moments of zionism

8/7/2019 Moments of Zionism

1/36


2/36

Therefore the first who left were poor people - schnorers. A large number ofimmigrants took to the road America beginning sec. XIX (where, no more than70 years and will come before the main financial support of the Jewish Joint).

Another initiative was jew tycoon Moritz de Hirsh (finance, among others theconstruction of railways in the Balkans and East) send to 7000 in Russia

Hebrew poverty in Argentina. Jew tycoon Edmond de Rotchschild fundsdirectly (1870-1910) the creation of compact settlements in Palestine ...Individual events and punctual.

It was to be like, before Messaiah (God sent) waiting at a handful of Hebrew, therabbi to lawyers, bankers, men of culture, etc. from all jewish communities inEurope and Russia, and social conditions very different; but united by the beliefthat Return is the only way to true peace and dignity Hebrew people. Itconfirmed the tragical Schoah of the Jews in European fascism andcommunism, the harbinger of countless pogroms neighborhoods of big cities

but in small urban settlements at the end of sec. XIX and early XX century.

Is unpleasant, but correctly noted that this process was not idyllic place.The five social vectors: The Council of Rabbies (the classic and Hassid are in acontinuous war of deaf and leading jewish communities).

Considered class (great bankers of Europe, accustomed to generous gesturessingular, too full of them to mix with the herd is famous that say Rotchschild

bankers to Zionist leader Theodor Herzl: What do you think that, with 100,000schnorers (poor) to cure a Country of Israel ?!), middle class (swing betweensatisfaction and empowerment recent idea of financial support andparticipation - especially the Hebrew of these young families to buildeconomic infrastructure to the future new Hebrew State).

Poor People (ordinary people today to live together, side by side with themajority poor population, but having a higher education community andpractice of faith for thousands of years) - They will mobilize by Theodor Herzl,(after being rejected by bankers Hirsch and Rotchschild) They constitute amajority in the firsts ALYA.

Zionitii (heterogeneous group as social class of origin and countries of origin,gathered around the idea of achieving the Jew - Eretz Israel during 1840 - 1897

which will be the rule of law and fact in the Basel Congress in 1897 had manymoments in which opinions and attitudes were different. Unity of purpose andlocation of the miracle right leaders in the latter exodus Hebrew of the people

resulted in the establishment of the State of Hebrew (1948). The road wasopened for business two Rabbi: Yehuda Solomon Alcalai

Yehuda Solomon Alkalai(Yehudah Ben Shlomo Alkalai, Judah Alkalay) (1798-1878).


3/36

He was born in Sarajevo in Bosnia. After a period of study in Jerusalem (where

become advocates of teaching Kabbala) is return in Serbia, where leads a smallsephard community Semlim (Zemun) near Belgrade (1825).

Under the influence of origin nationalist movements in the Balkans and Europe(which will culminate with the 1948 revolutions across the continent), but alsoin consonance with the desire to reform life, which are generated in the sec.XVIII Hassid spiritual movement initiated by Yisroel (Israel) ben Eliezer Calledthe Baal Shem Tov (Besht - Shin Bet Ayin Tes) (1698 -1760) and Dov Ber ofMezritsh (1704-1772); Alkalay of work in 1834, Shema Yisrael ( Listen to thepeople of Israel ) starts from the idea that you pray and deplores the Jew inGalut (exile) to God by asking for expressions Force Him to be displaced againin the Holy Land (something commonly practiced in the synagogues of theDiaspora jewish communities and in Jerusalem, where he preached his pendingMessaiah to restore them in Hebrew on Israel and release of Galut) is notsufficient. Jews must act and held for real Return as more and their spiritualand real life in their country, in those days called Palestine. Then the God willcome! Said Rabbi Alkalay. There he issued the first modern doctrine In theintroduction to a book of Hebrew grammar (Darkhei Noam), in 1839, andShelom Yerushalayim (1840), he urges people to prepare both spiritual andmaterial resources through the collection - proposes the allocation of eachfamily of Hebrew tenths of an income tithe to support those who want to settlein Jerusalem. Provides also future dangers of living in the Diaspora and futureeffects of the welfare of the majority population accumulated exponentially

because of Hebrew childrens early education, a system of socialization andsupport specific to jewish communities, which the majority population not knowto apply and generate forms of early anti-Semitism - which in fact will happenover the next years ... In the same year, 1840 in Damascus, are killed in Hebrewreason to be killed Christians for ritual manufacture matzot map (azyme) forEaster. Comment: This wasthe Franciscan brother Thomas and his greekservant, thendisappeared. French consul in Damascus Turkish governor alertsclaiming that murder is a ritual practiced by the Hebrew. Thisstarts an

investigation, during which a barber Jew recognizes astorture deed and heaccuses the three. have held shares ofpogrom at the Hebrew settlements in the


4/36

Middle East. Funeraldisappeared two Christians are held in their absencebodies ...

That confirms its Alkalay that Jews can be free only in their own (from theOttoman Empire) on which to base jews settlements. Idea taken and TheodorHerzl (whose grandfather was friends with Alkalay). In 1874 is established in

Palestine to contribute to the settlements of Hebrew. Died in 1878.

Rabbi Zvi Hirsch Kalischer (1795 --- 1874)

Rabbi Zvi Hirsch Kalischer (1795 - 1874)

In the same period a rabbi in Poland (aschenaz) militate for the same idea:

Rabbi Zvi Hirsch Kalischer (1795 - 1874), rabbi of the community in Torun. In1862 he declared that the Return to Zion the Hebrew p emoupuslset tboegreinin wstiathll concrete, practicing agriculture and self as a means ofimplantation.

He traveled up and across to Germany asking for fund-raising by the Jewishstate with settlement projects of jewish families in Palestine, including bankersBerlin branch of the Rothschild family. 1862 paper published in Drishat Tziyon

veHevrat Erez Noshevet (looking for the Zion), a first training manual formodern agricultural settlements in Israel.

Both rabbis were aware that community empowerment of the first decade of the

XIX century in France , the Habsburg Empire and Germany, by Napoleon I, wasnot sufficient. It induces a selfmiddle class and Hebrew magnailor across theeveryday life: a mortal danger to induce that state of mind of what a sacrifice

was establish land arid and response to our hospitable local population inPalestine (which and what happened after 1890). Therefore militants forsystematic development of national consciousness within the Hebrewcommunity, in close collaboration with Talmudic training and communitysocialization of the young generation as a first step in the process of Return.

Kalisher succeeds in 1864 to establish the Central Committee for setting theregion of Israel, in Berlin. Manages to raise awareness Jewess Universal Alliancein support of agricultural settlements in Israel and the first agricultural school:

Mikve Yisrael in 1870. He suggests that residents of settlements to combinefarming with that of self-defending in local Guard Units to counter attacks


5/36

robbery against Yishuv (Palestinian Settlements of Jews). Today, a religiouskibutz valley Bet Shen have his name. Both promoters of ALYA encounteredresistance from traditionalist rabbi weather but they have their ideas by way ofReturn those who have followed and developed, theoretically and practically:Theodr Herzl, Judah Leib (Leon) Pinsker, Ber Borochov, Nachman Syrkin, Zeev

(Vladimir) Jabotinsky, Asher Ginsberg (Ahad HaAm); Rabis Shmuel Mohilever,Naphthali Zvi Yehudah. Chaim Weizmann, who will become in 1948 the firstPresident State of Eretz Israel and manymany others.

2

FIGHT OF JEWS FOR RETURN IN ERETZ ISRAELFROM VISION TO ACTUALLY

THEODOR HERZL CONGRESS OF BASEL 1897

Theodor Herzl (Binyamin Zeev Herzl)(1860 - 1904) was born in Budapest into a family of bankers Hebrew Sephardimfrom Zemun (where his grandfather was a disciple of Rabbi Yehuda Solomon

Alkalay, Apostle of the Zionist Movement). When he was 18 years, the family

has moved to Vienna. He follow the Faculty of Law in Vienna. After completingfaculty a short time working at the Ministry of Justice of the Habsburg Empireafter which, as a press correspondent of the newspaper Neue Freie Presse(Vienna) to visit London, Paris Istanbul. Are of a literary columnist andreligious point of view was not concerned about the destiny of Hebrewcommunities - until the outbreak of Dreyfuss Affair in France (Paris 1894).For 10 years, this confrontation between pro-and anti-Semitism of the French.That fact will mobilize young journalist energy will trigger an action, in the

beginning itself, and then collectively Return for Jews in Eretz Israel. A fewwords about Dreyfuss Affair . Artillery Captain Alfred Dreyfuss,environmental officer in the service of French intelligence (Bureau Two) isinvestigated, beginning with October 13 1894 on charge of being suppliedintelligence service intelligence German. Although graphologic expertise a


6/36

document with the data was not relevant intelligence and investigation wasunderway are leaking information to newspapers. In the October 29 start in thenewspaper La Libre Parole a press campaign to logs taken with anti-Semiticorientation as ameans of pressure on the Army Staff of the French.

