modals can/could. Translate them into Russian. 1. He could speak English if necessary. 2. Could I help you? 3. Could it be true? 4. She could do the work properly. 5. She could have done the work properly (but she didn’t). 6. You could see the picture if you had time. 7. You could have seen the picture if you had enough time to go to the exhibition. 8. Can he be really ill? 9. Can it be so late? 10. Can she be telling lies? 11. Can he be writing a new book? 12. Can he have said it? 13. Can she have fallen ill? 14. Can she have been really at home all this time? 15. Can he have been waiting for us so long? 16. What can (could) he be doing? 17. What can (could) he have done? 18. Where can (could) he have gone to? Exercise 15. Analyze the sentences with can’t/couldn’t. Translate them into Russian. 1. It can’t be true. 2. It couldn’t be true. 3. She can’t be telling lies. 4. She couldn’t be telling lies. 5. He can’t be really ill. 6. She can’t have been waiting for us so long. 7. She couldn’t have been waiting for us so long. 8. He can’t have said it.

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9. He couldn’t have said it. 10. She can’t have been at home all this time. 11. She couldn’t have been at home all this time. Exercise 16. Translate into English using the modal verb can. 1. Не может быть, чтобы она опоздала на урок: она никогда не опаздывала. 2. Не может быть, чтобы она перепутала улицы. 3. Не может быть, чтобы это было правдой. 4. Неужели ты разорвал мою записку? 5. Не сможет быть, чтобы он был в парке сейчас. Уже поздно. 6. Не может быть, чтобы она это написала. Я уверен, что это написал кто-то другой. 7. Неужели он хороший бегун. Он такой маленький . 8. Не может быть, чтобы она уже окончила школу. 9. Не может быть, чтобы он был ученым. 10. Не может быть, чтобы он не был ученым. Он так хорошо знает химию. 11. Неужели она еще спит? 12. Неужели они проиграли? 13. Не мог он этого сказать. 14. Не может взрослый человек любить такие книги. 15. Не может быть, чтобы она вам это рассказала. 16. Неужели так было холодно? Exercise 17. Change the sentences using the modal verb can’t. Explain why those statements are not true. Model: I don’t believe he was at home yesterday. He can’t have been at home yesterday, he was at my birthday party. 1. I don’t believe the work was too difficult for my friend. 2. I don’t believe Jane made such a mistake. 3. It is impossible that the cat ate all the fish. 4. I don’t believe that our papers were so poor. 5. It is impossible that you believed such a silly lie. 6. It is impossible that he has stolen the money. 7. I don’t believe that they have heard the story before. 8. I don’t think that she was good at physics. 9. I don’t believe that you were serious telling me about Ann. 10. It is impossible that she was a traitor. 11. I don’t believe that he has made such an important discovery. 12. I don’t believe that the teacher has forgotten to correct our homework. Exercise 18. Refer the following statements to the past by changing the form of the infinitive.

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Model: Can he really like the place? - Can he have really liked the place? He can’t like the place. - He can’t have liked the place. Could he know about it? - Could he have known about it? 1. Can it be so late as all this? 2. Could he be telling the truth? 3. Surely it can’t be Jim. 4. But she could not mean it. 5. It can’t be so difficult after all. 6. You could not know it. 7. Can somebody be working against us? 8. Could she resent it? 9. Can she be trying to get out of the deal? 10. Could it mean that we are too late? Exercise 19. Express strong doubt about the statements made in the following sentences. Use the perfect infinitive to refer the situation to the past where necessary. Model She is still waiting for you downstairs a) Can (could) she be still waiting... ? b) She can’t (couldn’t) be still waiting... She knew nothing whatever about it. a) Can (could) she have known nothing? b) She can’t (couldn’t) have known anything... I have done it. a) Can (could) she have done it? b) She can’t (couldn’t) have done it. 1. Macabre saw the lion move. 2. There was one public meeting in the town itself. 3. The message had been under the front-door. 4. On Friday morning Bill came to my office again. 5. She has gone down the garden path. 6. He has looked at the papers. 7. He feels so bad about it. 8. The children are playing by the pond. 9. She knows it by this time. Exercise 20. Express strong doubt about the statements made in the following negative sentences.

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Model 1) He did not notice you. a) Can (could) he have failed to notice you? b) He can’t (couldn’t) have failed to notice you. 2) He does not like it here. a) Can (could) he dislike it here? b) He can’t (couldn’t) dislike it here. 3) We did not see him do it. a) Can (could) nobody have seen him do it? b) Nobody can (could) have seen him do it. 4) He did not get your letter. Can (could) he have never got my letter? 1. You did not understand me. 2. She did not like the play. 3. They do not trust him. 4. They did not find him. 5. People don’t want to go there. 6. She did not notice the mistake. 7. They did not receive the telegram in time. 8. They don’t realize the full significance of the event. 9. He did not see you. 10. She did not lose sight of them in the crowd. Exercise 21. Translate into English. 1. Неужели вы его не увидели? 2. Не мог он этого не заметить. 3. Неужели они об этом не узнали? 4. Неужели они проиграли? 5. Не мог он этого сказать. 6. Не может быть, чтобы он не одобрял вашего решения. 7. Не может взрослый человек любить такие книги. 8. Не может быть, чтобы она вам об этом не рассказала. 9. Не может быть, чтобы она вам об этом не рассказывала. 10. Неужели он верит этому? 11. Неужели он не верит этому? 12. Неужели было так холодно? Exercise 22. Practice the following according to the Model: I can do it tonight. I could do it tonight. Я могу это сделать сегодня вечером. Я бы могла это сделать сегодня вечером. 1. He can help you, but he doesn’t want to bother.

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2. Of course, I can’t translate it. 3. I think I can show you how to do it. 4. You can go and tell her about it. 5. She can see a doctor tonight. 6. He can easily get there in 20 minutes. 7. No one can do it so quickly. Exercise 23. Use can in the correct form followed by the appropriate infinitive. 1. __ you ( to call) a little later? I’m afraid I shall be busy till seven. 2. __ it (to be) a joke? 3. You __ not (to see) him at the meeting. He was ill. 4. __ we (to cover) fifteen kilometers? The village is not yet seen. 5. He __ not (to forget) your address; he has visited you several times. 6. If you had let us know, we __ (to send) our car for you. 7. I should be very much obliged to you if you __ (to lend) me your dictionary for a couple of days. 8. I don’t believe her, she __ (to fail) to recognize me. 9. He said he __ (to manage) the task by himself. 10. Why didn’t you ask me? I __ (to do) it for you. Exercise 24. Translate into English using the verb can. 1. Не может быть, чтобы он опоздал. Он всегда такой пунктуальный. 2. Неужели он произвел на вас впечатление рассеянного человека. 3. Не может быть, чтобы я неправильно вас понял. 4. Он не мог прочитать эту книгу так быстро; она трудна для него. 5. Не может быть, чтобы она не нашла вашего дома. 6. Вряд ли она забыла об этом; я об этом ей напоминала только вчера. 7. Неужели вы не помните, что я возвратил вам эту книгу? 8. Разве мог кто-нибудь подумать, что эта команда займет первое место? 9. Если бы не хорошая погода, экспедиция не смогла бы подняться на вершину

горы. 10. Неужели вы не нашли мою книгу? Exercise 25. Translate into English. 1. Неужели вы его не увидели? 2. Не мог он этого не заметить. 3. Неужели вы об этом не узнали? 4. Неужели они проиграли? 5. Не мог он этого сказать. 6. Не может быть, чтобы он не одобрял вашего решения. 7. Не может быть, чтобы она вам об этом не рассказала. 8. Неужели он верит (не верит) этому?

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9. Неужели все было так ужасно? Нет, было очень скучно. 10. Не может быть, чтобы он был дома сейчас. В это время он всегда бывает на работе. 11. Неужели он так хорошо знает китайский язык? 12. Неужели он отказался поехать туда? 13. Не может быть, чтобы он потерял эти документы. 14. Не может быть, чтобы ей нравились эти картины. 15. Не может быть, чтобы они уехали, не попрощавшись с нами. Exercise 26. Complete the sentences. Use could or could have + a suitable verb. A: I had a very boring evening at home yesterday. B: Why did you stay at home? You ..... to the cinema. Read this information about Bob: Bob didn’t do anything on Saturday evening. Bob was short of money a week ago. Bob doesn’t know anything about vacuum cleaners. Bob’s car was stolen on Thursday. Bob was free on Tuesday afternoon. Bob had to work on Wednesday evening. Some people wanted Bob to do different things last week but they couldn’t contact him. So he couldn’t do any of these things. You have to say whether he could have done or couldn’t have done them. 1. Bob’s aunt wanted him to drive her to the airport on Thursday. He couldn’t have driven her to the airport (because him car had been stolen) 2. A friend of his wanted him to go out for a meal on Wednesday evening. Bob_____ 3. Another friend wanted him to play football on Tuesday afternoon. Bob _____ 4. Jim asked Bob to lend him $100 last week. He ______ 5. Martha wanted Bob to come to her birthday party on Saturday evening. He ______ 6. Bob’s wife wanted him to buy a new vacuum cleaner. Bob ______ Exercise 27. Translate the sentences expressing doubt, uncertainty. 1. But I really feel that the late Mr. F. cannot have been a nice man. 2. When he married her she could not have been more than sixteen. 3. What on earth induced her to behave as she did, he never could understand. She

could have married as she chose. 4. What can have happened to change him so much? 5. For several seconds Judith stared at her, full of wild, helpless resentment, terrified. I

can’t be dying, she thought « I don’t want to die. I want to live».

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6. I ate the next course grimly to an end and pretended not to notice how she spaced out her roll - she couldn’t have been enjoying her meal much either.

7. I think you should certainly have told us the truth, we could have decided what was the best thing to go .

8. He could have had a yacht himself, but nobody would have sailed with him. 9. «They say it was her lover», replied the man. «She can never have had one», said

Rosalia, with a laugh of scorn. 10. Now look. I can’t have been so rash as to give you a blank promise. I must have said

something else. 11. Walker was so illiterate that he could not have written a word of the report. 12. Martin was on the other side of the fire. I thought that he could not have heard their

words. 13. Could this old woman be Lousie? She can’t have changed like that. 14. « It’s impossible», exclaimed Wakefield. «He couldn’t have done it».

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M A Y

In it’s second meaning may/might is used to express uncertainty, supposition implying strong doubt. May denoting uncertainty is used with all forms of the infinitive. Может быть, возможно

He may/might + be there be waiting have left

-Present -Past

There is no important difference betweenmight expresses greater uncertainty than• I'm not sure that he may/might be in • I can't find my bag anywhere. – You m May/might are also used: To talk about possible happenings in t• I'm not sure where to go for my hol• I may go to Italy. (=perhaps/will go• The weather forecast is not very go• It might rain this afternoon. (=perhTo talk about possible plans • I am going to Italy in July. (For sur• I may/might go to Italy in July. (It's Might instead of may is used because of • May I read the letter? He asked if he The negative forms are may not and mig• Ann may not come to the party tonig• There might not be a meeting on Frid

will not be a meeting) There is also a continuous form: may/mi• Don't phone at 8.30. I'll be watching• Don't phone at 8.30. I might be watc

television. (=perhaps I'll be watching We also use may/might be –ing for poss• I'm going to Ireland in July. (for sure• I may be going (or I might be going

say:

inf

have been sleeping

may and might in this meaning. Sometimes may. his office now.

ight have left it in the shop.

he Future iday. ) od. aps it will rain)

e) possible)

the sequence of tenses. might read the letter.

ht not (mightn't): ht. She isn't well. (=perhaps she will not come) ay because the director is ill. (=perhaps there

ght be + ing. Compare this with will be + ing: the football on television. hing (or I may be watching) the football on it) For will be –ing.

ible plans. Compare: ) ) to Ireland in July. (possible) But you can also

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• I may go (or I might go) to Ireland… with little difference of meaning. Note: Usually it doesn't matter whether you use may or might. So you can say: • I may go to Ireland, or I might go to Ireland. • Jane might be able to help you, or Jane may be able to help you.

a) But we use only might (not may) when the situation is not real: • If I knew them better, I might invite them to dinner. (The situation here is not real

because I don't know them very well, so I'm not going to invite them. 'May" is not possible in this example.)

b) Sometimes we use might expressing reproach or irony. • You might leave the child alone for the whole day. • She might have brought him something to eat. • They might bring her flowers! • You are becoming forgetful. You might have reminded me about it.

