Monarchy of Sweden

This article is about the history, function and symbolsof the Swedish monarchy as an institution. For a list ofkings and queens regnant of Sweden, see List of Swedishmonarchs. For a list of Swedish princes and princesses,past and present, see Swedish Royal Family.

The Monarchy of Sweden concerns the monarchicalhead of state of Sweden,[3] which is a constitutional andhereditary monarchy with a parliamentary system.[4] TheKingdom of Sweden (Swedish: Konungariket Sverige)has been a monarchy since time immemorial. Originallyan elective monarchy, it became an hereditary monar-chy only in the 16th century during the reign of GustavVasa.[5]

Sweden in the present day is a representative democracyin a parliamentary system based on popular sovereignty,as defined in the current Instrument of Government (oneof the four Fundamental Laws of the Realm which makesup the written constitution[6]). The role of theMonarch isto be a strictly ceremonial head of state, and have no partin the formal governance of the Realm.[7][8] TheMonarchand the members of the Royal Family undertake a vari-ety of official, unofficial and other representational dutieswithin Sweden and abroad.[5]

Carl XVI Gustaf became King on 15 September 1973 onthe death of his grandfather, Gustaf VI Adolf.[9]

1 History

Main article: History of Sweden

1.1 Pre 16th century

kunuki, i.e. konungi, the dative case for Old Norse konungr(“king”). A runic inscription of the 11th century (U11) refers toKing Håkan the Red.

Sweden has been a kingdom since prehistoric times. Asearly as the 1st century, Tacitus wrote that the Suioneshad a king, but the order of succession up until King Ericthe Victorious (died 995), is known almost exclusivelythrough accounts in historically controversial Norse sagas(see Mythical kings of Sweden and Semi-legendary kingsof Sweden).Originally, the Swedish king had combined powers lim-ited to that of a war chief, a judge and a priest at theTemple at Uppsala (see Germanic king). However, thereare thousands of runestones commemorating common-ers, but no known chronicle about the Swedish kings priorto the 14th century (though a list of kings was addedin the Westrogothic law), and there is a relatively smallamount of runestones that are thought mention kings: Gs11 (Emund the Old), U 11 (Haakon the Red) and U 861(Blot-Sweyn).About 1000 A.D., the first king known to rule bothSvealand and Götaland was Olof Skötkonung, but fur-ther history for the next two centuries is obscure, withmany kings whose tenures and actual influence/power isunclear. The Royal Court of Sweden, however, doescount Olof’s father as Sweden’s first king. The power ofthe king was greatly strengthened by the introduction ofChristianity during the 11th century, and the followingcenturies saw a process of consolidation of power in thehands of the king. The king was traditionally elected froma favored dynasty at the Stones of Mora, and the peoplehad the right to elect the king as well as depose him. Theceremonial stones were destroyed around 1515.In the 12th century, the consolidation of Sweden wasstill effected by dynastic struggles between the Erik andSverker clans, which ended when a third clan marriedinto the Erik clan and the House of Bjelbo was estab-lished on the throne. That dynasty formed a pre-KalmarUnion Sweden into a strong state, and finally kingMagnusIV even ruled Norway and Scania. Following the BlackDeath, the union was weakened, and Scania was reunitedwith Denmark.In 1397, after the Black Death and domestic power strug-gles, QueenMargaret I of Denmark united Sweden, Den-mark and Norway (then including Finland and Iceland)in the Union of Kalmar with the approval of the Swedishnobility. Continual tension within each country and theunion led to open conflict between the Swedes and theDanes in the 15th century. The union’s final disintegra-tion in the early 16th century led to prolonged rivalry be-tween Denmark-Norway and Sweden (with Finland) for

1

2 1 HISTORY

centuries to come.

1.2 16th and 17th century changes

Gustav I, portrayed here in 1542 by Jakob Binck, legally createdthe hereditary monarchy and organized the Swedish unitary state.

Catholic bishops had supported the King of Denmark,Christian II, but he was overthrown in a rebellion led bynobleman Gustav Vasa, whose father had been executedat the Stockholm bloodbath. Gustav Vasa (hereinafter re-ferred to as Gustav I) was elected King of Sweden by theEstates of the Realm, assembled in Strängnäs on 6 June1523.Inspired by the teachings of Martin Luther, Gustav Iused the Protestant Reformation to curb the power ofthe Roman Catholic Church. In 1527 he persuaded theEstates of the Realm, assembled in the city of Västerås,to confiscate church lands, which comprised 21% of thecountry’s farmland. At the same time, he broke withthe papacy and established a reformed state church: theChurch of Sweden.[n 1] Throughout his reign, Gustav Isuppressed both aristocratic and peasant opposition tohis ecclesiastical policies and efforts at centralisation,which to some extent laid the foundation for the mod-ern Swedish unitary state. Legally Sweden has only beena hereditary monarchy since 1544 when the Riksdag ofthe Estates, through Västerås arvförening, designated thesons of King Gustav I as the heirs to the Throne. [n 2]

Tax reforms took place in 1538 and 1558, whereby mul-tiple complex taxes on independent farmers were sim-plified and standardised throughout the district and tax

assessments per farm were adjusted to reflect ability topay. Crown tax revenues increased, but more impor-tantly the new system was perceived as fairer. A war withLübeck in 1535 resulted in the expulsion of the Hanseatictraders, who previously had had a monopoly on foreigntrade. With its own burghers in charge, Sweden’s eco-nomic strength grew rapidly, and by 1544 Gustav con-trolled 60% of the farmlands in all of Sweden. Swedennow built the first modern army in Europe, supported by asophisticated tax system and an efficient bureaucracy.[10]

At the death of King Gustav I in 1560, he was succeededby his oldest son Eric XIV. His reign was marked by Swe-den’s entrance into the Livonian War and the NorthernSeven Years’ War, and combined effects of Eric’s de-veloping mental disorder and his opposition to the aris-tocracy, leading to the Sture Murders in 1567 and theimprisonment of his brother John (III), who was mar-ried to Catherine Jagiellon, sister of King Sigismund IIof Poland.[11] In 1568 he was dethroned and succeededby John III. In domestic politics John III showed clearCatholic sympathies, inspired by his queen, creating fric-tion with the Swedish clergy and nobility. He reintro-duced several Catholic traditions previously abolished,and his foreign policy was affected by his family connec-tion to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, where hiseldest son had been made King Sigismund III in 1587.[n 3]Following the death of his father, Sigismund tried to ruleSweden from Poland, leaving Sweden under the controlof a regent— his paternal uncle (Gustav I’s youngest son)Charles (IX) — but was unable to defend his Swedishthrone against the ambitions of his uncle. In 1598 Sigis-mund and his Swedish-Polish army was defeated at theBattle of Stångebro by the forces of Charles, and he wasdeclared deposed by the Estates in 1599.In 1604, the Estates finally recognized the regent and defacto ruler as King Charles IX. His short reign was oneof uninterrupted warfare. The hostility of Poland and thebreakup of Russia involved him in overseas contests forthe possession of Livonia and Ingria, the Polish–SwedishWar (1600–1611) and the Ingrian War, while his preten-sions to claim Lapland brought on a war with Denmark(Kalmar War) in the last year of his reign. [n 4]