On December 4 the means of pressure on the Army Staff of the French. On

December 4 the War Council meets to judge this case. Captain is convicted,irrespective of the absence of a final opinion from the committee of inquiry onthe basis of our audited statements, issued a general (Mercier) and a colonel(Henry).

Sentenced (22 November) and then degraded in public (5 January 1895) isbeing deported to Devil Island in French Guiana. His brother and a friend(writer Bernard Lazare) moves to start the review process. Member addresses toJew deputy in French Parliament Joseph Reinah and the Great Rabbi of FranceZadoc Kahn. Both adopt non involvement position. The initiators of the reviewprocess works without any support from the Jewish authority and opacity of the

Ministry of War. The new investigator (mars 1896) Picquart, discovers theidentity of a writing master Walsin Ferdinand Esterhazy (known by his lifeAdventurous). War Ministry decided not to reopen the case. Finding of this fact,Bernard Lazare awareness goes to press in November 1986 by publishing the

booklet A miscarriage of justice - the truth Dreyfuss Affair. Issue reviewprocess reaches the French Senate, this time assisted by deputy Jew JosephReinah. The intellectuals of the caliber of Charles Pguy, Andr Gide, MarcelProust, Daniel Halvy, Lucien Herr, Emile Zola, the French takes position todefend Dreyfuss. The population is divided into pros and cons Dreyfuss. In1899, after various diversion to keep the allegations and the Esterhazy exempt

by false statements and documents, before the trials, the Major State of French

Army is forced to bring in detention in order to Reine trial on review.Alfred Dreyfuss is relieved of charges, but some time passes until you will bereintegrated in the army (21 July 1906). We fight in the First World War and

will retire with the lieutenant colonel rank. With all that has been criticized bysome leaders Hebrew obedience to his attitude, over those 12 years, manDreyfuss has demonstrated a stoicism and respect for the law to honor them(especially since before this disaster in his personal life was rated as a brilliantmilitary future of the Head Staff, gen. Boisfedre).

In the beginning of the Dreyfuss Affair as a journalist in Paris, the position ofyoung Theodor Herzl is changed in the wave of anti-Semitism generated.

Influenced by ideas of Rabbi Alkalay and he becomes a fervent proponent ofReturn Jews in Eretz Israel. Understand that ideas assmilation of Jews by theperformance in a majority of each country (ideas promoted in the emancipationmovement Haskala - Jew in the community equal citizen in the society of thecountry) and hope that anti-Semitism field is history and will not be repeated isillusory and counterproductive for the Hebrew people. The same ideas areshared and Max West (Commentary), which will meet in Paris at the beginningof the process Dreyfuss. Given to its pragmatic spirit, Theodor Herzl move toimmediate action to raise Jews tycoons in Europe without too much success.Meeting with Belgian banker Moritz de Hirsch (Commentary) takes place inMay 1895. Meeting is tough and without effect. Maybe pride Baron von Hirsch,

style may directly, and our ardent young Herzls protocol ... Tenacious, TheodorHerzl prepare, by November 1895, a meeting with English banker Edmond


7/36

James de Rothschild (Commentary). For this purpose write a draft fordiscussion, 64 pages, later called Der Judenstaat (Hebrew State). Meeting,in which Herzl proposes bankers to take over leadership of a large organization,all Jews, for the accumulation of financial assets and organization actions forReturn in Eretz Israel. Rothschild say: What do you think that, with 100,000

schnorers (poor) to cure a Country of Israel ?!. Herzls reply was: Then Illrefer to people. And in this case was the result of failure of subjective attitudesof the two. Each will contribute decisively to the creation of theoretical bases,organizational (Herzl) or funding the training Eretz Israel (Rothschild).

Another perspective, in both cases, it would be like to be! Effort-will be playedthe whole Hebrew nation, from visionary Herzl, who followed him after theBasle Congress, and why not, the majority of financial and industrial Jews elite,

who during the rally organized by the structure of Congress, contributingfinancially and logistically, on the road or one hundred years before theestablishment of the State of Eretz Israel. That is an example of a concertedeffort to be worthy of other people, to be applied, adapted to their ownprosperity. Failure of Rothschild meeting is compensated by the draft derJudenstaat, which first published in Vienna on 14 February 1895, is spread

with the speed of fire in all Jewish communities.

From the young students of Hebrew in European capitals to the Russian Jewishcommunities (where it was copied by hand in thousands of copies).

An example is David Wolfsohn (Commentary).

Rabinate reaction was, with some exceptions (eg the Grand Rabbi of Vienna)retained and sometimes laughably. Herzl was baptized as an attic of Retour inHolly Land. Since April 1896, when the English edition of the Hebrew State

are publish, Theodor Herzl is recognized as a leader of the Movement of Returnin Eretz Israel Zionism Mouvement. Der Judenstaat (Hebrew State),assemble energy in Hebrew communities up-and across Europe, and Russia, theUnited States.

Is So naturally, given the ideas simple, clear and revolutionary in the text. Anti -Semitism occurs wherever there is a significant number of Hebrew, is manifestnot long after their presence at any place within the majority population. It isobserved in various forms, from school, sports, business, religious intolerance,and even as a reason for self-defense of majority. It is a phenomenon that cannot be offset in the local, regional, should be addressed by the countries in aInterstate Agreement. The oppression and persecution could not exterminatethe Hebrew. Integration of Jews in the place is not resolved by either waivingthe Judaic tradition, imitation, assimilation, through mixed marriages. Jewishpoverty problem, which is currently moving from one place to another in searchof jobs is not resolved through individual philanthropy: they can be generated orgenerating anti-Semitism.

Anywere they emigrate, shortly Jews middle class accumulate economic power.Sooner or later most people will respond by induction of some forms of anti-Semitic behavior. Example is France (in just the first run, hysterical anti-Semitic, the Dreyfuss Affair). Jews must to Return in large numbers, theircolonization in Eretz Israel to be assisted financially and logistically for the

standard of living does not decreased for those who get there than in the placewhere they went. This can be achieved, financial and logistical, one


8/36

philanthropist, for some. Organization is needed and sees as a corporation,accompanied by a Hebrew Company as a productive economic resources andmanagement of their use.

Herzl describes the detailed operation and interpenetration between: the localcommunity as the basic structure; Jewish society, as a body superior to all the

communities through elected representatives; Company Hebrew: financialsupport to projects Return in a Jewish Eretz Israel.

In the chapter Local Community Theodor Herzl describes the difficulty ofmassive migration, as to departure forbiddance psychologically (attachment tothe place, neighbors, tombs, traditions). He propose to make immigrationgroups.

Preparation groups will be in time guide, each having a district and acommittee of representatives designated for this purpose within each localcommunity. Each family can choose, depending on the opportunities toemigrate. At the same time Hebrew Company will provide transport (train,

boat) and accommodation space for the first period of settlement, in a group orindividually, in Eretz Israel.

Herzl put an emphasis on cooperation with local community Rabbis. Eachgroup will have its Rabbi, its spiritual leader, who will receive regularinformation from the Hebrew Company, and will distribute and explain theGroup members. Committee representatives will be led by Rabbis. Local groups

will receive compensation for buildings and facilities free of reconstruction inthe new country. The Philanthropic institutions should be included in a system

which allows the complementarity of actions and funding. Educationcommunity, the meaning of training for productive activities in the new location

will be coordinated by the Hebrew Society and supported the localcommunity. Elderly population will be involved in activities, light feeling to haveutility, along with the members. He write, finally: We will do whats best to usemoral force to the work of salvation of any man any age and class (social), andso our people will find new strength from working on his own ground sevenhours a day.

The Jews Society is intended as a promoter of Spiritual State: a state that

combines the concept of Rousseau on state as a social contract with theSpiritual Hebrew State of Rabbi Yohanan ben Zakkai, in the ConciliationJasmina (70-90). Type of organization should promote and convey the

concepts of spiritual development, educational and organizational, uniform inall local communities.

The Hebrew Company is a form of organization that aims to purchase land inPalestine. Also, as administrator of the Hebrew goods, regulates the conversion

value of transferable assets (land, buildings, etc.) in the country of departure,the new location of Eretz Israel. Undertake and coordinate enterprisesconstruction Hebrew workers, providing conditions for work (7 hours) andpayment in kind and in cash.

The Funds for those who can not work (pregnant women, children, elderly),funds for education, funds for self-defense of the Jewish settlements.