Exercises Exercise 1. What means of expressing modality are used in Russian and English in corresponding situations? 1. Может быть, он спросит тебя об этом 2. Может быть, он спросил ее об этом 3. Может быть, он не спросил ее об этом

(ему не удалось спросить). 4. Может быть (возможно), он тебя

неправильно понял 5. Может быть (возможно), он знает об

этом. 6. Может быть, он не знает об этом. 7. Может быть, он сейчас тебя ждет.

1. He may ask you about it. 2. He may have asked her about it 3. Probably (maybe, possibly) he did not

ask her about it. (He may have failed to ask her about it).

4. He may have misunderstood you 5. He may know about it 6. He may not know about it 7. He may be waiting for you now

Exercise 2. Translate from Russian into English using the chart as a cue. 1. Может быть, он говорит правду. 2. Возможно, он сказал тебе правду. 3. Возможно, он тебе не солгал. 4. Может быть, она именно сейчас печатает это письмо. 5. Возможно, она уже напечатала письмо. 6. Может быть, она напечатает письма завтра. 7. Может быть, он послал ей телеграмму. 8. Может быть, он не послал ей телеграмму. 9. Возможно, он понимает по-норвежски.

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10. Может быть, его напугали. 11. Может быть, он сейчас занят. 12. Возможно, их вчера не было в городе. 13. Может быть, он сейчас завтракает. 14. Может быть, она вас неправильно поняла. 15. Может быть, он неправильно написал имя. 16. Может быть, она потеряла мой адрес. Exercise 3. Analyze the sentences with the modal verb may and translate them. Suppose Jack was in Moscow. What did he see there? 1. Jack may have been in Moscow on the 1st of May. He was so eager to go there. 2. Jack may have visited the Historical Museum. He is so fond of History. 3. Jack may have gone sightseeing to the Lenin Hills. He wanted to see the stadium. 4. Jack may have been to the Kremlin. He planned to go there. 5. Jack may have been at the Conservatoire. He is fond of music. Exercise 4. Translate into Russian. 1. I may tell him about it later. I haven’t decided it yet. 2. You may have made a mistake. 3. My mother might have given me the money! I needed it badly at that time. 4. He may have asked you about it. Maybe he will, who knows. 5. Sir! May I go home at bit earlier? My parents may be waiting for me. 6. We asked the teacher if we might use dictionaries. 7. Our teacher may come any moment. Let’s stop smoking. Exercise 5. Make the necessary changes according to the model. Model. Possibly you left your book behind. You may have left your book behind. 1. Perhaps you left your umbrella in the bus. 2. Perhaps he went to the cafe to wait for us. 3. Perhaps it was Helen who rang you up. 4. Perhaps they came by plane. 5. Perhaps she had a very good English teacher. 6. Perhaps it was too cold for the children to go out. 7. It is possible that he took his children to the zoo. 8. Possibly they did not see us in the crowd. 9. Perhaps Robert used a dictionary. 10. Possibly Mary misunderstood you. 11. Perhaps Henry waited for us there. 12. Possibly Ann returned very late last night. 13. Possibly they have seen the new play. 14. Perhaps Nick has left his exercise book at home.

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Exercise 6. Change the sentences using may. Analyze the model. Model. Perhaps he is at home, but I am not sure. He may be at home, but I’m not sure. 1. It is possible that we studied at the same school, but I don’t remember her. 2. Perhaps she was proud of her knowledge, but she never showed it to her class

master. 3. Perhaps there was a chance for him to win the match. 4. Perhaps Peter was as capable as the old workers were, but he was given no chance to

show his skill. 5. It is possible that your brother has never heard about this singer. 6. Perhaps she tried to enter the university, but failed. 7. It is possible that you asked the wrong people, that’s why you didn’t get the right

answer. 8. Perhaps our friends will arrive here tomorrow. 9. Perhaps they will come home very soon: be ready. 10. Perhaps the question was too difficult for her. 11. Try this delicious drink, perhaps you will like it. 12. Why didn’t Nick ring us up? – It is possible that he forgot about it. Exercise 7. Open the brackets using may or might. 1. She asked me if she … (to turn) on the light. 2. I am afraid it … (not to stop) raining by the morning. 3. Don’t scold her: the task … (to be) too difficult for her, that’s why she made rather

many mistakes. 4. If they don’t miss the train, they … (to arrive) in time. 5. Why isn’t he here yet? What has happened? – Oh, he … (to miss) the train. 6. He … (to do) very hard work. That’s why he looks so tired now. Exercise 8. Write sentences with may not or might not. 1. (I don’t know if Ann will come to the party.) … Ann might not come to the party 2. (I don’t know if I’ll go out this evening.) I 3. (I don’t know if Tom will like the present I bought for him.) Tom 4. (I don’t know if Sue will be able to meet us this evening.) Sue 5. (I don’t know if you’ll get that job.) You 6. (I don’t know if your parents will return in the evening). Your parents 7. (I don’t know if my sister will be ready for tomorrow). My sister Exercise 9. Analyze the sentences. Translate them into Russian. Mark the difference between may and might. 1. He told me that it might be true.

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2. Might I come and see you? 3. It might be true. 4. He might have fallen ill (if he hadn’t taken the pills). 5. He may be busy now. 6. He may come soon. 7. He may be ill. 8. He may have fallen ill. 9. He may have been at home for about two hours. 10. He may be waiting for us for an hour. Exercise 10. Translate the sentences. Try to show doubt, uncertainty in your translation. 1. He said she might have fallen ill. 2. He said they might have been at home for an hour. 3. He said they might have been waiting for an hour. 4. He said he might see many interesting pictures at the new exhibition. 5. He might have fallen ill if he hadn’t taken the medicine. 6. You might carry the parcel for me. 7. You might have helped me. 8. You might have let me know about it before! I fear she may fall ill. 9. I hope he may be back soon. Exercise 11. Answer the following questions with suitable suggestions using may (or might) and the words in brackets. Dramatize the dialogue. 1. TERRY: Why is John wearing sunglasses? It's not sunny.

YOU (have some problem with his eyes) 2. JILL: Why didn't Jane come to party last night?

YOU (have a row a with her boyfriend) She might have had a row with her boyfriend.

3. SUE: Why is Alan in such a bad mood today? YOU (sleep badly last night)

4. ROY: Why is Shelley looking under the desk? YOU (drop something)

5. JILL: Where can I have put my bag? YOU (be under the bed)

6. ZOE Why hasn't anybody said "Happy Birthday" to me? YOU (plan a surprise)

7. TIM: Why does Henry look so miserable? YOU (have some bad news)

8. ELLA Why isn't Sophia in the office today? YOU: (work at home).

9. JOHN: Why didn't Rosemary come to cinema last night? YOU: (feel tired).

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Exercise 12. Analyze the explanation given in brackets. 1. It is 9 o’clock. The library may be open now. (Possibly the library is open at this

hour.) 2. He may be doing it. (Possibly he is doing it now.) 3. He may be asked to do it. (Possibly somebody will ask him to do it.) 4. He may have done it. (Possibly he did/has done it.) 5. He may have been doing it for a very long time. (Possibly he has been doing it for a

very long time.) 6. He said he might come. (He said that he would possibly come.). 7. He might do it. (It is doubtful but possible that he will do it.) 8. He might have done it. (It is doubtful but possible that he did it.) Exercise 13. Analyze the from of the modal verb. Translate the sentences into Russian. 1. I may show him your reports later, I don’t know. 2. I may have wrecked my own life, but I will not let you wreck yours. 3. Justice may be slow, mother, but it comes in the end. 4. Ernest, we may never be married. 5. For the first time she faced the thought that she might never be well again. 6. He may have written the letter, but the signature is certainly not his. 7. It might have been worse. 8. You might have asked me if I had an objection. 9. You might remember people are sleeping upstairs. Exercise 14. Express doubt about the statements made in the following sentences. Use the perfect infinitive to refer the situation to the past where necessary. Model There is no charge for admission. There may (might) be no change for admission. They shifted the piano to the third floor. They may (might) have shifted the piano to the third floor. 1. They spent part of the summer here. 2. Dessie gripped the phone. 3. In the end Joe took on the job and went out with his wife. 4. She is not particular about such things. 5. She will devote all her life to it. 6. He does not believe it. 7. Here’s where he went in. 8. He is lying in wait for you. 9. The woman was crying.

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Exercise 15. Express ironical requests based on the following sentences. Use the Perfect Infinitive to refer the situation to the past and in this way express reproach. Model You do not remember your child’s birthday. You might remember your child’s birthday. You did not switch off the lights before leaving. You might have switched off the lights before leaving. 1. You do not wear yow new suit to the office. 2. You did not sew the buttons on, Alice. 3. You did not even notice how well she played. You do not pay enough attention to

your child. 4. Do come and help me choose it. 5. You did not try hard enough. 6. You did not get up a little earlier and help me to clean up after the party. 7. You never let me know when something like this happens. 8. You didn’t give a detailed account. 9. You did not meet her at the station. Exercise 16. Translate these sentences into English. Use the verb may or might to express a greater degree of uncertainty. 1. И все же, наверное, не будет дождя. 2. Позвони Мэри. Может, она тоже пойдет с нами в парк. 3. Почему Алик отсутствует? – Возможно, он болен, он и вчера не приходил. 4. Я думаю, что он еще может прийти. 5. Возьми эту книгу, она может пригодиться тебе для доклада. 6. Скажи Гале, чтобы не каталась на дороге, она может попасть в аварию. 7. Скажи Кириллу, чтобы он не стоял так близко к краю: он может упасть в воду. 8. Может быть, он прав, а я все же сделаю по-своему. 9. Пошли быстрее, Алиса уже ждет нас. 10. Вероятно, учительница позвонит твоей маме и скажет, что у тебя двойка. Exercise 17. Analyze the meaning of the verb may. Translate the sentences into Russian. 1. I said to Mrs Micawber: «May I ask what you and Mr Micawber intend to do, now

that Mr Micawber is out of his difficulties? Have you settled yet?» (Ch.D.) 2. He said I might come to him any day I liked. 3. «The door was open», he said. «Might I see your wife for a minute?» (Glsw.) 4. If he walks from the station, he may arrive in the course of the next half-hour. If he

drives, he may be here any moment. (B.Sh)

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5. Here Miss Murdstone ceased her speech, and shutting her mouth, looked as if she might be broken, but would never be bent. (Ch.D.)

