molecular shape of amphiphiles self-organised into bimolecular films
TRANSCRIPT
COLLOIDS AND A
Colloids and Surfaces SURFACES
ELSEVIER A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 121 (1997) 23 26
Molecular shape of amphiphiles self-organised into bimolecular films 1
Elena V. Shumilina *, Yurii A. Shchipunov Institute of Chemistry, Far East Department, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
Received 27 February 1996; accepted 14 July 1996
Abstract
The dependence of the appearance of the black spot in thick nonaqueous films and the formation of bimolecular lipid membranes on the shape of amphiphilic molecules has been studied using a wide-ranging homologous series of alkyl derivatives of diamines. The optimum molecular shape and limits to amphiphile self-organisation into the bimolecular state have been ascertained.
Keywords: Alkyl derivatives of diamines; Bimolecular films; Formation; Molecular shape
1. Introduction
Some of the essential factors itl amphiphile struc- tural organisation and the phase transition are the geometric packing constraint [1,2]. These are mainly determined by the shape of the amphiphilic molecules. In this report we have studied how molecular shape variation in a wide-ranging homologous series of alkyl derivatives of diamines results in their ability to stabilise bimolecular films.
2. Experimental
Alkyl derivatives of diamines and alkyl deriva- tives with an acetyl group were synthesised through the reaction of ethylenediamine, 1,4-butanediamine or N-(2-aminoethyl ) acetamide with hexadecyl bro-
* Corresponding author. 1 Presented at the IXth European Colloid and Interface Society (ECIS) Conference, Barcelona, Spain, 17-22 September, 1995.
0927-7757/97/$17.00 © 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved PH S0927-7757 (96 )03758-2
mide as described in Refs. [3 -5] . All these reagents were purchased from Merck.
Diamine derivatives were dissolved in n-heptane (chemically pure). To generate a film, a nonaqueous solution was injected through an aperture (2 mm diameter) locating in the Teflon partition of a two- chamber cell filled with water.
The ability of diamine derivatives to stabilise the bimolecular films was characterised by the critical concentrations for black spot appearance in thick nonaqueous films (Cbl) and for transforma- tion of the latter into the bimolecular state over the whole area (Cure). The method has been described in detail in Refs. [-6,7].
3. Results and discussion
The structural formulae of-the diamine deriva- tives examined, the conditions at which the forma- tion of bimolecular films has been established and the parameters characterising bilayer formation
Tab
le 1
D
iam
ine
deri
vati
ves
exam
ined
and
co
nd
itio
ns
of
bila
yer
mem
bra
ne
form
atio
n
Am
phip
hile
M
olec
ular
str
uctu
re
Fo
rmat
ion
of
bila
yer
mem
bra
nes
Cbt
" (m
M)
Cbm
b (m
M)
pH
~
N-H
exad
ecyl
-l,2
-eth
aned
iam
ine
'VV
v'~/
VV
V~
N H
~
vN
H
2 20
5
-7
N,N
-Dih
exad
ecyl
- l,2
-eth
aned
iam
ine
'vV
V'v
Vk/
~ N
.,,
v N
H
MV
VV
VV
v~
2 0.
043
0.04
8 1.
5 3.
0
N, N
'-D
ihex
adec
yl- 1
,2-e
than
edia
min
e ~
N
H
4"
V',A
/VV
VV
'v N
H
5-7
N, N
, N '-
Tri
hexa
decy
l- 1
,2-e
than
edia
min
e v
vv
',/v
vx
~ N
H
5-7
N, N
, N ',
N '
-Tet
rahe
xade
cyl-
1,2
-eth
aned
iam
ine
VV
VV
VV
'Cv
Vxg
XA
A/x
.AA
, V
'VV
VV
VX
~ N
3.2
N, N
, N ',
N '
-Tet
rahe
xade
cyl-
1,4
-but
aned
iam
ine
VV
VV
',/V
'x/~
N
'x/x
gV
VV
VV
~ N
%
A,/
VV
VV
V'v
10
9.3
11
N, N
'-D
ihex
adec
yl- 1
,4-b
utan
edia
min
e 'v
'vN
'VV
'~
N
H
VV
VV
VV
'~
N
H
1-11
N-H
exad
ecyl
- 1,4
-but
aned
iam
ine
VVVV
VV~N
H~/
~.,N
H2
5-7
T (
° C) d
/~
r
(s) f
20
0.4
--
45
--
220
~.