Facilitate trade in consumer goods inside and outside Jewish settlements inPalestine (Yishuv). It will facilitate investment in small industry, the rental of


9/36

industrial and agricultural machinery. During the movements of groups ofmigrants Hebrew Company will ensure all direct and indirect costs.

In April 1896, Theodor Hertzl make first trip to Constantinople, by mediatingthe Grand Duke of Baden (who will assist in further efforts to further Jewishsettlement of legal and purchase land in Palestine - under Ottoman husbandry).

This bears the first official talks with the Turks. On his return visit Hebrewcommunity in Sofia, Vienna, Berlin, London ... Everywhere people it claims itreceives and enthusiastically, with some reservations elite (it is the case, forexample, Maccabees Group in London). Feeling that something terrible is aboutto happen Hebrew population abroad (which will become visible soon after1904 -the Chisinau pogrom Bessarabia and death of the Hebrew 6,000,000 in35-45 years of XX century) gives the energy to persevere. In July 1986 has a newmeeting with Baron Edmond de Rothschild.The two ways: infiltration at any price unlawfully (Edmond de Rothschild hasapplied this method since 1882 - first Aliya, leading to the establishment of the

first rural settlement of Moshav), and immigration legal assistance by theOttoman supported Herzl, not find a compromise formula.

In the same period, start to organize Zionist movement with the support of MaxNordau (Comment), Aryeh Leib Motzkin and Avraham Usishkin. FirstOrganization: Jewish Associationin 1987. In March 1897 preparationConference takes place.

Congress to be held in Mnchen. The opposition of German Rabbis Councildetermine the location change.

August 1897 - Switzerland - Basel: hotel gable which float on the white flag withblue stripes and Magen David (Star of the six corners of David), representatives

of Jews from 16 countries discussed first plan to Return in Eretz Israel. Theformation and Basel World Zionist Organization, with the followingcoordinates: The Systematic and programmatic support to the development ofJewish agricultural settlements, industrial and craftsmen.The Unification ofHebrew organizations in the state of each country in accordance with the laws ofthat State. Strengthening the spirit of individual conscience and nationalJewry.Preparation work for obtaining the various governments to accept andsupport the Zionist aim of Return in Eretz Israel.

Formation of a Committee of Action, based in Vienna, which includesrepresentatives of major Hebrew community. Max Bodeheimer proposes to

establish a Bank and a National Fund, to centralize and manage financialresources accruing from collective or individual donations.

Professor Shapira proposes to establish a Hebrew University in Eretz Israel. Hetook being first Zionist Organization. It was sing the first hymn future statusHebrew (Hatikvah - Hope) lyrics by poet Naftali Herz Imber (1856 1909Romanian Jew) and music of Bedrich Smetana.

Herzl consider getting a International Agreement for Jewish settlement inEretz Israel to be safe. He criticized illegal infiltrations (Aliya). This view hascreated confusion in dealing the Return. It will take place in fact, over the 41

years before the establishment of Israel, both ways: legal and illegal, according

to the international political situation.


10/36

In June 1898, at his own expense set up weekly Die Welt (The World), whichdiscuss tactics in the political, social, educational and spiritual unification of the

various linguistic communities in Europe, Russia and America, to support whatHebrew grant settlements in Eretz Israel.

In August 1898, is second Zionist Congress in Basel. Within this formation was

Jewish Colonial Trust - coordination role with the amounts donated to thepurchase of land, agricultural and industrial development, education, socialassistance to those who are Return in Eretz Israel.

Theodor Herzl launched the concept of the conquest - in response to hostileattitudes of some rabbis and Hebrew opinion leaders from Europe to NewZionist organizations. Provide the focus of attention and funding necessary tosupport the harmonization of the structures of educational communities. Andmutual support in case of oppression by the majority population of stateoppression in the country (it had the immediate realities of the RussianEmpire). This mode of organization and management of funds at the global

level is the present Joint of the Jews and at the same time, the symbiosisbetween political and social Zionism. Within Congress, the socialist leaders haverequested representation in the organizations management.

In October 1898, Herzl arrives in Jerusalem lead a Zionist delegation, wherethey were members of the World Zionist Congress (including the David

Wolfshon). Visit first ancestral lands. He is impressed by the vitality of theHebrew people agricultural settlements. He is accompanied by a group of riders

who protects him. They are hardy, healthy, work their land. Compare mentalvitality and freedom with that of the Hebrew state in subsistence poverty, fear ofpogroms, of thousands of Hebrew in Europe and Russia. Has a concrete visionthat will mean for the hundreds of thousands of Hebrew Return in Eretz Israeland the way: that in the concerted efforts of Diaspora Jews to the accumulationof funds, purchase of land in Palestine and the spiritual reinforcement becomingfree people in their own country. Emperor Wilhelm II - visiting the same arealead an official delegation of the German Empire in Turkey. Herzls opportunityis to present its agricultural Hebrew estates. And are visited Jaffa RishonLezion, Ness Zion, Rehovot and Mikve Israel Agricultural School.

In March 1999 Jewish Colonial Trust is registered in London as the bank shares.

In May 1899, Herzl a new trip to Istanbul, where (through mediation of sisterSultan coach) has a meeting with Sultan on buying land in Palestine (thenintegrated in the Ottoman Empire). Sultan asked him instead to cover the hugedeficit of Turks treasury. Preparations made later Hebrew European bankers tocreate a joint fund for this purpose fail (although subsequent Jews financial willimplement separate funding but without effect in terms of Herzls idea). TheThree Congress of the Basel takes place in August 1899. Herzl in it makes areport on the steps and meetings with German officials (including King WilhelmII to Jerusalem and from Constantinople).

Even if it recognizes the efforts that had no practical effect, he insists the issuehas increased in prestige Zionist Organization. Congress limited the use of fundsto Palestine and Syria. Personnel and undemocratic way in which Herzlorganization makes its decisions creates animosities among members of

Congress, such as Asher Ginzberg (Ahad Ha Am).


11/36

1900 and 1901 is an effort that sterile Zionist leader makes them thegovernments European and Ottoman and Russian empires. Congress in London(the Four - 1900) Herzl take action against the expatriation of thousands ofHebrew in Romania but did not mention the persecutions major CzaristEmpire. He hopes that negotiations to allow Russian officials will give positive

results. Rabbi are limiting Organization which require only the political issues(in order not to interfere with the field of spiritual and cultural with Rabbis).The fifth century the Basel Congress (December 1901) confirms theineffectiveness of political contacts with the Ottoman Empire.

Frames are formed in Congressional opposition to the way in which TheodorHerzl drive - called Democratic faction. The group led by Leo Motzkin, MartinBuber and Chaim Weizmann require a focus on the achievement of a uniformculture and education among Hebrew communities. Also ask fordemocratization of the movement as a warning to single-member leadership ofHerzl. The only concrete achievement, impact in the coming years will bestatutory Jewish National Fund (Jewish National Fund - JNF), which had theobjective of accumulating funds to purchase land in Palestina.

Swan song of Herzls visionary materializes in 1902 by publication in theOctober 1902 essay Altneuland (Our held). He describes a Jew with a Europeanculture with a developed social protection. To be a free country, with a completefreedom of religion, separate from political power, the Jews and non Jews haveequal rights. Jew State is not a country of national oppression but a place wherethe feeling of brotherhood and equality will prevail. Immediate reaction will gofrom the fact that Herzl did not specify that the only language will be Ivrid.

Ahad Ha Am became a fierce and constant critic of, cosmopolitan ideas of theHerzl essay.

Year for 1902 -1903 are years of exploratory Herzl the British officials,Ottoman and Russian. Go to Russia to minimize the effects of anti Jews laws. Itis received with great warmth and hope of the Jews in the area of Pale, with agrand reception in Vilnius. Caught between promises and false alternatives, onthe one hand, and the increasingly poor Jews from Eastern Europe, thedevastating pogroms subject and the lack of prospect of escape from the viciouscircle, Herzl accepted the proposal of the Secretary British state for colonies,Joseph Chamberlain (October 1903), to establish a Hebrew State on the currentterritory of Uganda - as an immediate emigration of hundreds of thousands ofHebrew persecuted. The project is subject to the of Basel six Congress(December 1903). The Comments are highly contradictory.

From the accusations of betrayal of ideals in motion to the idea that a solutionwould be like a night shelter (Max Nordau) .

Resolution making the study, Uganda Plan is passed by 295 votes to 178 against(all Russian Zionist delegates) and 98 abstentions. The prestige of Herzlsleadership will be seriously touched in the Congress. But its efforts on actionsimpendence large saving Jews from Eastern Europe recently are confirmed:Pogrom in Chisinau on 6-7 April 1903.