Gustavus Adolphus inherited three wars from his fatherwhen he ascended to the throne. From 1612, when CountAxel Oxenstierna was appointed Lord High Chancellor,which he remained until Gustavus Adolphus’s death, thetwo men struck a long and successful partnership andcomplemented each other well: In Oxenstierna’s ownwords, his “cool” balanced the King’s “heat”.[12][13] Thewar against Russia (the Ingrian War) ended in 1617with the Treaty of Stolbovo, which excluded Russiafrom the Baltic Sea. The final inherited war, the waragainst Poland, ended in 1629 with the Truce of Alt-mark, which transferred the large province of Livonia toSweden and freed the Swedish forces for subsequent in-tervention in the Thirty Years’ War in Germany, whereSwedish forces had already established a bridgehead in

1.2 16th and 17th century changes 3

The Lion of the North: King Gustavus Adolphus depicted at theturning point of the Battle of Breitenfeld (1631) against the forcesof Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly.

1628. Brandenburg was torn apart by a quarrel betweenthe Protestants and the Catholics. When Gustavus Adol-phus began his push into northern Germany in June–July1630, he had just 4,000 troops. But he was soon ableto consolidate the Protestant position in the north, us-ing reinforcements from Sweden and money supplied byFrance at the Treaty of Bärwalde.[14] [n 5] Gustavus Adol-phus was killed at the 1632 Battle of Lützen. QueenMaria Eleonora and the king’s ministers took over thegovernment of the Realm on behalf of Gustavus Adol-phus’ underage daughter Christina, until she reached theage of majority. Gustavus Adolphus is often regarded bymilitary historians as one of the greatest military com-manders of all time, with innovative use of combinedarms. [n 6]

As the heiress presumptive, at the age of six Christinasucceeded her father on the Swedish throne (being theonly person left in the line of succession), although arecency government would rule in her name until sheturned 18 years of age. During the regency, ChancellorAxel Oxenstierna wrote the 1634 Instrument of Govern-ment, which although never approved by any monarch,nevertheless would continue to have an important nor-mative role in the state administration. Christina earlyon showed an interest in literature and the sciences andfamously brought René Descartes to Sweden. Swedencontinued to be involved in the Thirty Years’ War dur-ing reign of Christina and that conflict was settled at the1648 Peace of Westphalia, and the Swedish monarch re-ceived representation at the Imperial Diet due to the Ger-

man conquests (Bremen-Verden and Swedish Pomerania)that were made.[n 7] After having decided not to get mar-ried, Christina abdicated the throne on 5 June 1654, infavor of her cousin Charles Gustav[n 8], went abroad andconverted to Roman Catholicism.

Charles XI at the Battle of Lund in 1676. Painting by DavidKlöcker Ehrenstrahl.

The Estates elected Charles X Gustav as their new Kingand his short reign is best characterized by foreign wars:first a lengthy campaign within Poland and then with Den-mark. In the latter case, the risky 1658 March acrossthe Belts which resulted in the Treaty of Roskilde, wouldprove to be the largest permanent territorial gain Swe-den ever had: Skåne, Blekinge and Bohuslän now be-came Swedish provinces and have remained so ever since.Charles X Gustav was not satisfied, as he wanted tocrush Denmark once and for all, but the 1659 Assaulton Copenhagen did not prove successful for the Swedes,much of it due to the Dutch naval intervention to the aidof the Danes.Charles X Gustav died in Gothenburg in 1660 and as theCrown passed to his five-year-old son Charles XI, a newregency government would assume the responsibilities ofthe state. The regency government, composed of aristo-crats and led by Chancellor Count Magnus Gabriel Dela Gardie, was more interested in feathering their ownnests rather than to work in the interest of the countryat large. When Charles XI came of age in 1672, theeffectiveness of the armed forces had seriously deteri-orated and the country was ill-prepared as the King ofDenmark, Christian V, invaded to settle old scores. TheDanes were ultimately unsuccessful in their attempts, andCharles XI would undertake several measures to preventwhat had just almost happened from occurring again: re-ducing the influence of the aristocracy by nationalizing

4 1 HISTORY

estates and properties which had been handed out to themby his predecessors, introducing the Allotment system(Swedish: indelningsverket) which would form the basisof the armed forces until the 20th century, and with thesupport of the Estates he was declared in 1680 an absolutemonarch.Charles XI was succeeded by his son, Charles XII, whowould prove to be an extremely able military commanderwith the defeat of the Russians at Narva as his greatestvictory. However, from this point on it would all go ina downwards spiral, beginning with his defeat at Poltavaand ending at Fredriksten fortress, in an attempt to in-vade Norway. The Swedish Age of Greatness (Swedish:stormaktstiden) had ended. [n 9]

1.3 18th Century to the present

Charles XII’s sister, Ulrika Eleonora, had now inheritedthe throne but she was forced by the Estates to sign the1719 Instrument of Government, which ended the abso-lute monarchy and made the Riksdag of the Estates thehighest organ of the state and reduced the role ofmonarchto a figurehead. The Age of Liberty (Swedish: frihetsti-den) with its parliamentary rule, dominated by two parties— the Caps and the Hats — had begun. Ulrika Eleonorahad had enough after a year on the throne and abdicatedin favor of her husband, Frederick, who had little inter-est in the affairs of state and was elected King by the Es-tates as King Frederick I, resulting in the 1720 Instrumentof Government: content-wise almost identical to the onefrom 1719. Despite having many extra-marital affairs,Frederick I never sired a legitimate heir to the throne.The 1720 Instrument in Government was later replacedby the 1772 Instrument of Government in a self-coup or-chestrated by King Gustav III.On 17 September 1809 in the Treaty of Fredrikshamn, asa result of the poorly managed Finnish war, Sweden hadto surrender the eastern half of Sweden to Russia. KingGustav IV Adolf and his descendants were deposed in acoup d'etat led by dissatisfied army officers. The child-less uncle of the former king was almost immediatelyelected as King Charles XIII. The Instrument of Govern-ment of 1809 put an end to royal absolutism by dividingthe legislative power between the Riksdag (primary) andthe King (secondary), and vested executive power in theKing when acting through the Council of State.The present Bernadotte dynasty was established inSeptember 1810 when the Riksdag, convened in Örebro,elected French Marshal and Prince of Ponte Corvo JeanBaptiste Jules Bernadotte as Crown Prince. This tookplace because Charles XIII had no legitimate heir, anda Crown Prince previously elected in January 1810,Charles August, suddenly had died of a stroke during amilitary exercise.Although the 19th century Bernadotte monarchs that

Crown Prince Charles John at the Battle of Leipzig (1813). Paint-ing by Fredric Westin.

would follow Charles XIV John's reign tried to defendthe power and privileges they still had, the tide incremen-tally turned against “personal regal rule” (Swedish: per-sonlig kungamakt) with the growth of the liberals, socialdemocrats, and the expansion of the franchise.[15]