6. It was some special occasion. I don’t remember what. It may have been my birthday. (Ch.D.)

7. He may not have learned the news, that’s why he looks as if nothing had happened. Exercise 18. Use may + infinitive instead of the expression maybe. Model: Maybe, he is at home. – He may be at home. Maybe, he was busy. – He may have been busy. 1. Maybe, you’ll meet him at the station. 2. Maybe, they left a note for us. 3. Maybe, she has forgotten all about it. 4. Maybe, you’ve left your gloves at home. 5. Maybe, we’ll understand it later. 6. Maybe, the door was not locked. 7. Maybe, they don’t want us to come. 8. Maybe, she’ll write from the first station. Exercise 19. Use may or might, may not or might not. Model. Perhaps Margaret is in her office. … She might be in her office. 1. Perhaps Margaret is busy. 2. Perhaps she is working. 3. Perhaps she wants to be alone. 4. Perhaps she was ill yesterday. 5. Perhaps she went home early. 6. Perhaps she had to go home early. 7. Perhaps she was working yesterday. 8. Perhaps she doesn’t want to see me. 9. Perhaps she isn’t working today. 10. Perhaps she wasn’t well yesterday. Exercise 20. Translate these sentences into English. Use may or might perfect infinitive to express possibility, uncertainty in the past.

1.Может, Мери, уже приехала. Я позвоню. 2.Может, мама уже пришла, а ты все гуляешь. 3.Где же мой зонт? – Ты, наверное, оставила его в автобусе. 4.Где же Коля? – Он, наверное, остался ждать нас на остановке. 5.Кто звонил? – Не знаю. Возможно, это была Наташа. 6.Он, наверное, оставил книгу в школе и зря ищешь. 7.Ты не застал Нину дома? – Она, наверное, уже уехала.

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8.Пойдем в кино? – Может быть, мы смотрели уже этот фильм. Однако, неважно, посмотрим еще раз.

9.Что же девочки не приходят на собрание? – Возможно, они приходили вчера. Они могли спутать дату.

10. Как удалось Кириллу сделать такой хороший перевод, хотела бы я знать? – Вероятнее всего, он все же принес словарь.

Exercise 21. Complete the sentences with a verb in the correct form. 1. Where’s Bob? I’m not sure. He might be having lunch. 2. Who is that man with Ann? I’m not sure. It might … her brother. 3. Who was the man we saw with Ann yesterday? I’m not sure. It might … for a bus. 4. Why are those people waiting in the street? – I don’t know. They might … for a bus. 5. Shall I buy this book for Tim? You’d better not. He might already … it. Exercise 22. Translate these sentences into English. Use the verb may to express uncertainty, supposition. 1. Возможно, я ошибаюсь, но мне кажется, что я вчера видел Марину. 2. Борис ушел, но возможно, что он еще вернется. 3. Ты знаешь, а "Спартак" может выиграть! 4. Скорее одевайся: брат может войти в любую минуту. 5. Возможно, тебе фильм понравится. 6. Вероятно, мы поедем на каникулы в деревню. 7. Возможно, этот лодырь все же выдержит экзамен. 8. Ты знаешь, а наша команда может проиграть. 9. Может пойти дождь. Возьми зонтик. 10. Пошли в кино? – Пошли. Давай позвоним Наташе. Она, может быть, тоже

пойдет. Exercise 23. Make sentences from the words in brackets. Use may or might. 1. I can’t find George anywhere. I wonder where he is.

a) (he / go / shopping) … He may have gone shopping. b) (he / play / tennis) … He might be playing tennis.

2. I am looking for Helen. Do you know where she is? a) (she / watch / TV / in her room) b) (she / go / out)

3. I can’t find my umbrella. Have you seen it? a) (it / be / in the car) b) (you / leave / in the restaurant last night)

4. Why didn’t Tom answer the doorbell? I’m sure he was in the house at the time. a) (he / be / in the bath).. b) (he / not / hear / the bell)

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Exercise 24. Insert the correct from of may/might. 1. It… rain, you’d better take a coat. 2. He said that it… rain. 3. We … as well stay here till the weather improves. 4. You … told me! (I think I have the right to know.) 5. People convicted of an offence … (have a fight to) appeal. 6. If he knew our address he … come and see us. 7. He … be my brother (I admit that he is) but I don’t trust him. 8. … never see you again. 9. He … be on the next train. We … as well wait. 10. If we got there early we … get a good seat. 11. I’ll wait a week so that he … have time to think it over. 12. He isn’t going to eat it; I… as well give it to the dog. 13. You … at least read the letter. (I think you should.) 14. You … have written. (I am annoyed/disappointed that you didn’t..) 15. We’d better be early; there … be a crowd. 16. Nobody knows how people first came to these islands. They … have sailed from

South America on rafts. 17. I don’t think I’ll succeed but I … as well try. 18. If I bought a lottery ticket I… win $1,000. 19. I wonder why they didn’t go. –The weather … have been too bad. Exercise 25. Translate into Russian. 1. Impossible to say what it may have been. 2. In my opinion he was incompetent to practice medicine and it may have been

endangering patients’ lives. 3. Her glance and voice had that slight suggestion of command, in it that comes from

having occupied a position of authority. She might have been directing which tennis sets the girls were to play.

4. For all his pain Dirk Stroeve remained a ridiculous object. He might have excited sympathy if he had grown worn and thin. He did nothing of the kind. He remained fat.

5. Involuntary he glanced over his muscular body as if it revealed already some sinister index of the malady.

6. He wrote a film script for an English company. It might have been a suitable film for Annabel, but the company put another actress in the part.

7. I said, «Hallo, George!» He looked in my direction. «Hallo, George!» I said again. I might have been inspired to say more that agreeable morning but he didn’t wait.

Exercise 26. Rewrite the sentences, using might and beginning with the word in italics. 1. Perhaps you would let me know tomorrow.

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2. I wish he would be a little more tactful! 3. I think, perhaps you should ask him if it is convenient before you call on him. 4. Perhaps you would post this letter for me while you’re out shopping. 5. I’m annoyed that you didn’t warn me that the car was nearly out of petrol. 6. I think you should at least have apologized for what you said. 7. I’m irritated that he didn’t try to look at the problem from my point of view. 8. I’m annoyed that she doesn’t keep her room reasonably tidy. Exercise 27. Supply the sentences with may or might. Open the brackets. 1. Where are you going for your holidays? (to Ireland?)

I haven’t decided yet. …I may go to Ireland, … 2. What sort of car are you going to buy? (a Mercedes?)

I’m not sure yet. 3. What are you doing this weekend? (go to London?)

I haven’t decided yet. 4. Where are you going to hang that picture? (in the dining room?)

I haven’t made up my mind yet. 5. When is Tom coming to see us? (on Saturday?)

I don’t know yet. 6. What is Julia going to do when she leaves school? (go to university?)

She hasn’t decided yet. Exercise 28. Translate into English using the modal verb may. 1. Может быть, мы поедем на Волгу. 2. Может быть, она придет завтра. 3. Может быть, я куплю эту книгу в Москве. 4. Возможно, она пришлет нам телеграмму. 5. Возможно, они забудут принести газету. 6. Возможно, мой брат забыл позвонить вам. 7. Возможно, она уже купила билеты. 8. Может быть, он уже сделал уроки. 9. Может быть, моя сестра уже поговорила с ними. 10. Возможно, они уехали за границу. 11. Может быть, бабушка спит. 12. Может быть, дети играют у реки. 13. Возможно, они сейчас как раз обсуждают этот вопрос. 14. Возможно, они как раз сейчас обедают. 15. Может быть, он сейчас лежит на траве и смотрит на облака. Exercise 29. Translate the sentences into Russian. 1. Eric Sawbridge was the next British candidate, he was twenty-four, large, heavy,

mature, with a single thick line across his forehead; he was a lighter blond than Martin and might have been a Scandinavian sailor.

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2. «Have you heard about the plaster? A huge piece has fallen off the nursery ceiling into Nooky’s cot. «Was Nooky in the cot?» «Good Heavens, no.» «Why worry then?» «But he might have been killed.»

3. He may have felt ill and gone to the sick room. 4. I may not have had a very distinguished career. I certainly have nothing to be

ashamed of. 5. There was no sign of Pyle in the long street. Of course, I told myself, he might have

been detained for some reason at the American Legation. 6. Did Mrs Bulfoos mention where she was going? «No, she didn’t.» «Humph! She

might have left a message. 7. I should have thought you might have saved her all that trouble. 8. «Remember,» Dermot had continued, «if you don’t like me you may go home

whenever you choose. 9. «They may be looking for a way out too,» Minot said sarcastically. 10. I thought he might have said something to you about it. 11. He might be in the hall now, waiting for me. 12. As I looked at Martin, my disappointment for him was growing so that it drained me

of all other feelings, of sympathy, of affection. This might have been the might of his success.

13. «Oh, don’t be rich, please,» she said. «We mightn’t like each other if we were rich.» 14. We may have run across one another in the war. 15. The fellow may be lurking outside the house door. 16. She went to play golf with Larry. She said she might be late. 17. «What’s happened to the dog?» I said. «It isn’t here. His master may have taken it

with him.» 18. He said quickly: «I really meant you might have done better at the Chancery Bar.

But it’ll make no difference. 19. His eyes remained fixed on the other’s face, but they were empty of expression that

you might have thought he did not even see him. How did you get on?» he said. «It might have been worse.»

20. Rudd said to Martin: «Never mind, old chap. It might happen to anyone.» 21. Business is none to good, but it might be worse. 22. «I think I should go down to Adeline,» she said, knowing he would not let her. «She

may be crying.» 23. A useful rough-and-ready rule is that time adverbs may come at either end of the

sentence, but not in the middle.

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MUST – CAN'T We use must to say that we feel sure something is true:

• You've been travelling all day. You must be tired. (Travelling is tiring and you've been travelling all day, so you must be tired.)

• Jim is a hard worker. Jim? A hard worker? You must be joking. He's very lazy.

• Carol must get very bored in her job. She does the same thing every day. We use can't to say that we feel sure something is not possible:

• You've just had lunch. You can't be hungry already. (People are not normally hungry just after eating a meal. You've just eaten, so you can't be hungry.)

• Brian said he would definitely be here before 9.30. It's 10 o'clock now and he's never late. He can't be coming.

For the past we use must have (done) and can't have (done). We use must have and can't/couldn't have for certainty. We use must have + past participle of the verb, or must have been + base form + -ing (present participle) when we are sure something in the past is true because that is the logical conclusion based on the known facts:

• Cooper must have brought the bomb without anyone seeing him. (The speaker feels sure about this.)

• Cooper must have been planning the hijack for some time. We use the negative forms can't have or couldn't have + past participle or can't/couldn't have been + present participle (-ing) when we are sure something in the past is not true:

• Cooper can't/couldn't have spent all the money because some of it was found later.

• Cooper can't/couldn't have been living normally or someone would have recognized him/

Couldn't have … is possible instead of can't have …: • She couldn't have seen me. • Tom couldn't have been looking where he was going.