On April 6, a Russian child is found murdered in the town Dubossary. LocalNewspapers anti-Semitic incitement to revenge against the Jews on the grounds

that it would be a ritual murder - the blood to produce matzot of Easter - thatwas after he was killed by a relative ... Between 7-9 April in Chisinau community


12/36

is devastated: 49 dead, 59 seriously wounded, 500 wounded, 700 housesdestroyed. Intervention is no Czarist authorities, during the pogrom.) Hertzl inits route from the Russian Empire in 1903, finds that all the promises are toform, manifest disdain towards the Jews is doubled along the order they areused as valve embezzlement discontent of the majority population towards

inefficient administration empire, hunger and social misery of generalizedRussian empire. Movements anti Czar (another pogrom, 19-20 October 1905,also in Chisinau, will result in the diversion of such riots, in which 19 Hebrewkilled will be mistreated and 56) will grind Czarist empire to his fall in 1917.

Theodor Hertzl had visions of saving his people from oppression andhumiliation, the immediate concrete situations (see the case Dreyfuss). He hadthe genius of the possible solutions. But many of his notable not have given usthe vision rally danger that hover over their people, whether in Holocaust of the

years 40 of the last century.

1904 - Sick and almost alone, Hertzl has a series of meetings: the Pope and King

of Italy - in January, with the Zionist action - in April (to settle conflicts in theZionist Movement). He died in the sanatorium Badlach (Austria) of pneumoniaat 44 years. The news came in all communities. Thousands Hebrews have takenthe way of Vienna to be with their visionary leader in him last road. TheMortuary convey endless drain on the boulevards of Vienna, the HebrewCemetery Sephard Rite. The silent is crowd, when the body are fit in the grave,liven suddenly.

Screaming with pain, Jews break their clothes on them; the cry of thousands ofdesperate people, while creating an unforgettable moment, that they willremember the friends and its enemies (as Stephen Tzveig writer and publicistJew Austrian proponent of assimilation of Jews as and constant opponent ofHerzl, assisting in the funeral recognized events in Jewish supreme evidence ofthe value of Herzls symbol for millions of Hebrew Diaspora). Herzl was the firstJew who, after 1800 years, it take action and declare before the world that Jewsare a people with rights of any nation, and continues through to convincemillions Hebrew to follow him. A face in spite of evidence and contest ofrepresentatives Hebrew (spiritual or financial), following the vision of the

organization until the Zionist Movement its materiality - World ZionistOrganization.


13/36

Max Nordau

Was born in Budapest in 1849, the son of Gabriel Sdfeld an Orthodox rabbi of

Sephardi origin. Following courses at primary school Hebrew, Catholic collegeand obtain licensee in Medicine. Is married to a Protestant Christian, and is setin Paris where he opened a medicine cabinet. At the same time is a writer andcorrespondent for the press. He meets Theodor Herzl in the preliminary stagesof the process Dreyfuss. Both share the belief that anti-Semitism is a universalfact. Assimilation that practiced the Hebrew is bankrupt; Return that in EretzIsrael and the formation of a Jew is the only way for the Jews. Become a friendand comrade of ideas and promotion of the Zionist movement, Theodor Herzl.It will be noticed as an organizer of the first Zionist congress. At first Congress(1897) will be the secretary of Congress.

In the speech was addressed to those present in the courtroom, he underline as

a characteristic of Hebrew communities mess everywhere, not so much material-present more or less supportive of the misery existing in the majoritypopulation living in each community-such as moral. Even in Western countries- Europe, declared the equality of Jews with the majority of the state, isaccompanied by inducement of majority of the population that a Jew can have asense of honor, sense of duty, patriotism and morality as they are.

Arguments related to pre-existing feelings of hate a Jew. Emancipation of Jewsin Western Europe has created a feeling among them that Hebrew in theGhetto became a frustration their daily life where they suffered shame andhumiliation. They forget that for hundreds of years he was a place of refuge and

preserve spiritual and moral values of people ... Those who choose the path ofassimilation, social and cultural, and want to be French, German ... before beingconsidered Jew, believing in such a life of dignity and decent society in whichthe majority live. From this posture minimizes the manifestations of anti-Semitism that observed around him. But these phenomena, apparently more orless minor, while it induces a feeling misery moral, social support in the absenceof the Hebrew native traditions which went on the road to assimilation.

He asks Congress to find ways to build financial and educational structures ableto achieve unity of Jewish spiritual recovery through education and training toregenerate links with local communities. Staff will remain in the futureCongress, as president or vice president, promoting a democratic debate and

decision making. In1892 published his best known: degeneration which


14/36

criticizes the so-called degenerate art based on the negative social effects thathave rapid urbanization on the human body and psyche. Dies in 1923.

Baron Moritz de HirschMoritz De Hirsch was born in Munich, on 9.12.1831. Belonged to a family of

bankers who claimed the Hebrew king Bavaria. The family received a rank ofnoble baron von Hirsch. They kept mosaic faith, they build a small synagoguein his own house. Here Moritz taught Jewish religious instruction and Ivridlanguage.

School followed her to Munich, not to excel in the study. At 17 years employed inas a new employee to a strong bank Bischoffsheim & Goldschmidt in Brussels.Is performing in the company, but upswing is guaranteed marriage to Clara,daughter of the owner of the bank (1855). Soon set up its own bank and invest in

building the railway sugar plantations, and mines copper. Use of a bankruptcybanker to take up the construction of railways in Turkish Empire and theBalkans, first connection with Middle Europe in 1883 by opening the railway

Vienna - Constantinople. He Becomes very rich and popular in the High Life(such as friend of the Prince of Wales, future King Edward of England). Fromthis position it will occupy the lives of indigent Jews bordering countries of

Western Europe, subject to the restrictions of social origin (employment) andethnic (anti-Semitism). He donated 1,000,000 francs (1873) to AllianceIsraelite Universelle (Paris) to establish trade schools for Hebrew in theBalkans and in Turkey, the process continued through annual donations of400,000 francs. In 1889 established a charitable fund in support of Hebrew

refugees persecuted in the Russian Empire, which has benefited to a lesser orgreater extent Hebrew 5,000,000 in Russia, Lithuania and Poland, located inthe so-called region Pale (from that Jews were not allowed to leave at thattime). This double tax and was not allowed to live in big cities. Bear successivepogroms they destroy homes, businesses and synagogues. From 1887 Jews areprohibited access to secondary education in the Pale. Hirsch proposes theamount of 50,000,000 francs to establish separate schools for Hebrew in theregion but refused to stipulate that the conditions as these amounts are notdefalcate from officials of Czarist empire.

The Families of thousands of Hebrew flee to the Austro-Hungarian border,

around the city Brod. Under these conditions Hirsch argues in 1891, JewishColonization Association (Jewish Colonization Association (JCA) in England) to


15/36

support the Jewish colonization in Russia and elsewhere in Argentina will notbe subjected to discrimination in Europe, Asia, North America or South, for todetermine to make agricultural activities, commercial work of any kind. Sendemissary to buy land in Argentina, Canada. Intend to ensure the issue ofRussian passports to the departure of 20,000 in first year Hebrew. JCA cover

cost of travel to South America. Even though only about 7,000 Hebrew followedthis road, was the first experiment of Hebrew pastoral life he has done it before

being cast out of Israel (in section I and II of the first millennium). In theEurope accounts for the years 1880 1900, the population displacement fromPale to less restrictive areas (Poland, Ukraine, Austria-Hungary, Bucovina,Romania). In the North America, forming communities of Hebrew farmers inNew Jersey, including the College of Agricultural and Hirsch. Will bequeath tohis death (1899) $ 45,000,000 for Jewish colonization Association).

Baron Edmond BenjaminJames de Rothschild

It was born in Paris (19.08.1845)- in the family castle of French bankersRothschild.

Concerned with art, with a vast collection of paintings, many donated to LouvreMuseum in Paris will be geared to support Jewish settlements in Erez Israel(1882), at great hardship. He donated huge sums of money from its assets to

buy land in Palestine. He established the first two Hebrew estates whocultivated large areas of vines: Rezhon Lezion, Zichron Yaakov (after the nameof his grandfather). He financed the development of wine industry andeconomic development of settlements in the Middle East. For this purpose hecreate Association of Hebrew colonization of Palestine (Palestine Jewishcolonization Association - PICA). After the first Zionist Congress in Basel, he

will support the Zionist movements own name, without being integrateddirectly in its organizational structure and politics. He died in 02.11.1934


16/36

David WolfshonHe was born in Lithuania, in the town Darbenai. with Max Bodenheimer willestablish in the German Colony locality, Association for development ofagriculture in the country of Israel (under the local organization ChoveveiZion). Immediately after reading Herzls book, will leave in Vienna to meet

with the author. I joined them, traveling with him in 1888 in Constantinopleand in Eretz Israel, meeting with Emperor Wilhelm II - century. Wolffsohn will

become the first president of the Jewish Colonial Trust, which aimed at theaccumulation of financial resources and their use in Eretz Israel for thepurchase of land and Hebrew settlements implantation. After Herzls death(1904), is elected president of the World Zionist Organization until 1911.