When King Gustav V publicly objected to the defencebudget cuts made by Prime Minister Karl Staaf and thecabinet just before the First WorldWar in event known asthe Courtyard Crisis accompanied by the Peasant arma-ment support march (Swedish: bondetåget), it was seen asa deliberate provocation by conservatives and reactionar-ies against the uncodified norm of a parliamentary sys-tem supported by the liberals and the social democrats,leading to Staaf’s resignation.[16] Gustaf V then appointeda caretaker government, supported by the conservatives,led by legal scholar Hjalmar Hammarskjöld, which re-mained in power longer than expected due to the outbreakof World War I (in which Sweden remained neutral) andincreased defence spending was no longer a controver-sial issue.[17] Nevertheless, in the year of the outbreakof the Russian revolution, social tensions continued torise; the general election in 1917 gave the liberals andsocial democrats greatly strengthened representation inboth Riksdag chambers and a conservative governmentwas no longer a defensible option.[17] Following the def-inite breakthrough of parliamentarism in 1917, with theappointment of the coalition government of liberals andsocial democrats led by Professor Nils Edén, the politi-cal influence of the King was considerably reduced and

5

an unwritten constitutional precedent was set that wouldremain in effect until 1975.[18][19]

Only during World War II, in the so-called Midsummercrisis (regarding the issue whether neutral Sweden shouldpermit rail transport of German troops from Norwaypassing through to Finland), did Gustaf V allegedly tryto intervene in the political process by threatening toabdicate.[20]

King Gustaf VI Adolf succeeded his elderly father whodied in 1950, and he is generally regarded as a consti-tutional monarch who stayed out of politics and con-troversy. In 1954, a royal commission began work onwhether Sweden should undergo constitutional reform toadapt the 1809 Instrument of Government to current po-litical realities, or whether a new one should be writ-ten; ultimately the latter idea was chosen.[21] The fu-ture role of the monarchy was settled in a manner wellknown within Swedish political discourse: a politicalcompromise reached at the summer resort Torekov in1971 (hence known as the Torekov compromise, Swedish:Torekovskompromissen) by representatives of four of theparties in the Riksdag (the Social Democrats, the CentreParty, the Liberal People’s Party, and theModerate Party,that is all the parties except the Communists). [n 10][21] Itmandated that the monarchy would remain largely as itwas but would become entirely ceremonial, without anyresidual political powers left.[21]

Following the required double Riksdag votes that tookplace in 1973 and 1974, a new Instrument of Govern-ment was brought into effect. The monarch’s functionsand duties, as defined in the 1974 Constitution Act, in-clude heading the special cabinet council held when thereis a change of government, but no executive powers withrespect to the governance of the realm are vested inhim.[8][7]

2 Constitutional and official role

When, on 1 January 1975, it replaced the Instrumentof Government of 1809 as part of the Constitutionof Sweden, the Instrument of Government of 1974(Swedish: 1974 års regeringsform) transformed the ad-visory Council of State (Swedish: Statsrådet) into thecollegial Government (Swedish: Regeringen), to whichall executive power was transferred.[23][24] Responsibil-ity for nominating and dismissing the prime minister(who, since 1975, is elected by the Riksdag) was trans-ferred to the Speaker of the Riksdag and the prime min-ister appoints and dismisses the other ministers at hisor her discretion.[25][26][24][n 11] Further, bills passed bythe Riksdag become law without royal assent: the primeminister or any other cabinet minister signs them “OnBehalf of the Government” (Swedish: På regeringensvägnar).[28] Although the unwritten precedent was set in1917, when Gustaf V had little choice but to support the

idea of a parliamentary system and promised Prime Min-ister Nils Edén to stop seeking advice from secret advi-sors other than the duly appointed cabinet ministers andnot to interfere in politics again;[29][19] the Torekov com-promise, struck in 1971 by the four major parties at thetime, provided, and continues to provide, a majority con-sensus in Swedish political discourse on the role of themonarchy within the constitutional framework.[21][30][7]The official motive for the radical changes which cameto pass in 1975 was for it to be as descriptive as possibleof the workings of the state and clear on how decisionsactually are made.[28] Minister of Justice Lennart Gei-jer further remarked on the 1973 government bill thatany continued pretensions of royal involvement in gov-ernment decision making would be of a “fictitious nature”and therefore “highly unsatisfactory”.[28]

Thus, the monarch lost all formal executive pow-ers, becoming a ceremonial and representativefigurehead.[30][31][28] The monarch, while explicitlyreferred to as the “Head of State” (Swedish: Statschefen)in the 1974 Instrument of Government[n 12], is not eventhe nominal chief executive.[n 13][36][23][7] The Instrumentof Government of 1974 does grant the person serving asking or queen regnant absolute immunity from criminal(but not civil) charges for as long as he or she remains inoffice.[37][n 14] The monarch therefore cannot be prose-cuted or otherwise held to account for his or her actions,both official and private, in judicial proceedings.[37]None of the other members of the Royal Family or theemployees the Royal Court enjoy similar immunity.[37]

At the request of the Speaker of the Riksdag, themonarchopens the annual session of the Riksdag (Swedish:Riksmötets öppnande) in the chamber of the Riksdagbuilding.[n 15][39] The king or queen regnant also re-ceives Letters of Credence of foreign ambassadors sentto Sweden and signs those of Swedish ambassadors sentabroad.[8] The monarch also chairs the Cabinet Coun-cil (Swedish: skifteskonselj) in a session that establishesthe new government following a general election or ma-jor cabinet reshuffle and also chairs information councils(Swedish: informationskonselj) approximately four timesa year to get information from the assembled Govern-ment, apart from that given by ministers in individual au-diences or through other means.[40][8] Formally, it is theexplicit responsibility of the prime minister to keep themonarch informed on the affairs of the realm; the failureto do so following the 2004 tsunami disaster in the IndianOcean (in whichmany Swedes perished) gave rise to widecriticism of Prime Minister Göran Persson for his han-dling of the matter.[37] The monarch also chairs the Advi-sory Council on Foreign Affairs (Swedish: Utrikesnämn-den), a body that enables the government of the day toinform not only the head of state, but also the speaker andrepresentatives of the opposition parties in the Riksdag,on foreign affairs issues in a confidential manner.[8][41][40]

While the monarch is no longer the commander-in-chief(Swedish: högste befälhavare) of the Swedish Armed

6 4 TITLES

Forces, as he once was under the 1809 Instrument ofGovernment[21] (and much older custom, as shown in thehistory section), King Carl XVI Gustaf retains the hon-orary ranks of a four star admiral in the Swedish Navyand general in the Swedish Army and Air Force.[8] Aspart of his court, the monarch has a military staff, whichis headed by a senior officer (usually a general or admi-ral, retired from active service) and includes active dutymilitary officers serving as aides-de-camp to the monarchand his or her family.[42]

3 Cultural role

The monarch and the members of Royal Family under-take a variety of official, unofficial and other representa-tive duties within Sweden and abroad. The monarch andhis or her family play a central role in state visits to Swe-den and the sovereign conducts state visits to other na-tions on behalf of Sweden. Other members of the RoyalFamily may also represent the country abroad at lesserfunctions.

