gy;fiyf;fofk;mofg;gh Njrpaj; ju epHzaf; FOtpd; %d;whk; Rw;Wj; ju kjpg;gPl;by; A+(CGPA: 3.64) jFjpAk;

kdpjts Nkk;ghl;L mikr;rfk; - gy;fiyf;fof khdpaf;FOtpd; Kjy; jug;

gy;fiyf;fofk; kw;Wk; jd;dhl;rpj; jFjpAk; ngw;wJ)

fhiuf;Fb - 630003

gp.ypl;. (jkpo); ,uzÊlhkÊ gUtk;

107 24

jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; xg;gha;tpay;

njhiyepiyf;fy;tp ,af;ffk;

DR. V.SATHYANARAYANAN, Assistant Professor in Tamil, Rajah Serfoji Government College, Thanjavur-613005.

Reviewer : Dr. S. MURUGESAN, Associate Professor in Tamil, Tamil Research Centre, Alagappa Govt Arts College, Karaikudi – 630003

Work Order No. AU/DDE/DE1-15/Printing of Course Materials/2020 Dated 5.2.2020 Copies 1500

jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; xg;gha;tpay;

gpupT – I jpuhtplk;

$W 1 : jpuhtpl nkhopf;FLk;gk;

$W 2 : njd; jpuhtpl – eLj;jpuhtplf; FLk;gk;

$W 3 : jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; jdpj;jd;ikfs;

gpupT - II xyp - gpwg;G> Ntw;Wikfs;

$W 4 : xyp gpwg;G – capnuhyp khw;wk;

$W 5 : nka;nahyp khw;wk; - cUgd;fSk; nrhy;yhf;fKk;

$W 6 : ngah;fs;

$W 7 : jpiz – ghy; - ,lk;

$W 8 : vz; czh;j;jy;- Ntw;Wikfs;

gpupT - III tpid tiffs;

$W 9 : %tplg;ngah;fs;- vz;Zg; ngah;fs;

$W 10 : tpidr;nrhw;fspd; mikg;G – tpid tiffs;

$W 11 : tpidr; nrhw;fs; fhyk; fhl;Lk; Kiw

gpupT - IV vr;rk; - Kw;W - nrhw;nwhluikg;G

$W 12 : vr;rq;fSk; Kw;WfSk;

$W 13 : tpidg;ngah;fs; - tpidg;nghUl;fs;

$W 14 : jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; nrhw;nwhluikg;G

ghHit E}y;fs;

1. fhy;Lnty; xg;gpyf;fzk; - irt rpj;jhe;j E}w;gjpg;Gf; fofk;> nrd;id

2. lhf;lH ,uh.rPdpthrd; - nkhop xg;gpaYk; tuyhWk;> mzpafk;> nrd;id -30

$W 1

jpuhtpl nkhopf;FLk;gk;

kdpjFyk; Njhd;wpg; gd;ndLq;fhyk; gy;NtWgl;l

fz;Lgpbg;Gfis epfo;j;jpAs;sJ. mtw;Ws; jiyahaJ nkhopNa

MFk;. nkhop ,d;W vl;ba tsHr;rp vd;gJ vspjpy; epfo;e;j xd;W

md;W. gy;yhapuk; Mz;Lfspy; kdpj Fy czHr;rpAk;

fUj;JzHj;Jk; Kaw;rpAk; NrHe;J cUthf;fpa fyitNa nkhop.

m/J xU fUj;Jg; Gyg;ghl;Lf; fUtp. ekJ Kd;NdhHfs; %yk;

ek;kplk; te;J ekf;Fg; gpd;Dk; ek; re;jjpfSf;Ff; nfhz;L

nry;Yk; mwpTr; nry;tk;. xU gz;ghl;ilj; jhq;fpapUf;Fk;

fUt+yk;.

tpyq;FfSk; jq;fSf;Fs; fUj;Jg; Gyg;ghl;il epfo;j;jp

tUfpd;wd. mit mg;Gyg;ghl;ilnkhopnaDk; fl;likg;gpy; xyp-

tup tbtq;fspy; fl;likj;Jf; nfhs;s ,aytpy;iy. vdNt

kdpjid kdpjdhf ,dq;fhl;LtJ nkhop vdyhk;.

fhyg;ngUntspapy; Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; ek;ikg; gpzpj;jpUf;Fk;

fz;zp nkhopahFk;.

,e;j nkhopapd;Nwy; kdpj Fyj;jpd; ,d;iwa ehfupf

tsHr;rp ,Ue;jpUf;fhJ. fiy mwptpay; El;gq;fs; Mfpad

Njhd;wpapuh. ed;F gz;gl;l rKjhaj;jpy;jhd; nkhopapd; tsHr;rp

rpwe;j gaid va;jp ,Uf;Fk;. ,yf;fpaq;fSk; Vid mwpTj;Jiw

E}y;fSk; nkhopapd; Njhw;wk; kw;Wk; tsHr;rpahNyNa

rhj;jpakhapd. kdpjd; nkhopapidf; fz;LzHe;jhYk; cynfq;Fk;

xNu #oypy; xNu fhyg;gpuptpy; nkhop Njhd;wtpy;iy. xNuxU

nkhopAk; Njhd;wptpltpy;iy. khwhf kdpjdpd; tho;tplr; #oy;>

Njit Mfpad nkhopia cUthf;fpf;nfhs;sTk;

fl;likj;Jf;nfhs;sTk; cjtpd.

nkhopf;FLk;gq;fs;

cyfpy; gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd nkhopfs; Ngrg;gl;L

tUfpd;wd. kdpj tho;f;ifg; gbepiyfspy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fisg;

2

Nghy nkhopfSk; gy;NtW khw;wq;fisAk; jhf;fj;ijAk;

re;jpf;fpd;wd. ,tw;wpd; tpisthfr; rpy nkhopfs; mope;Jk;

tUfpd;wd. And];Nfhtpd; fUj;Jg;gb 6000f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l nkhopfs;

Ngrg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. ,t;thW toq;Fk; nkhopfisg; gw;wpa Ma;T

fle;j 19> 20 Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; nkhopfSf;fpilNaahd xw;Wik

Ntw;Wikfis ,dq;fhZk; Ma;thf tsHe;jJ. ,jdhy; nkhop

xg;gpay; Ma;Tj;Jiw tsHe;jJ. ,t;tha;tpd; tsHepiyahf xU

jd;ikahd ,yf;fzf; $Wfisg; ngw;wpUf;Fk; nkhopfis

xNutifapdthf / FLk;gkhf tFj;jdH.

cyfpy; gy;NtW ,df;FOf;fspd; gz;ghLfshy; nropj;Jj;

jpfOk; ehL ,e;jpah. mt;tpdf;FOf;fs; NgRk; nkhopfs; gytw;iwj;

jd;dfj;Nj cilaJ. 1961Mk; Mz;L fzpg;gpd;gb ,e;jpahtpy; 1652

nkhopfs; Ngrg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. 2001 Mk; Mz;L fzf;fpd;gb

,k;nkhopfspy; 22 nkhopfs; ngU tof;fpdthfg; gj;J yl;rj;jpw;Fk;

Nkw;gl;l vz;zpf;ifapy; cs;s kf;fsplk; toq;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.

122 nkhopfs; gj;jhapuj;jpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l vz;zpf;ifapy; cs;s

r%fj;jhuhy; Ngrg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. vQ;rpa nkhopfs; ,tw;wpDk;

Fiwe;j vz;zpf;ifAila khe;jHfshNyNa Ngrg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.

,e;jpa nkhopaha;T vd;gJ njhlf;fj;jpy; rk;];fpUjj;ijr;

rhHe;J mike;jJ. Mrpaf; fy;tpr; rq;fj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;j

tpy;ypak; N[hd;]; rk;];fpUj nkhopapid ed;F Ma;e;J mjd;

nkhopf;$Wfs; Nkiy INuhg;gpa nkhopf;$WfSld; xj;jpUg;gijf;

fUjp mjid> ,e;Njh - INuhg;gpa nkhopf;FLk;gkhf

tifg;gLj;jpdhH. 1786,y; mtUila mwptpg;gpdhy; ,e;jpa

nkhopfs; ahTk; rk;];fpUj %yj;jpypUe;J Njhd;wpd> vy;yh ,e;jpa

nkhopfSk; ,e;Njh INuhg;gpa nkhopf;FLk;gj;jpd vd;Dk; fUJNfhs;

Vw;gl;lJ.

MapDk; ,e;jpa nkhopfspy; ngupJk; NtWgl;l ,yf;fzf;

$WfSila nkhopfs; cs;sd vd;gij EZfpAzHe;j lhf;lH

,uhgHl; fhy;Lnty; 1856,y; njd;dpe;jpahtpy; toq;Fk; jkpo;

Kjyhd nkhopfs; rk;];fpUj nkhopapypUe;J khWgl;lnjhU

nkhopf;FLk;gj;jpd vd;W epWtp mtw;iw jpuhtplk; vd;w

3

tifg;ghl;by; mlf;fpdhH. ,jdhy; njd;dpe;jpa nkhopfs; gw;wpa

fUj;jhf;fq;fSk; ,k;nkhopfis xl;b mike;j

,yf;fzf;$Wfisg; ngw;Wg; gy;NtW ,df;FOf;fshy;

,e;jpahtpd; gy;NtW ,lq;fspy; Ngrpte;j nkhopfs; gw;wpa

fUj;jhf;fq;fSk; khwj; njhlq;fpd.

,e;jpahtpy; Nkw;Rl;ba ,e;Njh INuhg;gpa nkhopf;FLk;gk;>

jpuhtpl nkhopf;FLk;gk; Mfpatw;iwj; jtpu jpngj;Njh rPd nkhopf;

FLk;gk; M];l;upf; -Kz;lh nkhopf;FLk;gk; rhHe;j nkhopfSk;

toq;fp tUtjhff; fz;lwpe;jdH. 1864,y; n[Ukdp mwpQH

khf;];Ky;yH Kz;lhitj; jdp nkhopf;FLk;gkhff; fz;lwpe;jhH.

1866,y; ele;j tpad;dh fPo;j;jpir khehl;bd; tpisthf

1881,y; ,e;jpa kf;fs; njhiff; fzf;nfLg;gpy; nkhopfisg;

gw;wpa fzf;nfLg;Gk; epfo;j;jg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpa nkhopfs; gw;wpa

gy;NtW juTfs; fpilj;jd. rH [hd; fpupaHrd; 1898,y;

,j;jpl;lj;jpd; Nkyhsuhfr; NrHe;J Nrfupj;j Ma;T KbTfs;

1927,y; ntspahapd. mjd;gb 179 nkhopfSk; 544

fpisnkhopfSk; ,e;jpahtpy; toq;fg;ngWfpd;wik

Rl;bAiuf;fg;gl;lJ.

me;jkhd; jPTfspy; toq;Fk; nkhopfs; jdpf; FLk;gk; vdj;

jf;fd. efyp vd;Dk; nkhopapd; %y nkhopf;FLk;gk; ,Ue;J

mope;jpUf;fNtz;Lk; vd;Wk; mwpQH fUJtH. vdpDk;

1. ,e;Njh INuhg;gpa nkhopf;FLk;gk;

2. jpuhtpl nkhopf;FLk;gk;

3. Kz;lh - M];l;upf; nkhopf;FLk;gk;

4. jpngj;jpa rPd nkhopf;FLk;gk;

vd;Dk; ehd;F nkhopf;FLk;gq;fs; gw;wpa nfhs;ifNa gutyhf

Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

tpLjiy ngw;w gpwF 1961,y; epfo;e;j fzf;nfLg;gpd; gb

1. ,e;Njh INuhg;gpa nkhopfs; 574 nkhopfs; 73.3% kf;fs;

2. jpuhtpl nkhopf;FLk;gk; 153 24.47%

3. Kz;lh - M];l;upf; nkhopf;FLk;gk; 65 1.5%

4

4. jpngj;jpa rPd nkhopf;FLk;gk; 226. 0.73%

vd;w fzf;fpy; ,e;jpa nkhopfs; gw;wpa juTfs;

fz;Lzug;gl;Ls;sd. ,it jtpug; gpupj;jwpa ,ayhj 530

nkhopfSk; cs;sd vd;Wk; ,f;fzf;nfLg;G czHj;jpw;W.

Nkw;Rl;ba nkhopfspy; xU nkhopapd; tl;lhur; rpijTfisAk; jdp

nkhopfshff; fUjpf; nfhz;ldH vd;gH. ,e;j Ma;tpd;gb jpuhtpl

nkhopf;FLk;gj;jpdthf 27 nkhopfs; milahsg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

jpuhtpl nkhopf;FLk;gk;

nghJthfj; njd;dpe;jpag; gFjpfspy; toq;Fk; nkhopfisj;

jpuhtpl nkhopfs; vdf;Fwpj;jYk; gz;ila ,e;jpahtpd; gy;NtW

gFjpfspYk; jpuhtpl nkhopfs; Ngrg;gl;L te;Js;sd vd;gij

nkhopapay; mwpQHfs; Ma;e;Jiuj;Js;sdH.

,d;iwa ,e;jpahtpd; Nkw;Nf ghfp];jhdpd; gYrp];jhd; gFjpapy;

gpuh$ap Ngrg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. tl ,e;jpahtpd; ,uh[;kfhypy;

khy;NlhTk; kj;jpa gpuNjrj;jpy; Nfhyhkp ghH[p MfpadTk;

toq;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.

ePyfpup kiyg;gFjpapy; glfh> Nfhjh> Njhlh Mfpa nkhopfs;

Ngrg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. khuhl;ba khepyj; njw;nfy;iyg; gFjpapy;

Nfhz;l; nkhop toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. vdNt jpuhtpl nkhopf;FLk;gj;jpd;

%yj; jpuhtplnkhop ,e;jpag; gFjpfspy; gutyhf toq;fg;gl;Lg;

gpd;dH> jpUe;jpa jpUe;jh nkhopfs; gythf cUkhwpapUf;ff; $Lk;

vd;gJ nkhop Muha;rpahsH fUj;jhf mikfpd;wJ.

jpuhtpl nkhopfs; gw;wpa Ma;T

njhlf;f epiyapy; jpuhtpl nkhopfs; gw;wpa Ma;T vd;gJ

jkpo;> njYq;F> fd;dlk;> kiyahsk; Mfpad gw;wpNa ,Ue;jJ.

1816,y; V.b.Nfk;ngy; vd;ghH vOjpa njYq;F ,yf;fz E}ypw;F

Kd;Diu tiue;j gpuhd;rp]; xapl; vy;yp]; vd;ghH jkpo;> njYq;F>

fd;dlk; > kiyahsk; Mfpad rk];fpUjk; rhuhj jdpj;j

nkhopf;FLk;gk; vd;W mwptpj;jhH.

5

tlnkhop ,yf;fzj;ij Muha;e;j uh];f; vd;ghH

tlnkhopf;Fr; rhuhj nrhy;tof;fhWfis ,dq;fz;L mit kyghH

nkhopfSf;Fupait vd;whH. kyghH vd;gJ 16 -18 Mk;

E}w;whz;Lfspy; jkpioNa Fwpj;jJ.

1844,y; yhrH vd;gtUk; tpy;ypak; Nfup vd;gtUk; jkpo;

Kjyhd nkhopfs; jdpj;j nkhopf;FLk;gj;jpd vd;W mwptpj;jhH.

NguhrpupaH ];Btd;rd; tlnkhopfs; jpuhtpl nkhopfspypUe;J

Ntwhdit vd;W epWtpdhH.

NguhrpupaH ];kpj; khy;Nlhnkhop gw;wpAk; Nguh.yPr; gpuh$ap

nkhop gw;wpAk; Nguh.tha;Nr Nfhz;l; nkhop gw;wpAk; vk;.g`;yH

glfh nkhop gw;wpAk; Muha;e;J ,it tlnkhop rhuhj nkhopf;

FLk;gj;jpd vd;W Muha;r;rpfshy; epWtpdH. ,t;thW tlnkhop

kuG rhuhj nkhopfis khf;];Ky;yH ep\j nkhopfs; vd;whH.

Mdhy; ,t;thW jdpj;j Ma;Tfspd; njhlHr;rpahf xd;wpizj;J

Muha;e;J ,k;nkhopfisj; jpuhtplk; vd;W Fwpapl;L mioj;jtH

,uhgHl; fhy;Lnty; MthH.

fp.gp. 1856,y; jpuhtpl nkhop xg;gpayha;tpd; je;ij vdg;

Nghw;wg;ngWk; lhf;lH fhy;Lnty; jpuhtplk; vd;w ngauhy;

,k;nkhopfis mioj;jhH. ,e;jpa nkhopfspy; jpuhtpl nkhopfs;

xU jdpf;FLk;gj;ijr; rhHe;jit vd;Wk; ,e;Njh INuhg;gpa

nkhopfNshL njhlHGilad my;y vd;Wk; mtH epWtpdhH. NkYk;

njd;dfj;jpy; nrk;ikahf toq;Fk; nkhopfshd jkpo;>

kiyahsk;> njYq;F> fd;dlk; Mfpa nkhopfNshL NtW rpy

gz;glhj nkhopfSk; jpuhtpl ,dj;Jld; neUq;fpa njhlHGilad

vd;gij tpsf;fpdhH.

ntspehl;L nkhopfshfpa rpj;jpa nkhopfNshL

njhlHGiladthfj; jpuhtpl nkhopfs; tpsq;Ffpd;wd vd;gij

epiy ehl;b> jk; Ma;tpid 1856,y; E}yhf ntspapl;lhH. ,tiug;

Nghd;W khf;];Ky;yH> ];fpNunlH MfpNahUk; jpuhtpl nkhopfs;

rpj;jpa nkhopfNshL cwTilad vd;W epWt Kad;wdH.

6

lhf;lH fhy;Lnty; jkpo;> njYq;F > kiyahsk;> fd;dlk;> JS

Mfpa Ie;J nkhopfisj; jpUe;jpa nkhopfshfTk; Njhlh> Nfhlh>

Nfhz;L> $a; vd;w ehd;ifAk; jpUe;jhj nkhopfshfTk; fUjpdhH.

gpuh$ap> khy;Nlh Nghd;w nkhopfisr; Rl;br; nrd;whNu jtpu

mtw;iwg; gw;wpa rpwg;ghd Muha;r;r;rpia Nkw;nfhs;stpy;iy.

1875,y; ntspapl;l gjpg;gpy; Kd;G jpUe;jpa nkhopfshff;

Fwpg;gpl;l Ie;J nkhopfNshL FlF nkhopapidAk; jpUe;jhj

nkhopfNshL uh[;kfhy;> xNuhNthd; Mfpa nkhopfisAk;

,izj;jhH. lhf;lH fhy;Lnty; xg;gpyf;fzk; vOjpa fhyj;jpy;

,e;Njh INuhg;gpa nkhopf;FLk;gk; jtpHj;j Vida

nkhopf;FLk;gq;fspy; xg;gpay; Ma;T kpFjpahd msT tsutpy;iy

vd;gJ [Py;];g;shf;fpd; fUj;jhFk;.

lhf;lH fhy;Lnty; jkJ E}iy ntspapLtjw;F ehd;F

Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dHjhd; ];yht; nfy;bf; nkhopfspd;

,yf;fzq;fs; ntspahapd. iyrH vd;gtH vOjpa ypj;JNtdpa

nkhopapd; ,yf;fzk; ntspahfp ,Ue;jJ. NkYk; xypapay; Ma;T

fhy;Lnty; fhyj;jpy; mwptpay; uPjpahf kpFe;j tsHr;rp

ngw;wpUf;ftpy;iy.

jpUe;jpa nkhopfs; vd;W mtH Fwpg;gpl;l rpy nkhopfisj;

jtpu Vida nkhopfis Muha;tjw;F cupa rhd;WfSk;

tha;g;GfSk; mtUila fhyj;jpy; kpfTk; mupjhf mike;jpUe;jd.

,t;thW xg;gpayha;Tk; xypapayha;Tk; KOikahf tsHr;rp

milahj fhyj;jpy; Fiwe;j trjpfNshL rpwe;j Ma;tpid

Nkw;nfhz;L jd; Ma;Tf;fhf lhf;lH gl;lKk; ngw;whH.

,tUila Ma;T ngUk;ghYk; njd; jpuhtpl nkhopfisg;

gw;wpajhf ,Ug;gjhy; ,jidj; jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; xg;gpyf;fzk;

vd;W nghJ epiyapy; $Wtijf; fhl;bYk; njd; jpuhtpl

nkhopfspd; xg;gpyf;fzk; vd;W miog;gNj nghUe;Jk; vd;gJ

lhf;lH nj.ngh.kPdhl;rp Re;judhH fUj;jhFk;.

7

fhy;Lnty;Yf;Fg; gpd;

fp.gp1866 Mk; Mz;L tpad;dhtpd; nkhopahuha;r;rp khehL

lhf;lH f];l; vd;ghupd; jiyikapy; nkhop Ma;Tf; FO xd;wid

,e;jpahtpw;F mDg;gp ,e;jpa nkhopfspd; ,ay;ig Muha

Ntz;Lnkd;W KbT nra;jJ. ,g;gzp gy;yhz;bw;Fg; gpd;dH

1894,y; njhlq;fpaJ. ,jd; jiyikg; nghWg;igf; fpupaHrd;

Vw;whH. 1891,y; eilngw;w fzf;nfLg;G ,k;nkhop Ma;Tf;

FOtpw;Fg; ngupJk; Jiznra;jJ.

,e;jpa nkhop gw;wpa ,f;fs Ma;tpy; cjtp Gupe;j lhf;lH

];nlq;fpNdh mtHfs; njuptpj;j Kz;lh nkhopfs; jpuhtpl

nkhopfs; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fs; 1906,y; ntspaplg;gl;lNghJ jpuhtpl

nkhopfspd; xg;gha;T Gj;JapH ngwj; njhlq;fpaJ. ,f;fs Ma;tpd;

Kjy; gFjpapy; njd;dpe;jpa nkhopfs; tpyf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. vdpDk;

gpd; ehd;fhk;gFjpapy; jpuhtplk; Kz;lh nkhopfs; ,lk; ngw;wd.

fhy;Lnty; Fwpg;gpl;l gd;dpuz;L nkhopfNshL nfhyhkp>

ehaf;fp vd;Dk; ,U nkhopfisAk; ,izj;J fpupaHrd; jpuhtpl

nkhopfs; gjpdhd;F vdf;Fwpg;gpl;lhH. ,e;epiyapy; jpuhtpl

nkhopf;FLk;gj;jpd; fpisnkhopfs; gw;wpa gy;NtW tifahd

Ma;Tf; fl;Liufs; nkhop E}ywpQH gyuhy; ntspaplg;gl;ld.

1913 Mk; Mz;by; Ftp ($a;) nkhopapidg; gw;wpa Ma;tpid gpl;

n[uhy;l; vd;gH Nkw;nfhz;L mk;nkhop jpuhtpl nkhopf;FLk;gj;jpd;

xU fpisnkhopNa vd;W epWtpdhH. 1964,y; [Pk;]; gpshf; vd;gtH

jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; ,yf;fz mikg;G vd;Dk; E}iy gpnuQ;R

nkhopapy; vOjp ntspapl;lhH. jpuhtpl nkhopfs; gw;wpa ,tUila

nfhs;iffs; gytw;iw gHNuh Nghd;wtHfs; gpd;dH kWj;Jiuj;J

cs;sdH.

Mf;];NghHL gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; rk];fpUjg; Nguhrpupauhfg;

gzpGupe;j jhk]; gHNuh vd;gtH jpUe;jhj nkhopfSf;F Kjyplk;

je;J mtw;wpd; jd;ikfis Ma;e;Js;shH. ,f;fhyf; fl;lj;jpy;

jpuhtpl nkhopfisj; njd; jpuhtpl nkhopfs;> eLj;jpuhtpl

8

nkhopfs;> tl jpuhtpl nkhopfs; vdg; gpupj;J mtw;wpd;

rpwg;gpay;Gfisj; jdpNa EZfp MuhAk; Nghf;F tsHe;jJ.

1950,y; gH[p nkhopiaAk; ng];Nfh nkhopapidAk; jpuhtpl

nkhopf;FLk;gj;jpd; jdpf;fpis nkhopfs; vdg; gHNuh fz;lwpe;jhH.

,tUld; ,ize;J Muha;r;rpapid epfo;j;jpa gl;lhr;rhHah Nfhz;l;>

flgh Mfpa nkhopfis Muha;e;J mtw;iwj; jdp nkhopfs; vdf;

fz;lwpe;jhH. Njhlh nkhop gw;wpa jdp Ma;itr; rpwg;ghf

Nkw;Nfhz;l fypNghHdpag; gy;fiyf;fofg; NguhrpupaH lhf;lH vkNdh

jd; Ma;tpidj; jdp E}yhf ntspapl;lhH. NkYk; jpuhtpl

nkhopfspd; xypapay; xg;gpay; Ma;TfisAk; jdp E}yhf

ntspapl;Ls;shH.

gHNuhtpd; xg;gha;T gw;wpa gy;NtW fl;LiufSk; ,j;Jiw

Ma;T nropg;gilaf; fhuzkhapd. ,t;tpUtUk; ,ize;J jpuhtpl

nkhopfspd; NtHr;nrhy;yfuhjp xd;iw cUthf;fp xg;gpayha;T tsu

toptFj;jdH. ,j;Jiwapy; Nfus k`huhrh fy;Y}upapd; Mq;fpyg;

Nguhrpupauhd vy;.tp.uhkrhkp IaH Fiwe;j trjpfspYk; epiwthd

Ma;Tfisr; nra;Js;shH. cRkhdpag; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd;

Nguhrpupauhd gp.vr;.fpU\;z%Hj;jpAk; jpuhtpl nkhopfspd;

tpidr;nrhy; gw;wpa tpupthd Ma;it Nkw;nfhz;l lhf;lH

gp.v];.Rg;gpukzpad; vd;gtUk; ,j;Jiwapy; rpwg;ghff; Fwpf;fj;jf;f

Kd;Ndhb Ma;thsHfs; MthH. lhf;lH nj.ngh.kPdhl;rpRe;judhH>

lhf;lH R.mfj;jpaypq;fk; MfpNahH xg;gpyf;fz Ma;tpy; rpwe;j

gq;fspg;igr; nra;Js;sdH.

xypapapy; Ma;T rpwg;ghdnjhU tsHr;rpia mile;jpUe;jhYk;

nrhy;ypay;> njhlupay; gw;wpa Ma;T KOik ngwNtz;bAs;sJ>

njhlf;f epiyapy; gd;dpU nkhopfisNa jpuhtpl nkhopfshff;

fUjpdH. Mdhy; jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; xg;gpay; Ma;T tsHr;rp ngw;w

,f;fhyj;jpy; Gjpjhfg; gy;NtW nkhopfs; fz;lwpag;gl;L mtw;wpd;

%ynkhopf; FLk;gq;fis tiuaWj;Js;sdH. fpisnkhopfs; vd;W

fUjg;gl;l rpy nkhopfs; jdp nkhopfshf epWtg;gl;Ls;sd. ,d;W

9

jpuhtpl nkhopfs; nkhopapay; xg;gpay; Ma;thy;; 30f;Fk;

Nkw;gl;ldthf milahsk; fhzg;gl;Ls;sd.

jpuhtpl vd;w nrhy;yhl;rp

tlnkhop my;yhj mjw;F khWgl;l tsikahd

nkhopf;FLk;g nkhopfshd njd;df nkhopfisAk; mtw;wpd;

,dkhd gz;glhj nkhopfisAk; ,dq;fz;Lnfhz;l

Muha;r;rpahsHfs; mt;tif nkhopfSf;F xt;nthU ngaupl;L

te;jdH. njd;dpe;jpahtpy; toq;Fk; njhlHGila ,d nkhopfs;

,yf;fzf; fl;likg;gpd; nghJf;$WfshYk; toq;Fk; ,lj;jhYk;

neUf;fkhd cwTilad. ,k;nkhopfSf;Fupa NtHr;nrhw;fs;

nghJg;gilahf mike;jd. vdNt ,tw;iw xUq;F njhFj;J

Nkdhl;L Muha;r;rpahsHfs; kyghH nkhopfs; vd;Wk; jKs; vd;Wk;

jKypf; vd;Wk; toq;fpdH.

njd; ,e;jpa nkhopfs; gyTk; jdpj;jdpg; ngaUilad.

mtw;iw Xupdg;gLj;jp mtw;wpw;F XH milahsk; jUjiyf;

fhy;Lnty; ,d;wpaikahjJ vd;W fUjpdhH. jk;Ks; fhyj;jhy;

NtWgl;l ,yf;fzf; $Wfs; rpythf ,Ue;jhYk; nrhw;fsQ;rpak;

,yf;fzf; fl;likg;gpy; ngupJk; xj;jpUf;ff; $ba ,k;nkhopfis>

xU %yj;jpypUe;J fpisj;j ,t;tif nkhopfis Xupd

nkhopfshff; Fwpaply; mtrpak; vd;Wk; fUjpdhH.

Nkdhl;L Muha;r;rpahsHfs; njhlf;f epiyapy; njd;dpe;jpa

nkhopfis jkpo; vd;W toq;fpdH. njd;dpe;jpa nkhopfspd;

jdpr;rpwg;igAk; ,yf;fz ,yf;fpa tsj;ijAk; njhd;ikiaAk;

nfhz;l jkpio mjd; ,d nkhopfSld; ,izj;Jf; Fwpaply;

xU epiyapy; Vw;fj;jf;fJ. Mdhy; xg;gpyf;fzj; njspT fUjpj;

jkpio kl;Lk; NgRk; gFjp> kf;fs; MfpNahiuf; Fwpf;fg; gad;gLk;

nkhopf;FwpaPl;ilg; nghJikg;gLj;jpf; $Wjy; rpf;fiy Vw;gLj;Jk;.

MfNt njd;dpe;jpa nkhopfs; cs;spl;l mjd; ,d nkhopfisf;

Fwpf;f xU fiyr;nrhy; Njitg;gLfpd;wJ. vdNtjhd; fhy;Lnty;

jpuhtplk; vd;w nrhy;iyf; ifahz;lhH.

10

jpuhtplk; vd;gjd; gioa tof;fhW

tlnkhopapy; njd;df nkhopfis toq;f Kd;dhspy;

toq;fg;gl;ljhf mwpag;gLk; nrhy; jpuhtplk; vd;gjhFk;. jpuhtpl

vd;w nrhy;Yf;F %d;W tbtq;fs; cs;sd. jpukpl - jpuhtpl -

jputpl vd;Dk; Fwpfs; jkpo; cs;spl;l Xupd nkhopfs; toq;Fk;

gpuNjrj;ijNa Fwpj;jJ. fp.gp. Vohk; E}w;whz;L Fkhupyg; gl;lH

jpuhtpl Me;jpu vd;W ,jid vLj;Jiuj;Js;sjhff; Fwpf;Fk;

fhy;Lnty; ,J jkpioAk; njYq;ifAk; Fwpf;Fk; njhlH

vd;fpd;whH. kiyahsj;ijj; jkpopYk; njYq;iff; fd;dlj;jpYk;

mlf;fpf; $wpapUg;gH vd;fpwhH. Mdhy; nj.ngh.kP ,jid kWj;J

jpuhtpl Mjp vd;gJjhd; ,j;njhlH vd epWTfpd;whH. NkYk;

Fkhupyg; gl;lH fhyj;jpy; kiyahsk; KOik ngw;wpyJ. vdpDk;

jpuhtplk; vd;gJ njd;dfg; gFjpiaNa Rl;Lfpd;wJ. Mjyhy;

fhy;Lnty;ypd; FwpaPL nghUe;Jk;

kD ];kpUjpapy; gpuhkzHfSld; njhlHgpoe;j kf;fl;

$l;lj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk;NghJ ngsz;l;ufH> xl;uH> jpuhtplH fhk;Ngh[H

Nghd;w ,dj;jhH Fwpf;fg;gLfpd;wdH. Nkw;Fwpj;j Fbfspy;

njd;dpe;jpahtpw;FupatH jpuhtplHfNs. vdNt njd;dpe;jpag; gFjp

kf;fisg; nghJg;glf; Fwpf;f jpuhtplk; vd vLj;jhsy; nghUe;Jk;.

