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Molecular Probes to Characterize HPLC Column Performance Molecular Probes to Characterize HPLC Column Performance Ri h dA H 1 S h i Sh ² C MHl² d Willi Jh ² Richard A. Henry 1 , Stephanie Schuster ² , Conner McHale² and William Johnson² 1 Independent Consultant State College PA 16801; Independent Consultant, State College, PA 16801; ² ² Advanced Materials Technology Inc., Wilmington, DE P td t Pitt 2019 P t 1240 2 Presented at Pittcon 2019 Poster 12402 Use of Chemical Probes in HPLC Hydrophobic Subtraction Model² Impact of Phase Polarity for OH Probes Impact of Hydrophobicity Plus Strong Hydrogen Bonding Use of Chemical Probes in HPLC Hydrophobic Subtraction Model “… the best overall characterization of a reversedphase bonded phase is done by welldesigned ( ) chromatographic tests.” Uwe Neue, HPLC Columns, Wiley (1997) 1. Probe mixtures have been k (i) (ii) developed by academic and industrial scientists since about 1990 in attempts to better l k x ' H ' S * ' A ' B ' C Active functional group understand HPLC column separations. Suppliers make use of probes to create columns that i l f d 1 U DN HPLC C l Wil VCH (1997) log x k ' H ' S * ' A ' B ' C separate important classes of compounds. 1.Uwe D. Neue, HPLC Columns, WileyVCH (1997). k EB (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) User groups should consult probe studies published by researchers and column manufacturers (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) User groups should consult probe studies published by researchers and column manufacturers extensively during HPLC method development. According to Neue, probes are the best way to identify (or eliminate) columns and mobile phases for selectivity toward target functional groups, S i h (8h )i i (d i bl ) and column manufacturers and academicians have best access to a variety of probe molecules. It Stationary phase (C8 shown) interactions (desirable) is important to publish selectivity studies. Methanol is a particularly important mobile phase solvent It should become more popular with Methanol is a particularly important mobile phase solvent. It should become more popular with users because column selectivity is often different and may be improved over acetonitrile in Peak order shown for C18 (iii) (iv) (v) users because column selectivity is often different and may be improved over acetonitrile in binary or ternary combinations with water. in MeOH (iii) (iv) (v) Silica substrate interactions f ll l ( ) l f l h h l h h l Silica substrate interactions Superficially porous particle (SPP) columns facilitate high sample throughput. More columns and l t t b l t dt fi d ti th th d t l ti L solvent systems can be evaluated to find optimum rather than adequate solutions. Lower pressure than sub 2 μm columns permits use of faster flow rates and higher viscosity RPAmide Shows Different Selectivity in MeOH for OH Probe Database available for 700 pressure than sub2 μm columns permits use of faster flow rates and higher viscosity methanol/water mobile phases High efficiency and resolution minimizes the chance of peak Database available for 700 commercial columns, but methanol/water mobile phases. High efficiency and resolution minimizes the chance of peak overlap. commercial columns, but equivalency comparisons are overlap. equivalency comparisons are limited to MeCN mobile phases ® d h l f d 1. Uracil 2. Resorcinol 3. 4, 4’Biphenol 4. Benzoin HALO® ReversedPhase Columns for HPLC and UHPLC 2. Lloyd R. Snyder, Joseph J. Kirkland and John W. Dolan, Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. (2010). Orthogonal HALO® Phases: Fs Values for HALO® Phases vs HALO® C18 Orthogonal HALO Phases: Fs Values for HALO Phases vs. HALO C18 5 2 2’ Bi h l 6B lhd b 7 Di hl ilb l 8P ilb 5. 