The royal standard used by the monarch

Many of the flag days in Sweden have direct royal connec-tions; among them are the name days of the King (28 Jan-uary), the Queen (8 August), and the Crown Princess (12March); the birthdays of the King (30 April), the Queen(23 December), and the Crown Princess (14 July); andGustavus Adolphus Day (Swedish: Gustav Adolfsdagen),on November 6, in memory of King Gustavus Adolphus,who was killed on that date (old style) in 1632 in theBattle of Lützen.[n 16][43][44][45] None of these flag daysare public holidays, however.[n 17]

Perhaps the most globally known ceremony in which theSwedish royals annually participate is the Nobel Prizeaward ceremony held at the Stockholm Concert Hall(and the subsequent banquet in the Stockholm City Hall),where the monarch hands out the Nobel Prizes on behalfof the Nobel Foundation for outstanding contributions tomankind in physics, chemistry, literature, physiology ormedicine, and the economic sciences.[47]

Eriksgata was the name of the traditional journey ofnewly elected medieval Swedish kings through impor-tant provinces to have their election confirmed by lo-cal Things. The actual election took place at the Stone

of Mora in Uppland and participation was originally re-stricted to the people of that area; hence, the need of hav-ing the election confirmed by the other parts of the realm.The Eriksgata gradually lost its importance when, as ofthe 14th century, representatives of other parts of Swe-den began to participate in the election. After 1544, whenhereditary monarchy was instituted, that meant that theEriksgata had little practical importance. The last kingto travel the Eriksgata according to the old tradition wasCharles IX, whose reign began in 1604. Later, kings, upuntil present times, have made visits to all the Swedishprovinces and called them an Eriksgata, while those visitsbear little resemblance to the medieval tradition.

4 Titles

The Silver Throne, used by all Swedish monarchs from QueenChristina in 1650 onward

4.1 Monarch

The full title of the Swedish monarch from 1544 to 1973included:

In Swedish: Med Guds Nåde Sveriges, Götesoch Vendes Konung (By the Grace of God,King of the Swedes, the Goths/Geats, and theWends)

4.3 Ducal 7

In Latin: Dei Gratia Suecorum, Gothorum etVandalorum Rex

Sometimes the first part of the Latin title was Svionum orSveonum, all three words meaning “of the Swedes”, not“of Sweden”.Götes Konung (King of the Goths) dated back at least toKings Magnus III, Erik the Saint, and Charles VII (andpossibly to Inge the Elder, the title being used in a letterto Inge from the Pope). The title Svea Konung (King ofthe Swedes) dated to an older era. In the 16th century,it was changed to Sveriges Konung or Rex Sveciae (Kingof Sweden), a short form of the title that came be usedsometimes in less formal circumstances.Before the accession of the first king of the House ofBernadotte, Charles XIV John, in 1818, the King of Swe-den had many other titles relating to the wider SwedishEmpire:

Grand Prince of Finland, Duke of Scania,Estonia, Livonia, Karelia, Bremen, Verden,Stettin, Pomerania, Kashubia and Wendia,Prince of Rügen, Lord of Ingria and Wismar,Count Palatine of the Rhine, Duke of Bavaria,Jülich, Cleves and Berg.

During the reign of the House of Holstein-Gottorp from1751 to 1818, the titleHeir to Norway (Arvinge till Norge)was also used,[48] as well as other titles connected to theDukes of Holstein-Gottorp. When, after the Napoleonicwars, Norway was in personal union with Sweden, thetitle included King of Norway, in older Swedish spellings:Sweriges, Norriges, Göthes och Wendes Konung.Upon his accession, Carl XVI Gustaf chose for his ti-tle simply Sveriges Konung (King of Sweden).[9] Thiswas reflected in his personal motto För Sverige, i tiden(“For Sweden, with the times”). Queen Margrethe II ofDenmark did the same in 1972 and, similarly, Harald Vof Norway bears no titles except King of Norway.

4.2 Heir apparent

The customary title of the heir apparent is Crown Princeof Sweden (Sveriges Kronprins) or, if female, CrownPrincess of Sweden (Sveriges Kronprinsessa). The wife ofa crown prince would also receive a corresponding title,but not the husband of a crown princess. The traditionalofficial title used until 1980 for other dynastic male heirswas Hereditary Prince of Sweden (Sveriges arvfurste), al-though the word prince (prins) was used in constitutionallegal texts such as the Act of Succession and also colloqui-ally and informally. In all cases the title of princesses wasPrincess of Sweden (Prinsessa av Sverige). Since 1980,the official title of all dynasts is Prince/Princess of Swe-den (Prins/Prinsessa av Sverige).

4.3 Ducal

Main article: Duchies in Sweden

King Gustav III revived a tradition from the time ofGustav Vasa and the medieval era by giving male heirsto the throne ducal titles of Swedish provinces. The dif-ference between the ducal titles from the Vasa era andthose granted byGustav III is they now are non-hereditarycourtesy titles given at birth. Since 1980, they have beenconferred to all royal heirs, male and female. The wivesof royal dukes have always shared their husbands’ titles;the husbands of royal duchesses have done so as of 2010.

5 Symbols of the Monarchy

5.1 Regalia

The Crown of Eric XIV.

Main article: Swedish Royal Regalia

Sweden's Royal Regalia are kept deep in the vaults of theTreasury chamber (Swedish: Skattkammaren), locatedunderneath the Royal Palace in Stockholm, in a museumwhich has been open to the public since 1970. Among theoldest objects in the collection are the sword of GustavVasa and the crown, orb, sceptre and key of King ErikXIV. The Regalia is state property and the governmentauthority which holds it in trust isKammarkollegiet.[49][50]

The last King to be coronated was Oscar II. His sonand successor, Gustaf V, abstained from having acoronation.[49] While the crowns and coronets have notbeen worn by Swedish royals since 1907, they are nev-ertheless still displayed on royal occasions such as at

8 5 SYMBOLS OF THE MONARCHY

weddings, christenings and funerals. Until 1974, thecrown and sceptre were also displayed on cushions be-side the Silver Throne at the annual solemn opening ofthe Riksdag (Swedish: Riksdagens högtidliga öppnan-de).[49][50][51]

5.2 Royal orders of chivalry

The Royal Orders of Sweden constituting the Royal Order ofKnights

The Royal orders have a historical basis, dating backto the 1606 founding of the now extinct Jehova Order.The Royal Orders of Knights of Sweden were only trulycodified in the 18th century, with their formal founda-tion in 1748 by King Frederick I. In 1974 the Riksdagsignificantly changed the conditions and criteria underwhich orders and decorations could be awarded: that noSwedish citizen outside the Royal Family is eligible toreceive such decorations. The Order of the Seraphim(Swedish: Serafimerorden) is only awarded to foreignheads of state and members of the Swedish and foreignroyal families, while the Order of the Polar Star (Swedish:Nordstjärneorden) can be bestowed on any non-Swedishcitizen.[52] Following the reforms, the Order of the Sword(Swedish: Svärdsorden) and the Order of Vasa (Swedish:Vasaorden) are no longer conferred: officially they havebeen declared as “dormant”.Since 1975, H.M. The King’s Medal (Swedish: H.M. Ko-nungens medalj) is the highest honour that can be awardedto Swedish citizens other than members of the Royal

Family.