,e;jpag; ngU %jhijaUs; xUtuhd rj;jpa tpujiug; ghftj

Guhzk; jpuhtpl kd;dd; vd;fpd;wJ.

jkpofj;jpy; rkzr; nry;thf;F Vw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; tr;rpuee;jp

mikj;j rq;fk; jpuhtpl rq;fk; vdg;gl;lJ. rkatq;Rj;j> yypj

tp];juk; vd;Dk; rkz> Gj;j E}y;fs; md;iwa vOj;Jtifapy;

xd;whf jpuhtpb vd;w xd;iwf; Fwpf;fpd;wd. ,J njd;df vOj;J

tbtkhf ,Uf;ff;$Lk;. itzt ciufhuHfs; jpt;a gpuge;jj;ijj;

jpuhtpl Ntjk; vd;gJ tlnkhopahsuplj;jpy; njd; jkpo; nkhop

jpuhtplk; vdf; FwpaPL ngw;wikia czHj;Jk;.

kD ];kpUjp fhyj;jpw;Fg;gpd; nkhopawpQHfs; jpuhtplnkd;w

nrhy;iyj; njd;dhl;L nkhopapdj;ijf; Fwpf;f vLj;jhz;Ls;sdH.

,e;jpa ghfj nkhopfisj; njhifg;gLj;jpatHfs; mtw;iw

k`huh\;l;up> nrsuNrdp> khfjp vd;W gpupj;jdH. ,tw;wpw;F mLj;j

11

ghfjnkhopj; njhFjpahf mike;jtw;Ws; jpuhtpb vd;Dk; nrhy;

fhzg;ngWfpd;wJ. ,J xU Fwpg;gpl;l nkhopapdj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk;

nrhy; vd;gJ njspT.

N[.%H vd;Dk; Nkdhl;L MrpupaH tlnkhop E}ypd;Fwpg;ghf>

jpuhtplk; tpghi\ vdf; $wg;ngw;wikia vLj;Jiuj;Js;shH.

kw;nwhU tlnkhop MrpupaH jpuhtplUila nkhop jpuhtpb

vd;fpd;whH. tlehl;lhuhy; jpuhtpb vdg;gl;l FwpaPl;Lg;ngaH

njd;dpe;jpag;gFjpfspy; Ngrpa nkhopapdj;ijNa vd;gJk; mtw;iw

Xupd nkhopfshfNt fUjpdH vd;gJk; GydhFk;.

v];.Nf rl;lH[p ,ilf;fhyg; gpuhkzHfs; gQ;r jpuhtplh

vd;w nrhy;iyg; gue;Jgl;lepiyapy; ifahz;Ls;sdH vd;fpd;whH.

jh$H jhd;ghba Njrpag;gz;zpYk; jpuhtpl vd;w nrhy;iyf;

ifahz;Ls;shH.

tlehl;lhupd; igrhrnkhopf; fUj;jpaypy; jpuhtpl

nkhopiaAk; mlf;fpaik nfhz;L tlnkhopahsuhy;

toq;fg;ngwhj nkhopapdq;fis mtHfs; nkhopfspdpd;W NtWglr;

Rl;ba ngauhfNt fUjyhk;. vdNt tlnkhop rhuhj jdpj;j

,dj;jpd; nkhopahff; fUjyhk;. 1854,y; ghG ,uhNre;jpuyhy;

kpj;uh vd;Dk; nkhop Ma;thsH nrsuNrdp nkhopiag; NghyNt

jpuhtpb %y ghfjq;fspy; xd;W - gy nkhopfSf;Fj; jha;

vdg;gLk; jd;ikaJ vd;Wk; fUj;Jiuj;Js;shH.

,JfhWk; $wpatw;why; jkpo; vd;gjid xU nkhopf;Nf

cupajhff; nfhz;L mjndhL xj;j ,dnkhopfisj; jpuhtplk;

vdf; fhy;Lnty; Fwpj;jik tuyhw;W epiyapy; nghUe;jptUk;

fUj;jhFk; vd czuyhk;.

jpuhtpl nkhopfSk; Vid cyfnkhopf;FLk;gq;fSk;

jpuhtpl nkhopf;FLk;gk; ,e;jpahtpy; toq;fptUk;

nkhopf;FLk;gq;fspy; goikahdJk; kpfg;gutyhf toq;fpte;jJk;

MFk;. jpuhtpl nkhopf;$Wfs; ghuj ehnlq;Fk; gutpapUg;gijf;

fz;ZWk; nkhopaha;thsHfs; [hH[; MyptH Nghd;w khdpltpay;

12

NguhrpupaHfs; rpe;J rkntsp (nkhfQ;rjNuh - mug;gh) ehfupf

epyg;gFjpfs; njhl;L tlgFjpapy; ,k;nkhopfisg; NgRNthH

tho;e;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; MupaHfs; tUifahy;

,tHfs; njw;Fg; gFjpf;Fj; Juj;jg;gl;bUf;fNtz;Lk; vd;fpd;wdH.

rpe;Jrkntspg;gFjpfis Ma;e;j `Puh]; ghjpupahH> mt;tplq;fspy;

jpuhtpl nkhopfNs toq;fpapUf;fNtz;Lk; vd;fpd;whH. jpuhtpl nkhop

gpuh$ap ghfp];jhd; gFjpfspy; toq;fptUtJk; Vidj; jpuhtpl

nkhopfs; tlehl;bd; gy;NtW gFjpfspy; toq;fptUtJk; nfhz;L

v];.Nf.rl;lH[p jpuhtplHfspd; gutyhf;fj;ij cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;whH.

,t;thW gutpapUe;j epiyapy; MupaHfspd; tUifAk;

fyg;Gk; ,UNtW nkhopf;FLk;gq;fspYk; nfhs;tpid> nfhLg;gpid

fhuzkhf xUikg;ghlhd rpy mikg;Gfs; Njhd;wr; nra;jd.

jpuhtplr; nrhw;fs; tlnkhopfspYk; tlnkhopr; nrhw;fs; jpuhtplr;

nrhw;fspYk; fye;jpUg;gJnfhz;L ,jid cWjpg;gLj;Jk;. jkpo;>

fd;dl nkhopfspd; njhlupay; $WfSk; tq;fhsp> ,e;jp

Mfpatw;wpd; njhlupay; $WfSk; xj;jpUg;gJk; ,tw;wpdpilNa

xypad; $Wfs; xj;jpUg;gJk; v];.Nf.rl;lH[papd; Ma;T KbTfspy;

ntspahapd.

vfu> xfu xypad;fs; ,e;NjhMupa nkhopfspy; ,y;iy.

,j;jd;ikiag; gpuh$ap nkhopapYk; fhzKbfpd;wJ. re;jpaf;fuk;>

%f;fpd capH xypfs; gpuh$ap> FUf; nkhopfspy; toq;fptUjy;

NghyNt ,e;Njh MupankhopfspYk; toq;fp tUfpd;wd.

cuhypa nkhopf;FLk;gj;Jld; jpuhtpl nkhopfs; neUq;fpa

njhlHGilad vd;gij lhf;lH fhy;Lnty; cs;spl;l xg;gpay; nkhop

mwpQHfs; tpje;Jiuj;Js;sdH. ,e;j ,U NtWgl;l

nkhopf;FLk;gq;fSf;F ,ilapy; mike;Js;s nghJthd nrhw;fis

Ma;e;Jiuf;Fk; lhf;lH fhy;Lnty; ,k;nkhopfis kq;Nfhypa

nkhopfSld; cwTilad vd;W epWtpdhH. vdpDk; ,f;fUj;J

,d;Dk; Ma;Tf;FupajhfNt ,Uf;fpd;wJ.

kq;Nfhypa> jpuhtpl nkhopfs; Fwpj;J Ma;T elj;jpa

v/g;.X.];fpNulH vd;ghH ,t;tpU nkhopf;FLk;gq;fSf;F ,ilNa

cs;s cwT tuyhw;Wf;Fk; Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; ,k;nkhopfisg;

13

NgRk;kf;fs; ,ize;J tho;e;jikf;Fr; rhd;whf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ

vd;fpd;whH. Mdhy; NguhrpupaH gHNuh ,l neUf;fj;jhy; Vw;gl;l

njhlHgd;W vd;Wk; FLk;g cwT rhHe;jJ vd;fpd;whH. ,t;tpU

nkhopfSf;FilNa fhzg;gLk; ,izr;nrhw;fspd; kpFjpNa

gHNuhtpd; fUj;Jf;Fr; rhd;whFk;. fhy ,ilepiyfspy;

,wg;gy;yhf; fhyj;jpy; epfo;> vjpH vd NtWgLj;Jk; ,ilepiyfs;

Njhlh> Nfhlh nkhopfspYk; ,y;yhik Nghd;Nw cuhypa

nkhopfspYk; ,y;iy.

gHkpad; jtpHe;j cuhypa nkhopfspy; ,we;j fhyk;>

,wg;gy;yhf;fhyk; Mfpad kl;LNk fhzg;gLfpd;wd. njd; jpuhtpl

nkhopfspy; fhZk; vjpHfhy,ilepiy tfuj;jpw;F xg;ghd

,ilepiyia cf;upa nkhopfspYk;fhz Kbfpd;wJ.

%y cuhypa nkhopfspy; jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; fhZk;

Ntw;Wik cUGfs; NghyNt> 2> 4> 6 Mk; Ntw;Wikf;fhd

cUGfisf; fhz Kbfpd;wJ. lhf;lH N[k;]; `hHdy; Nghd;NwhH

kj;jpa jiuf; flw;gFjp kf;fNshL jpuhtpl kf;fs; gy

epiyfspYk; neUf;fkhd njhlHGilatHfshf tpsq;fpdH

vd;fpd;wdH. gz;ila jpuhtpl kf;fis fpNuf;fH jkpupfh vd;W

mioj;jdH. Mupa nkhopfspy; cs;s ehtis xypfs; jpuhtpl

nkhopfsplj;J toq;fpa nkhopfspd; jhf;fq;fs; vd

Nguh.v];.Nf.rl;lH[p fUJfpd;whH.

jpuhtpl nkhopfs; fpof;fhrpa [g;ghdpa> nfhupa

nkhopfNshLk; nfhz;l njhlHig mwpQHfs; Ma;e;Jiuj;Js;sdH.

Nguh.vr;.gp `_gH jd;Dila nfhupa jpuhtpl xg;gha;T E}ypYk;

RRNkh XNdh [g;ghdpa jkpo; nkhopfSf;F ,ilapyhd njhlHig

Ma;e;J rg;ghdpaj;jpd; %ynkhop jkpNo vd;W epWTfpd;whH. mtNu

[g;ghdpaH jkpoupd; cyfg; ghHitAk; rlq;FfSk; vd;gijAk;

xg;gpl;Liuj;Js;shH.

14

jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; Kg;gpupTfs;

jpuhtplnkhopfs; jkf;Fs; nfhz;Ls;s cwTepiyfis

mbj;jskhff; nfhz;L mtw;iwg; gFj;Jf; fhz;gjpy; jpuhtpl

nkhopaha;tpd; njhlf;f epiyapypUe;Nj fUj;ijr; nrYj;jpte;jdH.

lhf;lH fhy;Lnty; ,tw;wpd; ,yf;fpatsj;jpd; gpd;dzpapy; jpUe;jpa>

jpUe;jhnkhopfs; vd ,Utifahfg; gFj;Jf; fhz;fpd;whH. ,J

gz;ghl;lha;tpw;F cjTNk jtpu nkhop xg;gpayha;tpw;Fj; Jiz

nra;aty;yJ md;W.

jkpo; kiyahsj;JlDk; fd;dlk; njYq;FlDk; nfhz;l

cwit lhf;lH fhy;Lnty; typAWj;Jfpd;whH;. ];nlq;fNdh

jkpo;j;njhFjp> njYq;Fj; njhFjp vd;w ghFghl;ilf; fz;lhH.

,JNt njd; jpuhtplk;> eLj; jpuhtplk; vd;Dk; gpupTfs; Njhd;wf;

fhuznkdyhk;. nkhopapayhH ,k;nkhopfis mit toq;Fk; ,lk;>

khWjy;fspd; nghJik> nghJf;$Wfs; Mfpatw;iwf;

fhuzpfshff;nfhz;L gpupg;gH. jw;fhy nkhop mwpQHfs; jpuhtpl

nkhopfis>

1. njd; jpuhtpl nkhopfs;

2. eLj; jpuhtplnkhopfs;

3. tlj;jpuhtpl nkhopfs;

vd tifg;gLj;jp Ma;Tf;F cl;gLj;Jfpd;wdH.

,U kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

1. Mrpaf; fy;tpr; rq;fj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;jtH ahH?

tpy;ypak; N[hd;];

2. jpuhtpl nkhop xg;gpyf;fzj;jpd; MrpupaH ahH?

jpuhtplnkhop xg;gpayha;tpd; je;ij vdg;gLgtH ahH?

ve;ehl;bdH?

lhf;lH ,uhgHl; fhy;Lnty; ,q;fpyhe;J

3. ,e;jpahtpy; toq;fptUk; nkhopf;FLk;gq;fisr; Rl;Lf.

15

1. ,e;Njh INuhg;gpa nkhopf;FLk;gk;

2. jpuhtpl nkhopf;FLk;gk;

3. Kz;lh - M];l;upf; nkhopf;FLk;gk;

4. jpngj;jpa rPd nkhopf;FLk;gk;

4. kyghH vd;w FwpaPl;lhy; Rl;lg;ngw;w nkhop vJ?

jkpo;

5. tlnkhop kuG rhuhj nkhopfis khf;];Ky;yH vt;thW

Fwpj;jhH?

ep\hjnkhopfs;

6. jpuhtpl vd;w nrhy;iy Kjypy; ifahz;ltH ahH?

Fkhupyg; gl;lH

FWtpdhf;fs;

7. ,e;jpa nkhopf;FLk;gq;fs; Fwpj;J vOJf.

(ghlg;gFjpapy; cyfpy; gy;NtW ,df;FOf;fspd;… vd;gJ

Kjy; milahsg;gLj;jg; gl;Ls;sd vd;gJ tiu)

8. lhf;lH fhy;Lnty;Yf;F Kd;ida jpuhtpl nkhopaha;T

Fwpj;J vOJf.

(njhlf;f epiyapy; vd;gJ Kjy; fhy;Lnty; MthH

vd;gJtiu)

9. jpuhtpl nkhopaha;tpy; lhf;lH fhy;Lntypd; gq;fspg;ig

tpsf;Ff.

( fp.gp. 1856,y; jpuhtpl nkhop xg;gpayha;tpd; je;ij

vd;gJ Kjy; lhf;lH nj.ngh.kPdhl;rp Re;judhH fUj;jhFk;

vd;gJ tiu)

16

10. lhf;lH fhy;Lnty;Yf;Fg; gpe;ija jpuhtpl nkhopaha;T

Fwpj;J vOJf.

(fhy;Lnty;Yf;Fg; gpd; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpd; fPo; $wg;gl;l

nra;jpfs;)

11. jpuhtpl nkhopfSk; Vid cyfnkhopf;FLk;gq;fSk; vd;gJ

Fwpj;J vOJf.

(jpuhtpl nkhopfSk; Vid cyfnkhopf;FLk;gq;fSk;

vd;Dk; jiyg;gpd; fPo; $wg;gl;l nra;jpfs;)

ngUtpdhf;fs;

12. jpuhtpl nkhopaha;tpd; tsH epiy Fwpj;Jf; fl;Liuf;f.

(jpuhtpl nkhopfs; gw;wpa Ma;T vd;Dk; jiyg;gpd; fPo;

$wg;gl;l nra;jpfs;)

13. jpuhtplk; vd;Dk;nrhy; tof;fhw;iw tpsf;fpAiuf;f.

(jpuhtplk; vd;gjd; gioa tof;fhW vd;Dk; jiyg;gpd; fPo;

$wg;gl;l nra;jpfs;)

$W 2

njd; jpuhtpl - eLj;jpuhtplk; FLk;gk;

jpuhtpl nkhopfs; xNu FLk;gj;ijr; rhHe;jit vd;gijf;

fz;LzUk; Kd;Ng jpuhtpl nkhopfs; gw;wpa jdpj; jdp Ma;Tfs;

Nkiyehl;lhuhy; epfo;j;jg;gl;Ls;sd. jpUe;jpa> jpUe;jhj

nkhopfisg; gw;wpa ,t;tha;Tfspy; $Hf;> JS gw;wpa Ma;T

Kd;Ng epfo;j;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. 1798,y; uhgHl;]; vd;ghupd; Ma;T

,jid czHj;Jk; vd;W nj.ngh.kP Fwpf;fpd;whH. 1837,y; NjhjH

nkhop gw;wp ngHbd;uhz;l; ];kpj;> 1838,y; gpuh$ap nkhop gw;wp yPr;>

1849,y; Nfhz;b nkhop gw;wp n[.[p.bupg;gHf;> `huprd; MfpNahH

17

1853,y; $a; nkhop gw;wpAk; nyl;Rkh[p vdg; gyH Ma;itr;

nra;Js;sdH. 1866,y; Nfhyhkp gw;wp v];.`p];yhg; vd;gtUk;

1884 ,y; khy;Nlh gw;wp ,.bnus]; vd;gtUk;

Ma;e;Jiuj;Js;sdH. gpd;dhspy; nkhop Ma;T tsHe;j epiyapy;

,e;jpa nkhopf; fzf;fPl;by; ghH[p> Nfhz;lh> fjgh nkhop gw;wp

mwpe;Jnfhs;s Kbe;jJ. jw;fhyj;jpy; Fwth> vUf;fyh> ,Ush

MfpadTk; jpuhtplf; fpisnkhopfshf mwpag;gl;ld vd;W

nj.ngh.kP $Wfpd;whH. mtUila jkpo;nkhop tuyhW vd;Dk;

E}ypy; 1961 Mk; Mz;L fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb ,e;jpahtpy; toq;Fk;

jpuhtpl nkhopfs; gw;wpa gl;baiy ,izj;Js;shH. jw;Nghija

epiyapy; 2011 fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb mtw;iwg; NgRNthupd;

vz;zpf;if khWgLfpd;wJ.

1. njYq;F 8 Nfhb

2. jkpo; 6.8 Nfhb

3. fd;dlk; 4.35 Nfhb

4. kiyahsk; 3.47 Nfhb

5. Nfhz;b 29.84 yl;rk;

6. FUf; 19.88 yl;rk;

7. JS 18 46 yl;rk;

8. $ap 9.41 yl;rk;

9. Ftp (Nfhe;j;) 1.55 yl;rk;

10. Nfhah 4 yl;rk;

11. khy;Nlh 2.34 yl;rk;

12. FlF 96 Mapuk;

13. glfh 1.33 yl;rk;

14. Nfhyhkp 1.28 yl;rk;

15. ,Ush 11>870

16. Fwth 10>421

18

17. ghH[p 52 Mapuk;

18. fjgh 40.9 Mapuk;

19. Nfhlh 47Mapuk;

vd;gdthFk;. 2011 fzf;nfLg;gpy; 17 nkhopfs; kl;LNk jpuhtpl

nkhopfshfr; Rl;lg;ngw;Ws;sd. 1961 Mk; Mz;L fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb

nfhz;lh ($gp) - 13>000 > eha;f;fp -1500> ngq;Nfh - 1300>

xy;yhup - 800> NjhlH - 800> gpuh$a; - 3 Nfhb NgH Ngrp

te;jjhfTk; mwpfpd;Nwhk;. ,j;jifa gutyhd nkhopfis mit

toq;Fk; ,lq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; %d;W gpupthff; fz;Nlhk;.

mtw;iw epuyhff; fhzyhk;.

njd; jpuhtpl nkhopfs;

njd; jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; jkpo;> fd;dlk;> kiyahsk;> JS

Mfpa jpUe;jpa nkhopfSk; glfh> ,Ush> nfhlF> Njhlh> Nfhlh

Mfpa jpUe;jhj nkhopfSk; mlq;fpAs;sd. ,tw;Ws; jkpOk;

kiyahsKk; kpfg;gpw;fhyj;jpy; gpupe;jikahy; kpfTk;neUq;fpa

njhlHGilad. ,tw;wpw;F mLj;j epiyapy; Nfhlh> Njhlh Mfpa

nkhopfs; kpf neUq;fpa njhlHG ciladthf cs;sd vd;W

Nguh.vkNdh fUjpdhH. Mdhy; vy;.tp.,uhkrhkp IaH nfhlF

nkhopjhd; njd; jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; jkpo; kiyahs nkhopfSf;F

mLj;j epiyapy; cwTilaJ vd;fpwhH. njd; jpuhtpl nkhopfspy;

JS nkhop Vida jpuhtpl nkhopfspUe;J NtWgLtjhy; vkdh>

fpU\;z%Hj;jp MfpNahH ,k;nkhopapid eL jpuhtpl nkhop

,izj;Jtpl typAWj;jpdH. Mdhy; lhf;lH gp.v];.Rg;gpukzpad;

JSitj; njd; jpuhtpl nkhop vd;W nfhs;tJ Vw;GilaJ vd;Wk;

njd; jpuhtpl %y nkhopapypUe;J JS Kjypy; gpupe;j

fhuzj;jhy;jhd; mJ jkpo;> kiyahsk; Nghd;w nkhopfspypUe;J

kpfTk; NtWgLfpd;wJ vd;W tpsf;Ffpd;whH.

njd; jpuhtpl nkhopfSs; glfh fd;dlj;jpd; fpis

nkhopahff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. ePyfpup khtl;lj;jpy; thOk;

goq;FbapdH ,jidg; NgRfpd;wdH. kiyg;gFjpapy; cs;s goq;Fb

kf;fshy; Njhlh> Nfhlh nkhopfSk; Ngrg;gLfpd;wd. fHehlf

19

khepyg; gFjpapy; fd;dlk;> JS FlF Nghd;wd tof;fpy;

cs;sd. MH. ,. ,uhgHl;lhy; 1798,y; JS jdp nkhopahf

mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ. 1837,y; Njhlh jdp nkhop vd;W czug;ngw;wJ.

njd; jpuhtpl nkhopfs; jkpo; - fd;dlf; fpis vd KjypYk;

gpwF JS vd;Wk; gpupe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW JS Kjypy;

jdp nkhopahfg; gpupe;j gpd;dH jkpo; - fd;dlf; fpis> jkpo; -

FlF fpis vd;Wk; fd;dlk; vd;Wk; gpupe;jpUf;fNtz;Lk;.

fd;dlnkhop gpupe;J nrd;w mLj;j epiyapy; jkpo; - nfhlFf;

fpisapypUe;J Njhlh - Nfhlh nkhopfs; ,ize;j fpis

gpupe;jpUf;ff; $Lk;. ,it gpupe;jgpd;dH jkpo; - kiyahsk;

fpisapypUe;J nfhlF gpupe;J nrd;wJ. ,Wjp epiyapy;

kiyahsk; gpupe;jpUf;ff;$Lk; vd;Wk; njd; jpuhtplf;

fpisapypUe;J KiwNa> JS> fd;dlk;> Njhlh> Nfhlh> nfhlF

kiyahsk; vd;gd gbg;gbahfg; gpupe;jpUf;f ,aYk; vd;Wk; lhf;lH

gp.v];.Rg;gpukzpad; tpsf;Ffpd;whH. ,jidg; gpd;tUk; glk;

czHj;Jk;

njd; jpuhtpl nkhopfs;

JS

glfh fd;dlk;

,Ush nfhlF Nfhlh Njhlh

jkpo; kiyahsk;

20

jkpo;

jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; Kjypy; jpUe;jpa epiyngw;wJ jkpohFk;.

njhd;ikr;rpwg;G> nrhy;tsk;> goikahd ,yf;fz kuGfs;> ,yf;fpa

MSik Mfpatw;why; kpspHtJ jkpo; vd;W lhf;lH fhy;Lnty;

ghuhl;Lfpd;whH. ehfupf Nkd;ikapy; fpNuf;f ehl;L kf;fSld;

xg;gpl;Lg; NgRfpd;whH. mtH ,e;jpa kf;fSs; %l ek;gpf;ifg; gof;f

tof;fq;fs; - rlq;Ffs; Fiwe;jtH jkpoHfs; vd;fpd;whH. gy;NtW

kf;fSld; njhd;Wnjhl;Lf; fyhr;rhu thzpfj; njhlHGfs; nfhz;L

tho;tpd; KiwapYk; xOq;fpYk; nfhs;tpid nfhLg;gpidahy; tsd;

nra;J tho;gtHfs; jkpoHfs;. njhy;fhg;gpaH fhyj;jpy;>

tlNtq;flk; njd; Fkup Mapilj;

jkpo; $W ey;Yyfk;

vd vy;iy Fwpj;jhYk; ,d;W jkpo; toq;Fk; gFjp ,e;jpa ehl;by;

RUq;fptpl;lJ. tq;ff; flYf;Fk; Fl kiyf;Fk; ,ilNa

goNtw;fhL Kjy; Fkup Kidtiu ,k;nkhopNgrg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.

,Ug;gpDk; njd; jpUtpjhq;$H <oj;jpd; tlNkw;Fg;gFjp> nfhOk;G>

kNyrpa> rpq;fg;g+H> gp[pj;jPTfs; Mfpa nkhopfspy; jkpo;nkhop

Ngrg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.

jkpnod; fpstp (njhy;)

jkpo; $W ey;Yyfk; (njhy;-ghapuk;)

jkpo; jiy kaq;fpa (Gwk;)

jkpo; nfO $ly;

jkpod;fz;lha; (Njthuk;)

Nghd;w njhlHfs; jkpo; vd;Dk; tof;fhw;wpd; njhd;ikia

czHj;Jk;.

21

,k;nkhopapy; nrhy;epiyapy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wq;fs;

fhzf;fpilf;fpd;wd. ek;ehl;lhUk; Nkiyehl;ltUk; jkpo; vd;w

nrhy;ypy; ,Uf;Fk; rpwg;G ofuj;ij cr;rupf;f Kbahky; jq;fs;

ehr; nrd;wtop gy;NtW tifahfj; jpupj;J toq;FtH. jkpo; vd;w

nrhy; jkps; vd;Nw gyuhYk; cr;rupf;fg;gl;L te;jJ. INuhg;gpaH

,jidj; jKs; vd;Wk; jKypf; vd;Wk; toq;fpdH.

NghHj;JfPrpaHfs; kyghH vd;W Fwpj;jdH vd;W Nfhy;/g;Uf;

$WthH. 1766 ,y; 14Mk; Y}ap kd;dd; jkpoH xUtUf;F jkpoH

jiytH vd;Dk; nghUs;gLk; kyghH jiytH vd;w gl;lj;ij

toq;fpAs;sjhff; fhz;fpd;Nwhk;.

jkpo; vd;w nrhy;ypw;F ,izahd tlnkhopr; nrhy;

jpuhtpl vd;gjhFk;. ,r;nrhy; jpuhtplH thOk; gFjp> nkhop

,uz;ilA xUNruf; Fwpj;jJ. jkpo;> j;uhtpl ,t;tpU nrhw;fSk;

Kw;wpYk; NtWgLtd. gpwg;gpay; Kiwahy; xU jd;ikad vd;W

fhy;Lnty; fUJthH. jpukplk; vd;Wk; ,r;nrhy; toq;fg;gl;lJ.

jpukplk; vd;Dk; tof;fhW jkpo; epfz;LfspYk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.

tuhf kpfpuupd; gpU`j; rk;`pijapy; jpuhtplk; vd;w

nrhy;ypw;F khwhf jpukplk; vd;W fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. jpukplk; vd;w

nrhy; jpukpsk; vdTk; jpupe;J toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. 1573,y;

,aw;wg;gl;l jhuehjupd; ,e;jpahtpy; Gj;jkj tsHr;rp vd;Dk;

E}ypy; ,r;nrhy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. lhf;lH Fz;lHl; vd;ghH

kiyahs nkhopapd; njhd;ikahd Guhzq;fspy; ,j;jpukpsk;

vd;Dk; nrhy; kpFjpahf fhzf;fpilf;fpd;wJ vd;W Fwpg;gpLthH.

ghyp nkhopapy; mike;j kfhtk;rj;jpy; jpukpsk; vDk; nrhy;

jkpNsh (jpuhtpl) vdf; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. jpuhtplk; > jputplk; >

jpukplk;> jpukpsk;> jkpNsh> jKs;> jkpo; vd;w tupirapy;

nkhopg;ngaH ,t;thW jpupe;jpUf;fyhk; vd;fpd;whH lhf;lH Fz;lHl;.

,jidj; jw;fhy xg;gpay; mwpQHfs; Vw;gjpy;iy. [hd;

rhKNty; jkpoH jk; nkhopapy; jk;nkhopf;Fg; gpw nkhopr; nrhy;

xd;iwg; ngauhf mikj;Jf;nfhz;ldH vd;gJ nghUj;jkpd;W vd

kWf;fpd;whH.

22

jf;fhz KfkjpaUk;> njYq;fHfSk; fd;dlUk; jkpio

mutk; vd;w nrhy;yhy; Fwpj;jdH. ,r;nrhy; vt;tifapYk;

nghUe;Jtjhfj; Njhd;wtpy;iy. Fz;lHl; mutk; vd;w nrhy;ypid

mwtk; vd;gjhff; Fwpg;ghH. ,J mwpT vd;w nrhy;ypypUe;J

gpwe;jJ vd;ghH xU rhuhH. ek; nkhop gutp te;j #oypy; nre;jkpo;

nfhLe;jkpo; vd;w ghFghLfs; mikaf; nfhLe;jkpo; toq;Fk;

epyg;gFjpfspy; mUth ehL vd;gJk; xd;W. mUth > mutk; vdj;

jpupe;jpUf;Fk;. njYq;F nkhopahsH mutk; vd;gij tlnrhy;yhff;

fUJfpd;wdH.

m + ut = mutk; (xypaw;wiy)

vdNt jkpopy; ` Nghd;w %r;nrhypfs; ,d;ikahy; ,g;ngaH

ngw;wJ vd;gH. Mdhy; ,J Vw;Wf;nfhs;sj;jf;fJ md;W.

tlnkhopapy; ut vd;gjw;F cupa nghUs; Ngnuhyp vd;gjhFk;.

jkpopy; mutk; vd;gjw;F nky;nyhyp vDk;nghUs;. ,f;fhuzj;jhy;

jkpio mutk; vd;gJ nghUe;Jk;.

kiyahsk;

jkpNohL neUq;fpa njhlHG nfhz;l nkhop vd;gjhy; ,J

jpuhtpl nkhop tupirapy; jkpio mLj;J vz;zg;gLfpd;wJ. Nkw;F

kiyj; njhlHr;rp kyghH vd;Dk; gFjpiar; rhHe;j kq;f@Uf;Fj;

njw;F Kjy; jpUtde;jGuk; tiu mike;j CHfis cs;slf;fpa

gFjp. gz;ilj; jkpo; kd;dHfs; NruyH Mz;l gFjp. ,g;gFjpapy;

vOe;j gjpw;Wg;gj;Jk; rpyg;gjpfhuKk; nre;jkpo; nropj;J

tpsq;fpaikf;Fr; rhd;W gfUk; ,yf;fpaq;fs;. njhlf;f fhy

kiyahs E}y;fspy; jkpopd; Mjpf;fNk epytpw;W. gpd; 15 Mk;

E}w;whz;Ltiu rk;];fpUjKk; gpd; Mq;fpyKk; jhf;fKw;W mike;j

nkhop kiyahsk; MFk;. jha;nkhopapy; vOe;j yPyhjpyfk; Nghy

Fz;lHl; Nghd;w INuhg;gpa ghjpupkhHfshy; ,yf;fzk; vOjg;gl;l

nkhopAk; $l.