HEBREW ORGANIZATIONS IN SELF DEFENSE YISHUV(HEBREW COMMUNITY IN ISRAEL)


17/36


18/36


19/36

The phenomenon of population development of self defense Yishuv (Hebrewpopulation in Palestine) during 1918 - 1948 was long and with numeroussyncope , caused both by the conditions existing during the British occupation(1918-1920), the British mandate over Palestine (1920 -1948), and that theHebrew people of Palestine have no experience of extremist attacks, which

began in 1920, against the Hebrew settlements in the region.

To understand where they should have come, we present some excerpts fromWorld Zionist Organization Declaration made on 03.02.1919, session PeaceConference in Paris:

I. Palestine should be placed under such political conditions, administrativeand economic establishment that will ensure that the Hebrew National House... being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice thecivil and religious rights of the existing us - Hebrew in Palestine or the politicalrights enjoyed by the status of Hebrew in any other country .... .

II. Will forever be one the most complete freedom of religion for all religiouscreeds in Palestine. There is no discrimination among people with regard tocitizenship and civil rights on grounds of religion or race. Palestine is not largeenough to receive more than one of the Jews in the world. Most of the fourteenmillion, scattered through all countries must remain in their current locations ...Hebrew National House will be of great value to them ..., this will inspire

millions of Hebrew, often before despairing , a new hope ... will have a highstandard of living for our citizens Hebrew and no Hebrew in places where they


20/36

live require setting the border is in the following coordinates:

North: Mediterranean Sea south of Sidon, on the capture of springs LebanonMountains (KARAON EL) EL BIRE following the line of demarcation betweenthe two basins: Wad El Kook and Wadi Et Teim, thence in a direction from lineof demarcation between the eastern slopes of the Hermon and West.

East: Hermon, NAHR MUGHANIYE following Hedjaz rail to the South BayAkaba.

South: to be negotiated with the Egyptian GovernmentWest: the Mediterranean

The peace negotiations, the San Remo (Italy) will be final produce Map of San-Remo 1920 for Palestine, which ensures a clear separation of the two areas(Hebrew and Arabic) with the Jordan River border.

This document reminds me of the essay Altneuland (Our held) written byTheodor Hertzl in October 1902. He describes a Hebrew State with an economy

based on new technologies, with a European culture with a developed socialprotection. A free country, with a complete freedom of religion, separate frompolitical power, in which Jews and non Jews have equal rights: Hebrew State is

not a country of national oppression but a place where the feeling of


21/36

brotherhood and equality will prevail ; wrote Hertl the visionary Zionist twentyyears before this time.

Premises were a resolution of the Jewish Return to the Promised Land, to forma multi racial state in which would be prospered both Jews and Arabs, with thetechnology and funds infused by the Jewish World.

There were between 1918-1920 negotiations between Chaim Weitzmann,leader of the World Zionist Congress and Emir Feisal, the future king of Saudi

Arabia.

In 6 February 1919 Emir Feisal, advocated in his speech before the PeaceConference, which requires independence of Arabian State, the agreement and aguarantee for Palestine: enclave of Zionist Hebrew. His hope was that

Weitzmann support total the Arabs in their dispute with France for the Syriancoast, forming a Semitic Alliance . Negotiations failed in 1920, once the startingArab riots in Palestine.

Final strike given to the opportunity of cohabitation between Arab and Hebrewis done the British Empire. In 1921 77% of Palestine, is assigned to a new state:Arab Emirate of Jordan. Thus the UK ensure their control over a territoryclaimed by King Feisal of Saudi Arabia, giving him to a faithful Emir Hussein,the future King of Jordan. New state is supported, financially and militarily bythe British Empire. Basically it was the right of the Jordan River, as the map wasassigned (San Remo Map), to Arab population of Palestine.

Tacitly Britain imposed a further division of the territory allocated Hebrewcommunity (Yishuv) ... between Hebrews and Arabs - without the opportunity

to establish a natural territorial boundary - the Jordan river.


22/36

In 1922 the United Nations granted the British Mandate government over 23%of the territory remained of Palestina. Thus, the so-called Pax Britanica wasthe germ of long fight between Arabs and Hebrews of the territory under BritishMandate: on a territory not enough for each of the two peoples; and thetransformation of real social expectations in a bloody game of the cat and

mouse which is the almost one hundred years.Between 1920 - 1947 the rate of economic growth in Palestine was: Hebrew to

13.2% (due to infusion of labor immigrants and capital) and 6.5% at Arabs.Graduation rate of normal schools and courses was 86% in Hebrew and 22% of

Arabs. During this period the Arabs of Palestine were more evolved, their life isamong the highest in the area, the second after the Arabs in Lebanon. From aUN statistic that in 1939, Jews in Palestine were ranked 15, the Arabs ofPalestine ranked 30 (vs. Egypt - 33 Turkey - 35). It can be concluded that interms of socio-economically, the two communities have evolved towards social

welfare. Coexistence between the vast majority of Arabs and Jews togetherthere, despite the Arabs extremism and later Jews extremism.

Paramilitary unit Bar Giora

Paramilitary unit Bar Giora - founded in 1907 - was the Hebrew clandestineorganization, during the two-to Alya - emigration of 40,000 Hebrews inOttoman Empire - Palestine - from 1904 to 1914 - the majority coming fromRussia and Poland, countries where the social instability and pogroms againstthe Hebrew communities were blooming. Nearly half of these immigrants leavePalestine during the First World War.

Members of organization, about 100, had aimed to replace the Arabmercenaries. Hebrew pay Arabs to protect their properties. This promotepenetration and theft on these properties (in which work was performed by the

Arabs). Initiator has been a group of militants of the organization Poale Zion -Hebrew Social Democratic Workers (Hebrew movement of workers, Marxistorientation, founded in Russia in 1901). Leaders were Itzac Ben-Zvi (the futuresecond president of the Eretz-Israel in 1952) and Israel Schocat.

They militate for a change in the optical core at the situation of that time: theresult of investment bankers Edmond de Rothschild, in the period 1890 - 1910,

was forming a blanket of small Hebrew landowner, owners of relatively largeplantations. They use Arab agricultural workers and security guards, much

cheaper than the Hebrews immigrants . Consequence: during that period was amore accelerated growth of Arab population immigrated to Ottoman Palestine,than the Hebrew immigration. This migration will have major consequences inthe interwar period: the purpose of increasing the number of Arabs workers - asource of cannon fodder for Arab extremism.

The phenomenon we meet today in European countries where extremism isrecruiting Arab followers among Muslim immigration (coming to work insteadof locals more expensive ). In the East, is recruiting in Palestinian campuses of

Arab refugees in Palestinian territory, Jordan, Iran ... Everywhere where thereare Arabs living in poor conditions and hatred accumulated over a period of

generations wander.


23/36

For Hebrews, the only way to become a nation was, in Ottoman Palestine towork and defend their own land. Organization name was given as a symbol ofJewish independence, to name a leader of uprisings against the Romans since68 c.e - Simon Bar Giora.

They had a banner that quoted from the poem Habiryonim (Yaakov Cohen):

In blood and fire Judea fell, in blood and fire Judea will revive. Members of theorganization have experience in field work. Made agriculture and guard Galileein the area Sejera and Mesha (Kfar Tavor).

The organization will be integrated - 1909 - the organization Hashomer.

Paramilitary unit HaShomer

Paramilitary unit HaShomer (Man of the Guard - Shomrim) - Founded in1909 by Israel Shochat, Manya Shochat, Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, Rachel Yanai, Mendel

Portugali (founding members of the organization and Bar Giora).


24/36

The purpose of the service was to provide security for all communities inHebrew Palestine (Yishuv), eliminating mercenaries Arab mercenaries, as manytimes uncertain. Dress port after Circazian, Bedouin or Druze.

Acting on foot or horseback. Weapons were diverse: from the old Turkishmusketry, mauser pistols and hunting weapons. In such a panoply was almost

impossible to obtain bullets. Were tepid rudimentary small workshopsmanufacturing ammunition.

Code of Conduct (written by Mendel Portugal) was to chase the intruders in theJewish lands by gunshots fired in the air. Using direct-fire was the intruder inthe case of self defense.

Organization has been successful in Yishuv but aroused hatred Arabs formerguards, which now incite people to attack Hebrew residents. Many veterans ofthe Hebrew settlements feared that the presence in the territory of Shomrim willdestabilize the relationship of cohabitation with the Arab population. Ottomanauthorities concerned with their suspicion.