2,2’Biphenol 6. Butyl hydroxybenzoate 7. Diethylstilbesterol 8. Pterostilbene Retention and selectivity increases for solutes with strong OH dipoles although the stationary phases above are not considered to have Hbonding ability; AQC18 has a small amount of dipole Whil f HALO® RP A id i M CN bil h i k i d l ti b character to increase wettability in pure water. While use of HALO® RPAmide in MeCN mobile phase is more common, peak spacing and resolution may be improved in MeOH making it preferred for this sample Since H bonding selectivity is different for RP Amide in Aromatic stationary phases such as Biphenyl show extra retention and even peak reversal for OH improved in MeOH, making it preferred for this sample. Since Hbonding selectivity is different for RPAmide in the two solvents a ternary mobile phase may be ideal for difficult separations Aromatic stationary phases, such as Biphenyl, show extra retention and even peak reversal for OH solutes because delocalized electrons are polarizable and more shape selective Biphenyl is the two solvents, a ternary mobile phase may be ideal for difficult separations. / solutes because delocalized electrons are polarizable and more shape selective. Biphenyl is typically more retentive than PhenylHexyl with different selectivity because it has two ring Probe Conclusions/ Acknowledgements typically more retentive than Phenyl Hexyl with different selectivity because it has two ring systems and no alkyl character. Eh dS l ti it Vl f OH P b Mi i M OH M bil Ph Methanol is an important HPLC solvent for mobile phase use, but may be overlooked because i il k ll i h C18 l h d l h di HPLC hd I h Enhanced Selectivity Values for OH Probe Mix in MeOH Mobile Phases acetonitrile works so well with C18 columns that are deeply entrenched in HPLC methods. In the interest of saving time users are tempted to settle for adequate methods on C18 columns using interest of saving time, users are tempted to settle for adequate methods on C18 columns using acetonitrile mobile phases acetonitrile mobile phases. Users should screen columns with sample components and the widest range of bonded phases Aromatic Compounds (with Pi electrons) that includes alternatives to hydrophobic interactions and not be limited to C18 and acetonitrile. Aromatic Compounds (with Pi electrons) Test probes are clearly the best way to develop a better understanding of how columns and * Pi electronsaromatic systems can be viewed as a large, planar surface with potential for polar Test probes are clearly the best way to develop a better understanding of how columns and mobile phases work and skilled users should be more widely encouraged to publish results with interactions, such as Hydrogen Bond accepting ability. Delocalized electrons in the ring system interact mobile phases work, and skilled users should be more widely encouraged to publish results with probe compounds that are not proprietary. with individual polar atoms and other aromatic networks to form strong donoracceptor complexes that probe compounds that are not proprietary. create unique chromatographic retention. Dissociation energies are similar in strength to HBonds. Rugged columns with SPP particles are ideal for broad early screening because their fundamental d f l d dh h k l design guarantees fast separation results, moderate pressure, and high peak resolution. Time db i ith SPP l ll td f h d i bl h F s 3: columns are equivalent saved by screening with SPP columns allows study of more phases and variables such as methanol mobile phases The lower operating pressure and high efficiency of SPP particles also 3<F s < ~10: columns are likely equivalent for samples with a few methanol mobile phases. The lower operating pressure and high efficiency of SPP particles also makes SPP columns attractive for the final method solutes makes SPP columns attractive for the final method. F s 35: columns are orthogonal Acknowledgements to Mark Schure of Kroungold Consulting and to Advanced Materials Acknowledgements to Mark Schure of Kroungold Consulting and to Advanced Materials Technology Inc for providing data and support during poster preparation Data provided by Dwight Stoll group at Gustavus Adolphus College. www.hplccolumns.org Technology, Inc. for providing data and support during poster preparation. ® O d d i d d k f d d il h l ® HALO and FusedCore are registered trademarks of Advanced Materials Technology, Inc fused-core com INNOVATION YOU CAN TRUST PERFORMANCE YOU CAN RELY ON fused-core.com INNOVATION YOU CAN TRUST PERFORMANCE YOU CAN RELY ON