23

kiyahsf; flw;fiu fpNuf;fH> a+jH> lr;Rf;fhuH>

NghHj;Jf;fPrpaH> mNugpaH Mq;fpNyaH> gpnuQ;Rf;fhuH vdg; gyUk;

te;J thzpfj; njhlHG Nkw;nfhs;Sk; fskhf ,Ue;jJ. mNrhfd;

fy;ntl;by; Nfus Gj;jpuH vd;w nrhy;yhl;rp Nrukhd; vd;gjd;

k&c MFk;. vd;whYk; Nru gFjpia Nfus vd;W Fwpf;Fk;

njhd;ikr; rhd;Wk; MFk;. gpspdp vd;gtH nrygj;uh]; vd;Wk;

jhykp nfugj;uh]; vd;Wk; njhd;ikahd ,g;gFjp kd;dHfisf;

Fwpj;jdH.

jkpopypUe;J kpfg; gpw;fhyj;jpy; gpupe;jJ vd;whYk; jkpopy;

cs;sJ Nghyg; ghy; fhl;Lk; <Wfs; kiyahsj;jpy;

mikag;ngwhik tpag;Gf;FupaJ. Ifhu ,Wjpr; nrhw;fs;

kiyahsj;jpy; mfuk; vdj;jpupAk;

kiy > ky

jkpopypUe;J kiyahsk; gpupe;jJ vd;w nfhs;ifiaf;

Nfus ghzpdPa MrpupaH V.MH.,uhruhrtHkh vd;gtH kWf;fpd;whH.

Fz;lHl; vd;ghUk; nfhLe;jkpopd; xU fpis kiyahsk; vd;Wk;

kw;nwhU fpis jkpo; vd;Wk; ciuf;fpd;whH. Mj;J}H fpU\;z

gp\&yp> Nf.vk;.[hH[; MfpNahH jkpNo kiyahsj;jpd; %ynkhop

vd;gij Vw;fpd;whH. jkpo; nkhop ,yf;fpak; Njhd;wpa xU

gFjpapy; gbgbahff; fyhr;rhu gz;ghl;L khWjy; Vw;gl;L Ntw;W

nkhopahfj; jpupe;J tpl;lJ. gioa kiyahs nkhopf;$Wfs; jkpo;

xypad; cUgd; mikg;igr; rhHe;J mike;jpUf;fg; gpd;dhspy;

rk;];fpUj nkhopj; jhf;fj;jhy; tlnkhop mikg;ig xl;b

xypad;fSk; nrhw;fSk; Kfpo;j;jd.

fd;dlk;

,d;iwa fHehlfg; gFjpfspYk; kfhuh\;buj;jpd; njw;Fg;

gFjpfspYk; toq;Fk; fd;dlnkhop fhduP]; vd;Wk; toq;fg;ngWk;.

fHehlfk; vd;Dk; ngaH kUtp fd;dlk; vd;Dk; ngaiug; ngw;wJ

vd;gH. fd;dlk; goq;fd;dlk; GJf; fd;dlk; vd;Dk; ,Utifahf

24

fUjg;ngWk;. fd;dl nkhopapd; xypad;fs; gw;wp vr;.v];.gpypfpup

Muha;e;Js;shH.

jkpOf;F mLj;J kpFjpahd goikahd ,yf;fpa tsj;ij

cila nkhop fd;dlk;. ,jd; vOj;J tbtk; njYq;if

xj;jpUe;jhYk; cUgd; mikg;gpy; jkpOld; neUq;fpa

njhlHGilaJ. kiyahsk; NghyNt fd;dlKk; rk;];fpUj>

gpuhfpUj jhf;fj;jhy; xypg;Gil xypg;gpyh xypfisg; ngw;W

tsHe;Js;sJ. fpgp. 450Ir; NrHe;j `y;kpjpf; fy;ntl;L goq;fd;dlk;

MFk;. jkpo; xypad;fshd ofuk;> wfuk;> dfuk; Mfpad

goq;fd;dlj;jpy; cz;L. vl;lhk; E}w;whz;bd; ngy;kd;D nrg;NgL

KOikahd fd;dl nkhop tbtpyhd nrg;Nglhf mike;jJ.

,k;nkhopapy; Njhd;wpa ftpuh[ khHf;fk; Fwpf;fj;jf;fJ.

glfh

jkpo;ehl;bd; ePyfpup gFjpapy; glfh nkhopiag; NgRk;kf;fs;

tho;e;J tUfpd;wdH. ,k;nkhopiaf; fd;dlj;jpd; tl;lhu tof;F

vd;gH. vdpDk; ,d;iwa nkhopawpQHfs; jdpnkhopahfNt nfhs;tH.

jkpo; ,yf;fpak; $Wk; tLfHfNs glfH vd;ghUk; cz;L.

,k;nkhopia Ma;e;j vkNdh NjhlH> NfhlH MfpNahUf;Fg; gpd;Ng

ePyfpupg; gFjpf;Fg; glfH FbNawpapUf;fNtz;Lk; vd;w fUj;jpdH

MthH.

JS

ik#H re;jpufpup> fy;ahzGup MWfSf;F ,ilg;gl;l

gFjpiaj; JS toq;Fk; nkhopahff; fhz;gH. lhf;lH fhy;Lnty;

jpUe;jpa nkhopfs; gl;baypy; JS nkhopia mlf;fpf; fhz;fpwhH.

vdpDk; ,jw;F tuptbtk; ,y;iy. ,yf;fpa tsKkpy;iy. Ngrpy;

kp\dup ghjpupahHfs; JS nkhopapy; gy;NtW E}y;fis

vOjpaNghJk; mjidf; fd;dl tuptbtj;jpy;jhd; ntspapl;ldH.

N[.gpupfy;> vd;gtH JStpd; ,yf;fzj;ijg; gilj;jhH. V.khd;dH

25

vd;ghH JS mfuhjp cUthf;fpdhH. cghj;jpahaH JS Ngufuhjp

xd;iw cUthf;fpdhH.

nfhlF

fhtpup cw;gj;jpahFk; FlF kiyiag; ngauhf cila

nfhlF nkhop vOj;J tbtKk; ,yf;fpa tsKk; ngwhky;

Ngr;Rnkhopahf epd;w nkhopahFk;. lhf;u nkhf;ypq; ,jidj; jkpo;

kiyahsj;Jld; cwTilaJ vd;fpd;whH. Nk[H MH.V.Nfhy;

vd;ghH ,jd; ,yf;fz mikjpia tpsf;fpAs;shH. ,k;kf;fs; gpw

gFjpapdUld; fythJ jdpj;J tho;tjhy; ,k;nkhopapy; %yj;

jpuhtplj; njhd;ikg; gz;Gfis ,dq;fhzKbfpd;wJ.

Nfhlh

ePyfpupg; gFjpapy; thOk; goq;FbapdH NgRk; nkhop Nfhlh.

,t;tpdj;jhupd; ngauhy; ,k;nkhop Nfhlh vdg;gLfpd;wJ.

fhy;Lnty; fd;dlj;jpd; nfhr;ir tof;F vd;W Nfhlh nkhopiaf;

fUJthH. gioa Kul;Lj; jd;ik tha;e;j fd;dlj;jpd; fpisnkhop

vd;W Fwpg;gpDk; kpfg; goq;fhyj;J ehLflj;jgl;l kf;fSilaJ

vd;ghUk; csH. ,jidj; jdpnkhop vd;W vkNdh

Ma;e;Jiuf;fpd;whH.

,Ush

ePyfpupg; goq;Fbf; $l;lj;ijr; NrHe;jtHfshy; Ngrg;gLk;

nkhopfSs; ,UshTk; xd;W. Midkiyg; gFjpfspy;

,t;tpdj;jhH tho;e;J tUfpd;wdH. mtHfs; tl;lf;fhL ,UsHfs;

vd;Wk; ePyfpupg; gFjp kf;fs; kiyj;Njr ,UsHfs; vd;Wk;

Fwpf;fg;ngWfpd;wdH. fkpy; Rtygpy;> v/g;.bg;yhj; MfpNahH

,f;FOtpd; nkhopia Ma;e;Jiuj;Js;sdH.

Njhlh

26

ngHdhHl; ];kpj; vd;ghuhy; 1837,y; Ma;T nra;ag;gl;L

jdpj;j nkhopahf mwptpf;fg;gl;l nkhop Njhlh. Njhlh njhj vd;Wk;

Jjk; vd;Wk; toq;Fk; goq;Fbfspd; nkhop. Nghg; njhOjp - $l;lk;

vd;W nghUs;gLk; jkpOld; njhlHGila ngaH vd;W fUJtH.

,k;nkhopNgRNthH ePyfpup kiyg;gFjpfspy; tho;e;J tUfpd;wdH.

vz;zpf;ifapy; ,tHfs; md;W mUfptpl;ljhfj; njupfpd;wJ.

nfhydpay; khH\y;> ,k;nkhop NgRk; kf;fisg; gw;wp

tpupthd E}y; xd;iwg; gilj;Js;shH. vkNdh ,k;nkhopapd;

nrhw;fis Ma;T nra;Js;shH. ,k;nkhopapy; jdpj;j xypad; $W

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. sh, ch, th Mfpa xypf;$Wfs; jpzpf;fg;ngw;W

toq;fg;ngWfpd;wd vd;W [p.a+.Nghg; $WthH. ,k;nkhopr; nrhw;fspd;

Kjiyirapy; xypaOj;jk; ,ay;ghfNt mike;Js;sJ. ,jid

vkNdh jdpahd jpuhtpl nkhop vd;Wk; gpw jpuhtpl nkhopapd;

jpupgd;W vd;Wk; fUJthH. jkpOld; NjhlH nkhop cwTilaJ

vd;gjid ufu wfu xypf;$Wfs; ,lk;ngw;wpUg;gijf; nfhz;L

czuyhk;. ,k;nkhopia /g;nunlupf; nkl;]; vd;ghH Ma;e;Js;shH.

njd; jpuhtpl nkhopapd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;

1. Vidj; jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; ngz;ghy; xUikAk; m/wpiz

xUikAk; xd;whfNt mike;Js;sd. njd; jpuhtpl

nkhopfspy; caHjpiz Mz;ghiyg; NghyNt ngz;ghy;

xUikf;Fj; jdp tpFjpfs; mike;Js;sd. njd; jpuhtpl

nkhopfspy; cs;s caHjpiz ngz;ghy; tpFjp ,fuk;

m/wpiz xUikiaf; Fwpg;gjhfTk; toq;fpw;W

fpoj;jp> nry;tp- caHjpiz ngz;ghy; xUik

kuntl;b> myup - m/wpiz xd;wd;ghy;

2. ,k;nkhopfspy; xU nrhy; nka;nahypiaf; nfhz;L KbAk;

vd;why; mJ xypj;Jizahf cfu xypaidg; ngWk; .

,j;jifa xypapid xypj;Jiz capH vd;gH. njd; jpuhtpl

nkhopfspy; ,t;Tfunkhop ,il ,jo; Ftp xypahf cs;sJ

ghy; - ghY

Njd; - NjD

27

3. njd; jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; ,fu> cfuk; njYq;F

fd;dlj;jpy; vfu xfukhf khWk;

,iy - vy

cuy; -xuy;

4. fd;dlj;jpy; ffu xyp nkhop Kjyp te;J mjid mLj;J

Kd;DapH te;jhy; mf;ffu xyp jkpo; njYq;F kiyahsk;

Nghd;w xypfspy; rfukhf khWk;

fpd;d - rpd;d

fptp - nrtp

5. NkYk; ,t;tif nkhopfspy; m/wpizapy; gd;ik tpFjp

fl;lha cWg;ghf miktjpy;iy

MW MLfs; - MW ML

6. tpaq;Nfhs; tpFjpfisr; rpwg;ghfg; ngw;w nkhopf;$l;lk;

njd; jpuhtpl nkhopfNs

tho;f

7. njhlHtbtpy; vr;r tbtq;fnshL Ntz;Lk; vd;gij

,izj;J cld;ghl;Lg; nghUisAk; Ntz;lhk; vd;gij

,izj;J vjpHkiw nghUisAk; ,izj;J czHj;JtJ

cz;L

nra;aNtz;Lk; - nra;a Ntz;lhk;

8. z;> s; Mfpa tiseh xypfs; njd; jpuhtpl nkhopfspy;

kl;LNk jpUj;jkhf cs;sJ. Vida jpuhtpl nkhopfspy;

mit jpupe;Jk; kaq;fpAk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

9. Vida jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; ,we;j fhy ,ilepiyfs;

FiwT. Mdhy; njd; jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; j;j;> e;j;> j;>

,> l;l;> l;> w;> w;w; Mfpad ,we;j fhy ,ilepiyfshfg;

gapd;W tUfpd;wd.

10. nkhopKjy; rfuk; > Qfuk;> afuk; Mfpad nfLfpd;wd.

nkhopKjy; efuk; ,og;GWtJ gpwo;gpupg;ghy; vd;gH. Qfuk;

efuk; MfpaJ vd;W vz;zTk; ,lKz;L

Qhd; - ehd;

28

ePd; Qha; - cd; jha;

11. vdNt nkhopKjy; efuk; ,og;GWtJk; ,ilaz;z xyp

,og;G vd;w epiyf;Fs; mlq;Fk; vd;gJ nj.ngh.kPapd;

fUj;jhFk;. nkhopKjy; ,ilaz;z afu nka; kiwfpd;wJ.

aha; - Ma;

ahid - Mid

ahW - MW

ahL - ML

vd;w jpupGfsiltijf; fhzyhk;.

12. njd; jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; rpyNghJ mLj;JtUk; capiuNa

,ilaz;z xypahf khw;wpa gpwF afuk; kiwtJz;L.

%yj; jpuhtplj;jpy; Ntw;Wik Vw;Fk; tbtq;fSk; afuk;

vfukhfj; jpupAk;.

ahit - vit

ahJ - vJ

ahtd; - vtd;

ahd; - vd;

13. nkhopKjypy; ,ilaz;z xypfs; kiwjy; njYq;F

nkhopapYk; cz;L. njd; jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; cg;G vd

toq;FtJ gpw jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; Rg;G vd toq;Ffpd;wJ.

, vd;Dk; njd; jpuhtpl NtH gpw jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; rp vd

mikfpd;wJ.

14. nka;nahyp ,lk; ngaHjy; njYq;fpYk; gpw jpuhtpl

nkhopfspYk; Vw;gLtJ Nghyj; njd;jpuhtpl nkhopfspy;

Vw;gLtjpy;iy.

,yJ - NyJ - njYq;F

15. ,uz;L - nuz;L vdj; jkpopy; toq;FtJ njYq;Ff;

fpisnkhopapypUe;J fld;ngwg;gl;lJ.

16. jkpo;> kiyahsj;jpy; Kjyirapy; Fw;Wapiug; ngw;Ws;s

NtHr;nrhy; mLj;Js;s Fw;WapUf;F Vw;gj; jpupAk;

,ay;GilaJ. mLj;JtUk; capHNky; capuhf ,, vd tuh

29

eLj; jpuhtpl nkhopfs;

eLj; jpuhtpl nkhopfisj; njYq;F- Ftp fpis vd;Wk;>

nfhyhkp-eha;f;fp fpis vd;Wk;> nkhop E}yhH ,Utif vd

$WtH. njYq;F-Ftp fpisapy; njYq;F> Nfhz;b> Nfhz;lh> Fap>

Ftp> ngq;Nfh kw;Wk; kz;lh Mfpa VO nkhopfs; cs;sd.

nfhyhkp-eha;f;fp fpisapy; nfhyhkp> eha;f;fp> gH[p> flg;gh

xy;yhup> flg;gh rpy;Y}H Mfpa nkhopfs; cs;sd. ,tw;Ws;

flg;gh xy;yhup> flg;gh rpy;Y}H Mfpad jdpnkhopfs; my;y> xNu

nkhopapd; fpisfs; vd;W rpyH fUJtH. njYq;F nkhopiaj;

njd; jpuhtpl nkhopfNshL ,izj;J Ma;tJ gioa kuG>

Mdhy; ,g;NghJ njYq;F eLj; jpuhtpl nkhopfNshL

,izf;fg;gLfpwJ. nfhy;ykp> eha;f;fp> gH[p> flg;gh Mfpad eL

jpuhtpl nkhopfSf;Fs; rpy jdpj;jd;ikfisf; nfhz;L

tpsq;Ftjhy; mtw;iw xU jdp fpisahf gNuh> gl;lhr;rhupah>

vkNdh MfpNahH Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdH.

eLj; jpuhtpl nkhopfs;

njYq;F Ftp

njYq;F

ngq;nfh kz;lh

Fap Ftp

nfhyhkp ehaf;fp

Nfhz;b Nfhz;l;

nfhyhkp ehaf;fp

gH[p

flg;gh flg;gh

rpy;Y}H xy;yhup

30

njYq;F

jkpiog; NghyNt njhd;ikr; rpwg;gpYk; nrhy; tsj;jpYk;

rpwg;Gilajhfj; njYq;F nkhop cs;sJ. INuhg;gpaHfs;

,k;nkhopapid n[z;L vd;W mioj;jdH. jk;opfj;j;d;

tlf;Fg;gFjpahd Me;jpug;gFjpapy; ,k;nkhop Ngrg;gLfpd;wJ.

tlnkhopahsH ,jid Me;jpuk; vd;W mioj;jdH. ,k;nkhopapd;

ngaHf;fhuzj;ij Muha;gtHfs; jpupypq;fk; - njypq;fk; - njYq;F

%d;WNfhapy; vd;w nrhy;Ny njYq;F vdj; jpupe;jJ vd;Wk;

,dpik vdg;nghUs; gaf;Fk; NjDF - njDF - njYq;F

vdkUtpaJ vd;Wk; gytpjkhfg; nghUs; nfhs;tH. ,k;nkhop tl

,e;jpa nkhopfspypUe;J NtWgl;lJ vd;W Athd; Rthq;

Fwpg;gpLthH> ,k;nkhopf;F Nky;ehl;lhUk; gy ,yf;fz E}y;fis

vOjpAs;sdH.

ed;dag;gl;lH tlnkhop mwpQHfs; ,k;nkhopapy; gy

,yf;fpaq;fisg; gilj;jikahy; ,J tlnkhopAld; ngupJk;

cwTilajhf mike;Jtpl;lJ. njYq;fHfs; Me;jpuHfs; vd;Wk;

fypq;fHfs; vd;Wk; ,Utifg;gLtH. jkpiotpl kpFjpAk; kf;fshy;

Ngrg;gLk; ,k;nkhop Me;jpug; gFjpNaad;wp jkpo;ehl;Lg; gFjpapYk;

toq;fg;gLk; nkhopahf mike;Js;sJ. ,k;nkhopapd; tpidabfis

Nguh. fpU\;z%Hj;jp EZfp Muha;e;Js;shH.

jpiz> ghy; ghFghl;ilg; nghWj;jtiu Vida eLj;jpuhtpl

nkhopfspdpd;Wk; njYq;F NtWgLtJ fz;$L. ,Uikapy; Mz;ghy;

Mz;ghy; myhjd vd;w ghFghL njYq;fpy; cz;L. ,e;epiyapid

FUf; khy;Nlh cs;spl;l tl jpuhtpl nkhopfspYk; fhz

Kbfpd;wJ. jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; ,j;jifa ghy; ghFghNl

njhd;ikahdJ vd;gJ gp.v];.Rg;gpukzpaj;jpd; fUj;jhFk;.

Fap nkhopNahL njYq;F neUq;fpa cwTilaJ. ,jid

,t;tpU nkhopfspYk; xj;jpUf;Fk; xyp ,lk; ngaHjiy itj;Jf;

Fwpg;gplyhk;. gd;ik tpFjpg; gad;ghl;ilg; nghWj;jtiu Nfhz;l;>

Nfhz;b> Fap> Ftp Mfpa nkhopfspypUe;J njYq;F NtWgLfpd;wJ.

31

Nfhz;b

Nfhz;b nkhopiag; NgRk; kf;fs; Nfhz;Ltdk; vd;W

miof;fg;gLk; kj;jpa ,e;jpahtpd; fhl;Lg;

gFjpfspy;ngUk;ghd;ikahf tho;fpd;wdH. ,tHfs; jq;fisf;

NfhapjhH vd;W Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;tH. ,k;kf;fisg; gw;wpa gy

nra;jpfisg; NguhrpupaH lhy;ld; vd;gtupd; 'tq;fhs kf;fspd;

tuyhW' vd;w E}yhy; czuyhk;. NguhrpupaH N[.rp.bupngHF Nguh.

rp.[p.nrdptpf;]; vd;gtUk; vr;.b.tpy;ypak;rd; n`d;uP bukz;L

vd;ghUk; ,k;nkhopf;F vOjpa ,yf;fz E}y;fs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd.

Ftp / Nfhe;j;

Nfhz;b kf;fisg; NghyNt Nfhe;j; my;yJ Ftp nkhop

NgRk; kf;fs; Nfhz;Ltdj;jpd; gFjpfspYk;> xupa

kiyg;gFjpfspYk; tho;fpd;wdH. ,tHfisf; nfhz;lHfs;>

fe;jHfs; $ vd;W miog;gJz;L. ,k;nkhopf;nfd tuptbtNkh>

,yf;fpaq;fNsh vJTk; ,y;iy.

Fap

xupa NfhuhGj; gFjpapy; Ngrg;gLk; nkhopahFk;.

,k;nkhopapd; ,yf;fzj;ij Nguh. tpd;/gPy;L vd;ghH

gilj;Js;shH. nguh vd;gtUk; ,yf;fz E}iy vOjpAs;shH.

Nfhz;lh

Me;jpu vy;iyg; gFjpfspy; Nfhz;lh nkhop Ngrg;gLfpd;wJ.

gj;jhapuk; NgH kl;LNk NgrptUk; ,k;nkhopia> gl;lhr;rhHa> gHNuh

MfpNahH Muha;e;Js;sdH.

nfhyhkp

32

,e;jpa kj;jpag; gFjpapy; Me;jpug; gpuNjrj;jpYk;

kfhuhl;buj;jpYk; ,k;nkhop Ngrg;gLfpd;wJ. kuhj;jp nkhopahsHfs;

NfhyhkP vd;W jiyg;gpl;L> Mjpthrpfshd Nfhyhk; ,dj;jpdH

mk;nkhopiag; NgRtjhff; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdH. ,jidj; njd;fpof;F

nfhyhkp> tlfpof;F nfhyhkp vd ,U nkhopfshf tifg;gLj;JtH.

Nguh.NrJkhjtuht; ,k;nkhopapd; ,yf;fzj;ij vOjpAs;shH.

vkNdh gHNuh> gl;lhr;rhupah MfpNahUk; ,k;nkhopfis

Muha;e;Js;sdH.

ehafp> gH[p

eha;fp nkhop kj;jpag; gpuNjrg; gFjpfspYk; kfhuhl;buj;jpYk;

Ngrg;gLfpd;wJ. gH[p nkhop kj;jpag;gpuNjrg; gFjpfspy;

Ngrg;gLfpd;wJ. ,k;nkhopfs; g];jH NfhwhGl; [fjy;g+H

n[a;g;g+Uk; Mfpa ,lq;fis vy;iyahff; nfhz;l cs;slq;fpa

gFjpfspy; mike;jpUf;fpd;wd. Nguh. gNuhTk; Nguh.gl;lhr;rhupahTk;

,ize;J ,k;nkhopia tpupthf Ma;e;J jdpnkhopnad Kjd;

Kjypy; epWtpr; nrd;wdH. NkYk; ,tHfs; ,k;nkhopf;F ehd;F

tl;lhu tof;Ffs; ,Ug;gijAk; Rl;br;nry;fpd;wdH. Kd;djhf ,k;

nkhopiaj; jtWjyhff; nfhz;b nkhopapd; tl;lhu tof;F vd;W

Fwpj;J tpl;ldH.

flgh

xuprhtpYk; kj;jpag; gpuNjrj;jpd; rpy gFjpfspYk; flgh

nkhop Ngrg;gLfpd;wJ. flgh xy;yhup> flgh rpy;Y}H Mfpa

,uz;ilAk; xNu nkhopahfr; rpyH fUjpdhYk; Nguh. gNuh>

gl;lhr;rhupah MfpNahH ,tw;iwj; jdpf; fpisfs; vd;W

fUJfpd;wdH.

ngq;Nfh> kz;lh

ngq;Nfh nkhopiag; NgRk; kf;fspd; vz;zpf;if kpfTk;

FiwT. ,k;nkhop NguhrpupaH gNuhthy; jpuhtpl nkhopf; FLk;gj;ijr;

33

rhHe;j jdp nkhop vd;W Ma;e;J $wg;gl;lJ. kz;lh nkhop gw;wp

Ngustpyhd Ma;Tfs; epfotpy;iy.

eLj; jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;

1. njd; jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; Kd;DapHfspd; Kd; tUk;

nkhopKjy; ffu xyp rfu xypahf khWtijf; fhzyhk;.

Mdhy; eLj;jpuhtplnkhopfspy; ,f;ffuk; jpuptjpy;iy.

2. ehtis sfuk; eha;fp jtpu NtW ve;j nkhopapYk;

tUtjpy;iy

3. eLj; jpuhtpl nkhopfs;> nebyw;w xupah Nghd;w

nkhopfSld; neUq;fpa njhlHG nfhz;l NghjpYk;

jkf;NfAupa Fwpy; neby; xypad;fis ,of;fhky; Ngzpf;

fhf;fpd;wJ

4. %yj; jpuhtpl %f;nfhypahd zfuk; ngUk;ghYk; 'd'fu

xypahf ,k;nkhopfspYk; khWfpd;wJ. vdpDk; Nfhz;lh.

ngq;Nfh kz;lh Nghd;w nkhopfspy; jpupahky; toq;FtJk;

cz;L.

5. njd; jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; nkhop Kjypy; lfu xyp

tUtjpy;iy. eLj;jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; ,J mUfp nkhop

Kjypy; tUtJz;L.

6. xypad;fs; ,lk; ngaHe;J epw;wiy Fap> Ftp> ngq;Nfh

Nghd;w nkhopfspy; mjpfkhff; fhz Kbfpd;wJ.

7. eLj; jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; Mz;ghy;> Mz;ghy; vd;w

,Utifg; ghFghl;bid xUikapYk; gd;ikapYk;

fhzyhk;. njYq;fpy; ,g;ghFghL xUikapy; kl;LNk

fhzKbAk;.

8. njd; jpuhtpl nkhopfspYk;> tl jpuhtpl nkhopfspYk;

gd;ikapid czHj;Jtjw;Fg; gytpd;ghy; tpFjpiaf;

fl;lhakpy;iy. Mdhy; ,k;nkhopfspy; m/wpizr; nrhw;fs;

gd;ikAzHj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;why; gytpd;ghy; tpFjp

fl;lhak; ,izf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

34

9. njd; jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; 'mtd;' vd;gJ glHf;if Mz;ghy;

xUik Rl;Lg; ngauhf cs;sJ. Mdhy; eLj; jpuhtpl

nkhopfspy; ,jw;F xj;j mtz;l; vd;w tbtk; cs;sJ. ,J

njYq;F tof;fpy; thz;L vdj; jpupe;Jtpl;lJ.

tl jpuhtpl nkhopfs;

gYrp];jhd; gFjpfspy; NgRk; gpuh$ap> kj;jpa ,e;jpag;

gFjpfspy; toq;Fk; khy;Nlh> gPfhH xupag; gFjpfspy; NgRk; FUf;

Mfpadtw;iw tl jpuhtpl nkhopfs; vd;gH. tl Me;jpuj;jpy;

toq;Fk; Nfhah nkhopia tl jpuhtplk; vd;W Fwpg;gH. Mdhy;

mjid Nfhz;b nkhopapd; tl;lhuj; jpupG nkhop vd;W mwpQHfs;

fUJtij [p.[hd;rhKnty; Rl;br; nry;fpd;whH. tl jpuhtpl

nkhopfspy; gpuh$ap njhlf;f epiyapy; gpupe;jpUf;fNtz;Lk;.

gpd;ida fhyj;jpy; FUf;> khy;Nlh Mfpad xU nkhopahf toq;fpg;

gpd; neLq;fhyk; fle;J ,it jdp nkhopfshf

cUg;ngw;wpUf;fNtz;Lk;.

khy;Nlh

gPfhH> xupah> tq;f khepyq;fspy; khy;Nlh nkhop

toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. khy;Nlh nkhop NgRk;kf;fs; jq;fis khyHfs;

vd;W Fwpj;Jf;nfhs;tH. khyH vd;gJ kiy vd;gjd; jpupghFk;

vd;Wk; kiyapy; thONthH vDk; nghUSilaJ vd;W fpupaHrd;

jk; Ma;tpy; Fwpf;fpd;whH. NguhrpupaH`hl;[d;> Nfk;gy; MfpNahH

,k;nkhopr; nrhw;fis Muha;e;Js;sdH. vHd];l; bnus]; 1884 Mk;

Mz;by; khy;Nlh nkhop gw;wpa mwpKfE}y; xd;iwg; gilj;Js;shH.

,yf;fpatsk; ,y;iynadpDk; INuhg;gpaHfshy; rpw;rpy E}y;fs;

gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

,k;nkhopfspy; Fwpy; neby; NtWghL nghUis NtWgLj;Jk;

xyp khw;wkhf mikfpd;wJ. nrhw;fSf;F ,ilapy; capnuhypfs;

gapd;W te;jhYk; nel;Nlhir capHfs; nkhopapWjpahf

tUtjpy;iy.

35

milg;nghypfs; (Stops) cunrhypfs; (Fricatives)> %f;nfhypfs;

(Nasals)> tUnlhypfs; (Trillis) gpuptsp xypfs; (Laterals)>

Mnlhypfs; (Flaps)> miu capHfs; (Semi- Vowels) vd

,k;nkhopapd; nka;nahypfs; Vohff; $WgLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

FUf;

lhf;lH fhy;Lnty; xNuhtd; vd;W jk; E}ypy; Fwpf;Fk;

nkhopNa FUf; MFk;. gpfhH> m];]hk;> tq;fk; khepyg;

gFjpfspy; ,k;nkhop NgRthH gutp tho;fpd;wdH. nfhyhdpay;

lhy;ld; vd;ghH tq;fhs tuyhW gw;wpa E}ypy; FUf; nkhop

NgRNthiuf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH. fpwpj;jtg; ghjpupahH gl;]r;

,k;nkhopapd; ,yf;fzj;ij vOjpAs;shH. ,k;kf;fs; jq;fis

Nkw;F nfhq;fzg; gFjpfspypUe;J te;jtuhff; Fwpg;gpl;Lf;

nfhs;tjhfTk; ghl;dh kiyg;gFjpfspy; tho;e;jtHfs; vd;Wk;

Fwpg;gpLtjhfTk; mwpQHfs; fUj;Jiuf;fpd;wdH. FUf; nkhop

kf;fSf;Fk;khNlh kf;fSf;Fk; njhlHG ,Ue;jijr;

nrhy;yhuha;r;rpapy; fhy;Lnty; epWtpAs;shH. V.f;upf;ehl; vd;ghUk;

/ngz;l; `hd; > rp.gp.yP]; MfpNahUk; FUf; nkhopapd;

mfuhjpfis cUthf;fpAs;sdH.

gpuh$ap

jw;Nghija ghfp];jhdpd; njw;F gYrp];jhd; gFjpfspy;

gpuh$ap jk; E}ypy; Fwpj;Js;shH. vdpDk; jpuhtpl

nkhopf;FLk;gj;jpy; ,izj;Jf; fhztpy;iy. nld;dp]; b.v];>gpNu

vd;ghNu jpuhtpl nkhopf;$WfSld; gpuh$ap xd;wpr; nry;tij

Muha;e;J epWtpAs;shH. ,k;nkhop gw;wpa Ma;Tfspy;> gpuh$ap

Kjypy; %yj; jpuhtpl nkhopapypUe;J toq;fpapUf;fNtz;Lk;

vd;Wk; jpuhtpl nkhop NgRkkf;fSld; fyg;G Vw;gl;ljhy; nkhop

cwT Vw;gl;L ,Uf;fyhk; vd;Wk; ,Utifahfr; Rl;Lfpd;wdH.