Exercises

Exercise 1. Complete the responses to the statements using must or can’t to suggest what seems to be the most likely explanation. 1. His fiancée writes to him every day. She must … 2. I don’t seem to have my key with me. I must have … 3. He drives a Rolls-Royce and his wife a Mercedes. They must … 4. No one thought he would be offered the job, but he was. The person who

interviewed him must have… 5. He has no idea what the book is about. He can’t have… 6. He talks about going to the moon next year. He must…

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7. She didn’t reply to his letter. She can’t have… 8. He wears glasses all the time. His eyesight can’t… 9. They haven’t been on speaking terms recently. They must have… 10. He said he would ring, but he hasn’t. He must have… 11. The last bus has already gone. It must … than I thought. 12. I’m amazed that she married him so soon. She can’t have… Exercise 2. Supply the sentences with must have been, can’t/couldn’t have been. 1. He knows a lot about flying planes. He … a pilot when he was young. 2. Vera … at the supermarket this morning. I didn’t see her there. 3. John … at the bank till 10.00, so he only arrived here five minutes ago. 4. When … (she) … at the hospital? Early this morning. 5. You … waiting long. After all, I’m only five minutes late. 6. There … an accident on South Street because the road is closed off. 7. When I was a boy we … sitting at our desks working before the boss got in. 8. I left a message on your answer phone last night. You … out. Exercise 3. Analyze the sentences with the modal verbs must and can’t. Try to mark the difference in the meaning of these verbs. 1. George is outside his friends’ house. He has rung the doorbell three times but

nobody has answered, They must have gone out. (otherwise they would have answered).

2. The phone rang but I didn’t hear it. I must have been asleep. 3. I’ve lost one of my gloves. I must have dropped it somewhere. 4. Jane walked past me without speaking. She can’t have seen me. 5. Tom walked straight into a wall. He can’t have been looking where he was going. 6. They moved to that district not long ago. He couldn’t have seen them near their old

house. 7. My father wants to retire. He must be very tired. Exercise 4. Put in must or can’t. 1. You’ve been travelling all day. You must … be very hungry. 2. It rained every day during their holiday, so they _______________ have had a very

nice time. 3. Congratulations on passing your exam. You ___________ be very pleased. 4. You got here very quickly. You ____________ have walked very fast. 5. Ben and Sue go away on holiday very often, so they ______________ be short of

money. 6. I’ve lost my keys. They ___________ fallen down when I was looking for my

handkerchief. 7. They haven’t lived here for long. They _____ know many people. 8. Tom isn’t at work today. He ______________ ill.

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9. Bill wasn’t at work last week. He _____________ ill. 10. Sue knows a lot about films. She ________________ to the cinema a lot when she

was young. 11. Jack is putting on his hat and coat. He must ___________ out. 12. I left my bike outside the house last night and this morning it isn’t there any more.

Somebody _____________ it. 13. Liz was in a very difficult situation. It ________________ easy for her. 14. There is a man walking behind us. He has been walking behind us for the last 20

minutes. He _________ following us. Exercise 5. Use the words in brackets to write sentences with must have and can’t have. 1. The phone rang but I didn’t hear it. (I / asleep) I must have been asleep. 2. Mary walked past me without speaking (she / see / me). She can’t have seen me. 3. The jacket you bought is very good quality (it / very expensive). 4. I haven’t seen the people next door for ages. (they / go away) 5. I can’t find my umbrella. (I / leave / it in the restaurant last night) 6. Dick passed the exam without studying for it. (the exam / very difficult) 7. He knew everything about our plans (he / listen / to our conversation) 8. Sally did the opposite of what I asked her to do. (she / understand / what I said) 9. When I woke up this morning, the light was on. (I / forget / to turn it off) 10. The lights were red but the car didn’t stop. (the driver / see / the red light) 11. I was woken up in the middle of the night by the noise door. (the neighbours / have /

a party) Exercise 6. Fill the spaces in the following sentences by using one of these forms + the perfect infinitive of the verbs in brackets. must + perfect infinitive is used for affirmative deductions. can’t/couldn’t + infinitive is used for negative deductions. 1. Did you hear me come in last night? ~ No, I … (be) asleep. 2. I wonder who broke the wineglass; it … (be) the cat for she was out all day. 3. I had my umbrella when I came out but I haven’t got it now. You … (leave) it in the

bus. 4. He … (escape) by this window because it is barred. 5. I saw a rattlesnake near the river yesterday. ~ You … (see) a rattlesnake. There

aren’t any rattlesnakes in this country. 6. He is back already. ~ He … (start) very early. 7. He returned home with a tiger cub. ~ His wife (be) very pleased about that. 8. I phoned you at nine this morning but got no answer. ~ I’m sorry. I … (be) in the

garden. 9. I left my bicycle here and now it’s gone. ~ Someone … (borrow) it. 10. When she woke up her watch had vanished. ~ Someone … (steal) it while she slept. 11. I told him to turn left and he immediately turned right! ~ He … (understand) you.

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12. Perhaps he swam across. ~ No, he … (do) that; he can’t swim. 13. Do you remember reading about it in newspapers? ~ No, I … (be) abroad at that

time. Exercise 7. Open the brackets. Use the past from of the modal verbs must or can’t/couldn’t. 1. He … (walk) from here to London in two hours. ~ It is possible. 2. He was very sick last night. ~ The meat we had for supper … (be) good. 3. There was a dock strike and the liner couldn’t leave the port. The passengers … (be)

furious. 4. We went to a restaurant and had a very good dinner for $3. ~ You … (have) a very

good dinner if you only paid $3. 5. That carpet was made entirely by hand. ~ It … (take) a long time. 6. The door was open. – It … (be) open. I had locked it myself and the key was in my

pocket. 7. He said that he watered the plants every day. ~ He … (water) them. If he had they

wouldn’t have died. 8. He came out of the water with little red spots all over his back. ~ He … (be) stung by

a jelly-fish. 9. There was a terrible crash at 3 a.m. ~ That … (be) Tom coming in from his party. 10. I had to get down the mountain in a thick fog. ~ That … (be) very difficult. 11. I saw Ann in the library yesterday. ~ You … (see) her; she is still abroad. 12. How did he get out of the house? He … (come) down the stairs for they were

blazing. 13. He was found unconscious at the foot of the cliff. He … (fall) 200 meters.

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C A N / C O U L D – M A Y / M I G H T Sometimes can / could has a similar meaning to may and might: • The phone's ringing. It could be Tim. (=it may/might be Tim) • You could have left your bag in the shop. (=you may/might have left it …) But

couldn't (negative) is different from may not and might not. Compare: • A: I wonder why she didn't say hello. • B: She might not have seen you. (= perhaps she didn't see you; perhaps she did) We use may and might to talk about possible actions or happenings in the future: • I haven't decided yet where to spend my holidays. I may go to Ireland. (= perhaps I

will go to Ireland). • Take an umbrella with you when you go out. I might rain later. (=perhaps it will

rain). • The bus doesn't always come on time. We might have to wait a few minutes.

(=perhaps we will have to wait) We use may have/might have/could have for possibility. We use may have/might have or could have +past participle, or may have / might have been or could have been + present participle when we think something in the past is possible: • Cooper might have escaped to Mexico, he may have died or he could have stayed in

the mountains. • Cooper may/might/ could have been living in Mexico. We use the negative forms may not have/might not have when we think something possibly did not happen in the past: • Cooper may/might not have spent so much money. However, the negative couldn't

have only describes a situation which the speaker is certain didn't happen in the past.

Exercises

Exercise 1. Compare the following columns. Mark the difference in the translation. 1. He may (might) be at home for all I

know. 2. They may (might) come to Moscow in

summer. 3. He may (might) not know her address. 4. She may (might) be waiting for you in

the entrance hall. 5. He may not have come yet.

1. Может быть (возможно) он дома, откуда мне знать?

2. Они, может быть (возможно), приедут в Москву летом.

3. Он, может быть (возможно), не знает ее адреса.

4. Она, может быть (возможно), ждет вас в вестибюле.

5. Он, может быть, (возможно) ещё не приехал. Он мог ещё не приехать.

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6. He said that the telegram might (not) have reached them.

7. Your shopping trip to town at the last moment was not a very clever thing to do. You might have missed the train home.

8. Can you like this film? 9. It can’t (couldn’t) be true. 10. They can’t (couldn’t) come tomorrow. 11. He can’t (couldn’t) be sitting in the

garden as it is raining. 12. He can’t (couldn’t) have done it. 13. Can (could) he have said it?

6. Он сказал что, вероятно, телеграмма не дошла до вас.

7. 8. Ваш поход по магазинам в последний

момент был не самой умной идеей. Вы могли бы опоздать на свой поезд.

9. Неужели (разве) вам нравится этот

фильм? 10. Не может быть, чтобы это было

правдой. 11. Не может быть, чтобы они приехали

завтра (они не могут приехать завтра). 12. Не может быть, чтобы он сидел

сейчас в саду, т.к. идет дождь (он не может сейчас сидеть в саду, т.к. идет дождь).

13. Не может быть, чтобы он это сделал (он не мог этого сделать).

14. Неужели (разве) он сказал это? Exercise 2. Express your reproach that the action, though possible was not carried out. Use the sentences as a dialogue. Model. He did not phone me yesterday.

a. He might have phoned me yesterday. It is ever so easy to do having a telephone in your house. – He might but …

b. You could have phoned me yesterday. I know you were at home and idle. – I could but …

1. He left a week later than we had arranged. 2. He forgot about his promise. 3. You didn’t do good at school. 4. You didn’t help me with the heavy bags. 5. He didn’t find time to think of his parents. 6. You did not notice what was going on round you. 7. He didn’t foresee the consequences of his decision. 8. You did not persuade her to follow my advice. Exercise 3. Translate into English using the modal verbs can or may. Give reasons for your choice of the modal verb. 1. Не может быть, чтобы она забыла о своем обещании. Это на нее никак не

похоже. 2. Почему ты не узнал, когда приходит поезд? Ты бы мог позвонить на вокзал.

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3. Неужели она не отправила письмо? Она могла бы сходить на почту вчера вечером.

4. Почему вы опоздали? Разве вы не могли взять такси? 5. Не может быть, чтобы он все это время обманывал нас. Здесь какая-то ошибка. 6. Разве он сейчас в городе? Он мог бы зайти к нам перед отъездом. Exercise 4. Change the sentences according to the model. Give your reasons why these things (events) could/might happen. Model. It might happen very soon. – It could happen very soon because he was very careless with the matches. 1. He could do it by the first of January. – 2. They could have done it more carefully. – 3. Wherever he might go he found friends. – 4. They might invite them to the party. – 5. We could meet him at the station. – Exercise 5. Respond to the statements or questions with a sentence suggesting a possible explanation using may, might, or could + the perfect infinitive of the verbs given. 1. No one is waiting at the bus stop. (may, miss) 2. He didn’t come to the party last night (might, not want) 3. No one has answered the doorbell. (might, go out) 4. How on earth did the thief get in? (could, break) 5. Why didn’t the teacher explain? (may, not know) 6. How did they know about our plans? (could, guess) 7. He didn’t seem surprised when I told him. (may, already know) 8. They should have been here long before now. (may, lose) 9. I haven’t seen my neighbors for over a week. (may, go) 10. Why hasn’t she written to me? (could, forget) 11. I can’t understand why he didn’t look me up while he was down here. (may, not

have) 12. It’s strange that he hasn’t said any more about his plans to emigrate (might, change) Exercise 6. Rewrite the statements and questions in reported speech. Pay attention to the sequence of tenses. 1. «You may leave work early this evening if you want,» the manager told me. 2. «You can put off making a decision for a week, but longer,» his interviewer told

him. 3. «Could I see your passports, please?» the Customs officer asked. 4. «May I ask you a rather personal question?» the teacher asked the student. 5. «You can borrow my notes provided you take care of them,» I told my friend.