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Page 1: MolecularMolecular ProbesProbes toto ... · MolecularMolecular ProbesProbes toto CharacterizeCharacterize HPLCHPLC ColumnColumn PerformancePerformance Ri h dRichard AA. ... can be

Molecular Probes to Characterize HPLC Column PerformanceMolecular Probes to Characterize HPLC Column PerformanceRi h d A H 1 S h i S h ² C M H l ² d Willi J h ²Richard A. Henry1 , Stephanie Schuster², Conner McHale² and William Johnson²y p

1Independent Consultant State College PA 16801;Independent Consultant, State College, PA 16801; ²²Advanced Materials Technology Inc., Wilmington, DE P t d t Pitt 2019 P t 1240 2gy , g , Presented at Pittcon 2019 Poster 1240‐2

Use of Chemical Probes in HPLC Hydrophobic Subtraction Model² Impact of Phase Polarity for OH Probes  Impact of Hydrophobicity Plus Strong Hydrogen BondingUse of Chemical Probes in HPLC Hydrophobic Subtraction Model p y p y p y g y g g

• “… the best overall characterization of a reversed‐phase bonded phase is done by well‐designed ( )

t e best o e a c a acte at o o a e e sed p ase bo ded p ase s do e by e des g edchromatographic tests.” Uwe Neue, HPLC Columns, Wiley (1997)1. Probe mixtures have been 

k (i) (ii)g p y ( )

developed by academic and industrial scientists since about 1990 in attempts to better l kx

'H 'S * 'A 'B 'C

Active functional groupunderstand HPLC column separations. Suppliers make use of probes to create columns that 

i l f d 1 U D N HPLC C l Wil VCH (1997)log x

k 'H 'S * 'A 'B 'C

separate important classes of compounds. 1.Uwe D. Neue, HPLC Columns, Wiley‐VCH (1997). kEB (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)

• User groups should consult probe studies published by researchers and column manufacturers(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)

User groups should consult probe studies published by researchers and column manufacturers extensively during HPLC method development. According to Neue, probes are the best way to y g p g , p yidentify (or eliminate) columns and mobile phases for selectivity toward target functional groups, 

S i h ( 8 h ) i i (d i bl )and column manufacturers and academicians have best access to a variety of probe molecules. It  Stationary phase (C8 shown) interactions (desirable)is important to publish selectivity studies.

• Methanol is a particularly important mobile phase solvent It should become more popular with• Methanol is a particularly important mobile phase solvent.  It should become more popular with users because column selectivity is often different and may be improved over acetonitrile in Peak order shown for C18 (iii) (iv) (v)users because column selectivity is often different and may be improved over acetonitrile in binary or ternary combinations with water.  in MeOH(iii) (iv) (v)

Silica substrate interactionsy y

f ll l ( ) l f l h h l h h l

Silica substrate interactions

• Superficially porous particle (SPP) columns facilitate high sample throughput. More columns and l t t b l t d t fi d ti th th d t l ti Lsolvent systems can be evaluated to find optimum rather than adequate solutions. Lower 

pressure than sub 2 µm columns permits use of faster flow rates and higher viscosity RP‐Amide Shows Different Selectivity in MeOH for OH Probe‐Database available for 700pressure than sub‐2 µm columns permits use of faster flow rates and higher viscosity methanol/water mobile phases High efficiency and resolution minimizes the chance of peak

yDatabase available for 700 commercial columns, butmethanol/water mobile phases. High efficiency and resolution minimizes the chance of peak 

overlap.commercial columns, but equivalency comparisons areoverlap.  equivalency comparisons are limited to MeCN mobile phases

® d h l f d1. Uracil               2. Resorcinol                   3. 4, 4’‐Biphenol                                4. Benzoin

ted to eC ob e p ases

HALO® Reversed‐Phase Columns for HPLC and UHPLC. U ac . eso c o 3. , p e o . e o

2. Lloyd R. Snyder, Joseph J. Kirkland and John W. Dolan, Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography, y y , p , q g p y,John Wiley and Sons, Inc. (2010).