30
0.2
--
20
1.0
--
20
0.5
30
0.5
e~
20
50
tu~
30
0.1
--
N-[
2-(
Hex
adec
yla
min
o)-
eth
yl]
acet
amid
e ^A
,'v'~
AN
~,N
H
"~,N
HC
OC
H
3 --
--
1-
11
20
60
--
--
E. V. Shumilina, Y.A. Shchipunov / Colloids Surfaces A. Physicochem. Eng. Aspects 121 (1997) 23-26 25
0 o4
05 3: 0 0 0 "r 7
Z
" 0
e~
0
"t-
O
0
0
Z ~
r ' a
oJ
g~
m
I
g
o o
©
¢1
¢-,
o o
o ~ . ~
.e ~ 9 ¢~ tao f2~
" ~ o "el
o ~.
~ . ~
~ . a g
.N.= ~
e~
o
m
. o ¢~
are summarised in Table 1. Further detailed data can be found in Refs. [-6,7].
Even a cursory examination of the experimental results presented shows that the bilayer-forming properties vary significantly in the homologous series of examined amphiphiles. To obtain an accu- rate assessment of their ability to self-organise into the bimolecular state, it is necessary to describe the process in quantitative terms, and this is partic- ularly the case with the molecular geometry. For this purpose, the molecular shape has been expressed in terms of a dimensionless packing parameter, S, suggested by Israelachvili et al. [8]:
S = V/(LA)
where V is the hydrocarbon chain volume per molecule, L is the chain length, and A is the effective headgroup area. Values for V, L, and A have been estimated from space-filling molecular models. It should be mentioned that in doing so the hydration of polar regions and the variability in conformations of amphiphilic molecules, which occur in reality, have not been accounted for. The trans-trans conformation has been assumed for the hydrocarbon chains. Values for S thus esti- mated have been used to plot a graph of the critical concentrations of black spot appearance Cb~ VS.
0.1 Lg Cb. Nonbilayer B l a c k Bimolecular Black
(M) structures ~ s p o t s membranes spots
O.Ol
o.ool
0.0001
a b c d
0.00001 1 3
Dimensionless packing parameter, S
Fig. 1. Plot of the logarithm of critical concentration of black spot appearance vs. dimensionless packing parameter. Space- filling molecular models correspond to the key points: (a) N,N'- dihexadecyl-1,4-butanediamine; (b) N-hexadecyl-l,4-butanedia- mine; (c) N,N-dihexadecyl-l,2-ethanediamine; (d) N,N,N',N'- tetrahexadecyl- 1,4-butanediamine.
26 E. V. Shumilina, Y.A. Shchipunov / Colloids Surfaces A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects 121 (1997) 23-26
the dimensionless packing parameter. A V-shaped curve, as seen in Fig. 1, has been obtained. Regions corresponding to bimolecular membrane forma- tion and black spot appearance are also indicated on the graph by approximate boundaries.
From the relationship in Fig. 1. the following conclusions can be drawn about the opt imum molecular shape and limits to amphiphile self- assembly into the bimolecular state.
(1) The minimum on the curve corresponds to the transformation of nonaqueous films into bimo- lecular membranes over the whole area and their maximal stability. We suggest that the minimum corresponds to the opt imum molecular shape. As evidenced from Fig. 1, the amphiphile should have a tendency to form very stable bimolecular mem- branes if the cross-sectional area of the nonpolar part of the molecule is nearly twice the cross- sectional area of the polar region.
(2) The ability of amphiphiles to self-organise into the bimolecular state is decreased when the molecular shape is approximately cylindrical. In the case of diamine derivatives with dimensionless packing p a r a m e t e r < l , the appearance even of short-lived black spots has been impossible to achieve. This finding enables one to infer that amphiphiles having only a truncated cone shape are capable of self-assembling into the bimolecu- lar state.
(3) The upper limit of the ratio of cross-sectional area of hydrocarbon chains to cross-sectional area of the polar region has not been revealed because of the limited number of diamine derivatives exam- ined. It has been established only that the black spots have appeared in nonaqueous films contain- ing amphiphiles for which the dimensionless pack- ing parameter has ranged up to 2.5. From an extrapolation of the dependence in Fig. 1, one might expect a loss of the ability to form bimolecu- lar structures by an amphiphile when the value of S approximates 2.7-3.0.
References
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[2] J.M. Seddon, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1031 (1990) 1-69. [3] F. Linsker and R.L. Evans, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 67 (1945)
1581-1582. [4] J.H. Fuhrhop, V. Koesling and G. Sch6nberg, Justus
Liebigs Ann. Chem., (1984) 1634-1640. [5] E.V. Shumilina, Russian Patent, 4839057/04, 1991. [6] Yu.A. Shchipunov, I.G. Maslennikova, A.F. Kolpakov and
E.V. Shumilina, Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg., 22 (1989) 45 54.
[7] Yu.A. Shchipunov and E.V. Shumilina, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 161 (1993) 125--132.
[8] J.N. Israelachvili, D.J. Mitchell and B.W. Ninham, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 72 (1976) 1525-1568.