5.3 Royal residences

Main article: Crown palaces in Sweden

The Royal Palaces (including the Royal Palace in Stock-holm, Drottningholm Palace, Haga Palace, RosendalPalace, Ulriksdal Palace, Rosersberg Palace, TullgarnPalace and Gripsholm Castle) are the property of theSwedish state, managed by the National Property Board(Swedish: Statens fastighetsverk) and are at the disposalof the Monarch, an arrangement that has been in placesince the beginning of the 19th century.[53][54] In addi-tion, there are also residences which are held privately bythe Royal Family, such as Solliden Palace on the islandof Öland, a cottage in Storlien in the Jämtland and VillaMirage in Sainte-Maxime in southern France (originallyacquired by Prince Bertil).[55]

5.3.1 The Royal Palace

Main article: Stockholm PalaceThe Royal Palace (Kungliga slottet), also known as

The Royal Palace in Stockholm, as seen from the tower of theCathedral.

Stockholm Palace (Swedish: Stockholms slott), is theofficial residence of the King. The Royal Palace is lo-cated on Stadsholmen (“City Island”), commonly knownas Gamla Stan (“the Old Town”) in the national capitalcity Stockholm.The offices of the King, other members of the SwedishRoyal Family, and the offices of the Royal Court are lo-cated in the Palace. The Royal Palace is used for rep-resentative purposes and State occasions by the King.[1]The Royal Palace is guarded byHögvakten, a royal guard,consisting of regular service members of the SwedishArmed Forces.[56] The tradition of having a regular unitof the Army guarding at the royal residence dates backto 1523.[56] Until the mid 19th century, the royal guardsalso maintained law and order in the city and providedfirefighting services.[56]

5.3 Royal residences 9

The castle Tre Kronor, located on the site of today’s palace, in apainting from 1661 by Govert Dircksz Camphuysen.

The southern façade faces the grand style slopeSlottsbacken; the eastern façade borders Skeppsbron, anquay which passes along the eastern waterfront of theold town; on the northern front Lejonbacken is a systemof ramps named for the Medici lions, sculptures on thestone railings; and the western wings border the openspace Högvaktsterrassen. The Royal Palace in Stockholmis unique among European royal residences in that largeportions of it are open year round to visitors, who payentrance fees.[1]

The first building on this site was a fortress with a coretower built in the 13th century by Birger Jarl to defendthe entry into Lake Mälaren. The fortress gradually grewto a castle, known as Tre Kronor: named after the spire onthe centre tower with Three Crowns, which have becomethe Swedish national symbol.[n 14] In the late 16th century,work was done to transform the castle into a Renaissancepalace during the reign of John III. In 1690, it was decidedthat the castle be rebuilt in Baroque style in a design byNicodemus Tessin the Younger. In 1692, work began onthe northern row. However, much of the old castle wasdestroyed in a disastrous fire on 7 May 1697.Tessin rebuilt the damaged palace, and work continuedfor another 63 years. Semicirclular wings around theouter western courtyard were finished in 1734, the palacechurch was finished in the 1740s, and the exterior wasfinished in 1754. The royal family moved to the palacewith the southwest, southeast, and northeast wings fin-ished. The northwest wing was finished in 1760. In thenorth, Lejonbacken (the “Lion’s Slope”) was rebuilt from1824 to 1830.

5.3.2 Drottningholm Palace

Main article: Drottningholm PalaceDrottningholm Palace (Swedish: Drottningholms slott)is located at Drottningholm on the island of Lovön (inEkerö Municipality of Stockholm County), and is one ofSweden’s Royal Palaces. It was originally built in the late16th century. It has served as a residence of the Swedishroyal family members for most of the 18th and 19th cen-turies. Apart from being the current private residence ofthe King and Queen, Drottningholm Palace is a popular

Drottningholm Palace, a UNESCO World Heritage site is thehome residence of the King & Queen.[2]

tourist attraction.[2]

The gardens and park areas surrounding DrottningholmPalace and adjacent to its buildings are one of the mainattractions for the tourists that visit the palace eachyear. The gardens have been established in stages sincethe palace was first built, resulting in many differentstyles.[57]

The royal domain of Drottningholm is a well preservedmilieu from the 17th and 18th centuries, inspired byFrench buildings such as the Chateau of Versailles, and isa UNESCO World Heritage Site, principally because ofthe Drottningholm Palace Theatre and the Chinese Pavil-ion at Drottningholm. It was added to theWorld HeritageList in 1991.[58]

5.3.3 Haga Palace

Main article: Haga PalaceHaga Palace (Swedish: Haga slott), formerly known

Haga Palace is the residence of Crown Princess Victoria and herfamily.

as the Queen’s Pavilion (Swedish: Drottningens pavil-jong), is located in the Haga Park, Solna Municipalityin Metropolitan Stockholm. The palace, built between1802 – 1805, was modelled after balletmaster Louis Gal-lodier's Italian villa at Drottningholm by architect Carl

10 7 SEE ALSO

Christoffer Gjörwell on appointment by King Gustaf IVAdolf for the royal children. It has been the home orsummer house of several members of the Swedish royalfamily – notably it was the birthplace of the present KingCarl XVIGustaf – until 1966 whenKingGustaf VI Adolftransferred its disposal to the Prime Minister and it wasturned into a guest house for distinguished foreign offi-cial visitors (heads of state and heads of government etcetera).[59]

In April 2009, it was announced by Prime MinisterFredrik Reinfeldt that the rights of disposal of the palacewould be transferred back to the King and thus could beused by Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden, and herhusband, Prince Daniel, Duke of Västergötland.[60] Theymoved into the palace in the autumn after their weddingon 19 June 2010.[61]

6 Royal Family

Main article: Swedish Royal Family

The Swedish Royal Family is, according to the RoyalCourt, currently cathegorized into three groups;

• first, those with royal titles and style (manner of ad-dress) who perform official and unofficial engage-ments for the nation, are the members of the RoyalFamily (Swedish: Kungafamiljen) (currently thiscategory only includes the King, Queen and their de-scendants, including spouses);[62]

• second, those with royal titles and style (mannerof address) who performs no official engagements(Swedish: Kungliga Huset, usually stylized with theshortform Kungl. Huset);[62]

• and third, the extended family of the King (Swedish:Kungliga Familjens övriga medlemmar, usually styl-ized with the shortform Kungl. Famljens övrigamedlemmar) which is other close relatives who arenot dynasts and thus do not represent the countryofficially.[62]

However, in any case, there is no legislation or other pub-lic document which delineates the rules of membershipin either the Royal House or Royal Family, as it is left tothe sole discretion of the King.