Orthogonal HALO® Phases: Fs Values for HALO® Phases vs HALO® C18Orthogonal HALO  Phases: Fs Values for HALO  Phases vs. HALO  C185 2 2’ Bi h l 6 B l h d b 7 Di h l ilb l 8 P ilb5. 2,2’‐Biphenol    6. Butyl hydroxybenzoate      7. Diethylstilbesterol 8. Pterostilbene

• Retention and selectivity increases for solutes with strong OH dipoles although the stationary y g p g yphases above are not considered to have H‐bonding ability; AQ‐C18 has a small amount of dipole 

Whil f HALO® RP A id i M CN bil h i k i d l ti bcharacter to increase wettability in pure water.  • While use of HALO® RP‐Amide in MeCN mobile phase is more common, peak spacing and resolution may be improved in MeOH making it preferred for this sample Since H bonding selectivity is different for RP Amide in

• Aromatic stationary phases such as Biphenyl show extra retention and even peak reversal for OHimproved in MeOH, making it preferred for this sample. Since H‐bonding selectivity is different for RP‐Amide in the two solvents a ternary mobile phase may be ideal for difficult separations• Aromatic stationary phases, such as Biphenyl, show extra retention and even peak reversal for OH 

solutes because delocalized electrons are polarizable and more shape selective Biphenyl isthe two solvents, a ternary mobile phase may be ideal for difficult separations. 

/solutes because delocalized electrons are polarizable and more shape selective. Biphenyl is typically more retentive than Phenyl‐Hexyl with different selectivity because it has two ring Probe Conclusions/ Acknowledgementstypically more retentive than Phenyl Hexyl with different selectivity because it has two ring systems and no alkyl character.

g

E h d S l ti it V l f OH P b Mi i M OH M bil Phy y

• Methanol is an important HPLC solvent for mobile phase use, but may be overlooked because i il k ll i h C18 l h d l h d i HPLC h d I h

Enhanced Selectivity Values for OH Probe Mix in MeOH Mobile Phasesacetonitrile works so well with C18 columns that are deeply entrenched in HPLC methods. In the interest of saving time users are tempted to settle for adequate methods on C18 columns usinginterest of saving time, users are tempted to settle for adequate methods on C18 columns using acetonitrile mobile phasesacetonitrile mobile phases.

• Users should screen columns with sample components and the widest range of bonded phases Aromatic Compounds (with Pi electrons)that includes alternatives to hydrophobic interactions and not be limited to C18 and acetonitrile. 

Aromatic Compounds (with Pi electrons)

• Test probes are clearly the best way to develop a better understanding of how columns and* Pi electrons‐ aromatic systems can be viewed as a large, planar surface with potential for polar  • Test probes are clearly the best way to develop a better understanding of how columns and mobile phases work and skilled users should be more widely encouraged to publish results with

y g , p p pinteractions, such as Hydrogen Bond accepting ability. Delocalized electrons in the ring system interact  mobile phases work, and skilled users should be more widely encouraged to publish results with 

probe compounds that are not proprietary., y g p g y g y

with individual polar atoms and other aromatic networks to form strong donor‐acceptor complexes that  probe compounds that are not proprietary. p g p pcreate unique chromatographic retention. Dissociation energies are similar in strength to H‐Bonds. 

• Rugged columns with SPP particles are ideal for broad early screening because their fundamental d f l d d h h k ldesign guarantees fast separation results, moderate pressure, and high peak resolution. Time 

d b i ith SPP l ll t d f h d i bl h• Fs ≤ 3: columns are equivalent 

saved by screening with SPP columns allows study of more phases and variables such as methanol mobile phases The lower operating pressure and high efficiency of SPP particles also

• 3 < Fs < ~10: columns are likely equivalent for samples with a few methanol mobile phases. The lower operating pressure and high efficiency of SPP particles also makes SPP columns attractive for the final method

solutesmakes SPP columns attractive for the final method.• Fs ≥ 35: columns are orthogonalAcknowledgements to Mark Schure of Kroungold Consulting and to Advanced Materials‐Acknowledgements to Mark Schure of Kroungold Consulting and to Advanced Materials Technology Inc for providing data and support during poster preparationData provided by Dwight Stoll group at Gustavus Adolphus College. www.hplccolumns.org Technology, Inc. for providing data and support during poster preparation.® O d d i d d k f d d i l h l‐® HALO and Fused‐Core are registered trademarks of Advanced Materials Technology, Inc

fused-core comINNOVATION YOU CAN TRUST – PERFORMANCE YOU CAN RELY ON fused-core.comINNOVATION YOU CAN TRUST PERFORMANCE YOU CAN RELY ON