During the second World War many were exiled or killed in Anatolia. They areconsidered as potential members of British intelligence in the region - work lessconfirmed by the capture of the British Nili group, led by Yosef Lishanski,Samuel Belkind, in which were 12 members HaShomer, but not the organizationas a whole. After the First World War self defense group decide to unify in asingle organization - Haganah.

Some of HaShomer members will join Hebrew Legion, others will join themounted police, established by the British occupation in Palestine.

Zeev JabotinskiZeev Jabotinski (Vladimir Evghenievici Jabotinski ) was born on October 181880 in Russia, in a family of Hebrew askenazi of the middle class, in Odessa.Next primary, secondary and high school in the Russian education system.Learn Ivrid in particular.


25/36

Ydish was the language they spoke in the family. Talent

journalist and it says in high school. Aftergraduation will go in Berne and Italy (where is the Faculty of Law at theUniversity of Rome) as a press correspondent of Russian and Hebrewnewspapers.

The pogrom of April 1903 in Chishinau Comment: The April 6, a Russian child

is? found murdered in the town Dubossary. Local Anti Semitic Newspapersincitement to revenge against the Jews on the grounds that it would be a ritualmurder - the blood to produce matzot of Easter - that was after he was killed bya relative ... Between 7-9 April Hebrew community of Chishinau is devastated:49 dead, 59 seriously wounded, 500 wounded, 700 houses destroyed. Is noCzarist authorities, intervention during the pogrom. Manifest disdain towardsthe Jews is doubled along the order they are used as valve for discontents ofmajority population against the inefficient administration of the empire, hungerand generalized social misery of the Russian Empire. Zeev Jabotinski join theZionist Movement.

Soon says its talent how leader, orator and organizer. In the face of pogromsand abuse often at Hebrew population in the area, will start in Odessa andestablish the first self-organization of Hebrew communities across Russia.

As happened with some Zionist leaders [see the case of Theodor Herzl, hereached in conflict with the Hebrew local conservative leaders who postponedthe process of concrete realization of the self defense teams. There were reasons

both local pride and a fear of further retaliation by the Russian population.

The consequence was that the pogroms of the period 1904 - 1917 found RussianHebrew communities unprepared for self defense ...

As is picturesque, he change the first name of Vladimir in Zeev ( Wolf). Alsoin the year 1903 became a member of the Zionist delegation from Russia to thesix Zionist Congress in Basel. After the death of Theodor Herzl (1904), will bethe leader of the right circle in Congress. In 1906, the Helsinki launchessentence autonomy local ethnic minorities, as an economic viability ofmaintaining social, cultural communities in Russia. Congress slogan: Work


26/36

now refers to the whole community of life, modernization of the religious andsecular Hebrew schools, the protection of people in communities. He has notonly been a short time after the 1917 revolution in Russia. But Zeev Jabotinskiextend this concept and the future coexistence between Arabs and Hebrew, inPalestine: Every ethnic community will be recognized as autonomous and

equal before the law. That has not been done is not his fault.In the years 30, he will become head of one of the most virulent extremist

Hebrew units in Palestine: Irgun Zevai Leumi (National Military Organization -Etzel, IZL - 1935).

During the first World War, with Joseph Trumpeldor will contribute toestablishing a first auxiliary Hebrew battalion in British Army (1915), to bedistinguished in the battles at Gallipoli. You will then initiate the formation ofthe three battalions of the Hebrew Legion Jabotinsk is distinguished in the

battles of the Jordan Valley (1918) and is decorated for bravery with Order ofBritish Empire members. After the war is chosen in the first Elected Legislative

Assembly of Yishuv (Hebrew communities in Palestine) and the ExecutiveCommittee of the World Zionist Organization. He participate in the defense ofJews during the Arab extremist actions in April 1920 - the first Arab Riot infact an order of Emir Feisal - the future king of Saudi Arabia - as discontent overthe fall of Semitic Alliance parley with Weitzmann Irgun organization founded- 1935 - militate for a virtually free immigration (legal or not) of Jews in EretzIsrael, the opposite way of the action promoted by Chaim Weitzmann (legalimmigration). Irgun units will fight against both Arabs and members of theBritish army on the mandate for the period 1940 to 1948.

Joseph Trumpeldor


27/36

Joseph Trumpeldor was born on 1.12.1880 in the town of Pyatigorsk, Russia.His father, Wulf Trumpeldor, served 25 years in the Russian army, being in the

War in the Caucasus. In fights data loses an arm.

Being among the few Hebrew families considered useful Jew, his family wasallowed to settle in the area outside the residence of the West Russian Empire

(Pale area), outside which the Jews were forbidden to live. Joseph Trumpeldorcame as a volunteer in the Russian Army in 1902.

During the Russian-Japanese War (1904-1905), participated in defending thePort Arthur siege of the Japanese army. Loses his left hand but asked tocontinue fighting. After the conquest of the port is taken prisoner by theJapanese until the cessation of hostilities. Repatriated to Russia received fourmedals and order Cross of St. George. In 1906 also receives the captaincy rankin the army reserve of Czar (unique case - the Jews had no right to higherdegrees in Russian army).

He next Faculty of Law in St. Petersburg. In the year 1911 he made Alya with a

group of young Zionist from Russia to Palestine (under the Ottomanoccupation), where work on a farm. Participate in the creation of the firstKibbutz (agricultural socialist community): Degania.

At the beginning of World War I, that does not accept Turkish citizenship, it isto be expelled from Alexandria (Egypt), along with other hundreds of RussianHebrew origin (Russia are enemy of Turkey, allied with German and AustroHungarian empires). This meets with Zeev (Vladimir) Jabotiski. Together formthe basis of Hebrew Legion - a way to participate in the British war effort for therelease of Palestina and Eretz Israel state building. Body is formed of HorseZion unit (Zion mule Corp). Participate in this unit (integrated in British Army)

in the battles at Gallipoli. Is again wounded in the shoulder. This unit isdisbanded in 1915. Together with Jabotinski moves two years for theestablishment of Hebrew Legion (1917).

In 1918 he return at Petersburg. This he form self defense squads of theHebrew communities in acts of vandalism before the gangs that haunted Russiaduring the Civil War (1917 to 1921). In parallel organizations set up his youngHebrew preparing to come to Israel (HeHalutz).

Returned to Palestine (1919) became a founding member of the Movement ofSocialist Zionist Yishuv. He lives in Kibbutz Kfar Gilad where lead a self-Hashomer Hatzair area colony of Upper Galilee in Hebrew. On 1 March 1920,together with ten comrades, he comes to defend Kibbutz Tel Chai (Tel Hai).Dies, shot in the arm and stomach in the evening.

He said about him: I am an anarchist-communist and a Zionist. He militatedfor the formation of a trade unionist and socialist community of Hebrew inRussia.

He contributed to the generation of movement for the establishment ofsettlements in Hebrew socialist organization (Kibbutz), which formed the

backbone of the Jewish Return and units Haganah self defense, between 1920 1948.

Members Zionist movement who were in Palestine at that time were

considered episode of Defense Hebrews in Tel Chai as the first major battle todefend Hebrew settlements in Palestine. He also formed when changing


28/36

mentality: from passivity to persecution to a new type: strong reaction anddefense of their own resources, without waiting for others to come to giveprotection (in this the case - the British Mandate).

Case Trumpledor hero is in itself demonstrative: from a family of RussianHebrew assimilated majority population, without knowledge of childhood

Jewish tradition and Yiddish language.

He went to war in the imperial Russian army, where many young Hebrewattempting to evade from service in Russian army.

He excelled as a soldier to defend the citadel-Port Arthur. Seriously injuredrequired to continue fighting. After that he is prisoner in Japan. Receivesmilitary honor - St. George Cross and is the first Jew officer in the Russianarmy. All they look at all the traditional image of the Jew : inhibited and timid infront of opponent. He stood up to the last gasp kibbutz Tel Chai and drop deaddoes not matter, it is good to die for your country (lamut tov bad artseinu -

words related to a comrade: Pinchas Shneiurson), words that became the

national slogan for the fighters of Haganah, Irgun, Palmah, Lehi organizationsand later to all the people of Eretz Israel. Marking the annual Tel Chai Day (11

Adar) was established in a ceremony at the national average in institutionsand schools, in pilgrimages. Title of hero amputate (ha-ha-gibor gidem) makeit glory.

Day becomes a celebration of Hebrew anonymous soldier, after theestablishment of Eretz Israel. The secular ritual linked to personality of thisnew type of behavior the Hebrew people, was essential in forming the EretzIsrael and the behavior of reference for the thousands of Trumpledor heroesand heroine who sacrifice in the battles for territorial identity, which followed.

