molecular genetics

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JJA Obico, Instructor Department of Biology Department of Biology University of the Philippines Manila

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Page 1: Molecular genetics

JJA Obico, InstructorDepartment of BiologyDepartment of BiologyUniversity of the Philippines Manila

Page 2: Molecular genetics

fEukaryotic cells store hereditary information in the nucleus

Nucleid acids‐ DNA

Transfer of nucleic acids  transfer of h dhereditary traits

Page 3: Molecular genetics

P l   f  l idPolymer of nucleotidenucleotideS     h h t  Sugar + phophate group + nitrogen  containing bases

Nitrogen containing basesPURINE‐G and APYRIMIDINE‐C and U (RNA) or T (DNA)(RNA) or T (DNA)

Page 4: Molecular genetics

A= T; G=CEqual proportion of purines and pyrimidines

Page 5: Molecular genetics

Double helix structureDouble helix structureAnti parallel

2 chains of nucleotides held  by H‐bondbond

Page 6: Molecular genetics

During S‐phaseg pSemi‐conservative

Page 7: Molecular genetics

Need primers (RNA)Will be replaced later

Page 8: Molecular genetics

Synthesis is discontinuous

Page 9: Molecular genetics
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Most hereditary traits Most hereditary traits reflect the action of enzymesenzymesInfo for the structure of an enzyme  DNAan enzyme  DNAGENESpecific region in the Specific region in the DNA that codes for an enzymeenzyme

Page 13: Molecular genetics

DNA sequence in the gene is transcribed into an RNA sequenceRNA polymerasepromoter

Page 14: Molecular genetics
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Messenger RNA (mRNA)Transcripts of gene used to direct a.a. assembly into proteins

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)Combine with proteins to make up the ribosomes

Transfer RNA (tRNA)Transport a.a. to ribosomes

Page 16: Molecular genetics

f fDNA encodes for sequence of a.a. in proteinsDNA  mRNA transcriptsb d fRibosomes read sequence in increments of 3 

nucleotides  CODON

GATTACA A A (DNA)CUAAUGU U U (mRNA)CUA‐AUG‐UUU

Page 17: Molecular genetics

mRNA transcript is translated into a.a.mRNA transcript is translated into a.a.mRNA binds with rRNA in ribosomesOne codon is exposed at a timeOne codon is exposed at a time

Page 18: Molecular genetics

Carries a particular a.a.

dAnticodon

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When nonsense codon is exposed

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f fchanging the genetics of plants for the benefit of humankindl l l b dClassical plant breeding

Modern plant breedingGenes can be transferred between species through genetic engineeringTRANSGENIC ORGANISM▪ Contains gene from a different organismB    (B B ill   h i i i )▪ Bt corn (Bt‐ Bacillus thuringiensis)

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Restriction    enzymes are 

used to make bi  recombinant 

DNA

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Bacterial insertionPCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)Sample DNA, DNA p0lymerase, 4 nucleotides, primers

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fReturn to bacteria and allow to infect plant cellsGene gunsElectroporationMicroinjectionLiposomoes

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TotipotencyHas the potential to express any of the genes and produce an entire plant

Encourage plant cells to express their i i     di   i i  totipotency in an medium containing 

nutrients and hormones

Page 35: Molecular genetics
Page 36: Molecular genetics