molecular basis of inheritance, class 12, cbse notes
DESCRIPTION
For CBSETRANSCRIPT
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Molecular Basis of Inheritance
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DNA (Polynucleotide)
DNA
NITROGENOUS
BASE
A DEOXYRIBOSE
PENTOSE
SUGAR
A PHOSPHATE
GROUP
PURINE PYRIMIDINE
CYTOSINE
THYMINE
ADENINE
GUANINE
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DNA
Nitrogenous base is linked to pentose sugar through a n-glycosidic linkage to form a nucleoside.
Phosphate group attached to5’-OH of a nucleoside through phospho-ester linkage, and a nucleotide is formed.
Two nucleotides are linked through 3’-5’ phosphodiester linkage to form a dinucleotide, and in this manner many nucleotides are linked forming polynucleotide.
A polynucleotide has a free sugar at its5’ end and a free phosphate at its 3’ end.
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Double helix model of DNA
( Watson and Crick model)
DNA is made of 2 polynucleotides.
Backbone is formed by sugar and phosphate.
Nitrogen bases project inside.
Hydrogen bonds between nitrogen bases hold the chain together.
Adenine pairs with thymine through 2 hydrogen bonds and guanine with cytosine with 3 bonds.
Two chains have antiparallel polarity.
Two chains are coiled in a right handed fashion. And pitch of each helix is3.4nm, and 10 base pairs in each turn.
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A NUCLEOSOME
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Griffith’s experiment on transformation
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DNA is the genetic material
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Characteristics of genetic material
Able to generate its replica.
Chemically and structurally stable.
Provide the scope for mutation necessary for
evolution.
Able to express itself in the form of Mendalian
character.
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RNA (Polynucleotide)
RNA
NITROGENOUS
BASE
A
PENTOSE
SUGAR
A PHOSPHATE
GROUP
PURINE PYRIMIDINE
CYTOSINE
URACIL
ADENINE
GUANINE
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TYPES OF RNA
RNA
MESSENGER
mRNA
TRANSFER/
SOLUBLE
tRNA
RIBOSOMAL
rRNA
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A tRNA MOLECULE
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Semiconservative replication of DNA
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Meselson- Stahl experiment
(semiconservative replication)
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Replication of DNA
(schematic representation)
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A TRANSCRIPTION UNIT
A promoter
Structural genes
A terminator
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Transcription
A TRANSCRIPTION UNIT
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TRANSCRIPTION IN PROKARYOTES
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GENETIC CODE
Codons are triplets
61 codons code for 20 amino acids.
Unambigous – each coden codes for only one/ particular amino acid.
Degenerate – some amino acids are coded by more than one codon.
Commaless –codons are read in continuous manner in a 5’ to 3’ direction without punctuation
Universal –codes for same amino acid in any organism.
AUG- initiation codon and codes for methionine.
UAA, UAG and UGA are stop codons..
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MUTATION
MUATION
POINT FRAME SHIFT SILENT
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TRANSLATION
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TRANSLATION
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TRANSLATION
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COMPONENTS OF OPERON
Structural gene
Promoter gene
Operator
Regulator gene
Inducer
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LAC OPERON IN E.COLI
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LAC OPERON IN E.COLI
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GOALS OF HUMAN GENOME PROJECT (HGP)
Identification of all genes
Determination of the sequence of the 3 billion base pairs in human DNA.
To store the information in data base.
Improvement of the tools for data analysis
Transfer of the technology to other sectors (industries)
To address the ethical, legal and social issues (ELSI) that may arise from this project.
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METHODOLOGIES OF HGP
Expressed sequence tags (ESTs)- identifying all genes
that expressed as RNA.
Sequence annotation- sequence the whole sequence of
genome, that included all coding and noncoding
sequences and later assigning function to different
regions in the sequence.
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SALIENT FEATURES OF HUMAN GENOME
Contains3164.7 million nucleotides.
Size of genes varies, average size contains 3000 bases, the largest
gene dystrophin contains 2.4 million bases.
Total no. genes about 30000 and99.9 % of the nucleotides are
same in all humans.
Function of 50% genes are not known.
2% of the genome codes for protein.
Repetitive sequence make up large portion of genome which throw
light on structure, dynamics and evolution though they do not have
coding function.
In 1.4 million locations DNA differs in single base. http://schools.aglasem.com
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USES OF HGP
To diagnose, treat and prevent a number of disease or
disorder that affects human beings.
Provides clues to the understanding of human biology.
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THE PROCESS OF DNA FINGER PRINTING
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STEPS OF DNA FINGERPRINTING
Extraction
Amplification
Restriction digestion
Separation of DNA sequence/ restriction fragments
Southern blotting
Hybridisation
Autoradiography
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USES OF DNA FINGERPRINTING
To identify criminals
To determine the true biological mother or father in
case of disputes
To verify an immigrant, really a close relative of a
resident
To identify racial groups to rewrite the biological
evolution.
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