Hebrew Legion

Hebrew Legion - Created in 1915 from 500 RussianHebrew origin, expelled from Palestine to Egypt by the Turks. Led by ZeevJabotinski and Joseph Trumpeldor is officially recognized in 1917 as Battalion38 in British Army. Hebrew come from Russia reached more than 1,000combatants. When he added, in April 1918 consisting of 39 Battalion. Hebrewcame from the U.S. and Canada. Legion fought on the front in the Middle East,led by General Allenby, until the end of hostilities. At the end of the war haveherd: 5000 soldiers in 5 battalions. According to statistics, made by ZeevJabotinski: 34% were from the U.S., 30% of Palestine, 28% UK, 6% fromCanada, 1% in Argentina. In June 1918, volunteers from 38 Battalion began

fighting with the Turkish army, about 20 mile north of Jerusalem, the JordanValley.


29/36

Hebrew legionnaires participated in the battle of Megiddo in mid September1918. They crossed the Jordan River by fighting, and were engaged in decisive

battle of the conquest of Damascus.

After the victory, most fighters were? demobilized in November 1918. Some ofthem returned to their country of origin. Few have been established in Palestineto support Alya of Jews in Eretz Israel. Hebrew Legion army is maintained inthe size of a British battalion, called First Judeans badge with a distinctive signMenora (six candle arms) and the slogan Kadima ( Next ).

In 1921, Legion veterans are allocated land and desert, north of where Neghevfounded Avihayil moshav. Subsequently abandoned because of lack of watersource.

Will be embedded in 1946 in the moshav Ein HaOved inhabited by the HebrewRussia, Canada and the United States. There is now a museum of the Legionand the Veterans Legion club.

The Beginning of Arab extremism mouvement in Palestine - 1920Extremism in Arab Palestine has its roots in the Directive given by Emir Feisalafter the fall of negotiations between him and Chaim Weitzmann. Immediatelyafter this time are the first Arab revolt (4 April 1920) during the Spring FestivalNabi Musa (in Arabic The prophet Moses - the celebration of Muslim prophetin Palestinian folklore, for seven days - was in a pilgrimage to Jerusalem toprophet tomb (regarded by the Arabs was in town Jeriho area). Pilgrimage wasestablished by Salah ad-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyb (Saladin) in the years 1150 tocounteract the Christian holidays of Easter in Jerusalem:

After three days of confrontations: 5 Hebrew dead, 211 injured, 4 dead Arabs, 21

Arabs injured, seven British soldiers killed. Three hundred Hebrews eject are(clear) in the Old City.

Paradoxically, they were attacked homes of Orthodox Jews - bitter enemies ofthe Zionist movement ... during the commemoration of the Palestinians Arabsprophet Moses ... Zeev Jabotinski is arrested for weapons possession andsentenced to 15 years imprisonment. Sent to jail in Egypt and then to Accra.

Under the pressure of Jews in England and America is switching to a yearsentence. Are closed at 200 participants rebellion, 39 of which the Hebrews.

One of the most important consequences of riot in 1920 was that the Jews ofYishuv have realized that the defense from the British occupation is uncertain in

the face of Arab revolt. They reacted putting into practice the idea of selfparamilitary units to ensure a consistent response to the attacks Arab extremistson the land of Palestine. So take birth in 1921 paramilitary units Haganah(Defense, in ivrid, HaHaganah). These units will be accepted volens nolens ofthe British mandate. This organization will convert into regular military units ofthe Israeli army after independence the Eretz-Israel (14 May 1948), in 28 May1948.


30/36

Paramilitary unit Haganah - Ha Haganah - Protection

British troops in the reaction sequence of theArab revolt of 1920-1921, the lack of conflict between Arab and Hebrew and toremove gangs of Arab extremists, led leaders of Yishuv (Hebrew communities inPalestine) to establish units of self defense throughout Palestine. Originallyformed by former members of the Jewish Legion, the organization protectingfarms (moshav and kibbutz), prevent people about possible imminent attacks ofgangs, intervene in fights with these people.

During 1920 -1929, Haganah has led lack of central coordination. Tenants could

defend as Haganah and members of the intervention was often late. In 23-24August 1929 is Arabs attack to Hebrew Community of Hebron, located 30 kmfrom Jerusalem. It is the place where is located the tombs of Patriarchs and theplace where King David was invested.

Population (Arabic and Hebrew) coexistence of over 800 years. After 1920, asin all Palestine, minor incidents provoked by Arab extremists were daily.

Daily complaints were addressed by the Jews to the British Mandate overPalestine (1921-1948). August 15 is a demonstration in Jerusalem thatclaimed the young Hebrew right to pray at the Western Wall remnant of theTemple of Jerusalem (under the Esplanada of AlAqsa Mosque, built by Abd

al-Malik and completed by his son al-Walid in 705 c.e.). Demonstration,approved by authorities, and ensured the maintenance of order, was used by

Arab extremists (the rumors that have been attacked local Arabs and wereutter abuse to Prophet Muhammad) to trigger the days that followed, attacksJews on the Western Wall. A young Jew is killed. His funeral turns into newmoments of confrontation. Meeting of British, Arab, Hebrew leaders(Commissioner Harry Luke, Jamal al-Husayni, and Yitzhak Ben-Zvi) does notlead to a feasible solution. As Haganah have information that will be attackedJewish settlement in Hebron offer their support to the defenders. TheCommunity of Hebron refused support by claiming that they will be protected

by the local Arab (Ayan). Comment: It is significant Member Haganah, Baruch

Katinka, who arrived ina day before the massacre with 12 fighters (10 men and 2women) in the home of Eliezer Dan. Slon Dwek banker refuses help because the


31/36

Arabs, his creditors, will defend the Hebrew. Ten of them, then follow the othertwo are sent back to Jerusalem.

Extremists launched rumor that Jews would attack AlAqsa Mosque. Gangs haveattacked the Hebrew people in Hebron and the territory under the BritishMandate. In Hebron there were 40 police officers (39 Arabs and a Jew). In the

afternoon the day is attacked Yeshiva (Jewish religious school) in Hebron (ayoung person is killed). A two-and three-day Arabs attacked the Hebrew,houses. Made ferocious crimes, mutilations, rapes. Much of the Hebrew fleeingfrom the city, many of them are hidden by their Arab neighbors. Aid required toJerusalem come too late. Totals: 67 Hebrews dead, Hebrew inhabitants stolenproperty, the community of Hebrew disbanded in Hebron (with minorrestoration attempts in 1931 - 160 people back, but again evacuated during the

Arab revolts 1936-1937) until the war of 1967 . In total, 195 Arabs and 34Hebrew were sentenced by the courts of the mandate. Death sentence for 17

Arabs and 2 Hebrew, but were later switched to prison terms. Three Arabs werehung.

Were offered financial compensation to families who had died by amendingArab villages which originated from criminals ...

After 1929 is reorganized by Haganah enrollment of volunteers in eachlocation, throughout, and young adults (as an example: Ariel Sharon was 13

years observer of the emergence of groups of bandits in moshav Kfar Malal,they lived. In 17 years in Haganah troops). Are purchased weapons andorganized in the Hebrew settlements small craft workshops for makingammunition and grenades. Haganah becomes a powerful military undergroundorganization. In 1936 Haganah have 10,000 fighters and 40,000 reserve.During 1936-1939 they participated actively against Arab extremist.

British authority not recognized officially Haganah, but its members work withmembers encompassing Haganah how Auxiliary Units in the British SpecialForces patrol (trained and led by British colonel Orde Wingate). They receive afull military training.

Haganah members were dissatisfied with the leadership position in HebrewYishuv, restraint (havlagah) not to initiate against Arabs attacks the localitiesfrom which came the extremist gangs.

Irgun directly supports illegal emigration, some examples:

1937 - 164 illegal immigrants in Austria

1938 - 1940 in Poland and Austria;1939 - 1980 in Poland and Romania1940 - 2300 in Europe1940 to 1944 - 18,000 in Europe

In turn has formed the Lehi group (1940) (known as the Stern Gang after thename of the leader, Abraham Stern). Irgun and Lehi organizations will attackuntil 1948, British military objectives and centers of Arab extremism.

Some of them:

6.11.1944 - Lehi kill Lord Moyne in Cairo. It was official with the highest level ofBritish government in the area. Later, Yitzhak Shamir said that the


32/36

assassination was led for his Arab extremist leaders support and affirmation inpublic of racial inferiority of Jews from Arab.

22.07.1946 - Irgun blow up the King David hotel in Jerusalem, Staff of theBritish army: 91 dead 46 wounded.