6.1 The line of succession

Main article: Line of succession to the Swedish throne

The Act of Succession of 1810 provides the rules gov-erning the line of succession and designates the legiti-mate heirs to the Swedish Throne; it also states in article

4 that the Monarch and dynastic members of the RoyalHouse must at all times be a Protestant Christian of thepure evangelical faith (by implication the Church of Swe-den).[63][64]

A rewrite of the Act, entering into force in 1980, funda-mentally changed the rules of succession from agnatic pri-mogeniture to absolute primogeniture.[64] This allowedfor the crown to pass to the eldest child regardless of gen-der and thus retroactively installed Princess Victoria asCrown Princess (heir apparent) over her younger brotherPrince Carl Philip who had been born as Crown Prince.In its present reading, Article 1 of the Act of Successionlimits the potential number of claimants to the throne, sothat only the descendants of Carl XVI Gustaf can inheritthe Throne.[65][64] If the royal house were to be extinct,the Riksdag is not obligated to elect a new royal house,as it once was up until the constitutional reforms of the1970s.[37]

7 See also

The royal barge Vasaorden, last used at the 2010 royal wedding.

7.1 Notes[1] A complete Lutheran church ordinance was not pre-

sented until the Swedish Church Ordinance 1571, with astatement of faith finalized by the Uppsala Synod in 1593.

[2] The powers of the king were originally regulated by a sec-tion of the written legal code calledKonungabalk (English:Kings’ partition) from medieval times until 1734, when anew law code of Sweden was adopted and that section wasremoved. The new law code of Sweden was adopted aftera long period of inquiries by royal commissions since thedays of Charles IX (late 16th/early 17th century)

[3] No regnal number—just Sigismund—is used when refer-ring to Sigismund III Vasa as King of Sweden.

[4] The war against Denmark was concluded in 1613 with apeace treaty, which did not cost Sweden any territory, butSweden was nevertheless forced to pay a heavy indemnity

7.2 References 11

to Denmark (Treaty of Knäred) in order to regain controlof Älvsborg fortress.

[5] Meanwhile, a Catholic army under Tilly was laying wasteto Saxony. Gustavus Adolphus met Tilly’s army andcrushed it at the First Battle of Breitenfeld in Septem-ber 1631. He then marched clear across Germany, estab-lishing his winter quarters near the Rhine, making plansfor the invasion of the rest of the Holy Roman Empire.In March 1632, Gustavus Adolphus invaded Bavaria, astaunch ally of the Emperor. He forced the withdrawal ofhis Catholic opponents at the Battle of Rain. In the sum-mer of that year, he sought a political solution that wouldpreserve the existing structure of states in Germany, whileguaranteeing the security of its Protestants. But achievingthese objectives depended on his continued success on thebattlefield.

[6] In Chapter V of Carl von Clausewitz' On War, he listsGustavus Adolphus as an example of an outstanding mil-itary leader, along with: Alexander the Great, Julius Cae-sar, Alexander Farnese, Charles XII, Frederick the Greatand Napoleon Bonaparte.

[7] Although the local conflict with Denmark-Norway, as partof the Thirty Years’ War was settled at the Second Treatyof Brömsebro (1645), in which the Danes ceded the Nor-wegian provinces of Jämtland, Härjedalen and Idre &Särna as well as the Danish Baltic Sea islands of Gotlandand Ösel. Sweden was furthermore exempted from theSound Dues and received the Danish province of Hallandfor a period of 30 years as a guarantee of these provisions.

[8] Charles Gustav was the son of John Casimir, Count Pala-tine of Kleeburg (1589-1652) and Princess Catherine ofSweden (1584-1638), daughter of King Charles IX.

[9] Sweden ceded its Baltic provinces and parts of Finland toRussia in the 1721 Treaty of Nystad.

[10] Also known as the Torekov Agreement (Swedish: To-rekovsövernskommelsen). The participants were ValterÅman (s), Bertil Fiskesjö (c), Birger Lundström (fp) andAllan Hernelius (m).[22]

[11] The Speaker of the Riksdag, not the Prime Minister, isconsidered the second highest public office in the order ofprecedence, below the head of state.[27]

[12] Such as in the first article in which the monarch is men-tioned:

Art. 5. The King or Queen who occu-pies the throne of Sweden in accordance withthe Act of Succession shall be the Head ofState.[32]

[13] Given their predominance in 20th century Swedish poli-tics, the public positions taken by the leaders of the SocialDemocrats are noteworthy; particularly given that theirparty programme does call for the abolishment of themonarchy.[33] Party leaders and prime ministers HjalmarBranting, Per-Albin Hansson and Tage Erlander all madestatements to the effect of being for a republic in princi-ple whenever the issue was raised, but that it was not worthpursuing (presumably fearing an electoral backlash).[34] At

the 1972 party congress of the Social Democrats, PrimeMinister Olof Palme publicly defended the Torekov com-promise, in response some members that yearned for a re-public, by famously characterizing that the upcoming re-forms would reduce the constitutional role of the monar-chy to nothing but a "plume" (Swedish: plym) and thuspaving the way to abolish the monarchy with the stroke ofa pen (Swedish: penndrag) at some distant point in the fu-ture. Palme emphasized though that other reforms werefar more important for the Social Democrats than abol-ishing the monarchy.[33][35] Successive leaders (and primeministers) Ingvar Carlsson and Göran Persson have alsodefended the status quo.[33]

[14] This could be interpreted as “for life”, given the histori-cal precedent: no voluntary abdication has occurred sinceUlrika Eleonora, in 1719 and only three hereditarymonar-chs have been involuntarily deposed (Eric XIV in 1568,Sigisumnd 1599, and Gustav IV Adolf in 1809).

[15] The Riksdag Act provision in question reads:

Special meeting for the opening of theRiksdag session Art. 6. A special meetingof the Chamber for the formal opening of aRiksdag session takes place no later than thethird day of the session. At the request of theSpeaker, the Head of State declares the ses-sion open. If the Head of State is unable toattend, the Speaker declares the session open.At this meeting, the PrimeMinister delivers astatement of Government policy unless thereare special grounds why he or she should re-frain from doing so.Time of meeting for the opening of theRiksdag sessionSupplementary provision 3.6.1 The formalopening of the session after an election to theRiksdag takes place at 2 p.m. on the secondday of the session.In years in which no election to the Riksdaghas been held, the formal opening takes placeon the first day of the session at the sametime.The Speaker may appoint another time forthe meeting.[38]

[16] According to the Gregorian calendar, the king died on 16November, but the Julian calendar (“old style”) was stillused in Protestant Sweden at the time and the same dateis still used now.

[17] Flag days are regulated by an ordinance issued by theGovernment of Sweden.[46] This means that the nationalflag is flown on all public flag poles and buildings on thosedates.

7.2 References[1] “The Royal Palace of Stockholm”. Royal Court of Swe-

den. Retrieved 2014-02-23.