,k;nkhop ghHrp nkhopAld; njhlHGilajhf mike;Js;sJ.

36

tl jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;

1. %yj; jpuhtpl nkhopapy; fhzg;gLk; tfuk; ,t;tif

nkhopfspy; gfukhf (b) vdj; jpupAk;.

jkpo; FUf; gpuh$ap

tha; - gha;- gh

2. %yj; jpuhtpl nkhopahd ffuk; ,> < jtpHe;j

Kd;DapHfspd; Kd; ,lk;ngWk;NghJ f;] fukhfj;

jpupfpd;wJ. ,jid cunrhypahjy; vdyhk;.

jkpo; - khy;Nlh - gpuh$ap - FUf;

fz; - Xanu - xan - xann

3. nkhopKjy; rfuk; > cfu> cfhu> vfu> Vfhuq;fSld;

,ize;J tUk;NghJ ffukhfj; jpupAk;

jkpo; - khy;Nlh - FUf;

RL - Kur - kur

4. FUf; khy;nlh nkhopfspy; jd;ik xUik> Kd;dpiy xUik

Mfpatw;wpd; Ntw;Wik cUNgw;Fk; tbtq;fs; ehd;fhk;

Ntw;Wikapy; mikfpd;wd.

5. ,k;nkhopfspy; ,we;j fhy ,ilepiyahf - f;-Fk;

,wg;gy;yhf; fhy ,ilepiyahf -X-ck; cs;sd.

,U kjpg;ngz;; tpdhf;fs;

1. njd; jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; jpUe;jpa nkhopfs; vit?

jkpo;> fd;dlk;> kiyahsk;

2. eLj; jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; jpUe;jpa nkhop vJ?

njYq;F

3. tlj; jpuhtpl nkhopfs; vit?

FUf;> khy;Nlh> gpuh$ap

4. ,e;jpahtpw;F ntspNa Ngrg;gLk; jpuhtpl nkhop vJ?

37

gpuh$ap

5. ePyfpup kiyg; gFjpfspy; toq;Fk; nkhopfs; vit?

Njhlh> glfh> Nfhjh> ,Ush

6. jkpio Me;jpuH vt;thW Fwpg;gH?

mutk;

7. njYq;F vd;gij vr;nrhw;fspypUe;J tUtpj;J ciug;gH?

njDF> jpupypq;fk;

FWtpdhf;fs;

8. njd; jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; jkpo; Fwpj;J vOJf.

jkpo; vd;w jiyg;gpd; fPo; jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; Kjypy;

jpUe;jpa epiyngw;w Kjy; mutk; vd;gJ nghUe;Jk;

vd;gJ tiu

9. njd; jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; kiyahsk; Fwpj;J vOJf.

kiyahsk; vd;w jiyg;gpd; fPo; cs;s gFjp kl;Lk;.

10. njd; jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; fd;dlk; Fwpj;J vOJf.

fd;dlk; vd;w jiyg;gpd; fPo; cs;sit kl;Lk;

11. njd; jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; JS> nfhlF Fwpj;J vOJf.

JS> nfhlF vd;w jiyg;gpd; fPo; cs;sit kl;Lk;

12. ePyfpup kiyg; gFjp nkhopfs; Fwpj;J tpsf;Ff.

Njhlh> glfh> Nfhjh> ,Ush vd;w jiyg;gpd; fPo; mike;j

nra;jpfs;

13. eLj; jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; njYq;F Fwpj;njOJf.

njYq;F vd;w jiyg;gpd;fPo; mike;jit

38

14. eLj; jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; jpUe;jhj nkhopfs; Fwpj;J vOJf.

eLj; jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; njYq;F ePq;fyhf Nfhz;b> Nfhe;j;>

nfhyhkp> eha;f;fp> gH[p> ngq;Nfh> kz;lh> flg;gh Mfpa

nkhopfs; gw;wpa nra;jpfs;

15. eLj; jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs; ahit?

eLj; jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpd;

fPo; mike;j nra;jpfs;

16. tlj; jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis vOJf.

tlj; jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs; vDk; jiyg;gpyhd

nra;jpfs;

17. tlj; jpuhtpl nkhopfs; Fwpj;J vOJf.

FUf;> khy;Nlh> gpuh$ap nkhopfisg; gw;wpa nra;jpfs;

ngUtpdhf;fs;

18. njd; jpuhtpl nkhopfs; Fwpj;J vOJf.

jkpo;> kiyahsk;> fd;dlk;> JS> nfhlF> ,Ush> glfh>

Njhlh>Nfhjh nkhopfisg; gw;wpa nra;jpfs;

19. njd; jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis vOJf.

njd; jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpd;

fPo; mike;j nra;jpfs;

20. eLj;jpuhtpl nkhopfs; Fwpj;Jk; mtw;wpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;

Fwpj;Jk; tpsf;Ff.

njYq;F> Nfhz;b> Nfhe;j;> nfhyhkp> eha;f;fp> gH[p> ngq;Nfh>

kz;lh> flg;gh Mfpa nkhopfs; gw;wpa nra;jpfSk; mtw;wpd;

rpwg;gpay;Gfs; Fwpj;j nra;jpfSk;

39

$W - 3 jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; jdpj;jd;ikfs;

cyfshtpa njhd;ikahd nkhopf; FLk;gkhfTk; jdf;nfd;W jdpj;j kuGfisAk; ,yf;fzf; $WfisAKilajhfTk; mike;jJ jpuhtpl nkhopf;FLk;gk;. ,k;nkhopf; FLk;g nkhopfs; gy nrt;tpa jpUe;jpa epiyngw;w tbtq;fshf mike;jpUf;fpd;w jd;ikAk; mit fhyj;jhy; goikahd nkhopfshf mike;jpUf;fpd;w jd;ikAk; mtw;wpd; ,yf;fpa> ,yf;fz tsq;fSk; mk;nkhopfspd; gz;gl;l jd;ikia vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wd. jpuhtpl nkhopfs; xU %y nkhopapd; kz;byj; jpupG nkhopfs; Mfh xU nkhop mJ toq;Fk; gpuNjrj;jpw;F Vw;gr; rpw;rpy NtWghLfisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. mt;NtWghLfspd; mbg;gilapy; mjidj; jpirnkhop vd;Nwh jpupG nkhop vd;Nwh $wyhk;. Mdhy; jpuhtpl nkhopfs; jkf;Fs; mbr;nrhw;fspYk; ,yf;fz mikjpapYk; cwTilad vd;whYk; mtw;iw xd;wpd; jpupG nkhopfs; vd;W toq;Fjw;F ,y;iy. jkpo; NgRk; xUtuhy; njYq;if Gupe;Jnfhs;Sjy; ,ayhJ. mt;thNw njYq;fUf;Fk; jkpNoh fd;dlNkh vspjpy; czHtjw;fpy;iy. ,yf;fpaj;jpYk; ,t;tif NtWghLfs; cz;L. ,it jdpj; jdptup tbtq;fis cilad. tup tbtpy; xd;wpa njYq;Fk; fd;dlKk; mbr;nrhw;fspy; NtWgl;ld. fd;dlk; njYq;fpDk; goe;jkpNohL neUq;fpa cwTilaJ. vdNt ,k;nkhopfs; xNu %ynkhopapypUe;J fpisj;jdNt MapDk; ,d;iwa epiyapy; mit jdpj; jdp nkhopfshfNt nfhs;sj;jf;fd.

jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; jdpj;jd;ikfs;

1. cyf nkhopfspy; gy jdp epiy nkhopfshfTk; cl;gpizg;G epiy nkhopfshfTk; xl;L epiy nkhopfshfTk; mike;Js;sd. mtw;Ws; jpuhtpl nkhopfs; ahTk; xl;L epiy nkhopfshfNt mike;Js;sd. ngaubAld; rhupia Ntw;Wik cUG my;yJ ghy; fhl;Lk; tpFjpfs; tpidabAld; fhy ,ilepiyfs; ghyPWfs; Mfpad ,ize;J KiwNa ,ize;J xl;b xU nrhy; ePHikj;jhf tUtJ vd;gJ jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; nghJf; $W vdyhk;.

fhz;- fz; - l; - Md; - fz;lhd; tho; - tho; - if - tho;f;if

40

kuk; - kuk; - mj;J - I - kuj;ij 2. tof;fpy; kpFjpAk; gapd;WtUk; nrhw;fs; xt;nthU

nkhopf;Fk; khWgLk; ,ay;igAilad. vdpDk; jkpo; cs;spl;l jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; mtw;wpd; mbg;gil tbtq;fs; khwhky; xd;Wgl;L mikaf; fhzyhk;. jkpo; - fz; kiyahsk; - fz;Z Njhlh - nfhz; nfhlF - fd;D njYq;F - fd;D gH[p - nfz; FUf; - /fd;

3. jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; toq;Fk; vz;Zg;ngaHfs; jk;Ks; ngupJk; NtWghlw;W xd;Wgl;L tpsq;Ffpd;wd.

4. Nkiy INuhg;gpa rhHe;j Mq;fpyk; Nghd;w nkhopfspy;

ngUk;ghd;ik nrhw;fs; nka;nahypfspy; Kbaj; jpuhtpl

nkhopr; nrhw;fs; kpFjpAk; capnuhypfisf; nfhz;L

Kbfpd;wd. nka;nahyp ,Wjpiag; ngw;w nrhw;fSk; tof;fpy;

xypj;Jiz capnuhypfisg; ngw;W toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.

kz; - kz;Z

eha; - ehap

41

5. %f;nfhypfisf; nfhz;L KbAk; nrhw;fspy; ,Wjp

nka;nfl;L mjd; Kd; toq;Fk; capnuhyp %f;fpd xypr;

rhay; ngw;W xypf;Fk;

mtd; - mt(d;)

6. ,ilapd xypfshy; KbAk; nrhw;fspYk; <w;nwhyp nfl;L

capnuhyp kl;Lk; epw;gJz;L

fe;jy; - fe;j

tw;wy; - tj;j

7. jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; fhZk; Fwpy; neby; Fwpf;fj;jf;f

jdpj; jdp xypad;fshFk;. ,it nghUis NtWgLj;jj;

Jiz nra;fpd;wd. xypad;fspy; Fwpiyf; Fwpf;fTk;

nebiyf; Fwpf;fTk; jdpj;jdp tbtq;fs; cs;sd.

Mq;fpyj;jpy; ,j;jifa NtWghL fpilahJ.

eL - ehL

8. jpuhtpl nkhopr; nrhw;fs; ,fuk; my;yJ vfuj;jpy;

njhlq;fpdhy; ngUk;ghYk; afuj;ij nkhopKjypy;

ngw;nwhypg;gJz;L. ,t;thNw cfuk; xfuk; nkhopKjypy;

tupd; Tfuj;ijg; ngw;nwhypg;gJz;L

,iy - nay

9. gpw nkhopfspy; fhzg;gLk; cunrhypfs; (S, s, z, h, f )

Mfpad jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; xypad;fshf ,lk;ngwtpy;iy

10. ehtis xypfs; jpuhtpl nkhopr; nrhw;fspy;

nrhw;nwhlf;fkhf ,lk; ngWtjpy;iy. kUq;nfhypad;fisf;

nfhz;Lk; njhlq;Ftjpy;iy.

11. ty;ypd xypad;fs; nkhopapWjpahf mikahJ

capnuhypAlNd mikAk;.

12. jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; nkhopapil nka;k;kaf;fk; kl;LNk

fhzg;gLk;. nrhw;nwhlf;fk;> ,Wjpapy; ,Unka;apizTfs;

tUtjpy;iy.

13. ofuk; jkpo;. kiyahs nkhopf;Nf cupa jdpj;j rpwg;Gila

xypadhFk;.

42

14. thf;fpaikg;gpy; vOtha;> nrag;gLnghUs;> gadpiy

Mfpatw;iw ,lk; khw;wpdhYk; mj;njhlupd; nghUsikjp

khWtjpy;iy.

jpuhtplnkhop - tlnkhop NtWghLfs;

tlnkhop Muha;r;rpahsHfs; Nfhy;GUf;> fhup> tpy;fpd;rd;

MfpNahH jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; toq;Fk; tlnrhw;fis

mwpe;Jnfhz;L jkpo; Kjyhd nkhopfSf;F tlnkhopNa %yk;

vd;Wk; ,k;nkhopfspy; toq;Fk; Vidr; nrhw;fs; Gwehl;Lj;

jhf;fj;jhy; fye;jit vd;Wk; fUjpdH. Mdhy; ed;F EZfp

Muhahky; tlnkhopr; nrhw; gad;ghL xd;widNa mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;ljhy; Vw;gl;l tpisT ,J.

xg;gpyf;fzj;jpd; cz;ikfisj; njupe;j vtUk; jpuhtpl

nkhopfspd; ,yf;fz ,yf;fpa mikjpfisAk;

nrhw;nwhFjpfisAk; tlnkhopapd; ,yf;fz ,yf;fpa

mikjpfSlDk; nrhw;nwhFjpfSlDk; xg;gpl;Lf; fz;lgpd;

tlnkhopiaj; jpuhtpl nkhopfSf;F %yk; vd;W nrhy;yj;

Jzpakhl;lhHfs;. jpuhtpl nkhopfs; tlnkhopapypUe;J Kw;wpYk;

NtWgl;lit vd;gij lhf;lH fhy;Lnty; jk; E}ypy; gythW

tpsf;fpAs;shH.

1. nkhopf;F mbg;gilahd %tplg; ngaHfs; ngaH> tpidfs;>

fhy tpFjpfs;> Rl;Lr;nrhw;fs;> njhluikjp Mfpad Kw;wpYk;

NtWgl;L tpsq;Ffpd;wd.

2. jpuhtplnkhopr; nrhw;fspy; tlnkhopr; nrhw;fs; vspjpy;

gFj;jwpAk;tz;zk; njhd;W njhl;L tlnrhy; vd;W gFj;Jf;

fz;Liuj;Js;sdH.

3. nghUs; Nehf;fpy; jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; ghy; jpizg;

ghFghLfs; mike;jpUf;fpd;wd. tlnkhopapy; nrhy;ystpy;

ghy; jpiz ghFghLfs; mikAk;

jkpo; - ML m/wpiz xd;wd;ghy;

tlnkhop m[: (ML) - Mz;ghw; nrhy;

jkpo; - xd;W m/wpiz xd;wd;ghy;

tlnkhop Vf: (xd;W) Mz;ghy;

43

Vfh (xd;W) ngz;ghy;

Vfk; (xd;W) xd;wd;ghy;

4. jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; ngupJk; xUik gd;ik vd;Dk;

Nfhl;ghNl cs;sJ. tlnkhopapy; xUik - ,Uik -

gd;ik vd;Dk; epiyiaf; fhz;fpd;Nwhk;.

jkpo; - ML - MLfs;

tlnkhop - m[: (ML) - mn[s ( ,U ML) m[h:

(MLfs;)

5. gd;ik tpFjpNaw;wgpd;Nd Ntw;Wik cUG NrUtJ jpuhtpl

nkhopf; $whFk;. tlnkhopapy; ,jw;F khwhf xUik>

gd;ikf;F NtW NtW Ntw;Wik tbtq;fs;

,lk;ngWfpd;wd.

6. jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; gd;ikiar; Rl;ba m/wpizg;

ngaHfs; cz;L vdpDk; mit xUikiar; Rl;b

toq;FtNj tof;fhFk;

gj;Jg; g+(f;fs;)

7. jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; ,il cUGfs; nkhopf;Fg;

gpd;ndhl;lhf toq;f tlnkhopapy; Kd;ndhl;lhf mikAk;.

8. ngaUf;Fk; ngauilf;Fk; ghy; jpiz,iaG tlnkhopapy;

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; ngauilapy; ghy;

NtWghL ,y;iy

jkpo; - ey;y igad; - ey;y ngz; - ey;y Gj;jfk;

njYq;F - kQ;rp thL - kQ;rp gpl;l - kQ;rp

G];jfK

9. ngauilfshfg; gz;Gr; nrhw;fs; ,lk;ngWk;NghJ

nganur;rq;fs; gad;gLj;JtJz;L. gz;Gr; nrhw;fis tpid

tbt milahf epWj;Jfpd;wd.

10. Kd;dpiyahiu csg;gLj;Jk; (ehk;) csgLj;jhj (ahk;)

vd;Dk; ,Utiffspy; jd;ikg; gd;ik tof;Ffs; jpuhtpl

nkhopfspy; cz;L. INuhg;gpa nkhopfspy; ,t;thW

miktjpy;iy.

44

11. nrag;ghl;L tpidfSf;F jdp tpFjpfs; buhtpl nkhopapy;

,y;iy. gL Kjypa Jiztpidfs; nrag;ghl;L tbtj;ij

cUthf;Fk;.

E}iy thrpj;jhd; - E}y; thrpf;fg;gl;lJ

12. cld;ghl;L vjpHkiwfis tpFjpfshy; Rl;LtjpDk; jdpj;jdp

tpidtbtq;fshy; Rl;LtJ jpuhtpl nkhopfspd;

rpwg;gpay;ghFk;.

%yj; jpuhtplj;Jld; neUq;fpa jpuhtplnkhop

lhf;lH fhy;Lnty; jpuhtpl nkhopfis Ma;ifapy;

,k;nkhopfSf;F vy;yhk; %ykhf xd;W ,Ue;J mJNt ntt;NtW

jpuhtplnkhopfshf tifngw;wpUf;fNtz;Lnkd;W Fwpf;fpd;whH.

mt;thW Ma;ifapy; %yj; jpuhtpl nkhopia mjdbg;gil

,ay;ig cs;sthW tpsf;fp epw;gJ jkpNo vd;W tpsf;fpr;

nry;fpd;whH.

1. jpuhtpl nkhopfs; midj;jpYk; rpwe;j ,yf;fpa tsKk;

jpUe;jpa mikg;Gk; nfhz;lJ jkpNo. kpfr; rpwe;j mbg;gil

nrhy; tbtq;fisg; ngw;wpUg;gNjhL Vid nkhopfSf;Fk;

juj; jf;ftifapyhd nrhy;tsq;fis cilaJ.

2. jkpopy; tlnrhw; fyg;G ,Ug;gpDk; tlnrhw;fis mt;thNw

toq;fhky; jw;rkk;> jw;gtk; vdj; jkpOf;Nfw;wthW

toq;Fjy; rpwg;Gf;FupaJ. ,jidj; njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpd;

tlnrhw; fpstp tl vOj;J xuP,

vOj;njhL GzHe;j nrhy;yhFk;Nk

vd;w E}w;gh tpsf;Fk;. Mdhy; tlnrhw;fisj; njYq;F

Kjypa jpuhtpl nkhopfs; tlnkhopapy; cs;sthNw

toq;Ffpd;wd.

3. njhlHe;j fhyg;Nghf;fpy; Kw;wpYk; khWgl;l tbtq;fshf

,UNtW nkhopfNsh vDk; tifapy; Mq;fpyk; Nghd;w

nkhopfs; mike;jpUf;fj; jkpopd; gioa tbtq;fSf;Fk;

jw;fhy tbtq;fSf;Fk; mike;j NtWghLfs; kpff;FiwT.

45

4. Vidj; jpuhtpl nkhop ,yf;fz ,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhd;Wtjd;

Kd;Ng jdf;nfdr; rpwe;j ,yf;fz> ,yf;fpa tsKilaJ.

njhy;fhg;gpak; Kjyhf neba ,yf;fzg; ghuk;gupaj;ij

cila nkhopahfTk; jkpo; jpfo;fpd;wJ. rq;fg; ghf;fs;

Kjyhd gy;NtW tifahd ,yf;fpa tsKk; cilaJ.

5. Vidj; jpuhtpl nkhop NgRNthupDk; jkpoNu gy

may;ehLfSf;Fr; nrd;W jk;ehfupfj;ijg; gug;gp

te;Js;sdH. kNyah> <ok;> fk;Nghbah ehLfspy; jkpoNu

nrd;W tzpfk;> NghH Mfpa fhuzq;fshy; FbNaw;wk;

nra;Js;sdH.

6. Vida jpuhtpl nkhopfs; Ngr;R eilAld; Kw;wpYk;

NtWgLfpd;wd. mtw;wpy; rk;];fpUjr; rhaYk; kpFjp.

Mdhy; jkpo;g; Ngr;rpw;Fk; ,yf;fpankhopf;Fkhd

NtWghLfs; kpff;FiwT.

7. xU nghUisf; Fwpf;fj; jkpopy; gy nrhw;fs;

toq;Ffpd;wd. mr;nrhw;fs; Vidj;jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; jdpr;

rpwg;Gila nrhw;fshf toq;fp tUfpd;wd.

tPL

,y; jkpo;

kid

Fby;

,y;Y - njYq;F

knd - fd;dlk;

8. njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpw;Fk; Kd;Ng ,yf;fztsk; epiwe;j

nkhopahfj; jkpo; jpfo;e;jikf;F mjd;fz; fhzyhFk;

vd;g> vd;kdhH Nghd;w nrhy;yhl;rpfs; Jiznra;Ak;.

gpwnkhopfspd; xypad; mikg;igg; Ngzhky; jdf;nfd

mike;j xypad;fisg; ngw;wJ.

46

9. Vidj; jpuhtpl nkhopfs; tlnkhopiag; Nghy ty;ypdq;fspy;

xypg;Gil> xypg;gpyh xypfs; ngw;wpUf;fpd;wd. jkpo; xypar;

#oypy; kl;Lk; mt;nthypfis xypf;Fk; ,ay;ig cilaJ.

jdpj;j xypad;fisg; ngWtjpy;iy.

10. ,d;iwa jkpOld; njYq;Fk; fd;dlKk; NtWgl;lhYk;

goe;jkpo; NtHr;nrhw;fSld; mit xd;Wgl;bUf;fpd;wd.

11. jkpopd; %tplg; ngaHfs; njYq;fpy; xypaplk; ngauyhy;

kUtp toq;Ffpd;wd

mjid - jhdp

mtd; - thL

ek; -kd

12. njYq;F> fd;dlg; gFjpfspy; rk;];fpUjf; fy;ntl;Lfs;

kpFjp. jkpo;ehl;by; jkpo;f; fy;ntl;Lf;fNs kpFjp.

,U kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

1. jpuhtpl vt;tif nkhopepiyfisr; rhHe;jit?

xl;L epiy

2. jpuhtpl nkhopg; Ngr;R tof;fpy; nka;nahypfs; vt;thW

toq;fg;ngWk;?

xypj;Jiz capHfs; ngw;W

3. xd;gJ vDk; nrhy; njYq;fpy; vt;thW toq;fg;ngWfpd;wJ?

njhk;kpjp

4. gj;J fd;dlj;jpy; vt;thW jpupe;Jtoq;Fk;

`j;J

5. ofuk; vt;ntk;nkhopfspy; toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ?

jkpo;> kiyahsk;

6. xUik> ,Uik> gd;ik vd;w mikg;ig cila nkhop vJ?

47

rk;];fpUjk;

7. Kd;dpiyahiu csg;gLj;jpAk; csg;gLj;jhJk; Rl;Lk;

jd;ikg; gd;ik tbtq;fs; vk;nkhopfSf;F cupait?

jpuhtpl nkhopfs;

8. tlnkhopiaj; jw;rkk;> jw;gtk; vdg; gFj;J Vw;w nkhop

vJ?

jkpo;

9. jkpopy; xU nghUisf; Fwpf;Fk; gy nrhw;fs; gpw jpuhtpl

nkhopfspy; jdpr; nrhw;fshf cUg;ngw;wikf;Fr; rhd;W

jUf.

tPL jkpo;

,y;

kid

Fby;

,y;Y - njYq;F

knd - fd;dlk;

FWtpdh

10. jpuhtpl nkhopfs; xU %y nkhopapd; kz;byj; jpupG

nkhopfs; Mfh vd;gij tpsf;Ff.

(xU nkhop mJ toq;Fk; gpuNjrj;jpw;F Vw;g vd;gJ Kjy;

nfhs;sj;jf;fd vd;gJtiu)

ngUtpdhf;fs;

11. jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; jdpj;jd;ikfs; vd;gJ Fwpj;Jf;

fl;Liuf;f.

jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; jdpj;jd;ikfs; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpd;

fPOs;s nra;jpfs;

48

12. tlnkhopf;Fk; jpuhtpl nkhopfSf;Fk; cs;s NtWghLfs;

Fwpj;J xU fl;Liu tiuf.

jpuhtplnkhop - tlnkhop NtWghLfs; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpd;

fPOs;s nra;jpfs;

13. jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; %yj; jpuhtplj;Jld; neUq;fpa

cwTilaJ jkpo; vd;gij epWTf.

%yj; jpuhtplj;Jld; neUq;fpa jpuhtplnkhop vd;Dk;

jiyg;gpd; fPOs;s nra;jpfs;

$W 4

xyp gpwg;G – capnuhyp khw;wk;

nkhop vd;gJ Ngr;rpdhy; epiyngWfpd;wJ> Ngr;rpd;Nwy;

nkhopapy;iy. nghUis czHj;Jk; xOq;Fgl;l xypapd; jpul;rpNa

Ngr;R. xU nkhop NgRk;NghJ Nfl;NghUk; mk;nkhopia

czHe;Jnfhs;tJ vd;gJ mk;nkhop xypf;$l;lq;fspd; nghUis

cs;sthW czHtjhFk;. nkhopapd; FwpaPLfshf mikgit

Ngr;Rk; vOj;Jk; . xt;nthU nkhopf;Fk; mbg;gilahd xypfs;

cz;L. ,t;nthypfs; EiuaPuy;> Fuy;tis> xypj;jirfs;> ehf;F>

,jo;> mz;zk; %f;fiw Mfpadtw;iwf; fUtpfshfTk;

gpwg;gplq;fshfTk; nfhz;L gpwf;fpd;wd. EiuaPuypypUe;J vOk;

fhw;W Kw;Rl;ba cWg;Gf;fspy; njhopw;gl;L> NtWNtW xypaha;g;

gpwg;gJ nkhopf;Fupa xypapd; Njhw;wk; MFk;. nkhopapd;

Ngr;nrhypfspypUe;J mbg;gil xypad;fs; tUtpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

capnuhypfs;

EiuaPuypypUe;J vOk; fhw;W> tha;g;gFjpf;F te;J

jilapd;wp ntspNaWk;NghJ eh> ,jo; miktpd; NtWghl;lhy;

49

gy;NtW capnuhypfshfg; gpwf;fpd;wd. capnuhypfs;

Fuy;tisapy; xypg;igg; ngWfpd;wd. ehtpd; ePl;rp> ,jo; Ftpjy;

Mfpatw;why; capnuhypfs; tifg;gLj;jg;ngWk;.

jkpo; neLq;fzf;fpy; mike;j capnuOj;Jf;fs; gd;dpuz;L

MFk;. ,it Fwpy; vd;Wk; neby; vd;Wk; tifg;gLj;jg;

ngw;Ws;sd. m> ,> c> v> x Mfpad FwpyhfTk; M> <> C> V>

I> X> xs Mfpad nebyhfTk; mike;Js;sd. ,tw;Ws;

IfhuKk; xsfhuKk; re;jpaf;fuk; vDk; <UapHf; $l;bizT (m,

mc ) vdyhk;. NkYk; ma;> mt; vd;Wk; ,it tof;fpy;

tUtjhy; nkhopapay; mbg;gilapy; ,tw;iwj; jdp xypad;fs;

vdj; jf;fd my;y. ,tw;iw ePf;fp Vidadtw;iw mbg;gilj;

jpuhtpl xypad;fs; vdyhk;. ,t;tifapy; Ie;J Fwpy; xypaDf;F

epfuhf Ie;J neby; xypad;fs; mike;Js;sd.

Kd; eL gpd;

caH , c

,il v x

fPo; m

capnuhypfspy; m> M Mfpad tha; mq;fhe;j epiyapy;

eh gbe;jpUf;Fk; epiyapy; gpwg;gd - eL capHfs;.

,> < Mfpad ehf;F Kd;Ndhf;fp Nky; vOk; epiyapy;

gpwg;gd - Kd;DapHfs;

c> C Mfpad eh gpd;Ndhf;fp Nky; vOk; epiyapy;

gpwg;gd - gpd;DapHfs;

v> V Mfpad ,il Kd;DapH vd;Wk; x> X Mfpad

,ilg; gpd;DapH vd;Wk; Fwpf;fg;ngWk;. xypf;ifapy; ,joikT

gw;wp c> C> x> X Mfpad ,jo; Ftp capHfs; vd;Wk; ,> <. v.

V Mfpad ,jo; tpup capHfs; vd;Wk; Fwpf;fg;ngWk;. xypg;G

msit xj;J Fwpy;> neby; vd;w gFg;Gk; Kw;Rl;lg;gl;lJ.

50

xypapd; ePl;rpiaj; jdp xypad;fs; vd;W nfhs;tJ jpuhtpl

nkhopfspd; jdpr;rpwg;gpay;G MFk;.

nkhopE}yhH afuj;ijAk; tfuj;ijAk; miuAapH vd;gH.

capHj;jd;ik cila gpwg;G Kaw;rpahy; ,it clk;gLnka;ahfg;

gad;gLfpd;wd.

%f;fpd capHfs;

%f;fpd capHfs; capnuhypfs; gpwf;Fk;NghJ mz;zj;jpd;

gpd; jirg;gFjp %f;fiw thapiy milg;gjhy; fhw;Wtha; topahf

ntspNaWk;. rpyNtisfspy; gpd; mz;zj;jirg;gFjp Kw;wpYk;

jLf;fhJtpbd; fhw;W tha;iw> %f;fiw ,uz;bd; topahfTk;

ntspNaWk;. ,t;tifapy; Njhd;Wk; capnuhypfis %f;fpd

capHfs; vd;gH.

te;jhd; vd;gJNgr;R tof;fpy; te;jh(d;) vd ,Wjp %f;fpd

xyp nfl;L toq;Fk;NghJ mjw;F Ke;ija capnuhyp %f;fpd xypr;

rhaiyg; ngWfpd;wJ. GSk;/gPy;L xypg;G Kaw;rpapd; RUf;fNk

,t;thW %f;fpd xypfs; Njhd;Wtjw;FFf; fhuzk; vd;fpd;whH.

jkpopy; cs;sJNghy Vidj;jpuhtpl nkhopfs; jdp xypad;

vdj;jf;f %f;fpd xypfisg; ngw;wpUf;ftpy;iy.

mtd;> mts; vd;gd Ngr;R tof;fpy; tUk;NghJ <Wnfl;L

mt(s;) mt(d;) vd te;jhYk; %f;fpd xypj; jdpj;j

ghy;NtWghl;il czHj;jptpLfpd;wJ. mjhtJ%f;fpd xypad;

Mz;ghiy czHj;Jtjhy; jdp xypad; jd;ikiag; ngWfpd;wJ

vdyhk;.

nka;nahypfs;

EiuaPuypy; vOk;fhw;W tha;g;gFjpapy; jilg;gLk;NghJ

nka;nahypfs; gpwf;fpd;wd. ,yf;fzpfs; ,tw;iw ty;ypdk; vd;Wk;

nky;ypdk; vd;Wk; ,ilapdk; vd;Wk; tifg;gLj;JtH.

51

f r l j g w Mfpad ty;ypdk; vd;Wk; q> Q> z> e> k> d

nky;ypdk; vd;Wk; auytos ,ilapdk; vd;Wk; Rl;lg;ngWk;.

,t;tif xypad;fs; jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; xU rPuhf toq;fhtpbDk;

xypad;Kiwitg;gpy; xj;j Kiwiaf; fhzKbfpd;wJ. xt;nthU

ty;ypd xypia mLj;J nky;nyhypAk; gpd; ,ilapd xypfSk;

toq;Fk;tifapy; mikj;Jf;nfhz;lik vz;zj;jf;fJ.

nkhopapay; ty;YeHfs; nka;nahypfis xypg;gplk;

xypg;GKaw;rp Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; tifg;gLj;jp ciug;gH.