12.01.1947 Lehi attacked with dynamite British police station in Haifa. 4 deadand 140 wounded.

4.05.1947 - Irgun attacked fortress prison Accra. 20 prisoners Irgun and Lehi 7prisoners are released. Are killed 9 Irgun fighters. 182 Arab prisoners manage toescape.

29.02.1948 - Lehi blow up a British military train at Northern Rehovot: 28soldiers dead, 35 wounded.

9.04.1948 and Lehi attacked the Arab town of Deir Yassin. Are killed between100-120 civilians.

17.09.1948 Lehi kill UN mediator Folke Bernadotte, in Jerusalem.In 1939 British authorities set severe restrictions on Jews emigration in

Palestine. That when the extermination of Jews began 6 years earlier inGermany and soon will expand throughout Europe, with the Germanoccupation. Haganah takes care to ensure illegal Jews coming to Palestine(Palmach organization). By the end of the war, claimed to bring over 100,000Hebrew, in which ships have broken the British naval blockade of Palestine.Many other ships were stopped, both British and German naval forces (see, forexample ship Struma).

He held numerous protest actions against this ad hoc coalition between the

German and British, by reducing the rate of legal immigration. OrganizationsIrgun and Lehi pass to armed action. Since 1943 the leadership of the Irgun istaken by Menahem Beghin.

Palmach military units

Start of the second World War the British determined to ask the Jews of Yishuvto contribute military units to the war effort. Are formed Palmach military units,herds of Haganah. In total 12 companies (3 battalions), 19 May 1941. Palmachmembers were recruited mostly from Kibbutz people, which had a strong

mutual and collective education. They held the agricultural work and weremobilized according to the actions of military units belonging. They representedthe tip of the spear self defense military Yishuv. Shares had a wide range: fromsupporting regular English troops to military action espionage, those selected

were very good knowledge of Arabic language and customs of the area.

After the battle of ElAlaim, Palmach units are removed by British army, butmaintain cohesion in underground. Each Kibbutz provide food andaccommodation of a platoon of fighters. They provided security and worked side

by side with members of Kibbutzs work field. Each have 8 days of militarytraining, 14 days for agricultural work, 7 days off. This organization providesflexibility for self defense actions and facilitate the recruitment of new members

of the settlements (Kibbutz and Moshav) raising funds for the organization for


33/36

armament Haganah, formation of military trained fighters and morallymotivated Zionist.

Zionist Youth Movement has agreed that every young person to perform, agedbetween 18 and 20 years, training by members of Palmach: sports exercises,field orientation, first aid, operations detachment of self defense training with

light weapons. Most were trained in performance handling explosives andsabotage, espionage and reconnaissance, communications and radio Morse,using heavy weapons. It made firing with weapons available.

So many of them ready to become members of the Nahal settlements(settlements, military reinforcement, also called tower and stockade, which will

be implanted on the main routes of access Hebrew settlements) in the yearsafter the Declaration of Independence (15.05.1948) .

Between 1945-1946 Palmach units will attack the British infrastructure:bridges, railroad lines, police stations and radars.

In 29.06.1946 units in the UK conducted an extensive operation to disarm

Hebrew units of self defense: Haganah, Palmah, Irgun, Lehi (the number ofBritish soldiers involved, estimated between 10,000 and 25,000).

Operation was a retaliation to an attack by rail (1.06.1946 - Lehi) and six officersabduction (17.06.1946 - Irgun). Were seized hundreds of weapons, mortars,grenades and thousands of hundreds of thousands of munitions related.

Were arrested in 2500 by fighters and leaders. In negotiations that followed therelease and exchange switching of death of Hebrew fighters and PalmachHaganah agreed stopping hostilities. They have continued sporadically by Irgunand Lehi. Palmach had a role in countering gangs of Arab fighters, who in turnpreparing the removing of Jews from Palestine by triggering Civil War between

Arab and Hebrew (1947-1948).

In the War of Independence (1948-1949) Palmach was established three combatbrigades led by Yigal Alon. They fought with regular armies of five Arabcountries (Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria).

The structure and cohesion of Palmah and Haganah were the nucleus aroundwhich was founded, the new state army Eretz Israel. Drivers Palmach unit,among which we mention: Yigal Allon, Moshe Dayan, Yitzhak Rabin, Haim Bar-Lev, Uzi Narkiss, Ezer Weizman will become political and military leaders in thenew State Eretz Israel.

Civil war between Arab and Hebrew 1947 - 1948It started after 30.12.1947, the date on which the United Nations (General

Assembly Resolution 181 UN) established on 14.05.1948 as the date of


34/36

termination of the British mandate in Palestine and approved. Plan to share

Palestine after mandate ended. Each state?would comprise three majorsections, and the Arab enclave Iaffa. Jews get 56% of territory (499,000Hebrews and 438,000 Arabs).

Palestinians receive 42% of territory (818,000 Arabs and 10,000 Hebrew).

Jerusalem and Bethleem were to be administered by the UN.

UN decided that by that time the British Mandate and British military units hadthe role to ensure order in Palestine.

Time produced a great joy among the Jews of Yishuv and despair among Arabs.Neither the UK was not satisfied.

Competition circumstances or premeditated strategy, applied to the scheme thatwas supposed to demonstrate that the territory can not self govern to provokea civil war between Hebrew and Arabic in Palestine ... the use of the tense of thetwo communities.

They re-start violence. Population of 2,000,000 (Arabic and Hebrew) hassustained thousands of human losses, the dead and wounded in this fight

between cousins.

Were involved, fighters of Palestine and beyond. Arab Liberation Army and the

extended local area attacks Jews. Arab fighters from Egypt came under thecommand of Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni, a face without any reaction from the


35/36

British army ... the thousands of volunteers recruited Arabs have achieved theblockade of 100,000 Hebrew in Jerusalem. Haganah attempts to send food andto break the blockade has resulted in thousands of Hebrew warriors, dead and

wounded, hundreds of armored cars and buses destroyed. Arab attacks extendNegev and Galilee in the North. The Hebrew defend each pocket of land.

Arab propaganda convinced that Jews would soon be thrown into the sea. Ahundred thousand of Palestinian Arabs refuge in camps outside of Palestine.British Gouvernment proposed annexation Palestinian area in the HashemiteKingdom of Jordan)... Ben Gurion asked that every man and woman to betrained and incorporated into military units Haganah. Golda Meir obtain hugefunds from Jews in the Diaspora and official support of Stalin for ZionistMovement. Are produced significant quantities of military equipment throughthe raising of arms exporters and Haganah agencies in Europe. They go to thetheater of battle to March 1948. Ygal Yadim plan a response to the announced

Arab international invasion in Palestine (The Dalet Plan). Between 5-20 April1918 is to unlock the battle of Jerusalem, and killed Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni.

Also during this time of the Arab population massacre of Deir Yassin(organizations Irgun and Lehi), which, combined with the death of the leader

Arabic (Egyptian), causes a new wave of Palestinian immigrants, caught in themiddle and depressed the inefficiency of the facts weapons of its leaders. Is thedefeat of the Arab Liberation Army from Mishmar Ha Emek (Kibbutz; basictraining Haganah units since 1942) by units Palmach fighters and the

withdrawal of Arab alliance with Druze. To ensure the link between the Jewishsettlements, and Haganah Irgun troops conquer towns Tiberias, Haifa, Safed,Beisan, Jaffa, crab. Another

250,000 Palestinians Arabs take out his exile. Hope those remaining was the

Arab Legion of Jordan, well-equipped and trained by the British. This attackKfar Etzion on May 13 1948.

In 14 May 1948, David Ben-Gurion declared independence of Israel. On thesame day, the invasion by troops of the five Arab states begin first Arab-Israeli

war.

In 31.05.1948 In Haganah and Palmah formally declared Israeli Defense Force- IDF, becoming a regular army of the State Eretz Israel.

Thus ends with lights and shadows, the history of the movement of Jewish selfdefense of Yishuv (Palestine) for 41 years. A story worthy of being told of anynation, friend or foe of the Hebrew people, because:

Is an example of adaptation and organization at a rapid initial unfavorable -numerical superiority and hatred Arab extremists, since 1920, to a population(Jews of Yishuv) morally and militarily not prepared for military struggle.

Is a mix of individual heroism of the group of Hebrew fighters. If die aleading, five other were ready to take the lead. If die an Arab leader (where Abdal-Qadir al-Husayni) to neutralize an army instantly. After many years, another

Arab military leader - Osama bin Laden will incorporate Jewish experience tothe troops in Al Quaid ...


36/36

Is a mobilization of funds and logistical resources of the CommunityofJews inthe world, well managed by different Hebrew belief, the same purpose:

Return on ancestral lands. What people would like to have such a group ofleaders and organization to weather the tribulation!

moments of zionism

Documents