[2] “Drottningholm Palace”. Royal Court of Sweden. Re-trieved 2014-02-23.

12 7 SEE ALSO

[3] See the Instrument of Government, Chapter 1, Article 5.

[4] Parliamentary system: see the Instrument of Government,Chapter 1, Article 1.

[5] “The Monarchy in Sweden”. Royal Court of Sweden. Re-trieved 2014-02-22.

[6] “The Constitution”. The Riksdag. Retrieved 2014-02-22.

[7] “The Head of State”. Government of Sweden. Retrieved2014-02-22.

[8] “Duties of the Monarch”. Royal Court of Sweden. Re-trieved 2014-02-22.

[9] (Swedish) SFS (1973:702)

[10] Michael Roberts, The Early Vasas: A History of Sweden1523-1611 (1968); Jan Glete, War and the State in EarlyModern Europe: Spain, the Dutch Republic, and Sweden asFiscal-Military States, 1500-1660 (2002) online edition

[11] Article “Johan III”, from Nordisk familjebok

[12] Ericson Wolke, Lars; Larsson, Villstrand. Historiska Me-dia, ed. Trettioåriga kriget (in Swedish). pp. 145–148.ISBN 91-85377-37-6.

[13] “Nordisk Familjebok – Axel Gustafsson Oxenstierna”.Nordisk Familjebok at runeberg.org (in Swedish). 1914.Retrieved 2014-10-23.

[14] Prinz, Oliver C. (2005). Der Einfluss von Heeresver-fassung und Soldatenbild auf die Entwicklung des Mil-itärstrafrechts. Osnabrücker Schriften zur Rechts-geschichte (in German) 7. Osnabrück: V&R unipress.pp. 40–41. ISBN 3-89971-129-7. Referring to Kroener,Bernhard R. (1993). “Militärgeschichte des Mittelaltersund der frühen Neuzeit bis 1648. Vom Lehnskriegerzum Söldner”. In Neugebauer, Karl-Volker. Grundzügeder deutschen Militärgeschichte (in German) 1. Freiburg:Rombach. p. 32.

[15] Larsson & Bäck: pp. 66-67.

[16] Larsson & Bäck: pp. 67-68.

[17] Larsson & Bäck: pp. 68-69.

[18] Larsson & Bäck: pp. 66-69.

[19] Lewin: pp. 112-115.

[20] Larsson & Bäck: p. 72.

[21] Torbjörn Bergman (1999). “Trade-offs in Swedish Con-stitutional design: The Monarchy Under Challenge”. InWolfgang C. Müller and Kaare Strøm, eds., Policy? Of-fice?, or Votes? How Political Parties Make Hard Choices.Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-63723-6.

[22] “Monarken utan formell makt efter Torekovskompromis-sen”. Sveriges Radio (in Swedish). 23 February 2012. Re-trieved 22 October 2014.

[23] Nergelius: pp. 15-16.

[24] Nergelius: pp. 33-34.

[25] “Forming a government”. The Riksdag. Retrieved 2014-10-24.

[26] Larsson & Bäck: pp. 166-170.

[27] Larsson & Bäck: p. 155.

[28] Prop. 1973:90. Kungl. Maj:ts proposition med förslagtill ny regeringsform och ny riksdagsordning m. m.; givenStockholms slott den 16 mars 1973. p. 172-175.

[29] Larsson & Bäck: pp. 65-69.

[30] Nergelius: p. 41.

[31] Larsson & Bäck: p. 166.

[32] The Instrument of Government: Chapter 1, Article 5.

[33] “Socialdemokraterna och republikfrågan”. Arbetar-rörelsen arkiv och bibliotek (Swedish Labour MovementArchives and Library). Retrieved 2014-12-02.

[34] Åse: pp. 58-60.

[35] Åse: pp. 11-13.

[36] Petersson: p. 44.

[37] Nergelius: p. 42.

[38] The Riksdag Act: Chapter 3, Article 6.

[39] “A year in the Riksdag”. The Riksdag. Retrieved 2014-10-24.

[40] Nergelius: pp. 41-42.

[41] “The Advisory Council on Foreign Affairs”. The Riksdag.Retrieved 2014-10-24.

[42] "Övriga funktioner” (in Swedish). The Royal Court ofSweden. Retrieved 2014-10-24.

[43] Steve Wilson. “The genius of Sweden’s 'Lion of theNorth'". Military History Online. Retrieved 20 February2014.

[44] “In Memory of a Great Man”. Spokane Daily Chronicle(scanned by Google). 4 November 1901. Retrieved 20February 2014.

[45] “Swedish Festival Calendar”. Swedish Language TrainingLondon. Retrieved 20 February 2014.

[46] “Förordning (1982:270) om allmänna flaggdagar”.Swedish Code of Statutes. Retrieved 2014-10-21.

[47] Levinovitz, pp. 21–23

[48] See the preamble to the Act of Succession.

[49] “History, The Treasury”. Royal Court of Sweden. Re-trieved 2014-02-23.

[50] “Regal symbols”. Royal Court of Sweden. Retrieved2014-02-23.

[51] “The Treasury”. Royal Court of Sweden. Retrieved 2014-02-23.

13

[52] Orders, Swedish Royal Court, date accessed 2014-10-22.

[53] “Svenska folkets slott” (PDF) (in Swedish). Statensfastighetsverk. Retrieved 2014-10-23.

[54] “State administration in Sweden”. Government of Swedenaccessdate = 2014-11-13.

[55] “Interests”. Royal Court of Sweden accessdate = 2014-11-13.

[56] “About the Royal Guards”. Swedish Armed Forces. Re-trieved 2014-02-26.

[57] “Drottningholm Palace Park”. Royal Court of Sweden.Retrieved 2014-02-26.

[58] “TheWorld Heritage”. Royal Court of Sweden. Retrieved2014-02-26.

[59] “Buildings in Haga Park”. Royal Court of Sweden. Re-trieved 2014-02-26.

[60] “Regeringen återlämnar Haga slott” (in Swedish).Government of Sweden. Retrieved 2014-11-13.

[61] “Haga Palace”. Royal Court of Sweden. Retrieved 2014-11-13.

[62] “Möt Kungafamiljen” (in Swedish). Royal Court of Swe-den. Retrieved 2014-11-23.

[63] “The Act of Succession”. The Riksdag. Retrieved 2014-10-24.

[64] Nergelius: pp. 42-44.

[65] See Act of Succession, Article 1.

English translations of Swedish fundamental lawsand the Riksdag Act

• The Instrument of Government (PDF). Stockholm:The Riksdag. 2012.

• The Act of Succession (PDF). Stockholm: TheRiksdag. 2012.

• The Riksdag Act (PDF). Stockholm: The Riksdag.2014.

Bibliography

• Larsson, Torbjörn; Bäck, Henry (2008). Governingand Governance in Sweden. Lund: StudentlitteraturAB. ISBN 978-91-44-03682-3.

• Levinovitz, Agneta Wallin (2001). Nils Ringertz,ed. The Nobel Prize: The First 100 Years. ImperialCollege Press and World Scientific Publishing.ISBN 981-02-4664-1.