EiuaPuw; fhw;W %f;fiwapy; ntspg;gLifapy; %f;nfhypfSk;

thaiwapy; ntspg;gLk;NghJ Vid xypfSk; ,t;tpuz;bd;

topahf ntspg;gLifapy; %f;fpd xypfSk; gpwf;fpd;wd.

f> q Mfpad ehtpd; gpd; gFjpAk; gpd; mz;zKk; njhlg;

gpwf;fpd;wd - ,itfilaz;z xypfs; (VELAR ) r>Q Mfpad

,ilehTk; ,ilaz;zKk; nghUe;jg; gpwf;fpd;wd - ,it

gpd;dz;z xypfs; (palatal)

l>z Mfpad ehtpd; Edptise;J Kd;dz;zj;ij

tise;J njhl;Lg;gpwf;Fk; - ,it ehtis xypfs; (Retroflex)

j> e Mfpad ehtpd; Edpg;gFjp gy;ypd; mbg;gFjpiag;

nghUe;jg; gpwf;Fk; - ,it gy;ypd xypfs; (Dental

Consonats)

g> k Mfpad ,jopuz;Lk; ,iaag; gpwf;Fk; - ,it

,jnohypfs; (Bilabial) ,ilaz;zg; gFjpapy; afuk;

gpwf;Fk;. tfuk; gy;Yk; ,jOk; ,iaag; gpwf;Fk; ,J gy;ypjopd

xyp; MFk; . (Labio Dental)

w>d Mfpad Kd; mz;zj;jpy; eh nghUe;jpa epiyapy;

gpwf;fpd;wd - ,it Kd;dz;z xypfs; (Alveolar) wfuk;

tULtjhy; Kd;dz;z Mnlhyp (Trill) vd;W jdpj;Jf;

Fwpf;fg;ngWk;.

ufuk; Kd;dz;zj;ij xw;Wtjhy; gpwf;Fk; (Alvelor Flap) .

y> s> o> u Mfpad ehtise;J mz;zj;ijj; njhlf; fhw;W

52

,UkUq;Fk; gpupe;J nry;tjhy; gpuptspapd xypfs; vd;Wk;

$wg;ngWk;. (Lateral)

jpuhtpl nkhop xypad;fs;

*m

ePyfpupapy; toq;Fk; Njhlhitj;jtpu Vid nkhopfspy; mfu

xypapy; jpupG ,y;yhky; toq;fg;ngWfpd;wJ. ,t;nthypf;F

,izahf XTk; - gH[papy; rpy nrhw;fspy; vfuKk; toq;fg;

ngWfpd;wd.

jkpo; kiyahsk; njYq;F fd;dlk; Nfhlh Njhlh nfhlF JS gH[p flgh fhz;l;

gd;wp anni ndi ndi paj pody pandi panji pend pand panri

*M

mfuj;ijg; NghyNt NjhlhtpYk; gH[papYk; kl;Lk; Mfhuk;

Ntw;nwhypahfj; jpupe;Js;sJ. Vid nkhopfspy; Mfhu xypad; mNj

nghUs; Rl;Lk;nrhw;fspy; khw;wkpd;wp ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. njYq;fpy;

rpytbtq;fspy; ,j;jpupG cs;sJ.

jkpo; kiyahsk; njYq;F fd;dlk; Nfhlh Njhlh nfhlF JS gH[p Nfhz;l;

fhy; kAl kAlu kAll kAl kOl - kARu kEl kAl

MW Aruga aeru aar ar oR a-r Aruni ed aaranaa

Kd;DapHfs;

*,

Njhlhnkhop jtpu Vidatw;wpy; ,fu xypad; ,fukhfNt

cs;sJ. Njhlhtpd;rpy nrhw;fspy; ePz;Lxypf;fpd;wJ.

jkpo; kiyahsk; njYq;F fd;dlk; Njhlh nfhlF JS gH[p Nfhz;l;

rpf;F cikkuka cikku ikku tIk cikk sikkuni cirng jirk

tpy; vil villu bil PIs bil illu vil vil

53

* <

jpuhtpl nkhopr; nrhw;fspy; <fhu xypad; jpupgpd;wp

toq;Ffpd;wJ.

gpd;DapHfs;

*c

Njhlhitj; jtpu vQ;rpankhopfspy; cfuKk; Njhlhtpy;

wi ck; wa ck; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

jkpo; kiyahsk; fd;dlk; Njhlh JS

cjpH uthiruka udir wiƟ uduruni

cly; util odal wirt udalu

cwq;F urannuka warx orangu oreguni

* C

jpuhtpl nkhopf;FLk;gj;jpd; vy;yh nkhopr; nrhw;fspYk; Cfhu

xypadpy; jpupgpy;iy.

,il Kd;DapHfs;

*v

vy;yhr; nrhw;fspYk; vfukhfNt cs;sJ. Njhlhtpy;

ngUk;ghd;ik X MfTk; gH[papy; rpy nrhw;fspy; m MfTk;

gpuh$ap nkhopapy; , my;yJ m MfTk; cs;sJ gpuh$ap

nkhopapy; vfuf;Fwpy; tbtkpy;iy.

jkpo; Njhlh Nfhlh fd;dlk; JS njYq;F

vO od- eRv eR erkuni le

nea;j;NjhH netsxar nets nettaru nettru nethuru

jkpo; kiyahsk; njYq;F fd;dlk; Njhlh nfhlF JS gH[p Fap

ePH nIr

nIru

/nIlu nir ni-r ni-r nir nIr niru

jkpo; kiyahsk; fd;dlk; Njhlh Nfhlh nfhlF JS njYq;F gH[p

Ay; nUl nUl nu.s nu-l nu*ll nUlU nUlU nUl

54

*V

Vfhuk; vy;yh nkhopfspYk; V MfTk; Nfhlhtpy; X MfTk;

gH[papy; M MfTk; cs;sJ.

jkpo; kiyahsk; fd;dlk; Njhlh Nfhlh JS njYq;F Fap

NjW teRuka tEru tOr tEr tETu tEru tEr

NtW vEr bEr pOr ve-r bEru vEru bEri

,il gpd;DapHfs;

*x

vy;yhj; jpuhtpl nkhopfspYk; xfuk; MfTk; Njhlh

nkhopapy; wa MfTk; wi MfTk; I MfTk; ,Uf;Fk;. gpuh$ap

nkhopapy; xfuk; cfuk; my;yJ mfukhf tUk;. gpuh$ap nkhopapy;

xfuf;Fwpy; ,y;iy.

jkpo; kiyahsk; fd;dlk; Njhlh Nfhlh

njhL toduka toDu twaD toRv-

*X

midj;Jj; jpuhtpl nkhopfspYk; X MfTk; Njhlhtpy;

mUfpAk; tUk;. rpytplq;fspy; wa MfTk; wi MfTk; I U

MfTk;; kl;LNk cs;sd. khz;lhtpy; U vdf; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

jkpo; kiyahsk; Njhlh Nfhlh fd;dlk; nfhlF JS njYq;F Nfhykp

Nfhy; kOl kwIs kOl kOl ko-ll kOlu kOla kOla

eha;fp gH[p ngq;Nfh khz;lh Nfhz;;lh Fap $tp

kOl kOl kOl kUl kOl kODu kOlu

capnuhyp khw;wq;fs;

capnuhypj; jpupG

xU nkhopapy; toq;Fk; capnuhypad;fs; Ntw;nwhypahfj;

jpupe;J toq;FtJ ,ay;ghd xd;W. jkpo;nkhopapNyNa Ngr;rpw;Fk;

vOj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa ,j;jifa jpupGfs; ,Ug;gijf; fhzyhk;.

55

cuy; - xuY vdTk; cyfk; - xyfk; vdTk; cfuk; jpupe;J xfukhf xypf;ff; fhzyhk;. ,NjNghy ,iy> ,wq;F>

,sk;> jpiu> epid Mfpatw;upy; ,fu xypad; kUtp vy> vwq;F> vs> njnu> nend vd toq;fTk; fhz;fpd;Nwhk;. ,JNghd;w

epiyia kiyahs nkhopapYk; fhzyhk;. Mdhy; njYq;F fd;z;l nkhopfspy; mt;thW toq;Ftjpy;iy.

jkpo; kiyahsk; fd;dlk; njYq;F

Ngr;Rj; jkpo;

,iy ila ele - vny

,wq;F iRannu eRagu eRagu vwq;F

epid ninaiyu nene - nend

jpiu tira tere tere njnu

cly; uTal oDalu oDalu xlY

ciw uRa oRe oRa xnw

Fil kuTa koDe goDugu nfhnl

Kjy; mutal modalu modalu Nkhj

,q;Fr; Rl;lg;ngw;w nrhw;fspy; vit gioa nrhw;fs; vd;w

vz;zk; tUifapy; jkpo;r;nrhw;fNs fd;dlk;> kiyahsk;>

njYq;F Mfpa nkhopfspy; jpupe;jpUf;Fk; vd;w vz;Zjy; cz;L.

jkpopd; fhyg; gioik fUjp mt;thW vz;zyhk;. Ngr;Rj;jkpo;

xypfs; gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fSld; neUq;fpa cwTila xypfshf

mike;jpUg;gJk; xU fhuzk;. Mdhy; mt;thW vz;Zjy;

mj;Jiz nghUj;jkpd;W.

jkpo; fd;dlk; njYq;F

Ngr;Rj;

jkpo;

,yq;F vy; (xsp)

rptg;G kem nrk;

gpzty; pen ngz;

tpsq;F nts;

cil ode xb

csT oLavu oLavu xsp(j;jy;)

Fak;

nfha;

(mup)

Jaq;F njha;

56

Nkw;Rl;ba nrhw;fspy; jkpo; nkhop vfuk; xfuj;jpupGfisf;

fhl;Lk; (,yq;F - vy;> rptg;G - nrk;> nrtg;G) ,r;nrhw;fs; mfu

xl;Lf;fSld; ,izAk;NghJ ,fuk; cfukhfTk; vfuk; cfukhfTk;

tUjyhy; vfu> xfuq;fNs gioa tbtq;fs; vd;gijf; fhl;Lk; vd

gHNuh Fwpf;fpd;whH. vdNt> rptg;G> gpzty; Mfpatw;wpy; fhZk;

,fuk; goikahdJ md;W; ,it nrtg;G> ngz; Nghd;w

nrhw;fspypUe;J ,fukhf kUtpapUf;Fk;;. ,t;thNw cil csT

Jaq;F Mfpatw;wpy; cs;s cfuKk; goikahdJ md;W. Ngr;rpy;

toq;Fk; xnl> xsT Mfpatw;wpy; toq;Fk; xfuNk goikahdJ

vd;gH.

,f;fUj;jpw;F khwhf ,fu cfuq;fNs njhd;ikahdit

,itNa vfu> xfuq;fshfj; jpupe;jd. ,t;thWkhWk; epiy %yj;

njd; jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; gpupj;jwpa Kbahj epiyapy; kaq;fpf;

fplf;fpd;wJ jkpo; kiyahsk; Mfpa nkhopfspy; nrhy;ypd;

,uz;lhk; vOj;jhf mfu xyp tupd; Kjy; vOj;jhf ,fu> cfuKk;

njYq;F fd;dlj;jpy; ,uz;lhk; vOj;jhf mfu xyptupd;

KjnyOj;jhf vfu> xfuKk; tUfpd;wd vd [p.[hd;rhKNty;

tpsf;Ffpd;whH.

jkpo; - ,uz;L

fd;dlk; - vuL

xypj;Jiz capHfs;

nkhopapy; toq;Fk; nrhw;fis mg;gbNa xypf;f ,ayhj

epiyapy; Ngr;R tof;fpy; rpy jpupGfs; Vw;gLk;. NkYk; mbg;gilr;

nrhw;fSk; rpy khw;wq;fisg; ngw;W tUk; . ,t;tif khw;wq;fspy;

Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ capnuhypia nkhopapWjpapy; ngw;W tUtjhFk;.

jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; ,lk;ngWk; cfuk; XH vspikahd

xyp vd;Wk; nkhop cr;rupg;gpy; xypj;Jizahf tUk; vd;Wk;

fhy;Lnty; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH. capiu ,Wjpahff; nfhs;shj

nrhw;fis cr;rupf;f VJthf cfuj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jjy;

,k;nkhopfspy; nghJikg; gz;ghf cs;sJ. NkYk; jkpo;r; nrhw;fs;

57

nka;iaf; nfhz;LKbe;jhy; mtw;wpw;F ,izahf> %yj; jpuhtpl

nkhopapypUe;J Vidj; jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; toq;Fk; nrhw;fs;

cfuj;ijg; ngw;W KbAk; jd;ikiaAk; fhz;fpNwhk;. njYq;fpy;

vy;yhr; nrhw;fSk; xypf;f VJthf capiuf; nfhz;L KbAk;.

md;Nwy; mit cfuj;ijg; ngw;W KbAk;.

njYq;F - fz;Z (fz;)> nej;JU (nea;j;NjhH)

fd;dlj;jpy; mfu <w;Wr; nrhw;fSk; cfuj;ijg; ngw;W

KbAk; gz;gpd.

fd;dlk; - nfyT> gyT

jkpopy; njhy;fhg;gpak; Mfhu ,Wjpr; nrhw;fs; cfu ngw;W

KbAk; vd;W Fwpf;fpd;wJ.

gyh - gyT

epyh - epyT

Gwh - GwT

Rwh -RwT

jkpo;nkhopapy; fhZk; Fw;wpaYfuKk; ty;ypd

nka;fspd;kPJ kl;Lk; CHe;JtUtij xl;b milg;nghypfis

xypf;f VJthf te;J ,ize;j cfuNk FWfp xypf;fpd;wJ vd;W

nkhopaha;thsH fUJfpd;wdH. Ngr;Rj;jkpopy; jkpo;nkhopr

;nrhw;fSk; gpwnkhopr;nrhw;fSk; cfuk; ngw;W Kbaf; fhzyhk;

ghL> ghf;F> njq;F ,it Fw;Wfu ,Wjpaha; te;jd.

fz;kzp - fz;Zkzp

nghd;kzp - nghd;Dkzp

g]; - g];]{

vdpDk; ,it vy;yhr; #oypYk;tUtjpy;iy. Xuirahf

tUk; nrhw;fspy;kl;LNk ,t;thW xypj;Jiz capHfisg;

ngWfpd;wd.

fhy; - fhY vdTk; fs;- fs;S vdTk; jpupayhk;. gd;ik

tpFjpahd fs; mt;thW jpuptjpy;iy. kiyahsj;jpy; ,t;tif

cfuk; ,d;Dk; FWfp xypg;gjhfTk; mjid czHj;j mt;nthyp

58

Nky; gpiwtbtf; Fwp gad;gLj;JtjhfTk; fhy;Lnty; $Wfpd;whH.

cfuNk md;wp ,fuKk; xypj;Jizahf tUtijAk;

fhzyhk;

fha; - fhap

it - itap

,t;thW tUk; capnuhypfs; epiyNgww;wd. tUnkhopapy;

capHtupd; mit ePq;fpLnkd;W Mz;lHNdh vd;Dk; mwpQH

$Wfpd;whH. ,jidj; njhy;fhg;gpaH Kd;Ng

nka;aPnwy;yhk; Gs;spnahL epiyay;

Fw;wpaYfuKk; mw;nwd nkhopg

vd;W nka;iag;Nghy; Gzupaypy; tpjp $wf;fhzyh. ed;DyhH

,d;Dk; tpsf;fKw

capHtupd; cf;Fws; nka;tpl;L XLk;

vd;ghH.

.capH FWfy;

jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; %tplg;ngaHfs; Kjyirapy; neby;

vOj;jhf mikAk;NghJ mg;ngaHfs; Ntw;Wik tbthf khWk;NghJ

neLKjy; FWfp xypg;gJ ,ay;ghd xd;whFk;. jkpo;> kiyahsk;>

fd;dlk;> njYq;F> JS Mfpatw;wpy; ,k;khw;wq;fs;

,lk;ngwf;fhzyhk;.

njYq;F - NeD - ned;d > ed;d

jkpo; eP - epd;

jhd; - jd;

Fap Md; - md;

%tplg;ngaHfNs my;yhky; tpidabr; nrhw;fspYk;

,t;tifj; jpupigf; fhzKbfpd;wJ. nebiy Kjyhf cila

ngaHr;nrhw;fs; tpidahfj; jpupAk;NghJ ,j;jifa khw;wq;fisf;

fhzyhk;.

MH - muw;W

tpidg;gFjpapYk; mtw;NwhL fhy ,ilepiyfs;> tpFjpfs;

NrUk;NghJ neLKjy; FWFtJz;L. ,J vy;yhr;#oypYk;

tUtjpy;iy.

59

fhz; - fz;lhd;

ngauilahf tUk; vz;Zg;ngaHfspy; KjnyOj;jhf

mike;j neby; vOj;J FWfpAk; FWfhJk; tUfpd;w epiyiaf;

fhzyhk;.

XH - xU

<H - ,U

% - K

rpy vz;Zg;ngaHfSk; ngauilahf tUk;NghJ neLKjy;

FWfp tUtJz;L.

MW - mW

Vo; -vO

ngaHfs; ngauilahfNth> tpidahfNth khWk;NghJ

,j;jF jpupG Vw;gLtjhf [prhd;rhKNty; $Wfpd;whH.

kPd; (ng) - kpd; (tp)

NgH (ng) - ngUq;fy; (ngauil)

capnuhyp ePl;rp

jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; KjnyOj;jhf tUk; nel;Lapnuhyp

FWfp xypg;gijg;NghyNt Fwpy; xyp ePz;Lxypg;gJk; cz;L.

tpidr; nrhw;fspd; mbg;gilapy; gpwe;j ngaHfspy; ,t;tif

khw;wj;ij mtjhdpf;fyhk;.

cW - CW

ngW - NgW

nrhy;ypy; Xnuhyp nfLkhapd; mjid <L nra;a capH

ePz;L xypf;Fk;.

kfd; - khd;

Nru kfd; - Nrukhd;

mjpaH kfd; - mjpakhd;

Nfus Gj;jpu vdTk; rj;jpaGj;jpu vdTk; mNrhfd;

fy;ntl;by; fhZk; nkhopngaHg;ig Nehf;fpdhy; kfd; vd;gNj

khd; vdj; jpupe;jikia czuyhk;.

gfy; - ghy;

60

gFjp - ghjp

capH ,lk; ngaHjy; (epiy ngauy;)

xU nrhy;Yf;Fs; xypfs; jkf;Fs; ,lk;ngaHe;J xypg;gij

xypaplk; ngauy; Metathesis vd;gH. jkpopy; toq;Fk; nrhw;fs;

gpwnkhopfspy; xypaplk; ngaHe;J xypf;fpd;wd.

jkpo; nfhg;Gs;

njYq;F nghf;Fsp

kiyahsk; nghf;Fs;

jkpo; mtd; m-t;-md;

njYq;F thL t;-m-mL

jkpo; ,uz;L

njYq;F nuz;L

jkpo-; cuy; Ngr;Rj;jkpo;- xuY njYq;F- NuhY

njYq;fpy; dp vd;Dk; Ntw;Wik cUG mjp> ,jp vd;Dk;

Rl;Lr;nrhw;fSld; gpd;ndhl;lhfr; NrUk;NghJ ,Wjp ,fuk; nfl;L>

xypaplk;ngaHe;J ePz;L xypf;Fk;.

mjp - dp jhdp

eLj;jpuhtpl nkhopapy; nkhop Kjy; thuh vOj;Jf;fs;

KjnyOj;jhf tUtJ %yj;jpuhtpl nkhopapy; cs;s xypfs;

,lk;ngaHjyhy; Vw;gl;l tpisT MFk;.

jkpo;nkhopapy; rptpwp - tprpwp> jir - rij - kpQpW - QpkpW

vdtUk; xypaplk; ngaHjiyAk; ,q;Fr; Rl;lyhk;.

capnuhyp ,iaG

,UNtWgl;l xypfs; ,ize;J tUk;NghJ xypfis xypf;Fk;

Kiw xj;jpirT fUjp> xypg;gpd; vspik fUjp Xnuhyp NtW

capuhf xypf;fyhk;. ,t;tif xypkhw;wk; rpj;jpa> gpdprpa

nkhopfspYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,k;Kiw jkpopy; Ngr;Rj;jkpopy;

gutyhff; fhzyhk;

Ngr;Rj;jkpo; fj;jp - F - fj;jpf;F- -gpb -fj;jpf;fpg;gpb

njYq;F fj;jp - Y - fj;jY

jhdp - F - jhdpfp

MT- dp - MTD

61

clk;gLnka;

jkpopy; ,U capHfs; ,ize;J tUtjpy;iy. mt;thW

tupd; clk;gLnka; Njhd;Wk;. tlnkhopfspy; ,U capH tupd;

mit ePz;L xypg;gNjh Ntw;Wapuhfj; jpupe;Njh tUk;.

njhy;fhg;gpaUf;F Kd; ,t;thW ,U capHfs;

,ize;Jxypg;gpy; tpl;birj;J xypj;jpUf;Fk; vd;gijf; Fiff;

fy;ntl;Lj; njhlHfs; czHj;Jk;.

epfkj;JxH nfhl;bxH

njhy;fhg;gpaH>

vy;yhnkhopf;Fk; capHtUfhiy

clk;gLnka;apd; cUGnfhsy; tiuahH

vd;W Fwpg;gpl;lhYk; ,d;dpd;d xypfs; Kd; capHfs; tupd; ,d;d

clk;gLnka; Njhd;Wk; vd;gJ gpw;fhy tPuNrhopa fhyKjy; te;j

tof;F. ,t;tif clk;gL nka; vd;gJ jpuhtpl nkhopfspy;

nghJikg; gz;ghf mike;jpUe;jikiaf; fhy;Lnty; ed;F

tpsf;fpAs;shH. jkpopy; afu tfuq;fs; clk;gL nka;ahf

tUfpd;wd. ,ijg;NghyNt fd;dlj;jpYk; afuk; cfuk; clk;gL

nka;ahf ,lk;ngwf;fhzyhk;

jkpo; Fb MSik FbahSik

jkpo; fL ,d; fLtpd;

fd;dlk; Fb - X - Fl;Nah (Fbj;jy;)

fd;dlk; kF - ,d - kftpd - kf;tpd; (Foe;ijapd;)

njYq;fpd; vz;Zg;ngaHfspy; `fuk; ,izg;nghypahf

tUfpd;wJ

gjp- IJ - gjpi`J -15

gjp - VL - gjpN`L 17

jpuhtpl nkhopfs; Nghd;w xl;L epiy nkhopfspy;

,izg;nghypahf clk;gLnka; tUjy; jtpHf;f KbahJ vd;Wk;

,jdhy; NtHr;nrhw;fisAk; mbr;nrhw;fisAk; gFj;jwpa KbAk;

vd;Wk; [p.[hd;rhKNty; tpsf;Ffpd;whH.

62

,U kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; 1. Vidj; jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; toq;Fk; mfuk; Njhlhtpy;

vt;thW toq;Ffpd;wJ? Xfhuk;

2. cfu capH tfukhfj; jpuptJ ve;j nkhopapy;? Njhlh

3. vfu> xfuf; Fwpy; vOj;Jg; ngwhj nkhop vJ?

gpuh$ap

4. jkpopy; toq;Fk; ,fu> xfuq;fs; gpw nkhopfspy; vt;thW NtWgl xypf;Fk;? ,fuk; vfukhfTk; cfuk; xfukhfTk;

5. capnuhyp khw;wq;fs; ,uz;lidr; Rl;Lf.

capnuhypj; jpupG> capH FWfy;> capH ePly;> capnuhyp ,lk;ngauy;

6. kfd; vd;gJ vt;thW jpupAk;?

khd;

FWtpdh 7. jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; capH ePly; vd;gij tpsf;Ff

capH ePly; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpd; fPo; cs;s nra;jpfs;

8. nrhw;fspy; xypj;Jiz capHfs; Njhd;WtJ Fwpj;njOJf. xypj;Jiz capHfs; vd;w jiyg;gpy; cs;s nra;jpfs;

9. xypaplk;ngauy; Fwpj;J tptupf;f capH ,lk;ngaHjy; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; cs;s nra;jpfs;

10. capH FWfp xypf;fpd;w ghd;ikia tpsf;Ff. capH FWfy; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpd; fPo; cs;s nra;jpfs;

ngU tpdh 11. jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; capnuhypfs; Fwpj;Jf; fl;Liuf;f.

capnuhypfs; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpd; fPo; cs;s nra;jpfs;

63

12. jpuhtplnkhopfspy; capnuhyp khw;wq;fs; Fwpj;Jf; fl;Liuf;f

capH ePly;> capH FWfy;> capH ,lk;ngaHjy; Mfpa jiyg;gpyhd nra;jpfs;

$W 5

nka;nahyp khw;wk; - cUgd;fSk; nrhy;yhf;fKk;

jkpopy; nka;nahypfs; ty;ypdk;> nky;ypdk;>

,ilapdk; vd;W gFf;fg;ngWk;. nkhopapay; mwpQHfs;

nka;nahypfis mit gpwf;Fkplk;> gpwf;Fk; Kiw Nehf;fpAk;

ghFgLj;jpf; $WtH. jkpopy; nkhopapy; gjpndl;L nka;fs;

toq;fg;ngWfpd;wd.

vdpDk; %yj; jpuhtpl nkhopapy; 16 nka;fNs ,Ue;jpUf;Fk; vd;W

mwpQH fUJtH. Qfuj;ij jdp nka;nahypahfg; gpwH nfhs;shj

epiyapy; gp.vr;.fpU\;z%Hj;jp> vkNdh MfpNahH jdp xypadhf

%yj;jpuhtplj;jpy; toq;fpapUf;Fk; vd;W epWtpdH. o> s> w> d

Mfpad jpuhtpl nkhopfSf;NfAupa rpwg;ngOj;Jf;fshff;

nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.

,jo; xyp

gy; xyp

Kd;dz;z xyp

tis eh xyp

,ilaz;z xyp

gpd;dz;z xyp

Kd; njhz;il xyp

xypg;gpy; xyp

P g; t j; t l;

k f; q

xypg;Gil xyp

b g; d j; d l;

g f;

xypg;gpy; xyp

È

c r;

xypg;Gil xyp

j

J [;

xypg;gpy; xyp f O S s S ś x h xypg;Gil xyp ß F z z

z

tUnlhyp

r R

%f;nfhyp m k; n n z; N ῆ Q; ņ q;

gpuptsp xyp

L l

,ilapd xyp

v t;

Z

y

64

nkhopapayhH $Wk; gy;tif nka;nahypfspy; jpuhtpl

nkhopfSf;Nf cupa jdpr;rpwg;gplk; cila xypfs; tis eh

xypfs; MFk;. NkYk; nka;nahypfs; nkhopKjypy; jdpj;J

tUtjpy;iy. khwhf capUld; NrHe;JtUfpd;wd. ,ul;il nka;

,izTk; nkhopKjypy; tuhky; nkhopapilapy; NrHe;JtUtJz;L.

%yj;jpuhtplr; nrhw;fs; xypaplk; ngaHe;J jpupe;J toq;Fk;

nrhw;fspy; nkhopKjy; ,ul;bj;J tUtJz;L

.ty;nyhypfs;

* f; - gpd;dz;z xyp

gpd;dz;zj; jilnahypahf toq;Fk; ffuk; nkhopKjypy;

tUk;NghJ xypg;gpy; xypahfNt cs;sJ. nkhopKjy; ffuk; ,fuk;>

vfuk; Nghd;w Kd;DapHfis mLj;J tUk;NghJ mJ ,ilaz;z

xypahfpa rfukhfj; jpupfpd;wJ. tl jpuhtpl nkhopfspy;

Kd;DapHfis mLj;J tupDk; ,ilaz;z xypahf khWtjpy;iy.

vdpDk; cunrhypahf tUtJz;L. jkpo; kiyahsj;jpy; ffuk;

tis eh xypfSf;F Kd; tupd; jpuptjpy;iy.

fd;dlk; - fptp

jkpo; - nrtp

jkpo; - fpsp

njYq;F - rpYfh

jkpo; -fz;

FUf; - XKha

khy;Nlh -XuaNu - cunrhypahfj; jpupjy;

%yj; jpuhtpl gpd;dz;z xyp ,ilaz;z xypahfj; jpupjiyj;

njYq;fpy; fhzyhk;. vdpDk; ,j;jpupG xypf;Fwpg;Gr; nrhw;fspy;

Vw;gLtjpy;iy

njYq;F - fpyfpy

fd;dl nkhopapy; ,t;thW mz;z xypahjy; mUfp tupDk;

%yj;jpuhtplj;jpy; cs;s xypfisf; fz;Lzuj; Jiz nra;fpd;wJ>

fd;dlk; - fpd;d

jkpo; - rpd;d

65

njYq;F - rpd;d

,tw;Ws; fpd;d vd;gjpy; cs;s gpd;dz;zj; jilnahypNa

njhd;ikahdJ vd;Wk; mJNt ,ilaz;z xypahfj;

jpupe;jpUf;Fk; vd;Wk; mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;. tlnkhopapy; jkpo;g;

ngaHfs; jpupAk;NghJ ,t;thW ,ilaz;z xypfs; epw;gjpy;iy.

mit gpd;dz;z (filaz;z) xypfshf toq;fg;gLk;.

jkpo; rPHj;jp

tlnkhop -fPHj;jp

jkpo; - Nruy;

tlnkhop Nfus

jkpopy; Ifhuj;jpd; Kd;tUk; ffuk; jpupahkypUf;f

njYq;fpy; rfukhfj; jpupAk;.

jkpo; - ifj;jy;

njYq;F - NrJ (frg;G)

- f;- nkhopapil

jkpopy; vOj;J tbtpy; ffuk; xd;W kl;LNk ,Ug;gpDk;

mJNt xypg;gpy; xypahfTk; xypg;Gil xypahfTk; toq;Fk;.

jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; nkhopKjypy; xypg;gpy; xypahf xypf;Fk;

ffuk; ,ul;bj;J tUk;NghJ ty;ypd xypahfTk; nky;ypd

%f;nfhypfis mLj;J tUk;NghJ xypg;Gil xypahfTk; ,U

capnuhypfSf;F ,ilapy; tUk;NghJ cunrhypahfTk; tUk;.

-f;- nghJ - capnuhypapil - ,ul;bj;jy; - Njhlh - gH[p -

gpuhFa; khy;Nlh

-g -x - -k- - x- -g- -v kh q

jkpo kiyahsk; Nfhlh Njhlh nfhlF

Nfhz;b Nfhz;lh

Gif Gf ngf; pax nghnf

ngha nghNfh

*r;- ,ilaz;z xyp

%yj; jpuhtpl xypAs; xd;whfpa rfuk; nkhop Kjypy;

tUk;NghJ jkpiog; nghWj;jtiu ]fukhfNt xypf;fpd;wJ.

66

nky;ypd %f;nfhypia mLj;J xypf;Fk;NghJ [ vd xypg;gpil

xypahfTk; nkhopapy; ,ul;bf;Fk;NghJ kl;Lk; KOikahd

jilnahypahf xypf;fpd;wJ. rfuk; ,lk;ngw;w nrhw;fs; Vidj;

jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; jpupe;J xypf;fpd;wd. Njhlhtpy; jfukhfTk;

ngq;Nfh> kz;lh Mfpatw;wpy; `fukhfTk; JStpy; ]fukhfpa

cunrhypahfTk; tl jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; ffu xypahfTk; xypf;ff;

fhzyhk;. tl jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; ffukhfj; jpuptij gpd;dz;z

xypahjy; vd;gH. njd; jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; rfu nka; nfl;LtpLk;

nkhoptof;FfSk; cs;sd.

jkpo; kiyahsk; - r;

fd;dlk; > JS - ];

Vidj; njd; jpuhtplk; - ∅

njYq;F Nfhz;b- ∅

Njhlh - j;

kz;lh ngq;Nfh - `;

tl jpuhtplk; - f;

nkhopKjy; rfuk; nfLjy;

njhy;fhg;gpaH fhyj;jpy; rfuk; nkhop Kjypy;

,lk;ngWtjpy;iy. m> I> xs Mfpa capUld; rfuk; $b nkhop

Kjyhtjpy;iy vd;gijj; njhy;fhg;gpaH

rfuf;fpstpAk; mtw;Nwhuw;Nw

m I xs vd;Dk; %d;wyq;filNa (njhy;.vOj;.62)

vd;Dk; E}w;ghtpy; ,jid tpsf;Ffpd;whH. vdNt nkhopKjypy;

rfuk; tUjy; mUfpa tof;fhf ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk;. rfu xyp njd;

jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; kl;Lk; nfLfpd;w epiyiaAk; nflhky;

toq;Fk; epiyiaAk; gHNuh ed;F Ma;e;Js;shH. ,jdhy;

,Utifahfr; rfu xyp ,Ue;jpUf;Fkh vd;Dk; IaKk; vOfpd;wJ.