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6. «Might I see that photograph you’re holding?» the police inspector asked his colleague.

7. «Cars may be parked at the rear of the building,» the notice stated. 8. «Might I interrupt you for a moment?» the chairman asked the speaker politely. 9. «May I join you?» he asked his friend. 10. «Visitors may not take photographs inside the building,» the notice stated. Exercise 7. Answer the questions according to the example. Example: (…)’s grammar book isn’t on her desk. Where is it? Response: I don’t know. It may/might/could be in her book bag. 1. (…) isn’t in class today. Where is s/he? (I don’t know. S/he…) 2. Where does (…) live? (I don’t know. S/he) 3. What do you think I have in my briefcase-pocket/purse? 4. What kind of watch is (…) wearing? 5. I can’t find my pen. Do you know where it is? 6. How old do you think (someone famous) is? Exercise 8. Translate into English. Give two variants where possible. Modal Ты мог бы прийти на полчаса раньше You might have come half an hour ago Он может не знать об этом. He may (might) not know about it. Неужели он ушел? Can (could) he have left? 1. Ты мог бы остаться дома хотя бы один вечер в неделю. Мама была очень

огорчена. 2. Может быть, он уже ушел. 3. Неужели он вам это сказал? 4. Может быть, он еще ждет. 5. Не может он так в самом деле думать. 6. Он может вам не верить. 7. Ты мог бы сразу сказать, что не хочешь идти в театр. Я бы не покупал билет. 8. Студенты могли бы получить ключи к упражнениям в библиотеке. 9. Иногда в хорошую погоду отсюда можно видеть море. 10. Вы не могли бы дать мне его адрес? 11. Можно ли вам помочь? Exercise 9. Fill in the blanks with may/ might, can/could. 1. I ___ be away from home tomorrow. 2. He _____ have been hurt. 3. It ____ or _____ not be true. 4. It was so dark, we ___ see nothing.

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5. ___lend me a shilling? 6. ___ you hear what he is saying? 7. You ___ walk miles in this district without seeing anybody. 8. ___ this be true? 9. ____we go to the pictures after we wash up? – Yes, we ___. 10. Mother says I ___ not go out. 11. Sorry, sir, you ___ not smoke here. 12. It ___ not be so far as all that. 13. ___ I have some more bread? 14. You ___ ask him to be the chairman. 15. The letters ___ have been written in this very house. Exercise 10. Before translating into English decide: 1) is it can or may want to use? 2) In what from? 3) With what infinitive to follow? 1. Он не смог бы увидеть ее вчера. Врач не разрешил ей выходить на улицу. Он

сказал, что она может только немного посидеть на балконе. 2. Оно, возможно, уже встречал ее, но сейчас никак не мог вспомнить, где это

могло быть. 3. Он, возможно, никогда сюда больше не вернется. Что ему здесь делать после

того, что произошло? 4. Как я могу сказать с уверенностью, был ли он уже здесь. Он мог прийти в мое

отсутствие. 5. «Я уверен, что вы могли это сделать много лучше». «Уверяю вас, что это было

совершенно невозможно. Я очень устал и сделал все, что мог. 6. Вы могли бы быть терпеливее и внимательнее. Человека в его положении

очень легко обидеть. 7. Не думаю, чтобы она все еще была в библиотеке. Может быть, она уже

вернулась домой и отдыхает. 8. Я очень боюсь, как бы ты не пришел в их отсутствие. Возможно, все еще не

вернулись с работы. Exercise 11. Complete the sentences using might not or couldn’t. Model A: Do you think she saw you? B: No, she was too far away … She couldn’t have seen me. A: I wonder why she didn’t say hello. Perhaps she didn’t see me. B: That’s possible. …She mightn’t have seen you. A: I wonder why Ann didn’t come to the party. Perhaps she wasn’t invited. B: Yes, it’s possible. She … A: Tom loves parties. I’m sure he would have come to the party if he’d been invited. B: I agree. He… A: I wonder how the fire started. Do you think it was an accident? B: No, the police say it…

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A: How did the fire start? I suppose it was an accident. B: Well, the police aren’t sure. They say it… Exercise 12. Translate into English using modal verbs can (could), may (might). 1. Не может быть, чтобы она закончила эту работу так скоро. Она, возможно,

сделала только половину. 2. Не может быть, чтобы ты потеряла деньги. Ты могла положить их в сумку. –

Нет, их нет в сумке. Я могла выронить их в магазине. 3. Не может быть, чтобы он уже уехал. 4. Неужели он перевел всю книгу? 5. Не может быть, чтобы сейчас было холодно на улице: термометр показывает

пятнадцать градусов. 6. Он не мог получить книгу, потому что библиотека была закрыта. 7. Не может быть, чтобы он получил книгу, ведь библиотека была закрыта. 8. Не могли бы вы показать нам дорогу на стадион? 9. Не может быть, чтобы она сломала ногу. 10. Я не пойду гулять: она, возможно, будет мне звонить. 11. Где мои книги? – Не знаю. Мама могла положить их в шкаф. 12. Не может быть, чтобы она разбила стакан, она такая аккуратная. 13. Сегодня очень холодно. Возможно, выпадет снег. 14. Миша, возможно, придет позже. 15. Я уже целый час ищу свою тетрадь по литературе. Не может быть, чтобы я ее

оставил в школе. – Возможно, ты отдал ее Кате. 16. Возможно, они уже давно изучают французский язык. 17. Может быть, брат приедет сегодня. 18. Возможно, она уехала за город. 19. Мы, возможно, и встречались с ним в Новгороде, но я этого не помню. 20. Вполне возможно, что она как раз сейчас пытается дозвониться нам, а наш

телефон не работает.

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MIXED EXERCISES Exercise 1. Make up sentences using Table 1 and Table 2. He Must

May Might Can’t

be Sleeping Working hard Watching TV Having dinner Playing football

He Must

May Might Can’t

Have Forgotten your address Lost your book Missed the train Caught cold Fallen ill Left the country Sold his piano Bought a car

Exercise 2. Use the proper form of the Infinitive: 1. To my mother, who was never strong, the whole experience must (to be) a nightmare

of suffering and social endurance. 2. "I might not (to give) a present at all", she says. "Instead, I could (to invite) her over

for egging during the holidays to ask her to be my guest at a Christmas programme. 3. I saw at once that he was dead, struck down from behind, and that he couldn't (to be)

dead long. 4. A lot of men died who might (to save). 5. Why didn't you wait for me yesterday? – I waited for five minutes. – You (wait) a

little longer! 6. How did Peter get here? - He (come) on a motorcycle. (This is a possibility.) – He

(not come) on a motorcycle. He doesn't ride one. – He (come) as a pillion passenger. 7. Why are you so late? You (be) here two hours ago! 8. Tom (looking out of the window): Fortunately that teapot didn't hit anyone, but you

(not throw) it out of the window, Ann! You (kill) someone. 9. Look at this beautiful painting! Only a very great artist (paint) such a picture! –

Nonsense! A child of five (paint) it with his eyes shut. 10. I wonder how the fire started. – Oh, someone (drop) a lighted cigarette. Or it (be) an

electrical fault. – You don't think it (be stared) deliberately? – Well, I suppose it (be). (It is possible.) But who would do a thing like that?

11. Then an enormous man, ten feet tall, came into the ring. – He (not be) ten feet tall really. He (walk) on stilts.

12. He jumped out of a sixth-floor window and broke his neck. – You say "jumped". It (not be) an accident? – No. The window was too small. It (be) deliberate.

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Exercise 3. Change the following sentences using modal verbs: Model: I suppose she is working in the library. (may) -She may by working in the library. 1. I am sure she has passed all her exams successfully. (must) 2. I wonder why she didn’t turn to me for help. (might) 3. I don’t believe he has done it. (can) 4. It’s so dark. I think it’s raining. (may) 5. I don’t allow you to swim in this dirty water. (must) Exercise 4. Fill in the blanks with must or may depending on how probable you think the action to be. Use must if you are nearly sure, may if the action is possible. 1. John … be still here. Here is his coat. 2. John … still come. He … have been detained at the office. He sometimes is. 3. What a smell! The milk … have boiled over again. 4. You … think I’m made of money. I gave you thirty dollars on Monday, didn’t I? 5. One never knows with her, she … feel offended if you don’t. (Ask her advice.) 6. I tell you I left them (the keys) right here. I always do. – Somebody … have taken

them. 7. She … not know about it. She have been out when they phoned. 8. Nothing but few charred stones remained after the fire. The heat … have been

terrific. 9. It … be later than we thought the metro isn’t running any longer. 10. There’s just a chance if we hurry. We … catch the 8.15. train. 11. Don’t worry, darling. Things … turn out better than you think. 12. After all it’s his job. He … not know what he is thing about. Exercise 5. Translate the following into English: 1. Она может не прийти. 2. Она могла бы прийти. 3. Возможно, она пришла. 4. Должно быть, она пришла. 5. Она могла бы прийти (но не пришла). 6. Неужели она пришла? 7. Не может быть, чтобы она пришла. 8. Она не могла не прийти. Exercise 6. Analyze the sentences with modal verbs in Perfect Infinitive. 1. Can Helen have made a bad impression on you? She cannot have made a bad

impression on you. (She is so nice)

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2. Can Helen have left her friend in need? She cannot have left her friend in need. (She is so nice)

3. Can Helen have said it? She cannot have said it (You didn’t understand her.) 4. Dick must be at home now. I advise you to ring him up. 5. Dick must still be reading’ the book. He will not give it to you, I am afraid. 6. Dick must be ready for the party. Call him, please. 7. Dick’s sister must be sleeping now. She didn’t sleep at night. 8. Dick’s sister must be tired. She passed her exams ahead of time. 9. Jack must have torn his coat. He is looking for a needle and thread. 10. Jack must have broken the tap. The cold tap is leaking again. 11. Jack must have broken the telephone. It is out of order. 12. Ann may have left the house. I don’t see her. 13. She may have gone to the circus. She was eager to go there. 14. She may have taken little Kate with her. She promised to show her the circus. 15. She may have told her mother about it. I don’t know. Exercise 7. Change to sentences. Use modal verbs must, may or can’t. 1. Probably that building in the distance is the station. 2. I don’t believe you have lost you passport; probably you have put into another bag. 3. Perhaps the girl was frightened. 4. Probably you left your textbook in the canteen. 5. I don’t believe they will give up such a brilliant idea. 6. You look pale. Probably you are tired. 7. I don’t believe that this boy is a good friend. 8. I am sure you are tired: you have been working for house. 9. Perhaps he visited the Hermitage when he was in St. Petersburg last year. 10. I am sure it is a very deep lake. Exercise 8. Analyze the difference in the meaning of the following sentences. Translate them into Russian. 1. There is a knock at the door. Who do you suppose it is?

a. It might be Sally. b. It may be Sally. c. It could be Sally. d. It must be Sally.