• Lewin, Leif (1988). Ideology and Strategy: A Cen-tury of Swedish Politics. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press. ISBN 9780521343305.

• Nergelius, Joakim (2011). Constitutional Law inSweden. Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law Inter-national BV. ISBN 9789041134356.

• Petersson, Olof (2010). Den offentliga makten (inSwedish). Stockholm: SNS Förlag. ISBN 978-91-86203-66-5.

• Roberts, Michael (1992). Gustavus Adolphus. Pro-files in Power (2nd ed.). London: Longman. ISBN0582090008.

• Truedson Demitz, Jacob (1996). Throne of a Thou-sand Years. Ludvika & Los Angeles: Ristesson Ent.ISBN 91-630-5030-7.

• Åse, Cecilia (2009). Monarkins makt. Nationellgemenskap i svensk demokrati (in Swedish). Stock-holm: Ordfront. ISBN 978-91-7037-416-6.

8 External links• The Royal Court of Sweden - official website

• Kungahuset on YouTube - official video channel onYouTube

• Kungahuset on Vimeo - official video channel onVimeo

• Skattkammaren - the Royal Treasury

• Livrustkammaren - the Royal Armoury (Swedishmuseum of royal history)

14 9 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

9 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

9.1 Text• Monarchy of Sweden Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden?oldid=676000844 Contributors: Manning Bartlett,

Mic, Dod1, John K, Ruhrjung, Wik, Eliashedberg, Jao, Wiglaf, HangingCurve, Orpheus, Everyking, Gugganij, Gadfium, Quadell, Dominotheory, Djonn~enwiki, Lacrimosus, Buffyg, Mad Greg, Summer Song, Bill Thayer, Pedro Aguiar, Wtmitchell, TaintedMustard, Siafu,Woohookitty, Pol098, RicJac, Jebur~enwiki, Wachholder0, Rjwilmsi, CalJW, JDM1991, RexNL, Gaius Cornelius, Gadget850, FF2010,Silverhorse, Barryob, SmackBot, Slarre, Cubs Fan, Rrius, Flamarande, Srnec, Peter Isotalo, Pzavon, Hmains, Bluebot, GoodDay, Savidan,HADRIANVS, A. Parrot, Odengatan, Kencf0618, ES Vic, DangerousPanda, CmdrObot, Oden, Gogo Dodo, PKT, 0lorenzo0, Ludde23,Nick Number, Mkallgren, Mackan79, Camptown, Catgut, Animum, Berig, MartinBot, STBot, Rettetast, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Ssol-bergj, DrKiernan, Davidm617617, Limetolime, Bonadea, Signalhead, G2bambino, FrinkMan, Gotipe, Retireduser1111, Joshejuansueco,Danog-76, ClueBot, Dashenti, Versus22, Kreb, Surtsicna, Nayiuotreekutf, Addbot, Download, Favonian, TaBOT-zerem, Dennislarsson93,AnomieBOT, GoldWiz113, Jim1138, Galoubet, 9258fahsflkh917fas, LilHelpa, Xqbot, DSisyphBot, Koyos, Miesianiacal, SD5, FrescoBot,Carlstaffanholmer, James7709, Σ, VenomousConcept, SergeWoodzing, Yunshui, Fry1989, Mackay 86, EmausBot, Chelos, GoingBatty,Elzo 90, Lungboy87, Sundostund, Bollyjeff, Wieralee, PinkPhantom, Donner60, Petrb, ClueBot NG, Zkia, Frietjes, Widr, Tudosobreatv,Tholme, TheSwedishBeast, BG19bot, Keivan.f, Titanic1000, Klilidiplomus, Justincheng12345-bot, Hipposcrashed, ChrisGualtieri, Arcan-dam, Qexigator, Cmills924, Hmainsbot1, Mogism, TrulyVIKING, Icensnow42, Johnsully107, The Last Arietta, TompaDompa, Pakeha andAnonymous: 83

9.2 Images• File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg License: Cc-by-

sa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?• File:Charles_XI_of_Sweden.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Charles_XI_of_Sweden.jpg License:

Public domain Contributors: www.nationalmuseum.se Original artist: Attributed to David Klöcker Ehrenstrahl• File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Sweden.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Greater_coat_of_arms_

of_Sweden.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: This vector image includes elements that have been taken or adaptedfrom this: <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Juliana_of_the_Netherlands.svg' class='image'><imgalt='Coat of Arms of Juliana of the Netherlands.svg' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Coat_of_Arms_of_Juliana_of_the_Netherlands.svg/18px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Juliana_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png' width='18' height='20'srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Coat_of_Arms_of_Juliana_of_the_Netherlands.svg/27px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Juliana_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Coat_of_Arms_of_Juliana_of_the_Netherlands.svg/36px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Juliana_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x' data-file-width='952' data-file-height='1045' /></a> Coat of Arms of Juliana of the Netherlands.svg (by Sodacan). Original artist: Ssolbergj

• File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Originalartist: ?

• File:Drottningholm_castle_viewed_from_east_2005-08-14.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Drottningholm_castle_viewed_from_east_2005-08-14.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: Own work (Photo taken by me) Originalartist: Tage Olsin

• File:Flag_of_Sweden.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg License: PD Contributors: ?Original artist: ?

• File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Sweden_(without_ermine_mantling).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Sweden_%28without_ermine_mantling%29.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: This file wasderived from: Greater coat of arms of Sweden.svg: <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Sweden.svg'class='image'><img alt='Greater coat of arms of Sweden.svg' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Sweden.svg/50px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Sweden.svg.png' width='50' height='57' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Sweden.svg/75px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Sweden.svg/100px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x' data-file-width='894' data-file-height='1017' /></a>Original artist:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Sweden.svg: Ssolbergj

• File:Gustav_Vasa.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Gustav_Vasa.jpg License: Public domain Con-tributors: Unknown Original artist: Jakob Binck

• File:Gustavus_Adolphus_at_the_Battle_at_Breitenfeld.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Gustavus_Adolphus_at_the_Battle_at_Breitenfeld.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Uploaded by: sv:User:Den fjättrade ankanOriginal artist: Unknown

• File:Haga_slott_2008b.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Haga_slott_2008b.jpg License: CC BY-SA3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Holger.Ellgaard

• File:Karl_XIV_Johan,_king_of_Sweden_and_Norway,_painted_by_Fredric_Westin.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Karl_XIV_Johan%2C_king_of_Sweden_and_Norway%2C_painted_by_Fredric_Westin.jpg License: Publicdomain Contributors: Skoklosters slott Original artist: Fredric Westin

• File:King_Carl_XVI_Gustaf_at_National_Day_2009_Cropped.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/King_Carl_XVI_Gustaf_at_National_Day_2009_Cropped.png License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Original artist:King Carl XVI Gustaf atNational Day 2009.jpg: Bengt Nyman

• File:Konungr.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Konungr.jpg License: CC BY 2.5 Contributors: Ownwork Original artist: Berig

9.3 Content license 15

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