Nfhz;bapy; `fukhfj; jpupe;jgpd; mJTk; nfl;L tpLfpd;wJ.

tlnkhopr; nrhw;fisj; jkpopy; toq;Fk;NghJ rfuKk; ]fuKk;

nfl;LtpLfpd;wd.

jkpo; muz; mit mkzH

rk];fpUjk; ]uz; ]gh ];ukz

67

vdpDk; rfuk; nflhky; toq;fpa tlnrhw;fSk; jkpopy; epytpd

vd;gij ew;wpizapy; tUk; rhgk; vDk; nrhy; czHj;Jk;

jkpo; rhfhL ril

rk;];fpUjk; ]fl [il

vd tUk; ,lq;fspy; jkpopd; rfuNk tlnkhopapy; jpupe;jpUf;Fk;

vd;Wk; ,it jkpo;r; nrhw;fNs vd;Wk; gHnuh fUJfpd;whH.

Nfhz;b> Fap Mfpatw;wpy; nkhop Kjy; ]fuk; rfuj;jpypUe;Nj

jpupe;jpUf;fNtz;Lk; vd;Wk; mtH fUJthH.

jkpo; - mzpy;

Fap - rpUdp

JS - rzpY

Kd;Ng Fwpg;gpl;lthW fp.K. 3 Mk; E}w;whz;by;

nghwpf;fg;ngw;w mNrhfd; fy;ntl;by; GwehD}w;W murd; ngaH

mjpakhd; vd;gJ rjpa Gj;u vd;W toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jdhy;

jkpopy; toq;Fk; mjpa Kw;fhyj;jpy; rjpa vd;Nw toq;fpapUf;Fk;

vd;Wk; rfuk; nkhopKjy; nfLk; kughy; mjpa vdj; jpupe;jpUf;Fk;

vd;Wk; Ma;thsH fUJtH.

rfuk; nflhky; tUfpd;w jpuhtpl nkhopr; nrhw;fs;

rfukhfTk; ]fukhfTk; xypf;fpd;wd. fd;dlk; njYq;F JS

Mfpatw;wpy; ,t;tpU khw;nwhypfSk; cs;sd. rfuk; nfLk;

epiyia tl> eLj; jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; fhz Kbtjpy;iy.

jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; nkhopKjy; ffuk;> ,ilaz;z xypahd

rfukhfj; jpuptjw;F Kd;Ng rfuk; nfl;LtpLk; epiy

Njhd;wptpl;lJ. ,ilaz;z xypahfr; rfukhfj; jpupAk; tof;F

te;jgpwF ,k;khw;wk; epfotpy;iy. vdNt Kw;Fwpj;j mNrhfd;

fy;ntl;Lf; fhyj;jpw;F Kd;Ng ,j;jifa jpupGfs; NeHe;jpUf;Fk;

vd;gJ gHNuhtpd; fUj;jhf mikfpd;wJ.

-r;- nkhopapilapy; rfuk;

Kd;Ng Fwpg;gpl;lJNghy rfuk; nkhopKjypy; tUk;NghJ

%f;nfhypia mLj;Jtupd; [ Mf khwptpLk;. mNjNeuk; tlnkhop

[fuk; jkpopy; tUk;NghJ ]fukhfTk; afukhfTk; jpupAk;

68

kQ;rs; - manjal

tlnkhop uh[h - jkpo; - uhrh> uhad;

kiyahsj;jpy; nkhopf;fpilapYk; nfLtij muprp mup vd

tUtJnfhz;L czuyhk;.

fd;dlj;jpy; cs;s ngrH vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd; rfuk; JStpy;

jfukhfj; jpupe;J GjH vd toq;Ftjhff; Fz;lHl; $Wfpd;whH. xyp

,ul;bf;Fk; ,ilapy; rfu xyp (r;r;) ty;ypdkhf xypf;Fk; ,ay;ig

Njhlh Nfhlh nkhopfspy; fhz ,ayhJ.

-r;- jkpo;> kiyahsk; njYq;F ,ul;bf;Fk; ,lq;fspy; -

-r;- jkpo;> njYq;F> fd;dlk;> nfhyhkp ehafp>

gH[p> khy;Nlh> gpuh$ap ,ul;bf;fhjtplj;J - ];-

Nfhz;b - Fap tl jpuhtpl nkhopfs; - j;-

JS - [;-

jkpo;> nfhlF> JS> kiyahsk; - a;-

gH[p flgh -`;-

*-l;- tiseh xyp

nkhopKjy; xypfshf lfuk;> zfuk; Mfpad jpuhtpl

nkhopfspy; ,lk; ngWtjpy;iy. lfu nkhop Kjy; gpwnkhopr;

nrhw;fs; jkpopy; tUk;;NghJ ,fuj;ijg; ngWk;. ,t;nthyp jkpopy;

,ul;bf;Fkplq;fs; jtpu Vidatplq;fspy; xypg;G-xypahf

xypf;fpd;wJ. ehaf;fp> kz;lh> Fap> Ftp Nghd;w nkhopfspy; ,J

(R) xypahfTk;> Nfhlh> Njhlh> fd;dlk;> nfhlF> JS njYq;F>

nfhyhkp> gu;[p Nghd;w nkhopfspy; (D) xypahfTk;> flgh> Nfhz;b>

gpuhFap Mfpa nkhopfspy; (-r-) xypahfTk; xypf;fpd;wJ.

1. jkpo; - kaDe

Njhlh - kaRt

2. fd;dlk; - uDa

Nfhz;lh - urum

69

*-j;;- gy;ypdj; jilnahyp

jfunthyp jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; jpupgpd;wpg; gapd;WtUjy;

ngUk;ghd;ikahFk;

jkpo;

kiyahsk; - jhd;

Njhlh - Njhd;

njYq;F

nfhlF - jhD

JS

gpuhFap - Njd;

fd;dlk;> JS Mfpa nkhopfspy; Kd;Dapu;fisaLj;J

tUk;NghJ rpytplq;fspy; „r‟ fukhfTk; khWfpd;wJ.-j;-

nkhopapilapy; %f;nfhypfisaLj;J tUk;NghJ „j‟ fu

ty;nyhyp xypg;G xypahf khWfpd;wJ. jkpopd; tl;lhu tof;fpy;

capnuhypfspd; Kd;; jfunthyp ufukhf khWkpay;ig lhf;lu;

fhy;Lnty; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH;.

tpij > tpiu

,t;thNw fd;dl nkhopapYs;s ‘ad’ vd;Dk;; rhupia „mu;‟

vd;W khwf; fhzyhk;. ,j;jifa khw;wk; gpuhfpUj nkhopapYk;

cs;sJ. jkpo;nkhopapd; Ngr;R tof;fpy; ,t;nthyp rpy tplq;fspy;

‘s’ xypahfj; jpupfpd;wJ. ,t;nthyp khw;wk; kiyahs nkhopapYk;

,lk; ngWtij Fz;lHl; Fwpf;fpd;whH.

ngupJ - ngupR

„e‟ fu nka;NahL ,ize;J tUk; „j‟ fu nka; kiyahs

nkhopapYk;> jkpo;nkhopapd; Ngr;R tof;fpYk; „r‟ fukhfj;

jpuptijf; fhzyhk;.

v.fh. Ie;J > mQ;R

nganur;rr; nrhw;fspy; nkhopapilapy; ,ul;bf;Fkplq;fspYk;

jkpopy; Kd;DapHfis mLj;J tUk;NghJ mz;z xypahjiyf;

fhzyhk;.

70

itj;J - tr;R

rpupj;j - rpupr;r

cupj;j - cupr;r

fd;dlk;> JS Nghd;w nkhopfspy; ,J -o- xypahfTk;

Nfhz;lhtpy; „-dd-’ xypahTk; F&f; khy;Nlh nkhopfspy; ‘th’

xypahfTk;> Vida nkhopfspy; xypg;G xypahfTk; jpupAk;.

- j;- j;- (jkpo;> kiyahsk; - ,ul;bf;Fkplq;fs;)

-d- (ngUk;ghd;ikj; jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; xypg;Gil xypahf)

-o- (Njhlh)

-dd- (Nfhz;lh)

-th- (F&f;> khy;Nlh)

*-g;- ,jopd xypg;gpy; xyp

nkhopKjypy; tUk; „g‟ fu xyp ngUk;ghyhd jpuhtpl

nkhofspy; jpupgpd;wp xypg;gpy; xypahfNt xypf;fpd;wJ. ,g; „g‟ fu

xyp fd;dlj;jpy; „`‟ vd;W cunrhypahfj; jpupfpd;wJ. jpuhtpl

nkhopfspy; fd;dlj;jpy;; kl;LNk ,t;tpay;G fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

v.fh. 1. jkpo; - gj;J

fd;dlk; - `j;J

2. jkpo; - ghk;G

fd;dlk; - `hT

goq;fd;dlj;jpYk;> fd;dlnkhopNahL neUq;fpa njhlu;Gila

glfhnkhopapd; tl;lhu tof;fpYk; ,t;thW gfuk; `fukhfj;

jpuptjpy;iy. vdNt ,t;tof;F fp.gp 10-Mk; E}w;whz;bw;Fg; gpd;du;

fd;dlnkhopapy; GFe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.; kw;nwhU tl;lhu tof;fhd

Njthq;fh fd;dlj;jpy; nkhop Kjypy; tUk; gfu nthyp nfl;L

tpLfpd;wJ.

v.fh. 1. jkpo; - ghy;

fd;dlk; - `hY

Njthq;fh fd;dlk; - MY

71

nkhopKjy; „g‟ njYq;fpy; $l;Lr;nrhw;fspy; Xupdkhjyhy;;

„k‟ fukhfTk; jpupAk;.

jkpo; - gjp

njYq;F - kpjp (njhk;kpjp)

jkpopy; rpytplq;fspy; ,J „t‟ fukhfTk; khWfpd;wJ.

gFj;jy; - tFj;jy;

-g;- nkhopapilapy; gfuk;

nkhopapilapy; %f;nfhypfisaLj;J gfuk; (b) xypg;Gil

xypahf khWfpd;wJ. ,ul;bf;Fkplq;fspy; kl;LNk ,J xypg;gpy;

xypahf xypf;fpd;wJ. jkpopy; nkhopapilapy; tUk;NghJ ,t;nthyp

kfukhfj; jpuptJz;L. kiyahs nkhopapYk; ,k;khw;wk;

Vw;gLtJz;L.

vz;gH - vz;kH

*-w;- Kd;dz;z Mnlhyp

%yj; jpuhtpl „w‟ fu xyp nkhop Kjypy; ,lk; ngwhJ.

,t;nthyp njYq;F> fd;dl nkhopfspy; gioa ,yf;fpa tbtpy;

kl;LNk fhzg;gLk;. JS nkhopapy; ,J „[;’ vd;W xypg;G

xypahfj;; jpupfpd;wJ.

jkpo; - MW

JS - M[p

rpytplq;fspy; JS nkhopapy; ,J D xypahfTk; jpupAk;.

v.fh. jkpo; - E}W

JS - nuDu

jkpo;nkhopapd; Ngr;R tof;fpy; u> w Mfpa xypfs; khwp

khwp nghUs; khw;wkpd;wp xypf;fpd;wd. ,jd; ,ul;il xyp (RR)

njYq;fpy; „z;l;‟ vd;W khWk;.

v.fh jkpo; - xw;iw

njYq;F - xz;b

jkpo; Ngr;R tof;fpy; wfuk; jfukhfTk; jpupAk;.

xw;iw - xj;ij

72

fhw;W - fhj;J

,t;nthyp Nfhlh. nfhlF Mfpa nkhopfspy; „u‟ xypahfTk;

nfhyhkp> ehaf;fp Mfpa nkhopfspy; „d’ xypahfTk; khWfpd;wJ.

Fap nkhopapy; „j’ „r‟ Mfpa xypfshfj; jpupfpd;wJ. Nfhz;lh>

gpuhFap Nghd;w nkhofspy; ,J ngUk;ghYk; ,ul;bj;J tUfpd;wJ.

,J FUf;> khy;Nlh Nghd;w nkhopfspYk; „];’ xypahfTk; flgh

nkhopapy; „a‟ xypahfTk; khWfpd;wJ. njYq;fpYk;> fd;dlj;jpYk;

„l‟ xypahfj; jpupAk;.

- w; - - w; - (goe;jkpo;> kiyahsk;> fd;dlk;> njYq;F)

-u;- (Nfhlh> nfhlF> JS nfhyhkp> eaf;fp> Fap>

-o- Ftp> FUf;> khy;Nlh> gpuhFap)

-HH- (JS> ehaf;fp> gu;[p) (Nfhz;b> gpuhFap)

-th- (Fap)

-a;- (flgh)

-];- (FUf;> khy;Nlh)

%f;nfhypfs;

*-Q;- ,ilaz;z %f;nfhyp

„Q‟ fu nka; kiyahsj;jpYk;> mupjhfg; goe;jkpopYk;> JS

nkhopapYk; nkhopf;F Kjypy; tUfp;d;wJ. ,k;nkhopfspy; nghUis

NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;l ,t;nthyp Jiz nra;tjhy; ,jidj; jdp

xypadhff; nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. jw;fhy kiyahsj;jpy; ,t;nthyp

kpFe;Js;sJ. jw;fhy kiyahsj;jpy; Qfuk; toq;Fkplnky;yhk;

jkpopy; efuk ;toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. vdNt e-fuxypNa kiyahsj;jpy;

Qfukha; jpupe;J ,Uf;ff; $Lk;

kiyahsk; - Qhd; > jkpo; - ehd;/ahd;

QhYjy; vd;gjw;Fj; njhq;Fjy; vd;Dk; nghUs;. ,J

,d;iwa Ngr;Rtof;fpy; ehz;L vdtUjyhy; jkpopYk; ,t;tifj;

jpupG ,Ue;jikia mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. goe;jkpo; „Q‟ fuk; toq;fpa

,lq;fspYk; jw;fhyj; jkpopy; „e‟ fuk; ,lk; ngWfpd;wJ.

73

Qhz; - ehz;

Qkyp - eha;

Qz;L - ez;L

QhapW - ehapW

goe;jkpopy; „Q‟fuk; „nQ‟ fukhf khWtijr; rq;f

,yf;fpaq;fspy; fhzyhk;.

Qz;L > nQz;L

jp;uhtpl nkhopfspy; „Q‟ fu xyp> kiyahsj;jpy; kl;Lk;

njhd;ikahd tof;Fr; rpijahky;; ,Ue;J tUfpd;wJ. kiyahs

tl;lhu tof;Ffspy; kl;Lk; „Q‟ - „nQ‟ xypahfj; jpupAk;.

jkpopYk; kiyahsj;jpYk; „C‟ fhu capupd; Kd;du; Qfuk;

tUtjpy;iy. M> v> x Mfpatw;Wld; kl;LNk Qfuk; ,ize;J

nkhop Kjyhf tUk; vd;whH njhy;fhg;gpaH (Qhyk;> nQz;L>

nQhs;fpw;W) vdpDk; GwehD}w;wpy; ~Qkyp| vd;w nrhy;Yk;

jpUKUfhw;Wg;gilapy; ~Quy;| vd;Dk; nrhy;Yk; mfuj;Jld; $b

nkhop Kjyhf ,lk; ngWfpd;wd. Qkyp vd;gij er;rH

jpirr;nrhy; vdf;Fwpf;fpd;whH. nkhopapilapy; „r‟ fu xypf;F

Kd;du; tUk; „Q‟ funthyp njYq;F> nfhyhkp> ehaf;fp Mfpa

nkhopfspy; „d‟ fu xypahfj; jpupfpd;wJ.

v.fh. jkpo; - mQ;R

njYq;F - an ju

*-z;- tiseh %f;nfhyp

tiseh %f;nfhypahd zfu nthyp jpuhtpl nkhopfspy;

nkhop Kjypy; tUtjpy;iy. jkpopYs;s „z‟ fu nka; njYq;fpy;

„d‟ fu nka;ahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

fz; - fd;D

jkpopy; „d‟ fuk; tUkplq;fspy; kiyahsj;jpy; „z‟ fu

nka; ,lk; ngWtijf; fhzyhk;. (epdf;F - epzf;F)

74

Ngr;Rj;jkpo; tof;fpy; rpytplq;fspy; „z‟ fuk; „k‟ fukhfj;

jpuptJz;L.

vz;gJ - vk;gJ

,t;nthyp Nfhz;lh> Ftp Nghd;w nkhopfspy; jpupgpd;wpf;

fhzg;gl;l NghjpYk; Vida eLj;jpuhtpl nkhopfspYk;> tljpuhtpl

nkhopfspYk; „d‟ fukhfj; jpupfpd;wJ. jkpopy; z;l; > l;l; vd;W

khWfpd;wJ.

v.fh vz;L > vl;L

*-e;- gy;ypd %f;nfhyp

nkhop KjypYk; ,ilapYk; ,WjpapYk; tUnkhypahf efuk;

jkpopy; tupDk; ,Wjpapy; mUfpNa tUk;. njYq;F nkhopapy; ,J

kfu nka;ahf khWtjhff; fhy;Lnty; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. jfuj;jpd;

Kd;tUk; efuk; Qfukhfj; jpupe;J jfuj;ijAk; ,dty;ypdkhd

rfukhfj; jpupf;fpd;wJ. ,k;khw;wk; ngUk;ghd;ik Ngr;R tof;fpYk;>

rpWghd;ik ,yf;fpa tof;fpYk; ,lk; ngWfpd;wJ.

v.fh. Ie;J > mQ;R

,j;jpupGfs;; ,> <> I vd;Dk; Kd;Dapu;fisaLj;J efuk;

,lk;ngWk; #oypy; Vw;gLk;. jw;fhyj; jkpopy; efuk; vOj;J

tbtj;jpy; efukhfNt vOjg;gl;l NghjpYk; xypg;gpy; dfukhfNt

mikfpd;wJ.. nfhyhkp> ehaf;fp nkhopfspy; nkhopKjy; tUk; efuk;

nfLfpd;wJ. Fap nkhopapy; ,J ‘d’ xypahfj; jpupfpd;wJ. „j‟ fu

nka;Ak; „e‟ fu nka;Ak; ,ize;j nka;k;kaf;fk; kiyahs

nkhopapy; efu xyp ,ize;j ,ul;ilfshf (e;e;) khwptpLk;.

jkpo; - te;J

kiyahsk; - te;E

JS nkhopapilapy; ,J „j‟ fu xypahfj; jpupjYk; cz;L.

jkpo; - ge;J

fd;dlk; - te;J

JS - batte

75

gpuhFap nkhopapy; Kd;Dapu;fsp;d; Kd;du; kl;LNk ,J d

xypahf khWfpd;wJ.

-e;- e; - ngUk;ghd;ika jpuhtplnkhopfspy;

- e; - (kiyahsk;> jw;fhyj; jkpo;)

-Ø- (nfhyhkp> ehaf;fp)

-d- (Fv-gpuhFap)

-d- (c-Fap)

*-k;- ,jopd %f;nfhyp

ngUk;ghd;ika jpuhtpl nkhopfspy;; jpupgpd;wp toq;Fk;

nkhop Kjy; „k‟ fuk; gpuhFap nkhopapy; kl;Lk; „b’ xypahfj;

jpupfpd;wJ. ,k;khw;wk; Kd;Dapu;fspd; (front vowels) Kd;du;

Vw;gLtjhf gp.vr;.fpU\;z%u;j;jp Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. fd;dl nkhopapy;

nkhopapil tUk;NghJ tfukhfj; jpupfpd;wJ.

jkpo; - ghk;G

kiyahsk;

fd;dlk; - ghT

jkpo; - ehk;

fd;dlk; - ehT

Njhlh> Nfhlh Mfpa ,U nkhopfspYk; nkhopapilapy;

,t;nthyp ePq;fptpLtJk; cz;L.

jkpo; - ghk;G

Njhlh> Nfhlh - pop

jkpopy; typj;jy; tpfhukhfg; ghg;Gf;fLg;gd;d vd;w mbapy;

,j;jF jpupG Vw;glf; fhzyhk;.

kfuk; dfuj;ij khw;nwhypahfg; ngWjYk; cz;L> jkpopy;

,yf;fz E}y;fs; ,tw;iw vLj;Jf; $Wfpd;wd.

1) kuk; 2) Fsk; 3) fyk;

kud; Fsd; fyd;

76

,tw;iw ,yf;fzE}yhu; Nghyp (Free variation) vd;gu;. rpyu;

,t;tpU xypfSk; nghUs; NtWghl;bw;Fj; Jiz nra;fpd;wd

vd;Wk;> „k‟ fuk; gd;ikiaAk; „d‟ fuk; xUikiaAk;

czu;;j;Jfpd;wd vd;Wk; $Wtu;. mt;thwhapd; jdpj; jdp

xypadhfNt nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.

*-d;- Kd;dz;z %f;nfhyp

nkhop Kjypy; ,lk; ngwhj dfunthypia xg;gpayhu; jdpj;j

xypadhff; fUJtjpy;iy. ,t;nthyp nkhopapilapy; ,d

ty;nyhyp Mfpa wfuj;Jld; ,ize;Jk;> ,ul;bj;Jk;>

nkhopapWjpapy; jdpahfTk; tUfpd;wJ. kiyahs nkhopapy; ,J „e‟

fukhfj; jpupAk;.

jkpo; - %d;W > kiyahsk; - %e;J

fd;dlk;> Njhlh> Nfhlh Nghd;w nkhopfspy; nkhopapilapy;

,J nfl;L tpLjYk; cz;L.

1) jkpo;- xd;W

Nfhlh – od

Njhlh - Wid

2) jkpo; - %d;W

fd;dlk; - %W

Ngr;rpy; dfuk; ehtis nky;nyhypahd zfukhfj; jpupe;J

,d ty;nyhypia ePf;fTk; nra;Ak;

%d;W - %Z

,ilapd xypfs;

,ilapd vOj;Jf;fspy; a> t Mfpa ,uz;L kl;Lk; jkpopy;

nkhop Kjyhf tUfpd;wd. ,it jtpu;e;j gpw ,ilapd xypfis

nkhopKjypy; nfhz;l gpw nkhopr; nrhw;fs; jkpopy; te;J

toq;Fk;NghJ mit> m> ,> c vd;Dk; capu;fspy; ahNjDk;

xd;iw Kd;du;g; ngw;W epw;Fk;.

,utp> cUrpah cNyhgp muq;fk;

77

*-a;;- miu capu;

jkpopy; ,t;nthyp nkhop Kjypy; ,lk; ngWfpd;wJ.

Vida nkhopfspy; nkhop Kjy; „a‟ fuk; FiwthfNt

cs;sJ. jkpopYk; ,jw;F e> Q> Mfpa khw;W xypfs; cs;sd.

ahd; - ahk;

ehd; - Qhd;

kz; ahj;j - kz;Qhj;j

,tw;Ws; afuNk njhd;ikahd xyp vd;gJ lhf;lu;

fhy;Lnty;ypd; fUj;J. mtu; „a‟ fu nthyp e> Q> v Nghd;w

xypfshfj; jpuptjw;Fg; gy rhd;Wfs; jUfpd;whu;.

rk];fpUjk; - Afh (yuga) > Efk;

akh > akd;> ekd;> Qkd;> vkd;

Mq;fpyk; - anchor > eq;$uk;

jkpo; nkhopapy; „a‟ fu xyp nkhopapilapy; „r‟ fu

xypahf khWtijf; fhzyhk;.

v.fh. tapW > trW

igad;fs; > grq;fs;

taiy > griy

fd;dlk;> JS Mfpa nkhopfspy; nkhopapilapy; ,J

„d‟ xypahf khWfpd;wJ. jkpopy; nkhopapWjpapy; ,lk; ngWk; „a‟

fu xyp „,‟ fu capup;d khw;W tbtNk.

%yj;jpuhtpl xypahd „a‟fuk; nkhopapilfspYk;

,WjpapYk; mjpfj; jpupgp;d;wpNa fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. nfhlF> JS

Nghd;w nkhopfspYk; ,t;nthyp mUfpNyNa fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

gpuhFap nkhopapy; ,t;nthypia mjpfkhff; fhz

Kbatpy;iy. Fap nkhopapy; ,J „j‟ xypahfj; jpupfp;d;wJ.

ehaf;fp> flgh> gu;[p Nghd;w nkhopfspy; ,J „t‟ ahf

nkhopapilapy; xypf;fpd;wJ.

78

v.fh jkpo; - eha;

ehaf;fp - ate

gu;[p - netta

flgh xy;yhup - nete

flgh rpy;Y}u; - nette

mjpfkhd jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; „a‟ fuk; clk;gLnka;ahfg;

gad;gLj;jg; gLfpd;wJ. nkhopKjy; afuk; Mfhu capNuhL

,ize;J kl;Lk; nkhopKjypy; tUnkd;fpwhu; njhy;fhg;gpau;.

goe;jkpopyf;fpaq;fspYk; „ah‟ vd;Dk; nkhopKjy; vOj;Jld;

„ahW‟> „ahL‟> „ahzu;‟> „ahid‟ Nghd;w gy nrhw;fisf;

fhz;fpd;Nwhk;. vdpDk; mr;nrhw;fspYs;s nkhopKjy; „a‟ fuk;

nfl;L tpLfpd;wJ. mit

ahik > Mik

ahid > Mid

ahz;L > Mz;L

ahW > MW

ahL > ML

vd;W toq;fg;ngWfpd;wd. njd;jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; „M‟ fhu

capupd; Kd;du; „a‟ fuk; nfLtijg;Nghd;W tl jpuhtpl

nkhopfspYk;> eLj; jpuhtpl nkhopfspYk; „V‟ fhu capupd; Kd;du;

,J nfLfpd;wJ.

jkpo; - ahL > ML

Nfhlh - aR

Njhlh - oD

Nfhz;b - eTi

FUf; - eRa

khy;Nlh - eRe

nkhopKjy; „a‟ fuj;ijaLj;J tUk; m> M vd;Dk; capnuhypfs;

njYq;F nkhopapy; v> V vd;Dk; capnuhypfshf khWfpd;wd.

ahd; - VD

79

M> V Mfpa xypfspy; vJ njhd;ikahdJ vd;gij MuhAk;

Nf.tp.Rg;igah ,t;tpU xypfSf;Fk; %y xypahf ,t;tpuz;bw;Fk;

,ilg;gl;l „ae‟ vd;Dk; xyp %yj;jpuhtpl nkhopapy; ,Ue;jpUf;f

Ntz;Lnkd;Wk;> mt;nthypNa Md;> Vd; vd;W jpupe;jpUf;f

Ntz;Lnkd;W> ahd;> ahk; vd;gdtw;wpd; khw;W tbtq;fshf ehd;>

ehk; vd;gd kpfg; gpw;fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpapUf;f Ntz;;Lnkd;Wk;

fUJfpd;whu. ,f;fUj;ijg; gNuh kWj;Jiuj;Js;shu;. mtu; nkhop

Kjypy; tUk; „ah‟ it , + M Mfpa ,U xypfspd;

Nru;f;ifahff; fUJfpd;whu;. ,JNt jkpo;> fd;dlk; Mfpa

nkhopfspy; „M‟ xypahfTk; njYq;fpy; „V‟ xypahfTk; jpupe;jpUf;f

Ntz;Lnkd;fpwhu;. jkpopYk; ahJ > vJ; ahd; > vd; vd;W

tUtijf; fhzyhk;.

*-u;;;- Kd;dz;z tUnlhyp

„u‟ fu xyp nkhop Kjypy; ,lk; ngwhJ. Nfhz;b nkhopapd;

rpy tl;lhu tof;Ffspy; ,J -w- xypahf nkhopapilapy;

tUfpd;wJ. Njhlh nkhopapy; ,jw;F epfuhf -s-; -s- Mfpa xypfNs

cs;sd. gpuhFap nkhopapYk; ,t;nthyp fhzg;gltpy;iy. JS>

nfhyhkp> ehaf;fp> Fap> Ftp> ngq;Nfh> kz;lh Nghd;w nkhopfspy;

,t;nthyp gapd;W tutpy;iy JS> nfhyhkp> ehaf;fp> Fap> Ftp>

ngq;Nfh> kz;lh Nghd;w nkhopfspy; ,t;nthyp mUfpNa

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

1) jkpo; - ,U

Njhlh - iST

2) jkpo; - ,uz;L

fd;dlk; - nuz;L

,yf;fpaj; jkpopy; ,t;nthyp o fukhf khWk;.

<u;f;Fk; > ,Of;Fk;

njYq;F nkhopapy; ,J y fu xypahfj; jpupAk;. Nfhz;lh

Nghd;w nkhopfspy; ,J ngUk;ghYk; -HH- vd;W ,ul;bj;J

xypf;fpd;wJ.

80

*y Kd;dz;z gpuptsp xyp

,t;nthypAk; mjpfkhf nkhop Kjypy; tuhJ JS

nkhopapYk;> gu;[p nkhopapYk; ,J „u‟ fu xypahfj; jpupfpd;wJ.

jkpo; - tpy; - JS - gpu;

jkpo; nkhopapy; „w‟ fu xyp ,jd; khw;nwhypahf cs;sJ.

epy; - epWj;J

fy; fz;L - fw;fz;L

vy;yhj; jpuhtpl nkhopfspYk; ,J nkhopapilapy; ,lk;

ngWfpd;wJ. Fap nkhopapy; ,J -d- xypahfj; jpupfpd;wJ. gpuhFap

nkhopapy; -lh- vd;W khWfpd;wJ. Njhlh nkhopapy; „s‟ xypahfTk;>

Nfhlhtpy; „li‟ ahfTk; jpuptijf; fhzyhk;.

v.fh jkpo;

kiyahsk; - ghy;

Njhlh - pos

Nfhlh - pali

gpuhFap - palh

njYq;F nkhopapy; Y vd;Dk; gd;ikAUG „U‟ jpupfpd;wJ

t gy;ypjo; xyp

nkhop Kjypy; tUk; „t‟ fu nka; fd;dlk;> nfhlF> JS

Mfpa nkhopfspYk;> tljpuhtpl nkhopfspYk; „b‟ xypahf

khWfpd;wJ.

v.fh tho; > baL fd;dlk;

Njhlh nkhopapy; ,J „g‟; fu xypg;gpy; xypahfj; jpupfpd;wJ.

njYq;fpy; ,J „g‟ xypahfj; jpupAk;.

v.fh. thU > garu

mWtu; > aRuguru

gtok; > paga Ta

nkhopapilapy; tUk; „t‟ fuk; Njhl nkhopapy; „f‟ thf khWk;.

kiyahsj;jpy; ,J kfu xypahfj; jpupAk;.