1. There’s a knock at the door. I think it’s Mike. a. It may not be Mike. b. It couldn’t be Mike. c. It can’t be Mike.

1. Where’s Jack? I don’t see him. a. He might have gone home. b. He must have gone home. c. He could go home.

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Exercise 9. Complete the sentences. 1. If the teacher spoke a little more slowly … 2. It the roads weren’t so icy … 3. If you didn’t live so far away … 4. … if I weren’t so busy. 5. If the traffic hadn’t been so heavy … 6. … if you had let me know earlier. 7. If we had a bit more time … 8. … if we had had a bit more time. 9. If we had the right materials for the job. 10. … if we had had the right materials for the job. Exercise 10. Translate into English the parts of the sentences given in brackets using modal verbs. 1. Do you think we (смогли бы добраться) home by nine? 2. I had never ceased to write to Peggotty, but (должно быть, прошло) seven years

since we had met. 3. «I’m sorry about Mabel», said Isaac. Lanny shrugged: «I suppose it (должно было

случиться)». 4. Mr. Zappa, the carrier (должен был заехать) for me in the morning at nine o’clock. 5. My servant (мог бы уже принести) the luggage into my room. 6. Where are they? They (могли бы и поторопиться). 7. Our partner (должно быть, перепутал) the terms of the contract. 8. Their flat (вероятно, стоит) a great sum of money! Exercise 11. Make sentences from the words in brackets. Model Don’t phone Ann now. (she might / have / lunch) She might be having lunch. 1. I wonder why Tom didn’t phone me. (he must / forget) 2. What’s Linda doing? I’m not sure (she may / watch / television) 3. Ann was standing outside the cinema (she must / wait / for somebody) 4. He was in prison at the time that the crime was committed, so (he couldn’t / do / it). 5. George was in a strange mood yesterday (he might not / feel / very well). Exercise 12. Complete the sentences with the correct modal perfect. It is difficult to keep a secret in a small town. Everybody eventually knows everything. She (know) ___________ that one day the company would find out that she smoked. When she learned that she had been fired for smoking away from the workplace, she (be) _________ furious.

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Indiana passed a smoker-protection law, but Bone didn't get her job back. She ___________. Teresa Fischette (agree) _________ to wear makeup, but she decided to fight the rule. The airlines (consider) __________ only _____ her job performance. Mercado (surprise) _______ and (thrill) _______ by the courtaward of $500,000 as well as the return to his job. I wonder if he ever returned to the job after getting so much money. Who knows? He (neg.) __. With so much money, be (decide) _________ to retire. He (be, neg.) ______ overweight when he started working there because the company has strict rules about weight for its guards. We usually think of police as taking care of important crime issues. The police who arrested the woman for not returning two overdue tapes (have, neg.) ________ too much to do if they were able to spend their time on such an unimportant issue. The woman who was arrested for picking tulips from public property (do, neg.) __________ it. If everyone picked flowers from public property, there wouldn't be any flowers left. However, the police also (handcuff, neg.) _________ and (arrest) _________ her. They (give) her a fine or even just (give) _______ her a lecture instead. Critics of this police action feel there are many other more important things they (do) ______ at the time instead of wasting time arresting a flower picker. The people who worked for the Ford Motor Company in the early 1900s (hate) ________ it when the Sociological Department entered and searched their homes. Since they had no choice, they (feel) _________ like slaves instead of workers. Ford said he did this to protect the workers from bad outside influences. Perhaps this was true, but it (try) _________ also ______ just to force the workers to follow its own code of decency. Exercise 13. Translate into English. 1. Почему Джейн не пришла? – Она, вероятно, забыла о вашем свидании. 2. Где Люси? – Должно быть, она пошла проведать сестру. 3. Интересно, почему она не закончила работу? – Возможно, она чувствовала

себя уставшей. 4. Где мой бумажник? Должно быть, я потерял его. Надо пойти в бюро находок. 5. Где мои очки? Вероятно, я их оставил в банке. 6. Где мое пальто? – Хелен, вероятно, отнесла его в химчистку. 7. Вам не надо было покупать так много пирожных. Мама печет яблочный пирог. 8. Не надо было покупать так много хлеба, он черствый. 9. Почему она так расстроена? – Она, должно быть, прочитала его письмо. 10. Не было необходимости писать такое длинное сочинение. 11. Вам не следовало бы нести такие тяжелые чемоданы самой. Надо было нанять

носильщика. 12. Не было необходимости напоминать ему об этом, у него хорошая память на

числа. 13. Не следовало бы вам стоять в очереди. Надо было купить билет в автомате.

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14. Я вчера видела Джоан в театре с мужем. – Не может быть, чтобы это был ее муж. Он в Южной Америке.

15. Самолету уже надо было приземлиться. 16. Не может быть, чтобы он прочел ваше письмо, он вполне порядочный человек. 17. Она не могла сделать такой перевод сама. Она недостаточно хорошо знаем

португальский. 18. Тебе не надо было покупать это платье, оно тебе не идет. Exercise 14. Translate into Russian. 1. She may have been here all the time. 2. I’m afraid there must have been an accident of some car. 3. He may be staying at his relatives now. 4. He hoped he might be permitted to make the acquaintance with her daughter. 5. He looks so important. He must know something interesting. 6. The must have been working at this problem for a month or so. 7. It suddenly occurred to him that she might have been waiting for him all the time. 8. Could you have tried harder? Yes… looking back now, I think I could have. 9. I don’t know what Fred Narracott can be doing this morning. 10. You heard Bore’s story. You’ve got to admit that if it’s true I can’t possibly have had

anything to do with Armstrong’s disappearance. 11. What could old Badger have been thinking about letting him in for this? However,

the drinks were all right. Exercise 15. Use the perfect infinitive of the verbs in brackets.

Insert the necessary modal verb.

1. Friend: Paul (go) to the playground to watch a football match. Mother: No, if there'd been a match today he (tell) me. He always tells me all the football news. Friend: His teacher (keep) him in as a punishment. Mother: She (not keep) him in for a whole hour. Friend: Then he (go) to a friend's house. Mother: Yes, or he (be) knocked down crossing the street. He may be lying unconscious in hospital! Friend: If that had happened the hospital (ring) you. Mother: They (not ring) me. My phone isn't working!

2. He jumped out of the airplane and landed unhurt! You mean he parachuted down? ~ He didn't say anything about a parachute. He (have) a parachute. Otherwise he (be) killed.

3. I bought a sweater at Marks and Spencer's last Sunday. You (not buy) it on Sunday. Marks & Spencer’s is shut on Sundays.

4. I wonder who carried the piano upstairs. I suppose it was Paul ~ Paul (not catty) it by himself. Someone (help) him.

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5. I was on the Circle Line and we were just leaving Piccadilly. ~ Then you (not be) on the Circle Line. It doesn't go through Piccadilly. You (be) on the Bakerloo Line or the Piccalilly Line.

6. The plane disappeared two weeks ago and no one knows what happened to it ~ It (crash) into the sea. If it had crashed on land someone (report) it by now ~ But

what do you think caused the crash ~ Who knows? It (blow) up. Someone (plant) a bomb on be before the take-off, or one of the passengers (have) explosives with him.Or someone (try) to hijack the plane. And there (be) a fight during which the plane crashed. Or something (go) wrong with the engines, or it (be) a case of metal fatigue.It (not be) metal fatigue because it was a brand new plane. The pilot (collapse) at the controls. ~ But if that had happened the second pilot (take over). 7. I (be) new to English customs. He said, "How do you do?" So I told him about my

migraine. Ann, "You (not do) that", (That wasn't the right thing to do.). You (say), "How do you do?" too.

8. It was the depths of winter and we had to wait eighteen hours in an unheated station. You (be) frozen by the time the train arrived.

9. I've done all the calculations Here you are – six pages ~ But you (not do) all that work! We have a computer to do that sort of thing ~ You (tell) me. Then I (not waste) all my time.

10. He failed the exam but he (pass) it. (He had the ability to pass it.) It's all his own fault; he (work) much harder during the term

11. He's not here yet. I locked him in and bolted the door too, so he (not possibly open) the door from inside. And he (not get) out of the window; it's too small. ~

12. Somebody (let) him out. One of his friends (follow) you here and (slip) in when your back was turned.

Exercise 16. Use the perfect infinitives of the verbs in bracket with the appropriate auxiliary. Phrases in bold type should not be repeated but their meaning should be expressed by auxiliary + perfect infinitive. 1. It is possible that Shakespeare (write) it. ~

Shakespeare (not write) it because the events mentioned there didn't occur after Shakespeare's time.

2. I found this baby bird at the foot of a tree. It (fall) out of a nest. 3. I used to visit her and I always wondered why she had those dreadful pictures on the

walls. ~ It is possible that she (like) them.

4. During the gala, the captain was on the bridge the whole time. He (be) exhausted afterwards.

5. You (leave) a note. (It was very inconsiderate of you not to do so.) 6. Somebody phoned at lunchtime but I couldn't catch the name. ~

It (be) my brother. He sometimes rings me up then. 7. The lecturer was a tall man with white hair. ~ Then it (not be) Dr Fell because he is

short and fat. It (be) Dr Jones; I think he is thin. 8. I saw them in the street but they didn't stop to speak to me. ~

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It is possible that they (be) in a hurry. 9. People were waiting but the bus didn't stop. ~ It is possible that it (be) full. 10. We went sailing on a lake in a London park. I think it was the Round Pond. ~

It (not be) the Round Pond. There are only toy boats there. It (be) the Serpentine. 11. Look, there's a tree right across the road! ~

So there is. It (be) blown down by the gale last night. 12. It is possible that I (be) mistaken. 13. I sat on a seat in the park and now my coat is covered with green stripes. ~ The paint (be) wet. 14. I suppose it was Charles who left the kitchen in a mess. ~

No, it (not be) Charles. He never has a meal in. It (be) Bill. 15. I know she was in because I heard her radio, but she didn't open the door. ~

Possibly she (not hear) the bell. 16. If you had told me that you were in London I (put) up. (This would have been

possible.) 17. I can't think why they didn't try to help him. ~

It is possible that they (not realize) that he was drowning. 18. He (thank) us. (We are offended that he didn't.) 19. I (go) on Tuesday (this was the plan). But on Tuesday I had a terrible cold so I

decided to wait till Wednesday. Exercise 17. Translate into English. 1. Он, возможно, будет там завтра. 2. Он, возможно, был там вчера. 3. Он, по всей вероятности, был там вчера. 4. Он должен был быть там вчера. 5. Не может быть, чтобы он был там вчера. 6. Возможно ли, чтобы он был там вчера? 7. Неужели он там был вчера? 8. Не может быть, чтобы это была правда. 9. Неужели это правда? 10. Это, должно быть, правда. 11. Возможно, это правда. 12. Кто знает? Может быть, это и правда. 13. Возможно, это была правда. 14. Это, очевидно, была правда. 15. Вы, вероятно, ошиблись. 16. Вы должно быть, ошибаетесь. 17. Не может быть, чтобы вы ошиблись. 18. Неужели (возможно ли, чтобы) вы ошиблись? 19. Не может быть, чтобы они меня не поняли. Exercise 18. Choose the correct answer in each of the following sentences according to meaning and tense.

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1. Marcela didn’t come to class yesterday. She (will have/had/may have had) an

accident. 2. John didn’t do his homework, so the teacher became very angry. He (must have

asked/could have asked/might have asked) 3. Sharon was supposed to be home at nine o’clock. She (may forget/must have

forgotten) about our meeting. 4. Where do you think Juan is today? I have no idea. He (must have slept/may have

slept) late. 5. George missed classes today. He (might have had/might had had) an accident. 6. Robert arrived without his book. He (could have lost/must have lost) it. 7. Thomas received a warning for speeding. He (must have driven/mustn’t have driven)

so fast. 8. Henry’s car stopped on the highway. It (may run/may have run) out of gas. Exercise 19. Insert the necessary modal verb. 1. Julietta was absent for the first time yesterday. She (be) sick. 2. The photos are black. The X rays at the airport (damage) them. 3. Carmencita did very well on the exam. She … (study) verb hard. 4. Jeanette did very badly on the exam. She … (study) harder. 5. German called us as soon his wife had her baby. He … (be) very proud. 6. Eve had to pay $5.00 because she wrote a bad check. 7. She … (deposit) her money before she wrote a check. 8. John isn’t here yet. He … (forget) about our meeting. 9. Alexis failed the exam. He … (study) negatively enough. 10. She … (be) about twenty five now. She went to school with my sister. 11. It’s five o’clock. He … (be) work in the garden. 12. Something … (have) happened. He has never been late before. Exercise 20. Fill in the blanks. Use the following verbs: could have, couldn’t have, might have, must have.

The Night Uncle Bob Was Arrested

A.: Tell me the story about the night Uncle Bob was arrested. B.: You don’t really want to hear that old story again. I told it to you a hundred times! A.: I know. But I’d like to hear it again. B.: Well, all right. I’ll never forget the night they arrested your Uncle Bob for stealing a car. As soon as I heard he was in trouble, I called the police station because I knew he ___ been driving too fast, or he _____ missed a stop sing, but I knew that he ____ stolen a car! I knew that the policeman ______ arrested the wrong man. Later, we found out what really had happened. Your Uncle Bob couldn’t find keys and was trying to get into his car. The only way he could do that was by breaking the window. That’s when the police arrived. Your Uncle Bob ______ been so impatient. He should have called

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me because I had keys to his car all the time. He left them at my house and __________ forgotten them. A.: That’s my favorite story. Thanks for telling it. Exercise 21. Translate into English. 1. Не беспокойся. Они не опоздают. Возможно, они уже едут сюда и будут здесь

через несколько минут. 2. Когда мы должны быть на вокзале? В 9.00, но не нужно торопиться, поезд

уходит в 9.30. 3. Должно быть, она не узнала нас. 4. Неужели вы все еще работаете над этим переводом? Ведь статья очень

простая. 5. Не может быть, чтобы они уже переехали на новую квартиру. 6. Эта книга, должно быть, пользуется большим успехом у читателей. 7. Его речь, должно быть, произвела большое впечатление на слушателей. 8. Вам, наверное, уже сообщили, что поезд опоздает. 9. Ей обязательно нужно было позвонить маме, предупредить, что она, может

быть, не приедет. Exercise 22. What’s the Word? Could have might have Couldn’t have must have 1. Your house looks like new since the fire. You ________ spent a lot of time repairing

it. 2. We _______ got seasick. 3. It was so dark in my basement that I fell down the stairs. I _______ _______ fixed

that broken light. 4. Patty is crazy! She _________ _______ got to New York any way she wanted. Why

did she hitchhike? 5. I called Stuard’s apartment all night and nobody answered me. He _____ ______

gone out. 6. You _______________ swept the front porch. It looks so clear. 7. He ______________ stolen the car. He was with me all the time. 8. My washing machine is broken. The repairman said I never _____ tries to wash four

pairs of sneakers and three pairs of jeans at the same time. Exercise 23. Make sentences using the Table and the pictures. They Must

Could May Might have

Have been doing It

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Couldn’t Can’t

Exercise 24. Translate the following sentences into English. 1. Что это за шум? – Это, должно быть, машина. 2. Что делают гости? – Они, вероятно, прощаются. 3. Гости, должно быть, уходят, они уже в прихожей. 4. Должно быть, вечеринка заканчивается, музыка прекратилась. 5. Должно быть, гости веселятся, все так громко смеются. 6. Что, вы думаете, может сейчас происходить у соседей? – Они, вероятно,

танцуют. 7. Должно быть, они скандалят. Они всегда скандалят после вечеринок. 8. Он, вероятно, позвонил в полицию. – Не может быть, чтобы он позвонил,

ничего страшного не произошло. 9. Интересно, чем это они могут кидаться? 10. Не может быть, чтобы он сажал помидоры, еще слишком холодно. 11. Это, должно быть, молочник идет. – Это не может быть молочник, он никогда

не приходит по воскресеньям. Exercise 25. Circle the best answer for each of the following sentences. Use only the information given in each sentence. 1. I can’t believe that you walked across that highway at night. You ____ been killed.

a. should have b. may have c. could have d. must have

2. Have they been given the mail yet? I’m not sure. They _________. a. might have b. might have been c. could have d. must have

3. The woman who was arrested for not returning the video tapes to the store be _____ shocked when the police appeared at her door. a. must have b. might have been c. could have been d. must have been

4. The video store owners complain _____ to the police about the woman with the two overdue tapes. a. might have b. may have c. could have

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d. must have Exercise 26. Translate into English using must, may, might or can’t. 1. Они, должно быть, живут в Санкт-Петербурге. 2. Они, может быть, живут в Санкт-Петербурге. 3. Может быть, они и живут в Санкт-Петербурге (хотя едва ли). 4. Не может такого быть, что они живут в Санкт-Петербурге. 5. Они, должно быть, жили в Санкт-Петербурге. 6. Они, может быть, жили в Санкт-Петербурге. 7. Может быть, они и жили в Санкт-Петербурге (хотя едва ли). 8. Не может быть, что они жили в Санкт-Петербурге. 9. Он, должно быть, на работе. 10. Он, должно быть, был на работе. 11. Он, может быть, на работе. 12. Он, может быть, был на работе. 13. Может быть, он и на работе (хотя едва ли). 14. Может быть, он и был на работе (хотя едва ли). 15. Не может быть, что он на работе (сейчас). 16. Не может быть, что он был на работе. Exercise 27. Choose the correct form of the verbs. 1. Why did you walk all the way from the station? You could phone / could have

phoned for a lift. 2. Why did I listen to you? I can be / could have been at home by now instead of sitting

here in the cold. 3. We thought our cousins would visit us when they were in town last week, but they

didn’t phone. I suppose they must be / must have been too busy.

4. I'm sure you could mend this if you really tried. You must be / can't be using the right tools.

5. I’ve just rung the garage to check whether they’ve fixed my car, but I can’t get an answer. I suppose they may have / may be having a tea-break out in the yard.

6. I don't know why you wanted to stay at that party. You could have enjoyed / can't have enjoyed talking to all those boring people.

7. You'll have to check these figures again. They're not accurate. You can have been concentrating / can't have been concentrating when you added them up.

Exercise 28. Use the cues in brackets to give an appropriate response to Student A. You are required to use present as well as past modals. The example will help you. Example: A: The milk smells funny. Have you tasted it? B: (Yes, it must have gone off).

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1. A: Gosh, she looks relaxed and sunburnt, doesn’t she?

B: (must/ holiday) 2. A: Annie used to have straight hair, didn’t she?

B: (must/perm) 3. A: Sam’s not at work again. I wonder why not.

B: (must/ill) 4. A: Have you any idea where Sue is?

B: (might/ tennis) 5. A: Do you know where Ginnie has gone of holiday?

B: (can’t/ abroad/ passport here) 6. A: Their homework is exactly the same, word for word.

B: (must/copy) 7. A: Why on earth has the car stopped?

B: (may/ run out of petrol) 8. A: I wish the dog would stop yapping!

B: (must/someone at the door)

Exercise 29. Before translating into English decide upon different degrees of the probability of the events. 1. Возможно, он придет попозже. 2. Может быть, он уже забыл о своем обещании. 3. Он, возможно, все еще работает в своем кабинете. 4. Возможно, они знают друг друга с детства. 5. Он сказал, что, возможно, опоздает к ужину. 6. Он, может быть, знает правду, но не говорит. 7. Кто знает, может быть, он и согласится нам помочь. 8. Маловероятно, но, может быть, он все-таки запомнил номер их дома. 9. Он, возможно, позвонит на станцию и узнает расписание поездов. 10. Он мог зайти в магазин купить что-нибудь к ужину, поэтому и задержался. 11. Я испугался, увидев Паркера так близко от себя. Он выглядел смущенным, и я

подумал, что, возможно, он подслушивал за дверью. Я рассказал об этом Пуаро и он сказал, что Паркер мог взять письмо незаметно для меня «Это он преследовал мисс Ферарс, можете мне поверить», - сказал я. «Возможно, вы и правы,» - подтвердил Пуаро. (after A. Christie)

Exercise 30. Use the perfect infinitive of the verbs in brackets with a suitable auxiliary verb.

1. Immediately after drinking the coffee I felt very sleepy and the next thing I remember is finding myself lying in the middle of the road. ~ They (drug) your coffee and (dump) you there. ~ If I hadn't woken up I did I (be run) over.

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~ That (be) part of their plan. (It is possible that it was part of their plan.) I found he knew all my movements for the past week. He (bribe) one of the other students to give him the information or he (follow) you himself. ~ No, he (not do) that. (Tat is possible.) I (see) him.

2. He walked from London to Cambridge in three hours ~ He (not do) it in that time. Someone (give) him a lift.

3. I found that everything I said on the phone had been ported to the police. ~ Your phone (be) tapped.

4. My ring's gone! It was on the table by the window only a minute ago! Who (take) it? ~ It (be) a magpie. There are some round here and they like shining things. A magpie (hop) in through the window and (snatch) it when you when you were out of the room. (This is possible.)

5. I had to walk home yesterday: I had no money for fare. ~ You (tell) me! I (lend) you the money!

6. The shoplifter thought she was unobserved but when she got to the door a store detective stopped her. They (watch) on closed-circuit television.

7. When I rang the exchange and asked for the number the operator said, "You (not ring) the exchange! You (dial) the number direct!" However, he put me through.

8. One moment the conjurer's handkerchief was empty and the next moment it was full of eggs! ~ He (have) the eggs up his sleeve! ~ Well, I suppose he (have) eggs up his sleeve: but for next trick produced a bowl of goldfish out of the air. He (not have) a bowl of goldfish up his sleeve now, could he?

9. Mary: My grandmother knew a girl whose fiancée was sent to prison for twenty years. This girl (marry) any one of a dozen men because she was a real beauty, but she waited till her fiancée came out of jail! Jack: She (love) him very much. Ann: She (be) an idiot!

Exercise 31. Translate into English. Use must, may or can’t. 1. Не может быть, чтобы она была такая молодая. Ей должно быть не меньше

тридцати лет. 2. Должно быть, вокруг вашей деревни растут густые леса. 3. Не может такого быть, чтобы он написал письмо так быстро. 4. Может быть, мы пойдем на пляж: погода чудесная. 5. Это, очевидно, очень древняя рукопись. 6. Давайте позвоним Роберту, нам может понадобиться его совет. 7. Торопись: ты можешь опоздать на поезд. 8. Он, может быть, заболел. 9. Он, может быть, болеет. 10. Не может быть, чтобы он забыл купить цветы. 11. Не может быть, чтобы он поссорился с ней. 12. Наверное, она узнала об этом от Маши. 13. Это, должно быть, была очень трудная задача. 14. На улице, должно быть, очень холодно.