81

v.fh. jkpo; - fhZthd;

kiyahsk; - fhz;khd;

khy;Nlh nkhopapy; ,J „b‟ „a‟ vd;Dk; xypahfj;

jpupfpd;wJ. jkpopy; „a‟ fu nka;iag; Nghd;W ,JTk; clk;gL

nka;ahfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

o tiseh cunrhyp

jkpOf;NfAupa rpwg;nghypahff; fUjg;gLk; ofunka; jkpo;

nkhopapd; Ngr;R tof;fpy; s> a> r Nghd;w jpupGfisg;

ngWfpd;wJ. „o‟ fuk; „s‟ fukhfj; jpuptjw;F tPuNrhopak; tpjp

tFj;Js;sJ. ,yf;fpa tbtpy; ,t;nthyp rpytplq;fspy; nfl;L

tpLfpd;wJ. ,t;nthyp kiyahsj;jpYk; toq;fg;gLk; xypahFk;

Ngho;J > NghJ

njYq;fpy; ,J „l‟ thfTk; fd;dlj;jpy; „s‟ thfTk;

khWfpd;wJ.

v.fh. VO - VL - VS

Nfhop - Nfhb - Nfhsp

,k;nkhopfspy; rpytplq;fspy; ,J „z‟ xypahfj;

jpupjYz;L.

v.fh. Fop > Fzp (fd;dlk;)

,t;tpU nkhopfspYk; „o‟ fuk; kiwe;jNghjpYk kiyahs

nkhopapy; ,d;Wk; ngUtof;fpYs;sJ. goq;fd;dlj;jpy; „o‟ fuk;

jpupahky; ,Ue;jjw;F 9-k; E}w;whz;ila fd;dlf; fy;ntl;Lf;fNs

rhd;W. JS nkhopapy; ,t;nthyp „u‟ fu nka;ahfj; jpupfpd;wJ.

nghOJ > nghUJ

Nfhlh nkhopapy; ,jw;F s> u> g, a vd;w khw;W

tbtq;fs; (reflexes) cs;sd. nfhlFnkhopapy; Vida

nka;nahypfspd;; Kd;du; ,J nfl;L tpLfpd;wJ. Njhlh nkhopapy;

,jd; khw;W tbtq;fshf d-, R-, -s-, -v- vd;gd cs;sd.

82

s tiseh gpuptsp xyp

„s‟funthyp jkpo;> kiyahsk;> Nfhlh> fd;dlk;> nfhlF>

ehaf;fp Mfpa nkhopfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J „y‟ fu xypahf

JS> njYq;F> nfhyhkp> gu;[p> flgh> Fap> Ftp> khy;Nlh> gpuhFap

Mfpa nkhopfspy; jpupfpd;wJ. Nfhz;b> Nfhz;lh> ngq;Nfh> kz;lh

Mfpatw;wpy; ,jd; khw;nwhypahf -R- fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. gpuhFap

nkhopapy; ,J -l-, -lh- vd;W khWfpd;wJ. JS nkhopapy;

rpytplq;fspy; ,J „z‟fukhf khWk;.

Nfs; > Nfz;

jkpopy; ,t;tifj; jpupG kfuj;jpd; Kd; sfuk; tUk; #oypy;

mikfpd;wJ.

Nfs;-kpd; Nfz;kpd;

nka;nahyp khw;wq;fs;

xypg;Gil ty;nyhyp xypg;gpy; ty;nyhyp khw;wk;

(Convertibility of surds and sonants)

jw;fhyj; jkpopy; xypg;Gil xypfs; (Voiced consonants)

xypad;fshff; fUjg;gLk; epiyiag; ngw;wNghjpYk; goe;jkpopy;

mit nghUs; NtWghl;bw;Fj; Jiz nra;atpy;iy. vdNt

mtw;wpw;nfd;W jdp tuptbtKk; mikf;fg;gltpy;iy vdpDk;

xypg;gpy; xypfshfpa (Voiced consonants) ty;nyhypfs;

nkhopapilapy; %f;nfhypfisaLj;J tUk;NghJ xypg;G xypfshf

khwp tpLfpd;wd. nkhop KjypYk;> ,ul;bf;Fkplq;fspYk; kl;LNk

mit xypg;gpy; xypahf xypf;fpd;wd. ,U capu;fSf;F ,ilapy;

ngUk;ghYk; mit cunrhypfshf xypf;fpd;wd.

Ntw;W nkhopfspypUe;J jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; te;J toq;Fk;

nrhw;fspYk; nkhopKjy; xypg;G xyp ,lk; ngWtijf; fhzyhk;.

,j;jifa xypkhw;wj;ij xypg;G xyp khw;wk; vd;fpd;whu; lhf;lu;

fhy;Lnty;. ,k;khw;wk; jpuhtpl nkhopf; FLk;gj;jpd;> fpisnkhopfs;

gytw;wpYk; fhzg;gl;lNghjpYk; jkpo; nkhopapy; cs;sJ Nghd;W

83

xU rkr;rPuhd Kiwapy; mikatpy;iy vd;Wk; fUJfpd;whH.

,t;tpjpiaj; jkpo; nkhop Ntw;W nkhopr; nrhw;fisf; fld;

thq;Fk;NghJk; jtwhJ ifahs;tijf; fhzyhk;.

v.fh 1) tlnkhop - danta

jkpo; - tandam je;jk;

2) tlnkhop - bhagya

jkpo; - pakkiyam ghf;fpak;

Nkw;fhl;lg;gl;l ,U tlnrhw;fspYk; KiwNa> d, b Nghd;w

xypg;G xypfs; nkhop Kjypy; te;jNghjpYk; jkpopy; nkhop

Kjypy; mit xypg;gpy; xypfshf khWtijAk; „t‟(j) vd;Dk;

xypg;gpy; xyp %f;nfhypia vLj;J tUk;NghJ nky;nyhypahf

khWtijAk; fhz;fpNwhk;.

jpuhtpl nkhopfspyikAk; xypg;gpy; xyp xypg;Gxyp

khw;wj;ij tpsf;Fk; lhf;lu; fhy;Lnty; ,k;khw;wk; ,e;Njh-

INuhg;gpa nkhopfspy; ,y;iynad;Wk;> VgpNua nkhopapy; kl;Lk;

Xustp;w;F cs;sJ vd;Wk;> rpj;jpa nkhopf; FLk;gj;ijr; rhu;e;j

rpy nkhopfspYk; fhzf;fplf;fpd;wd vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. jpU.

Nehup]; vd;gtu; jkpOf;Fupa rpwg;G tpjpahf ,k;khw;wj;ijr; Rl;br;

nrd;wijAk; Fwpg;gpl;L ,k;khw;wk; kpfj; njhd;ikahdJ

vd;fpd;whu;. vdpDk;> nkhopapy; fz;Nzhl;lj;NjhL jkpo; nkhopf;F

,yf;fzk; tFj;j njhy;fhg;gpau; $l ,k;khw;wj;ijg; gw;wp xd;Wk;

Fwpg;gpltp;y;iy. ,k;khw;wk; Xupdkhjiyg; Nghy (Assimilation)

Kaw;rpr; rpf;fdk; fhuzkhf Vw;gLtJ vd;gJ gyu; fUj;J.

nkhopapilapy; xyg;gpy;xyp xypg;Gxyp khWtijg; gw;wpf;

fhy;Lnty; nfhz;l fUj;ij midtUk; Xustpw;F Vw;W te;jdu;.

[{y;];gpshf; Fkupygl;lupd; je;jputu;j;jpfh vd;w ,ilf;fhy

rk];fpUj E}ypy; ,lk;ngw;w gyjpuhtpl nkhopr; nrhw;fis

Muha;e;J „jpuhtp;lKk; rk];fpUjKk;‟ vd;w fl;Liuapy;

%yj;jpuhtpl nkhopapy; xypg;Gxypfs; cz;L vd;gij epiy

epWj;jpdhu;. jkpo; nkhopapy; fp.gp.100f;F Kd;du; nkhopKjypYk;

nkhopapilapYk; nkhopapWjpapYk; xypg;Gxypfs; ,lk;ngw;wd

84

vd;Wk; fp.gp.2Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu jkpopy; xypg;G xypfnsy;yhk;>

xypg;gpy; xypfshf khwpd vd;Wk; fp.gp.12Mk; E}w;whz;L Kjy;

nkhopapilapy; tUk; xypg;gpy; xypfs; kPz;Lk; xypg;Gj; jd;ik

(Voicing) ngwj; njhlq;fpd vd;Wk; mtu; tpsf;fpr; nrd;whu;.

tlnkhop - nfhlfh (ghotaka)

jkpo; - Fjpiu (kutirai)

fd;dlk; - Fjpnu (kutire)

njYq;F - Fw;wK (gurramu)

Mfpa nrhw;fisf; fhl;b ,tw;wpd; %yj;jpuhtpl tbtk; *gutr

vd;gjhfj;jhd; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w KbTf;F te;jhu;. mtu;

fUj;Jg;gb xypg;Gxyp kl;Lkd;wp mtw;wpd; capu;g;nghypAk;

%yj;jpuhtpl nkhopapy; ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,f;fUj;;ij

Vw;Wf;nfhz;l Nfhltu;kh> kiyahsk;> fd;dlk; Nghd;w

nkhopfspypUe;J rpy nrhw;fisf; fhl;b %yj;jpuhtpl nkhopapy;

xypg;Gxyp ,lk;ngw;wikiaj; njspTWj;j Kad;Ws;shu;.

v.fh. 1) kiyahsk; - keTTu(anekkaTTu)

fd;dlk; - gaTTu

2) kiyahsk; - keTTu

fd;dlk; - geDDaa

[{y;]; gpshf; Nghd;Nwhupd; nfhs;ifg;gb „Ghotaka‟ (Fjpiu)

Nghd;w nrhw;fs; jpuhtpl nkhopr; nrhw;fNs> mit tlnkhopapy;

gpw;fhyj;jpy; GFe;jd. tlnkhopf;Fr; nry;Yk; Kd;du; mtw;wpd;

Kjy; xyp xypg;G xypahfNt ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. eLj;jpuhtpl

nkhopfspd; nrhw;fs; gytw;wpYk; xypg;Gxypfs; nkhopKjypy;

,lk;ngWtij mtu; fhl;br; nry;fpd;whu;. vdpDk; nkhop Kjypy;

ty;nyhypfisf;nfhz;L njhlq;Fk; nrhw;fSf;F ,izahd

xypg;Gxypfis nkhop Kjypy; nfhz;l njYq;F> fd;dl nkhopr;

nrhw;fis mtuhy; epiwaj; ju Kbatpy;iy. ,t;nthyp

khw;wj;ijr; rpwg;ghf Muha;e;j gNuh> B.H.fpU\;z%u;j;jp Nghd;w

xg;gpay; mwpQu;fs; [{y;]; gpshf;fpd; nfhs;ifia kWj;J

njYq;fpYk;> fd;dlj;jpYk; fhzg;gLk; xypg;Gxypfs; gpw;fhyj;jpy;

85

Vw;gl;l tsu;r;rp vd;Wk; %yj;jpuhtpl nkhopapy; nkhop Kjypy;

xypg;Gxypfs; ,lk; ngwtpy;iy vd;Wk; $wp gy;NtW rhd;Wfs;

%yk; jk; fUj;ij epiyehl;bAs;sdu;.

gNuh jUk; fhuzq;fs ;

1) xypg;Gxypfisf; nfhz;L njhlq;Fk; mjpfkhd njYq;F>

fd;dlk; Mfpa nkhopfspd; nrhw;fSf;F epfuhdj;

jkpo;nrhw;fisf; fhz Kbatpy;iy.

v.fh fd;dlk; - gaDika

njYq;F - gaDa

jkpo; - Ø

,t;thW tUfpd;w nrhw;fspy; gy nrhw;fs; njYq;F

fd;dlk; Mfpa ,t;tpU nkhopfSf;F cupa

nghJr;nrhw;fshf mikahJ. xt;nthU nkhopfSf;Fk; cupa

rpwg;Gr; nrhw;fshfNt mikfpd;wd. ,tw;Ws; gy Ntw;W

nkhopr; nrhw;fshfNt cs;sd. ,j;jifa nrhw;fs;> fd;dl

nkhopiatpl> jkpo;;nkhopapypUe;J ngUkstpw;F NtWgl;L

epw;Fk; njYq;F nkhopapy; kpFe;Js;sik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

2) xypg;Gxypfis nkhop Kjypy; nfhz;l njYq;F> fd;dl

nkhopr; nrhw;fSf;F ,izahd nrhw;fs; jkpo;> kiyahsk;

Mfpa nkhopfspy; fhzg;gLkplq;fspy; mit fhyj;jhy;

gpw;gl;l Ntw;W nkhopr; nrhw;fshfNtAs;sd. vdNt mit

%yj;jpuhtpl nkhopapd; xypepiyia Muhaj; Jiz

nra;ah.

jkpo; - Fl;L (,ufrpak;)

njYq;F -

fd;dlk; - guTTu

3) ,j;jifa njhlu;Gfs; gioadthf ,Ug;gpDk; mitfspy;

xu; xOq;F Kiwapidf; fhz Kbatpy;iy. rpytplq;fspy;

njYq;F nkhopapy; jkpiog;Nghd;W ty;nyhypia nkhop

Kjypy; nfhz;L njhlq;Fk; nrhw;fSk;> rpytplq;fspy;

86

fd;dlj;jpy; xypg;gpy;xypia nkhopKjypy; ngw;w nrhw;fSk;

khwpkhwp xOq;fpd;wp miktijf; fhzyhk;.

1) fd;dlk; - garuvali

njYq;F - karuvali

2) fd;dlk; - kalta

njYq;F - gaDita

4) xypg;Gxypfs; ,lk; ngWk; njYq;F> fd;dlk; Nghd;w

nkhopfisj; jdpahf vLj;J Nehf;Fk;NghJ xypg;G xypfs;

gpw;fhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;ld vd;W Njhd;Wfpd;wJ. ,t;nthyp

khw;wj;ijg; nghWj;jtiuapy; jkpo;nkhop %yj;jpuhtpl

nkhopapdpay;igf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ vd;gJ gNuhtpd; KbT.

tl jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; tlnkhopf;$Wfs; kpFe;J

fhzg;gLtjhy; xypg;G xypia Kjypy; nfhz;l nrhw;fs;

mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. NkYk; jpuhtpl nkhopfspy;

nkhopapilapy; khw;wk; ngw;w xypg;Gxypfs; Xupdkhjy; vd;Dk;

nghJtpjpahy; nkhopKjy; ,lk; ngWk; xypg;Gxypfshf khw;wp

tpLfpd;wd.

v.fh tirattu - > tirdu - > diddu

,tw;iwj; jtpu xyp ,lk; ngau;jy; fhuzkhfTk;

nkhopapilapYs;s xypg;Gxypfs; nkhopKjypy; ,lk;ngau;e;J epd;w

xypg;G xypia nkhop Kjypy; nfhz;l nrhw;fisj; Njhw;Wtpj;J

tpLfpd;wd.

goe;jkpopy; nkhopKjypy; kl;Lkd;wp Vida tplq;fspYk;

xypg;gpy;xypfNs ,lk; ngw;wd vd;gJ njspT. ,f;fhyj;ijg; Nghy

,lj;jpw;Nfw;g khwp xypf;Fkpay;G goe;jkpopy; ,y;iy vd;gJ mwpQu;

gyupd; fUj;J. fp.K.3-Mk; E}w;whz;ila gpuhkp vOj;jpy; vOjg;gl;l

fy;ntl;Lf;fspy;$lj; jkpo;r; nrhw;fs; xypg;gpy; xypfspd; tup

tbthNyNa vOjg;gl;ld. mNj rkaj;jpy; tl nrhw;fis

vOJk;NghJ ,itfspy; xypg;G vOj;Jf;fSf;Fupa tuptbtk;

gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. vdNt fp.gp.1350-f;Fg; gpd;du;jhd;

xypg;Gxypfs; xypg;Gj; jd;ik (voiced) ngw;wd vd;gu;. vdpDk;

87

fkpy; Rtypgpy; Nghd;w mwpQu;fs; goe;jkpopy; nkhop Kjypy;

xypg;gpy; xyp Vida tplq;fspy; mjd; khw;nwhypfSf;F

toq;fpapUf;fyhk; vd;W fUJfpd;wdu;.

,ul;il nka; jdp nka;ahjy ;

jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; nghJthff; FwpiyaLj;J ,ul;il

nka; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.

fps;S

fps; - I vd tupd; fpis vd mikANk jtpu fps;is vd

,ul;bg;gjpy;iy. ,q;F mbr;nrhy;; njhlHe;J NtW mirfs;

tUk;NghJ ,ul;il nka; jdp nka;ahf xypf;fpd;wd.

nfhl;L - nfhLf;F

nka;nahypfs; Xupdkhjy; (Assimilation of consonant)

NtWgl;l ,uz;L nka;fs; njhlu;e;J tUk;NghJ xd;wd;

Mw;wyhy; kw;nwhd;W jd; epiykhwp ,uz;Lk; Xupdkhfp epw;wiy

Xupdkhjy; vd;gu;.

fd;W - fd;D

,q;F „fd;W‟ vd;Dk; nrhy;ypYs;s Kd;dz;z

%f;nfhypahd „d‟ fu xyp jd; Mw;wyhy; mijj; njhlu;e;Jte;j

„w‟ fu xypiaAk; jd;dpdkhf(d) khw;wpaJ. GSk;/gPy;L

,k;khw;wj;jpw;F xypf;Fk; cWg;Gf;fspy; mikg;Ng fhuzk;

vd;fpwhu;. Xu; xypia xypf;Fk; ,lj;jpw;Fk; mLj;j xypia

xypf;Fk; ,lj;jpw;Fk; ,ilntsp mjpfkhf ,Ue;jhy;

mt;nthypia xypg;gJ mupJ. vdNt Kaw;rp vspik Nehf;fp

ehthdJ me;j xypapd; gf;fj;jpNy mjw;F mLj;j xypiaAk;

xypj;J tpLfpd;wJ.

Xupdkhjy; ngUk;ghyhd cyf nkhopfspy; cs;sJ.

Mq;fpy> nkhopapy; Vw;gLk; Xupdkhjiy tuyhw;W epiyapy;

Vw;gLtd vd;Wk; ,lj;jpw;Fk; Vw;g Vw;gLtd vd;Wk; ,uz;lhf

tpsf;Ftu;. 13-Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,Ue;j „amte‟ vd;Dk; nrhy; „ant‟,

88

„and‟ vd;W tuyhw;W epiyapy; khwpaijr; Rl;Ltu;. Kd;dz;z

xypahd „t‟ xypapd; Kd;du; ,lk;ngw;w <upjo; %f;nfhypahd „k‟

fuk; Kd;dz;z %f;nfhypahd „n‟ xypahf khwptpLfpd;wJ.

,lj;jpw;Nfw;g Vw;gLk; khw;wj;jpw;F horse shoe vd;gJ h : ∫∫u vd;W

khWtijf; fhl;Ltu;.

nkhopapy; xNu cUgDf;F (Morpheme) gy;NtW khw;W

cUgd;fs; („allomorph) Vw;gLtjw;F XupdkhjNy mbg;gilf;

fhuzkhf mikfpd;wJ.

Ks; - Kl; (nrb)

,k;khw;WUgd;fspd; tbt khw;wq;fSf;F tpsf;fe; juTk;

,t;tpjp gad;gLfpwJ. gy xypfs; xypf;Fk; cWg;GfshYk; (Point of

articulation) xypf;Fk; KiwahYk; (Manner of articulation)

Xupdkhfp epw;wiyf; fhzyhk;.

Ks; + nrb > Kl;nrb – xypf;Fk; Kiw

(gpuptsp xyp jilnahypahf khwpaJ)

fPo; + ghyk; > fPg;ghyk; - xypf;Fk; cWg;G („o;‟ xyp <upjo;

jilnahypahf khwpaJ)

Xupdkhjiy 1) fl;lha tpjpapd (established)

2) jw;nrayhf tUtd (accidental)

vd;W ,uz;lhfg; gpup;g;gu; nkhopE}yhu;. nghJthf

1) epiynkhop <W jpupjy; (Regressive assimilation)

2) tUnkhop Kjy; jpupjy; (Progressive)

3) ,uz;Lk; jpupjy; (Reciprocal)

4) njhlu;r;rpahdit> njhlu;r;rpaw;wit (Continuous,

Non-continuous)

5) KOikahdit> KOikaw;wit (Complete, Partial)

vd;W gythW gpupj;J tpsf;Ftu;.

epiynkhop <W jpupjy; Ks; + nrb > Kl;nrb

tUnkhop Kjy; jpupjy; - vd; + jk;gp > vd;wk;gp

,uz;Lk; jpupjy; - fy; + J}z; > fw;W}z;

89

njhlu;r;rpaw;W tUtd - pin + ko > kinko ti – go > tido

jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; Kd;du; fhl;ba tifSs; Kjd; %d;W tif

khw;wq;fSk; mjpfkhf ,lk;ngWfpd;wd. NtWgl;l xypfs;

,t;thW Xupdkhtjw;F khwhf xupdkhf cs;s xypfs; NtWgl;L

epw;Fk; epiyAk; (dissimilation) rpy nkhopfspy; cz;L. jpuhtpl

nkhopfspy; ,j;jifa khw;wk; kpff; FiwT. jkpopy;

Nghllh > NghLwh

Nghd;w Ngr;R tbtq;fspy; ,k;khw;wj;ijf; fhzyhk;.

%yj;jpuhtpl nkhopapy; nky;nyhyp ,ul;il ty;nyhyp

(N=%f;nfhyp P=jilnahyp)

kiyahsj;jpYk; Ngr;Rj; jkpopYk; nky;nyhypia mLj;J

tUk; ty;nyhyp xypg;Gil xypahfNt Voiced plosive) tUk;. mNj

Ntisapy; nky;nyhypia mLj;J xNu xu ty;nyhyp jhd; tUk;

Nfhlh – Njhlh nkhopfspy; nky;nyhypAk; xypg;gpyh ty;nyhypAk;

,ize;J tUtJ ,izairapy; (Derivative suffix) cs;s

capnuhyp kiwe;jjhy; cUthfpwJ.

Nfhlh oNk

Njhlh Wi : Nk - <*oNakk – (%yf; Nfhlh – Njhlh)

(jkpo; - uNakku “ czh;j;J” )

nfhlF nkhopapy; rpy nrhw;fspy; kl;Lk; ,e;epiy

fhzg;gl;l NghjpYk; ,tw;wpy; ngUk;ghyhdit fd;dl

nkhopapypUe;J fld; thq;fg;gl;litahfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

-kuNTee “Kltd;” /<kuNTa (fd;dlh)

nfhlF

kuNTi “Klg;ngz;” /<kunTi (fd;dlh)

nky;nyhypia mLj;J xypg;gpyh ty;nyhyp (NP) tUtJ>

jkpo; - kiyahsk; - nfhlF – Nfhlh – Njhlh Mfpa nkhopfs;

my;yhj gpw nkhopfspy; kpFjpahff; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

nky;nyhypia mLj;J xypg;Gil ty;nyhyp (NB) tUtJ vd;gJ

,t;tifahd vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf;fspypUe;J NtWgl;ljhFk;. mjhtJ>

90

NP vd;W tUtJk;> NB vd;W tUtJk; ntt;Ntwhdit ahFk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhfj; njYq;F nkhopapy; fhzg;gLk;.

maNDu “vhp”

maNTa “jPr; Rthiy”

Mfpa ,uz;Lk; ntt;Ntwhdit.

*NPP > PP vd;gJ jkpo; - kiyahsk; Mfpa nkhopfSf;F

kl;Lky;yhky; nfhlF> Nfhlh> Njhlh> Mfpa nkhopfSf;Fk;

,e;epiy cz;L vd;gij gp.v];.Rg;ukzpak; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpwhh;..

,jid tpsf;Ftw;F %yj;jpuhtpl nkhopapy; mike;j %d;W

tifahd xypad;fspd; nka;;k;kaf;fq;fs; fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

i) *PP > PP (FwpYf;Fg; gpd; /

>P (nebYf;Fg; gpd; / (jkpo;> kiyahsk;> fd;dlk;> njYq;F)

> P (,Utif cah;fSf;Fg; gpd;Dk;) (Nfhlh> Njhlh)

ii) *NP > NP (jkpo;)

NN/NP (kiyahsk;)

> (N)B (gpw nkhopfs;)

ii) *NPP > PP (jkpo;> kiyahsk;> nfhlF)

> P (Nfhlh> Njhlh)

> NP (gpw nkhopfs;)

,e;j *NPP > *pp khw;wk; vd;gJ jkpo;-kiyahsk;-nfhlF-

Nfhlh-Njhlh-Mfpa nkhopf; FOf;fs; gphpe;j epiyapy; Vw;gl;bUf;f

Ntz;Lk; vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ.

v.fh. jkpo;> kiyahsk; - tooTTam

Nfhlh - tooTm

Njhlh - twi:Tm

nfhlF - tooTa

fd;dlk; -tooTa/tooNTa

JS - tooTa

njYq;F - tooTa

flgh xy;yhhp> Ftp - tooNTa

91

re;jp khw;wj;jpd; mbg;gilapyhd tpsf;fk;

Fkhurhkp uh[h Fwpg;gpLtJ Nghy; %yj;jpuhtpl nkhopapy;

cs;s *NPP vd;gJ jkpo;-Njhlh nkhopf; FOf;fspy; PP vd;W

khw;wk; ngWtJ gy;NtW re;jp khw;wj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;

epfo;fpwJ. fhll;lhf> jdp tpidapYs;s NP> kw;Wk; gpw

tpidapYs;s PP> mfepiyapy; KiwNa NP MfTk; NPP

MfTk; cs;sjhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

v.fh aTank - “mlq;F” (jd;tpid – Intransitive)

aTakkn – (<*Tankk) “mlf;F” (gpwtpid – Transitive)

NkYk;

aaT – “ML” (jd;tpid)

aaTT – “Ml;L” (gpwtpid)

vd;w vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf;fspy; cs;sJ Nghd;W jd;tpidapy; P vd;gJk;

gpwtpidapy; P vd;gJk; cs;sjhf tpsf;Ftij Nghy NkNy

Fwpg;gpl;l NP kw;Wk; PP-iaAk; tpsf;f KbAk;.

Fkhurhkp uh[htpd; tpsf;fj;jpd;gb *NPP > PP khw;wk;

rhjhuzkhf nky;nyhyp kiwe;jhy; kl;Lk; Vw;gLtjy;y.

taTpam “Fsph;r;rp” (<*taN – ppam)

teRku “njw;F” (<*ten – kku)

Nghd;w nrhw;fspy; cs;s nka;k;kaf;fk; fhl;LtJ vd;dntd;why;

Kjypy; nky;nyhyp vd;gJ mjNdhL xj;j ty;nyhypahf khw;wk;

ngWfpwJ. gpwF nky;nyhypf;Fg; gpd; tUk; PP-apy; cs;s Kjy;

P kiwe;JtpLfpwJ. jkpiog; nghWj;jtiu nky;nyhypNahL

Kk;nka;k;kaf;fk; Vw;gLkhdhy; mtw;wpty; nky;nyhypia mLj;J

tUk; ty;nyhyp XbtpLk; vd;gijf; fPNo cs;s vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf;fs;

%yk; tpsf;fyhk;.

enpu “vYk;G”

noonpu “Nehd;G”

vd;git KiwNa enpu <*en –mpu<*el-mpu (ellu, elumpu

kiyahsk;) vd;Wk;> noonpu <* noon – mpu <* nool - mpu (jkpo;>

92

kiyahsj;jpy; nool “ePl;bj;jpU”> “nghWj;Jf;nfhs;”) vd;Wk;> Mfpa

,t;tpU %yr; nrhw;fspYk; cs;s l vd;gJ m- f;F Kd;tUtjhy; n

Mfpg; gpwF m vd;gJ kiwe;J tpLfpwJ vdyhk;.

nrhy;yhf;fk;

jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; mbr;nrhw;fs; jdpj;J epd;W nrhy;yhfr;

nray;gLtijf; fhzyhk;. tpidabr; nrhw;fnsy;yhk;

,k;nkhopfspy; Vty; tbtq;fshf (Imperative forms) cs;sd.

,ijj; jtpu tpidr; nrhw;fNshL fhy ,ilepiy> vjph;kiw

,ilepiy> vjph;kiw ,ilepiy> jd;tpid gpwtpid cUGfs;

ghywpfpstpfs; Mfpad xl;b xl;L epiyahfg; ngUk;ghyhd

nrhw;fs; mikfpd;wd. jkpopy; gy mbr;nrhw;fs; ngaUf;Fk;

tpidf;Fk; nghJthf epw;fpd;wd.

v.fh. g+ - ngah;> g+j;jJ – tpid

ty;nyhypfis ,WjpapNy nfhz;L KbAk; nrhw;fs; xypj;

Jizahf „c‟fuj;ijg; ngw;W epw;gijg; ngUk;ghyhd jpuhtpl

nkhopfspy; fhzyhk;. ,t;thwd;wp mbr;nrhw;fNshL jdp tpFjpfs;

,ize;Jk; nrhw;fs; miktij fhzyhk; jpuhtpl nkhopfspd;

mbr;nrhw;fs; nghJthf Xuirr; nrhw;fshf (Mono syllabic)

mikfpd;wd. ,tw;NwhL nghUl; rpwg;ig Nehf;fp Mf;f tpFjpfs;

,izf;fg;gLfpd;wd. mbr;nrhw;fNshL ,izAk; ,yf;fz

tpFjpfs; (Grammatical additions) fhyk;> jpiz> ghy;> vz;> ,lk;

Mfpatw;iw czh;j;Jfpd;wd.

nrhy;yhf;fj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L jdpepiynkhop>

xl;Lepiynkhop> cl;gpizg;G epiynkhop vd;w gphptpy; mlq;Fk;.

,k;nkhopapy; ,yf;fzf; $Wfs; mbr;nrhw;fNshL xl;b mike;J

nghUs; je;J epw;Fk;. mbr;nrhw;fNshL ,izAk; ,izg;Gfisg;

nghJthf>

1) ,yf;fz NtWghL czh;j;Jtd

2) nghUs; rpwg;Gj; jUtd

3) xypj;Jiz Mtd

vd;W %d;whfg; gFf;fyhk;.

93

,Ukjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

1. jpuhtpl nkhopfSf;Fupa rpwg;Gnka;nahypfs; vit?

o> s>w> d

2. ,il mz;zj; jilnahyp tlnkhopapy; vt;thW jpupfpd;wJ?

gpd; mz;zj; jilnahyp

3. nkhopapilapy; ffuk;ngWk; xypkhw;wq;fisr; Rl;Lf .

f; (K)> f; (g). `;(h)

4. jfuk; mz;z xypahjYf;Fr; rhd;W jUf.

itj;J - itr;R

5. jkpopy; nkhopKjypy; tUk; gfuk; fd;dlj;jpy; vt;thW

tUfpd;wJ?

ghy; - `hY

gj;J - `j;J - ` vdj; jpupjy;

6. vYk;G vDk;nrhy; vt;thW jpupfpd;wJ?

vd;G

FWtpdhf;fs;

7. jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; ffuk; Fwpj;J vOJf.

f;- gpd;dz;z xyp vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; cs;s nra;jpfs;

8. jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; rfuk; Fwpj;njOJf.

r;- ,ilaz;z xyp vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; cs;s nra;jpfs;

9. afu miuAapH Fwpj;njOJf.

afu miuAapH vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; cs;s nra;jpfs;

10. nka;nahyp Xupdkhjy; gw;wp tpsf;Ff.

nka;nahyp Xupdkhjy; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; cs;s nra;jpfs;

11. xypg;Gil xyp> xypg;gpy; xyp Fwpj;J gHNuh $Wtd ahit?

gHNuh jUk; fhuzq;fs; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; cs;sit

12. nrhy;yhf;fk; Fwpj;njOJf.

nrhy;yhf;fk; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; cs;s nra;jpfs;

94

ngUtpdh

13. jpuhtplnkhopfspy; ty;nyhypfs; Fwpj;Jf; fl;Liu tiuf.

ty;nyhypfs; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; cs;s nra;jpfs;

14. jpuhtplnkhopfspy; %f;nfhypfs; Fwpj;Jf; fl;Liu tiuf.

%f;nfhypfs; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; cs;s nra;jpfs;

15. nky;nyhyp -,ul;il ty;nyhyp tof;F Fwpj;J tpsf;Ff.