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15. Она, должно быть, встретила их по пути домой. 16. Не может быть, чтобы они продали свой дом. 17. Они, может быть, приедут завтра. 18. Моя сестра, должно быть, сейчас в библиотеке. 19. Не может быть, чтобы он занял первое место. 20. Может быть, он и слышал об этом (хотя едва ли). 21. Мама, должно быть, купила конфеты. 22. Она, может быть, звонила мне вчера, а меня не было дома. 23. Может быть, он и в школе сейчас (хотя едва ли). Exercise 32. Translate into English. 1. Она не могла этого сделать! 2. Я мог бы прийти пораньше, если нужно. 3. Он, возможно, забыл свое обещание. 4. Вы могли бы принести книгу вовремя. 5. Он, вероятно, сейчас там. 6. По всей вероятности, они не придут. 7. Может быть, это и правда. 8. Неужели он имел это в виду? 9. Может быть, она потеряла сумку. 10. Сколько ей, по-вашему, лет? 11. Вы могли бы предложить свою помощь, когда он попал в беду. 12. Он, должно быть, допусти ошибку. 13. Может быть, он и сделал это, никто не знает. 14. Он, может быть, заблудился. Exercise 33. Complete the sentences using can/could, may/might, must/must have, can’t/couldn’t + the verb in brackets. 1. A: I haven’t seen our neighbours for ages.

B: No. They ..must have… away. (go) 2. A: What’s the weather like? Is it raining?

B: Not at the moment but it… later (rain) 3. A: Where has Julia gone?

B: I’m not sure. She … to the bank. (go) 4. A: I didn’t see you at John’s party last week.

B: No, I had to work that evening, so I… (go) 5. A: I saw you at John’s party last week.

B: No, you didn’t. You … me. I didn’t go to John’s party (see) 6. A: When was the last time you saw Bill?

B: Years ago. I… him if I saw him now. (recognize) 7. A: Did you hear the explosion?

B: What explosion? 8. A: There was a long explosion a few minutes ago. You … it. (hear)

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Exercise 34. Translate into English. 1. Она могла уже приехать. 2. Не может быть, чтобы она уже приехала. 3. Неужели она уже приехала? 4. Не могли бы вы сказать, когда он придет? 5. Вы могли бы приходить вовремя. 6. Я не мог прийти вовремя, мой поезд опоздал. 7. Я должна была прочесть эту книгу, но не успела. 8. Она, должно быть, читает эту книгу. 9. Должно быть, она отводила сестренку в школу, когда встретила брата. 10. Должно быть, он заходил к приятелю после работы. 11. Должно быть, они хорошо разговаривают по-английски. 12. Она, должно быть, написала сестре. 13. Она, должно быть, писала сестре, когда вы ее увидели. Exercise 35. Translate the sentences into Russian. Pay attention to the meaning of the modal verbs. 1. He was certain there could be no light. (Galsworthy) 2. There can’t be any feelings between the like of you and the like of me (Shaw). 3. «I’m afraid it can’t be to-night», said Shelton, «I must get back» (Galsworthy) 4. You can’t mean it (Greenwich). 5. Oh! It can’t be true! (Wilde) 6. Listen! He’s still playing – he can’t know (Galsworthy). 7. Oh! Freddy, there must be one. You can’t have tried (Shaw). 8. I can’t have taken it upstairs this morning (Galsworthy). 9. We may have to take steps (Galsworthy). 10. It may be a great idea… It may also be a trap in which England will perish (Shaw). 11. You may want a friend some day (Wilde). 12. «The old actor was drunk», Thought he… «Still there may be truth in what he said»

(Galsworthy). 13. For all I know, Val may go and enlist (Galsworthy). 14. He may be or he may not… I don’t know, and what’s more, I don’t care (Dick). 15. There must have been rooms like this, he thought, women like Mary, in those towns

and villages of Poland, where without warning, bombs had come, crashing through the roofs (Greenwich).

16. There’s a knock at the door. It must be Fred. ~It can’t be Fred, it’s too early.

1. They must have seen you. ~They can’t have seen me. I wasn’t there.

2. Curious how he jibbed away from the sight of his wife and child. One would have thought he must have rushed up at the first moment. On the contrary, he had a sort of physical shrinking from it… (Galsworthy).

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3. … and there was such a joyous sound in her merry laugh, that the sternest misanthrope must have smiled to hear it (Dick).

4. If a man could die from longing and anxiety, surely Lennan must have died then (Galsworthy).

Exercise 36. Translate into English. 1. Мы бы, возможно, опоздали на пароход, если бы поехали вечерним поездом. 2. Может быть, она и была на концерте, но я ее не видела. 3. Он не должен быть в это время дома; он, очевидно, еще работает. 4. Не может быть, чтобы он не слышал о нашем решении, но я все же скажу ему

об этом сама. 5. Он, должно быть, не успел еще прочитать эту книгу или, возможно, не достал

ее. Не зачем было вам это делать вчера; вы могли бы сделать это сегодня. 6. Он, должно быть, приготовил перевод заранее. 7. Он, должно быть, не готовил перевод заранее. 8. Он, вероятно, не успел подготовить перевод и был (будет) вынужден потратить

на это все воскресенье, так как его нужно закончить к следующей неделе. 9. Он, вероятно, не смог закончить перевод или, возможно, не знал, что его

нужно подготовить к началу следующей недели. Exercise 37. Use the Perfect Infinitive of the verbs in bracket with

a suitable auxiliary verb.

Model. I've never seen a London policeman. ~ You (see) one! You've been in London a week already! You must have seen one. Note that not placed before the verb in brackets refers to the auxiliary verb: I heard their phone ringing. ~ You (not hear) there their phone ringing. They haven't got a phone. You couldn't have heard their phone ringing. 1. Jack: I've finished.

Ann: But you were only half way through when I went to bed. You (work) all night! Tom: What happened to Jack? We said 7.30. and now it's 8.00. and there's no sign of him. Ann: He (forget) that we invited him. He is rather forgetful. I (telephone) him yesterday to remind him. (It was foolish of me not to telephone). Tom: Or he (get) lost. He hasn't been to this house before. I (give) him directions. (I didn't give him directions, which was stupid of me.) Ann: Or he (have) a breakdown or a puncture. Tom: A puncture (not delay) him so long. Ann: Or he (stop) for a drink and (get) involved in an argument. Jack's arguments go on for hours! Tom: Or he (run) out of petrol. Perhaps we'd better go and look for him.

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2. Nobody has been in this house for a month. ~ Nonsense! Here's last Monday's paper in the wastepaper basket, somebody (be) here quite recently.

3. He says that when walking across Kensington Gardens he was attacked by wolves. ~ He (not be attacked) by wolves. There aren't any wolves in Kensington. He (see) some Alsatian dogs and (think) they were wolves.

4. I waited from 8.00. to 8.30. under the clock and he says he waited from 8.00. to 8.30. under the clock, and we didn't see each other! ~ You (wait) under different clocks! There are two in the station, you know.

5. He set off alone a month ago and hasn't been heard of since. ~ He (fall) into a river and (be eaten) by crocodiles. ~ Or (be kidnapped) by tribesmen. ~ Or (catch) fever and (die) of it.

6. Mary to Ann, who has just toiled up six flights of stairs: You (not walk) up! You (come) up in the lift. It's working now.

7. I left my car under the No Parking sign; and now it's gone. It (be) stolen! ~ Not necessarily. The police (drive) is away.

8. He had two bottles of Coke and got frightfully drunk. ~ He (not get) drunk on Coke. He (drink) gin with it.

9. He was riding a bicycle along the motorway when he was hit by the trailer of a lorry. These big lorries are very dangerous. Perhaps, but Paul (not ride) a bicycle; along the motorway bicycles are allowed.

10. I've lost one of my gloves! ~ The puppy (take) it. I saw him running by just now something in his mouth. It (be) your glove.

11. We've run out of petrol! ~ I'm not surprised. I noticed that the tank was nearly empty when we left home. ~ You (tell) me! We (get) petrol at the last village. Now we've got a 10-mile walk

Exercise 38. Solve the following puzzles using may have, can’t have and must have. Then share your ideas with the rest of the group. 1. A man lives on the twentieth floor of a block of flats. Every day he gets the lift at the

twentieth floor down to the bottom. However, on the way up he always gets out at the fifteenth floor and walks the rest of the way. Why?

2. A woman in a hotel answers the phone in the middle of the night. She says ‘Hello’ but there is no answer so she puts the phone down and goes back to sleep. The caller is very happy. Who rang?

3. Mr. Fred Bellot, who was captured by some wild tribes and spent seven years with them, spoke about the way natives hunted. Why?

4. When the Prime Minister was asked what he thought about the present economic situation, he started laughing. Why?

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TESTS I. 1. Я не должен был говорить с ней таким тоном, мой тон, должно быть, обидел

ее. 2. Вероятно, родители запретили ему ехать на юг с вами. 3. Возможно, какая-нибудь срочная работа задержала его, или, может быть, он

забыл, что должен прийти сюда. 4. Вы могли бы ему подробно объяснить ваш план. Неужели вы забыли, что он не

знаком с этим вопросом? 5. Может быть, она и была на концерте. 6. Он не должен быть в это время дома, он, очевидно, еще в дороге (едет домой). II. 1. Мы, должно быть, пропустили его; мы должны были прийти пораньше, но мы

ждем его целый час. 2. Он должен был прийти в 5.00, а он еще не пришел. 3. Он не так уж застенчив, возможно, ваш вопрос был неожиданным, и он не смог

на него ответить. 4. Вы могли бы предупредить ее заранее, что он должен был прийти в 5.00.

Почему ее нет? Неужели она обиделась и решила не приходить? 5. Ты мог бы остаться дома хотя бы сегодня вечером. У папы день рождения.

Вероятно, ты как всегда, забыл об этом. 6. Может быть, он уже ушел. 7. Может быть, он еще ждет. 8. Вы могли бы приходить вовремя. Вы всегда опаздываете. III. 1. Не может быть, чтобы он забыл о своем обещании. Он, вероятно, очень занят

сейчас. 2. Может быть, она уже приехала. Позвони ей. 3. Должно быть, она проводит там много времени. 4. Неужели мы с вами встречались на конференции в прошлом году? 5. Возможно, он забыл о нашей встрече. Он должен был прийти в 10 часов, а

сейчас уже 12 часов. 6. Он мог бы сходить туда сам. 7. Несмотря на то, что у нас было мало времени, мы смогли подготовить этот

доклад.

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LITERATURE 1. Bell J., Gower R. Upper Intermediate Matters. 2. Drozdova T., Mailova V. English Grammar. 3. Gordon E.M., Krilova I.P. Modality in Modern English. 4. Murphy R. English Grammar in Use. 5. Murphy R. English Grammar in Use. Supplementary Exercises. 6. Natanson E.A. Oblique Moods. Modal Verbs. 7. Reznik R.V., Sorokina T.S., Kazaritskaya T.A. A Grammar of Modern English

Usage. 8. Thomson A.J., Martinet A.V. Exercises I. A Practical English Grammar. 9. Timely Topics. 10. А.А. Руд, Е.Н. Чапник Обучение структурным моделям английского языка. 11. Английский язык. Интенсивный курс. 12. Высшие курсы иностранных языков ГКЭС. 13. Г.Е. Выборнова, К.С. Махмурян, О.П. Мельчина Advanced English. 14. З.К. Долгополова.Модальные глаголы в английском языке. 15. И.Е. Евстафьев, А.Б. Миркин, Н.Ф. Петрова Английская грамматика:

продвинутый курс. Том II. 16. Н.К. Рязанова, М.В. Смолина. Наклонения английского языка. 17. Павлоцкий В.М., Тимофеева Т.М. English Grammar Practice. 18. Т.Н. Михельсон, Н.В. Успенская. Сборник упражнений по основным разделам

грамматики английского языка. 19. Ю.Б. Голицинский. Грамматика. Сборник упражнений.

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