%yj; jpuhtpl nkhopapy; nky;nyhyp -,ul;il ty;nyhyp vd;Dk;

jiyg;gpyhd nra;jpfs;

$W 6 & 7

ngah;fs; - jpiz – ghy; - ,lk;

xUnkhopf;fz; toq;Fk; jdpj;j xypaNdh (vOj;Jf;fs;

jdpj;Njh) xypad; NrHf;ifNah (vOj;Jf;fs; NrHe;Njh) nghUis

czHj;jp epw;Fkhapd; mit nrhy; vdg;gLk;. ,r;nrhw;fis

nkhopapayhH cUgd; vd;gH. cUgd; vd;gJ nkhopapy; nghUs;

jUk; kpfr;rpwpa mir vd;gH. Mdhy; vy;yhj; jdp xypad;fSk;

cUgd;fshtjpy;iy. mjhtJ vy;yh xypAk; jdpj;Jg; nghUs; jUk;

nkhopf;$whfpa nrhy;yhf mike;JtpLtjpy;iy. xypad;NrHf;if

gFf;f Kbahjgb epd;W nghUs; jUk; nrhw;fs; mbg;gil cUgd;

MFk;. nrhw;fisg; nghJthf nkhopE}yhH nghJg; nghUis

czHj;Jk; nrhw;fs; vd;Wk;> ,yf;fzg; nghUs; czHj;Jk;

nrhw;fs; vd;Wk;> ,U $whfg; gFg;gH. kugpyf;fz mwpQHfs;

nrhw;fisg; ngaH> tpid> ,il> cup vd;W ehd;fhfg; gFf;fpd;wdH.

Kjypy; jpuhtplnkhopfspy; mbg;gil nkhop;f;$Wfshf

ngaUk; tpidAk; mikfpd;wd. ,it jdpj;J ,aq;f ty;yd.

,tw;nwhL czHr;rpia gz;igf; Fwpj;J epd;W jdpj;J ,aq;fhky;

ngaH tpidiar; rhHe;J ,aq;Fk; ,ilr; nrhy;> cupr;nrhy;

MfpadTk; nkhopapy; toq;fg;gLk;.

ngaHr;nrhy;

95

ngaHr;nrhy; vd;gJ xd;wd; ngaiu czHj;Jk; nrhy;

MFk;. ,J nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk;> rpid> Fzk;> njhopy; vd;W

MWtifahfj; Njhd;Wk; . ,t;tifapy; ngaiu> nghUl; ngaH>

,lg; ngaH> fhyg; ngaH> rpidg; ngaH> gz;Gg; ngaH> njhopw;

ngaH vd;W Mwhfr; Rl;lyhk;. njhy;fhg;gpak;.

epyDk; nghUSk; fhyKk; fUtpAk;

tpidKjw; fpstpAk; tpidAk; csg;gl

mt; mWnghUs;

vd;W $Wk;. ed;D}y;

',LFwp fhuz kuNghL Mf;fk;

njhlHe;J njhopy;my fhyk; Njhw;wh

Ntw;Wikf;F ,ldha;j; jpizghy; ,lj;J xd;W

Vw;gJTk; nghJTk; Mtd ngaNu'

vd;Dk; E}w;ghtpy; ngaH ,LFwpahfTk; fhuzg;ngauhfTk; kuG>

Mf;fk; Mfpa epiyfspy; Njhd;Wk; vd;W $Wk;. ngaHr;nrhy;

caHjpiz m/wpiz vdj; jpiziaAk; mj;jpizapd;

mbg;gilapy; Mz;ghy;> ngz;ghy;> gyHghy;> xd;wd; ghy;>

gytpd;ghy; vdg; ghiyAk; xUik> gd;ik vd vz;izAk;

jd;ik> Kd;dpiy> glHf;if vd %d;W ,lj;ijAk; czHj;jp

epw;Fk;. ngaHr;nrhy; Ntw;Wik Vw;FNk md;wp> %tiff; fhyj;ij

czHj;jhJ.

xUngaHr;nrhy;Yf;Fg; gjpyhf mjid czHj;jp epw;Fk;

ngaHr;nrhy; gjpypL ngaH vdg;gLfpd;wJ. Rl;Lg;ngaHfSk;

glHf;ifg; ngaHfSk; gjpypL ngaHfshFk;. ,it jtpuf; FOtpd;

ngaH Fbapd; ngaH vdTk; Mz;ghy; ngaH> ngz;ghw; ngaH

vdTk; ngaHfs; tifg;gLjy; cz;L.

jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; ngah;r; nrhw;fisg; nghJthf.

1) nghUl; ngah;fs; (Concrete nouns)

2) Fzg; ngah;fs; (Abstract nouns)

3) njhopw;ngah;fs; (Verbal nouns)

4) tpidahyidAk; ngah;fs; (Participial noun)

96

vd;Wk; ,lg;ngah;fis

1) %tplg;ngah;fs; (Personal pronouns)

2) Rl;Lg;ngah;fs; (Demonstrative pronouns)

3) tpdhg;ngah;fs; (Interrogative pronouns)

4) vz;Zg; ngah;fs; (Numerals) vd;Wk; gphpf;fyhk;

kugpyf;fz ty;Yeh;fs; cah;jpizg; ngah;fs; m/wpizg;

ngah;fs; vd;w ngah;r; nrhw;fisf; $WgLj;Jth;. NkYk; jputpl

nkhopfspd; ngah;fisg; caph; cs;sd gw;wp tUk; ngah;fs;

(Animate nouns) capuw;wd gw;wp tUk; ngah;fs; (Inanimate nouns)

vd;W ,U $WgLj;jyhk;. capuw;wd gw;wp tUk; ngah;fs;

,lNtw;Wik cUghd „,y;‟ vd;gij Vw;W epw;f> caph; cs;sd

gw;wp tUk; ngah;fs; rpy Kd;ndhl;Lfshf mikAk;

nrhy;YGfisNa ngw;W epw;fpd;wd. kiyahsk;> Nfhlh> fd;dlk;>

Nfhz;b> Nfhz;lh Nghd;w nkhopfspy; caph; cs;sd gw;wp tUk;

ngah;fspy; ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik fl;lha cWg;ghfTk;> capuw;wd

gw;wp tUk; ngah;fspy; ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUG tpUg;g

cWg;ghfTk; (Optional) cs;sd.

NkYk; vz;z KbAk; nghUl;fs; gw;wpa ngah;fs; (Countable

nouns) vz;z Kbahg; nghUl;fs; gw;wpa ngah;fs; (Mass nouns)

vd;Wk; jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; ngah;fisg; $WgLj;Jth;. ,tw;Ws;

mjpfkhd Kd;ida ngah;fs; gd;ik tpFjpfis Vw;Fk;.

gpd;idaJ gd;ik cUGfis mjpfkhf Vw;gjpy;iy. eLj;jpuhtpl

nkhopfspYk;> tljpuhtpl nkhopfspYk; ,jw;Fg; gy tpjptpyf;Ffs;

cs;sd. ,tw;iwj; jtpu ehd;F kzp> Ie;J kzp vd;W nghOijr;

Rl;b epw;Fk; ngah;fisAk; (Noun of time) jdpahff; $WgLj;jpf;

fhl;LtJz;L. ,j;jifa ngah;fs; mjpfkhf Ntw;Wik

Mfpatw;iw kl;LNk Vw;fpd;wd.

ngah;r; nrhw;fs; - jpiz> ghy;

jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; jdpr; nrhw;fSk;> rpy tplq;fspy;

tpFjpfSk;> jpiz> ghy; ghFghl;il njspTWj;jpf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.

97

,k;nkhopfspy; jd;ik> Kd;dpiy Mfpa ,lq;fspy; ghy;

NtWghl;ilf; fhz;gJ mhpJ. ,g; ngah;fs; xUik> gd;ik vd;w

vz; NtWghl;il kl;LNk fhl;b epw;fpd;wd. glh;f;ifg; ngah;fspd;

vz;> jpiz> ghy; Mfpatw;iwj; njspthf fhzyhk;.

ghy; ghFghL nkhopf;FLk;gq;fSf;F nkhopf;FLk;gq;fs;

NtWgl;L miktijf; fhzyhk;. tlnkhopapy; jpuhtpl

nkhopfisg; Nghd;W nghUl;fspd; jd;ikia xl;bg; ghy; ghFghL

mikahky; capuw;w nghUl;fSk; fl;Gydhfhj Ez;

nghUl;fSq; $l Mz;> ngz; vd;W $WgLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

kiyahs nkhopapy; ,g;gphpT njspthf mike;j NghjpYk;

,tw;wpw;Fj; jdpg; ngah;fs; nfhLf;fg;gltpy;iy vdpDk; kpfg;

goq;fhyj;jpy; ,g;ghFghL ,Ue;jpUf;fhJ vd;Wk;> rpj;jpa

nkhopfspy; cs;sJ Nghd;W vy;yhg; ngah;fSk; jpuhtpl

nkhopfspy; m/wpizahff; fUjg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lnd;W rpyh;

fUJth;.

Mz;ghy; ngz;ghy; vd;w ghFg;ghl;il jpuhtpl nkhopfspy;

cah;jpiz xUikapy;jhd; fhz Kbfpd;wJ. goe;jkpopy;

m/wpizg; nghUl;fisAk; Mz;> ngz; vd;W ghy; mbg;gilapy;

gFf;Fk; Kiw ,Ue;jNghjpYk; mtw;wpw;nfdj; jdpg; ghy;fhl;Lk;

tpFjpfs; ,y;iy. khwhf jdpr; nrhw;fNs mikfpd;wd.

Fuq;F - ke;jp (ngz;ghy;) fLtd; (Mz;ghy;)

ahid - gpb (ngz;ghy;) fspW (Mz;ghy;)

ghy; ghFghL jpuhtpl nkhopf; FLk;gj;jpYk; nkhopf;F

nkhop NtWgl;Lj; Njhd;Wtijf; fhzyhk;. goq;fd;dlj;jpy;

,yf;fz E}yhh; xd;gJ tifahd ghy;ghFghl;bidf;

fhl;Lfpd;wdh;. kiyahsk; Nghd;w nkhopfspy; Rl;Lg; ngah;fspy;

kl;Lk; Ie;J tifahd ghy;ghFghL mika tpidKw;Wf;fspy;

ghy;ghFg;ghl;bidf; fhz Kbatpy;iy. jkpopYs;s

fhzpf;fhuh;fspd; tl;lhu tof;fpYk;> Njhlh> nfhlF Nghd;w

nkhopfspYk; ,k;Kiw cs;sJ.

98

nfslh fd;dlj;jpy; Rl;Lg; ngah;fspy; Mz;ghy; xUik>

Mz;ghy; my;yhj (Non-masculine) xUik> gd;ik vd;w ghFghLk;>

tpidKw;wpy; xUik. gd;ik vd;w ghFghLk; cs;sJ. fd;dl

nkhopapd; kw;nwhU tl;lhu tof;fpy; (Southern Havyaka kannada)

tpid Kw;wpYk; Mz;ghy; xUik> Mz;ghy; my;yhj xUik>

gyh;ghy;> gytpd; ghy; vd;w ehy;tifg; gFg;Gfs; cs;sd.

Nfhz;lh> Nfhz;b> Nfhzh>nfhyhkp> ehaf;fp> gh;[p> flgh Nghd;w

nkhopfspy; tpidKw;Wf;fspYk;> Rl;Lg; ngah;fspYk; Mz;ghy;

Mz;ghy; xUik> Mz;ghy; gd;ik> Mz;ghy; my;yhj xUik>

Mz;ghy; my;yhj gd;ik vd;w ehy;tifg; gFg;Gfs; cs;sd.

khy;Nlh nkhopapy; Mz;ghy; xUik> Mz;ghy; my;yhj

xUik> gytpd;ghy; vd;w %d;W tifahd ghy; ghFghLk;> tpid

Kw;Wf;fspy; Ie;J tifahd ghy; ghFghLk; cssd. jpuhtpl

nkhopfspYs;s ghy;ghFghl;il tpsf;Fk; xg;gpaywpQh;fSs; rpyh;

mtw;iw %tifahfTk;> NtW rph; ehy;tifahfTk; $WgLj;jp

tpsf;Fth;.

Kjy;tif

ngah;r; nrhy;

cah;jpiz m/wpiz

xUik gd;ik xUik gd;ik

Mz;ghy ;ngz;ghy; gyh;ghy; xd;wd;ghy; ytpd;ghy;

99

,t;thW xUikia Mz;ghy;> ngz;ghy; xd;wd;ghy; vd;W

%d;whfTk;> gd;ikiag; gyh;ghy;> gytpd;ghy; vd;W ,uz;lhfTk;

gphpf;Fk; Kiw jkpo;> gioa kiyahsk;> Nfhlh> fd;dlk;>

nfhlF> JS> Nghd;w njd; jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

,uz;lhk; tif

ngah;r; nrhy;

xUik gd;ik

Mz;ghy; Mz;ghy ;jtph;e;jd gyh;ghy; gytpd;ghy;

(ngz;ghy;> xd;wd;ghy;)

;

,t;thW xUikia Mz;ghy;> Mz;ghy; jtph;e;jd vd;W

gphpe;J Mz;ghy; jtph;e;jd vd;w gphptpy; ngz;ghy;> xd;wd;ghy;

Mfpatw;iw mlf;Fk; ,ay;gpizAk;> gd;ikia gyh;ghy;>

gytpd;ghy; vd;W $WgLj;Jk; ,ay;gpidAk; njYq;F> ehaf;fp>

nfhyhkp> gh;[p> flgh> F&f;> khy;Nlh Nghd;w nkhopfspy;

fhzyhk;.

%d;whk; tif

ngah;r; nrhy;

xUik gd;ik

Mz;ghy; Mz;ghy; jtph;e;jd Mz;ghy;; Mz;ghy; jtph;e;jd

100

Nfhz;lh> Nfhz;b> Fap> Ftp Nghd;w nkhopfspy; Nkw;

fhl;bathW xUik> gd;ik Mfpa ,uz;bYk; Mz;ghy;> Mz;ghy;

jtph;e;jd vd;w rkr;rPuhd gFg;G Kiwapidf; fhz Kbfpd;wJ.

gpuhFap> Njhlh> jw;fhy kiyahsk; Mfpatw;wpy;

ghy;ghFghL njspthf ,y;iy. lhf;lh; fhy;Lnty; ghy;ghFghL

jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; kpfg; gpw;fhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;ljhff; fUJfpd;whh;.

ghywpfpstpfs; (Pronominal terminations) ,izf;fg;gLk; epiy

njhlq;fpa gpd;dNu ghy;ghFghL mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;f

Ntz;Lnkd;gJ mth; fUj;J. Mdhy; ghywpfpstpfisg; ngwhj

Mz;ghy;> ngz;ghy; Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhw;fspy;

ghy;ghFghL cs;sijf; fhz;fpd;Nwhk;. vdNt> lhf;lh;

fhy;Lnty;ypd; $w;W KOJk; nghUe;Jtjpy;iy.

[_y;];gpshf; ,k; %tifg; gphptpy; Kjy;tifg; ghFghL

fhyj;jhy; gpe;jpaJ vd;Wk;> njYq;F Nghd;w nkhopfspy; mikAk;

,uz;lhtJ tifg; gphpNt njhd;ikahdJ vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.

[_y;];gpshf;fpd; fUj;ijNa B.H. fpU\;z%h;j;jpAk; Vw;Wf;nfhz;L

,uz;lhk;tifg; gphpNt njhd;ikahdJ vd;Wk;> ,jd; gpw;fhy

tsh;r;rpNa Kjyhk; tiff; $WghL vd;Wk; tpsf;fpr; nry;fpd;whh;.

ngz;ghiyj; jdpahfg; gphpj;J toq;Fk; Kiw jpuhtplnkhopfspd;

gy;NtW fpisnkhopfspYk; ,d;Dk; tsh;r;rpailahky; ,Ug;gijr;

rhd;whff; fhl;b> Mz;ghy; jtph;e;jd (Non-masculine) vd;Dk;

gphptpypUe;J njd; jpuhtplnkhopfspy; ngz;ghy; vd;Dk; jdpg;gphpT

gpw;fhyj;jpy; ehfhpf tsh;r;rpapd; fhuzkhfTk;> kf;fspd;

kdg;Nghf;fpw;F Vw;gTk; jdpahfg; gphpe;jpUf;fNtz;Lnkd;W

Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. NkYk; ,uz;lhtJ tifg; ghFghNl mjpfkhd

jpuhtplnkhopfspy; cs;sijAk; fhl;br; nry;fpd;whh;. Mdhy;

gNuhTk;> gl;lhr;rhhpahTk; Kjy;tifNa njhd;ikahdJ vd;W

fUJfpd;wdh;.

,Ukjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

101

1. m/wpizapy; ghy;NtWghL ngaupy; fhzg;gl;likf;Fr;

rhd;WjUf.

Fuq;F - fLtd; -Mz;> ke;jp - ngz;

2. capuw;w nghUl;fisg; ghy;NtWghL fhl;bg;gFf;Fk;

nkhop vJ?

tlnkhop

3. caHjpiz> m/wpiz njYq;fpy; vt;thW toq;fg;gLk;?

k`j;> mk`j;

4. Mz;> Mz;ghy; jtpHe;jd vd;w ghFghL fhzg;ngWk;

nkhopfs; vit?

njYq;F> eha;fp> nfhyhkp> gH[p

FWtpdh

5. ngaHr;nrhy;ypd; gz;GfisAk; tifg;ghl;ilAk;

tptupf;f.

ngaHr;nrhy; vd;w jiyg;gpy; cs;s nra;jpfs;

6. jpuhtplnkhopr; nrhw;fspd; jpizaikjpia tptupf;f.

jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; jdpr;nrhw;fSk; vd;gJ njhlq;fp

khwhfj; jdpr;nrhw;fNs mikfpd;wd. vd;gJtiu

ngUtpdh

7. jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; jpiz ghy; ghFghl;il tptupf;f

ngaHr;nrhw;fs; jpiz> ghy; vd;w jiyg;gpd; fPo;

mike;jit

102

$W 8

vz; czh;j;jy;- Ntw;Wikfs;

vz; czh;j;jy;

jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; vz;izg; nghWj;jtiuapy; xUik>

gd;ik vd;w ghFghl;il kl;LNk fhz;fpd;Nwhk;. ,tw;Ws; xUik

vz;Zf;nfdj; jdp tpFjpfis ,izf;Fk; kuG ,y;iy. vdpDk;

rpyh; goe;jkpopy; „k‟fuk; gd;ikAUghfTk;> „d‟fuk; xUikAUghfTk;

gad;gLj;jg; gl;ljhf thjpLth;. rpyh; „kdpjd;‟ vd;w nrhy;ypy; tUk;

„d‟ fu xw;iwAk; fd;dlr; nrhy;yhd huruganu (igad;) vd;w

nrhy;ypd; ,Wjp xypahd „nu‟ vd;gijAk; tammu-ru vd;w nrhy;ypd;

,Wjp xypahd „W‟ vd;gijAk; xUik tpFjpfs; vd;gh;.

,e;Njh INuhg;gpa nkhopfspy; xUik> ,Uik (dual,) gd;ik

vd;w Kg;gphpTfs; cs;sd. mbr;nrhy;YlNdh> xUikg;

ngah;fSlNdh gd;ik tpFjpfis ,izj;Jg; gd;ik vz;iz

czh;j;JtJ jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; nghJtpay;G. eLj;jpuhtpl

nkhopfspy; ngz;fisf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhw;fnshL gd;ik tpFjpaid

,izj;J czh;jpizahf toq;Fk; tof;fkpy;iy.

cah;jpizf;Fhpa gd;ik tpFjpahfj; jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; „h;‟ vd;gJ

ngUtof;fpYs;sd. rpy nkhopfspy; „f‟uj;NjhL „c‟fu caph;

,ize;Jk; „m‟ fuk; ,ize;Jk; gd;ik tpFjp miktJz;L.

v.fh. (1) ehaf;fp - jy; (jiy)

- jy;F (jiyfs;)

(2) Nfhz;lh - Nkkh; (fztd;)

- NkkhU(fztd;khh;fs;)

rpy nkhopfspy; -V, -ev, -ov vd;gdTk; gd;ik tpFjpfshf

cs;sd. ,t;tpFjpfisf; flgh> gh;[p> nfhyhkp> Mfpa nkhopfspy;

fhzyhk;.

(1) gh;[p - mypaf; (vUik)

- alioakev (vUikfs;)

103

(2) Nfhz;lh - iya (jha;)

- iyov (jha;khh;fs;)

jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; jpiz> ghy; ghFghl;by; vz;Zk;

mlq;fp tpLfpd;wJ.

jpiz ghy; vz;

(1) cah;jpiz - Mz;ghy; - xUik

- ngz;ghy; - xUik

- gyh;ghy; - gd;ik

(2) m/wpiz - xd;wd;ghy; - xUik

- gytpd;ghy; - gd;ik

cah;jpiz Mz;ghy; xUik tpFjpfs;

jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; xUikf;nfdj; jdp tpFjpfs; ,y;iy.

vdpDk; %tplg; ngah;fspy; ,izf;fg;gLk; ghywpfpstpfs; vz;

NtWghl;ilAk; czh;j;jp epw;fpd;wd. cah;jpiz Mz;ghy;

xUik tpFjpfshfj; jkpo;> kiyahsk; Nghd;w njd; jpuhtpl

nkhopfspy; „md;‟ „Md;‟ vd;Dk; tpFjpfs; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd.

jkpopy; fhzg;gLk; ‘md;‟ vd;Dk; tpFjp xypj;Jizahf

cfuj;ijg; ngw;Wf; fd;dlnkhopapy; „mD‟ vd;W tUfpd;wJ. L>

cL> mL> z;L> mz;L vd;Dk; tbtq;fs; njYq;F nkhopapy;

cs;sd. njYq;fpy; fhzg;gLk; ,Wjp %d;W tbtq;fSk; „md; ‟

vd;gjd; jphpNg. %tplg; ngah;fNshL kl;Lkpd;wp;r; rpy jpupGfNshL;

md; Nghd;w tpFjpfis ,izf;Fk; NghJ mit Mz;ghy;

xUikg; ngah;fshfpd;wd.

v.fh kiy + md; > kiyahd;

ehL + md; > ehld;

jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; fhzg;gLk; Mz;ghy; xUik

tpFjpfspy; *an> *-van> *-(k)kan> *-ikan> *-akan> *-avan> *-antu>

*-ak> *-ttan vd;gtw;iw %yj;jpuhtpl tbtq;fshff; nfhs;syhk;.

cah;jpiz ngz;ghy; xUik tpFjpfs;

104

ngz;ghy; xUik tpFjpfshfj; jkpo;> kiyahsk; nghd;w

njd;jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; ms;> Ms;> , vd;gd cs;sd. njYq;fpy;

rpytplq;fspy; „MS‟ vd;w tpFjp toq;Ffpd;wJ. jkpopy; „,‟

vd;Dk; tpFjp rpWghd;ik tof;fpYs;sJ. fd;dlk;> njYq;F

nghd;w nkhopfspYk; ,t;tpFjpiaf; fhzyhk;.

v.fh. jkpo; - Fwj;jp

Njhop

murp

fd;dlk; - murpjp

njYq;F - rpd;djp

JS> khy;Nlh nghd;w nkhopfspy; orti vd;w tbtk;

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. -*tti, *al, *-(k)ki, *-atti akati, *ace vd;w gy

tpFjpfs; jpuhtpl nkhopf; FLk;gj;jpd; gy;NtW fpisfspy;

fhzg;gl;lNghjpYk; *-tti, *-I, *-ai vd;gtw;iw kl;LNk %yj;jpuhtpl

nkhop epiyf;Fj; jpUj;jpaikf;f KbAk; vd;fpwhh nr.it.rz;Kfk;.

jkpopYk;> kiyahsj;jpYk;> gy eLj;jpuhtpl nkhopfspYk; Mz;ghy;

xUik tbtj;NjhL ngz;ghy; tpFjpia ,izj;Jg; ngz;ghy;

xUikia czh;j;Jk; ,ay;Gk; fhzf;fplf;fpd;wJ.

ghh;g;ghd; - , > ghh;g;gpdp

mijj; jtpu ,ul;il ngz; ghy; tpFjpfis ,izj;Jg;

ngz;ghiy czh;j;Jk; ,ay;Gk; jkpo;> kiyahsk;> nfhlF nghd;w

nkhopfspy; cs;sd.

jkpo; - ikj;jpdpj;jp

kiyahsk; - Ku:n-I.tti

m/wpiz xd;wd;ghy; tpFjpfs;

xd;wd;ghy; tpFjpfshf „J‟ „j‟ Nghd;w jpuhtpl nkhopfspy;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; Kw;fhyj;jpd; vy;yhg; ngah;r;

nrhw;fSk; m/wpizahf ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lnkd;Wk;> gpd;dh;

fhyg;Nghf;fpy; ghYzh;j;Jk; tpFjpfs; mtw;NwhL ,ize;J

cah;jpizahf mike;jpUf;f Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; vd;gJ lhf;lH

105

fhy;Lnty; fUj;J. xUik> gd;ikaikg;gpy; jpuhtpl nkhopfs;

ngUk;ghYk; rpj;jpa nkhopfis xj;Jf; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

,e;Njh-INuhg;gpa nkhopfspy; tpFjp ,izj;jy;>

,ilnahl;L (infix) ,izj;jy;> jdp tbtk; mikj;jy; vdg; gy

Kiwfs; ,Uf;f> jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; tpFjpfis ,izj;Jg;

gd;ik czh;j;Jk; Kiw kl;LNk cs;sJ.'

cah;jpizg; gyh;ghy; tpFjpfs;

njYq;F jtph;e;j Vida eLj;jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; mz;ghy;

gd;ik kl;Lk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Vida midj;J nkhopfspYk;

cah;jpizapy; nghJepiyapy; gyh;ghy; (Epicine plural) vd;w

jdpg;gphpT cs;sJ. ,tw;Ws; gyh;ghy; vd;w gFg;Gj;jhd;

njhd;ikahdJ vd;gJk; Mz;ghy; gd;ik vd;gJ gpw;fhyj;jpy;

Vw;gl;lJ vd;gh;.

cah;jpizg; gyh;ghy; tpFjpfspy; mh;> Mh;> ,h;> <h;> m>

khh; vd;gd jkpo;> kiyahsk; Nghd;w njd; jpuhtpl nkhopfspy;

ngUtof;fpy; cs;sd. mU> Mnu> VU> hp> U Nghd;wd fd;dlk;>

njYq;F Nghd;w nkhopfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. gyh;ghy; tpFjpahd

khh; ,ilf;fhyj; jkpopyf;fpaq;fspYk;> jw;fhy kiyahs

nkhopapYk; ngUtof;fpYs;sJ.

jkpopy; mh;> Mh;> Nghd;w gd;ik tpFjpfNshL fs;

tpFjpAk; ,ize;J „mth;fs;‟ vd;gd Nghd;w ,ul;ilg; gd;ik

tbtq;fSk; khpahijg; gd;ik tbtq;fSk; miktJz;L. rpy

tl;lhu tof;Ffspy; „f‟ tpFjpAk; „q;f‟ vd;Dk; tpFjpAk; gyh;ghy;

tpFjpfshf cs;sd. „fs;‟ „s;‟ Nghd;w gd;ik tpFjpfs;

cah;jpizf;F kl;Lkpd;wp m/wpizf;Fk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

„mh;‟ tpFjp jkpo;> kiyahsk; Mfpa nkhopfspy; kl;Lkpd;wp

Nfhz;lh> ngq;nfh> ehaf;fp> gh;[p Nghd;w nkhopfspYk; cs;sJ.

„th;‟ tpFjp nfhlF> Nfhz;lh> Fap> FUf;> khy;Nlh Nghd;w

nkhopfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,tw;iwj; jtpu> jkpo;> kiyahsk;

Mfpa nkhopfspy; „Xh;‟ vd;Dk; tpFjpAk; cs;sJ.

106

khpahijg; gd;ik

jpuhtp;l nkhopf; FLk;gj;jpd; mjpfkhd nkhopfspy; xUtUf;F

mjpf khpahij nfhLf;f Ntz;Lkhapd; %tplg; ngah;fspd; gd;ik

tbtpid xUikahfr; Rl;lg; gad;gLj;JtJz;L.

khpahijg; gd;ik njhy;fhg;gpah; fhyj;jpypUe;Nj jdpj;j Xh;

,yf;fzf; $whf kugpyf;fz ty;Yeh;fshy; fUjg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.

jkpopy; khpahijg; gd;ik Ngr;R tof;fpw;Nf chpanjdj;

njhy;fhg;gpah; Rl;br; nry;fpd;whh;. goe;jkpopy; khpahijg; gd;ik

,yf;fpaq;fspy; ngUtof;fhf ,y;yhj NghjpYk; ghly;fspd;

mbf;Fwpg;Gfspy; ,lk; ngWk; Gyth; ngaNuhL gy ,lq;fspy; mJ

,izf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

rpyk;gpy;> kfdhh;> kfshh; vd;Dk; tof;Ffs; ,lk; ngwf;

fhzyhk;. gd;ik Mfpad NtWgLj;jpr; Rl;lg;gLfpd;wd.

,aw;ngaNuhL mth;fs; vd;gij ,izj;J khpahij tbtq;fis

mikf;Fk; Nghf;fpid fp.gp.16Mk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J

fhzKbfpd;wJ.

kiyahsf; fy;ntl;by;> „mh;‟ „fs;‟ vd;Dk; tpFjpfs;

khpahijg; gd;ikAzh;j;jj; JizGhpfpd;wd.

jkpopy; jhq;fs;> ePq;fs;> mth;fs; vd;Dk; ,ul;ilg; gd;ik

tbtq;fisg; ngUk;ghYk; gad;gLj;Jfpd;Nwhk; ,tw;NwhL mth;

vd;Dk; gyh;ghy; glh;f;if tbtpid fs; tpFjp Nrh;f;fhky;

gad;gLj;JtJk; cz;L. kiyahs nkhopapy; mj;Njfk;> ,j;Njfk;

vd;gd Nghd;w tbtq;fs; cs;sd. fd;dlj;jpy; MjD> XjD>

<jD vd;gd Mz;ghy; khpahijg;gd;ik tbtq;fshfTk; Mnf>

Cnf> <nf> vd;gd

ngz;ghy; khpahijg;gd;ik tbtq;fshfTk; cs;sd. njYq;fpy;

Mad> <ad> Mnk> <nk Nghd;w tbtq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

rpy nkhopfspy; glh;f;ifg; ngah;fs; rpy khWjy;fNshL

khpahijg; gd;ik tbtq;fshf tUfpd;wd. inpu vd;gd Nghd;w

JS nkhopapd; khpahijg; gd;ik tbtq;fs; ,jw;Fr; rhd;W.

njYq;F jtph;e;j Vida eLj;jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; Mz;ghy; gd;ik

107

tbtNk khpahijg; gd;ik tbthfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

Vida gd;ik tbtq;fs; xU vd;Dk; vz;Zg; ngauilNahL

(Numeral attribute) cUthtjpy;iy. Mdhy; khpahijg; gd;ik

„xU Ntl;Lth;‟ vd;W vz;Zg; ngauilNahL tUfpd;wJ.

ngz;ghy; gd;ik

ngz;ghy; gd;ikiaf; Nfhz;b> Nfhah> Nfhz;lh> Fap>

Ftp> ngq;nfh Mfpa nkhopfspy; fhz;fpd;Nwhk;. ,tw;Ws; nfhah>

Nfhz;lh> Fap> Ftp vd;gtw;wpy; (-sk(a) vd;Dk; ngz;ghy; gd;ik

tpFjp fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Nfhz;b nkhopapy; -hk) vd;Dk; tpFjpAk;

cs;sJ. ngq;Nfh nkhopapy; -(i) k,c vd;w tpFjpfSk;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

m/wpizg; gd;ik

jkpopy; m/wpizg; gd;ik tpFjpahf „fs;‟ vd;gJk; mjd;

khw;W tbtkhd „gal‟ vd;gJk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. „m‟ tpFjp

,yf;fpaj; jkpopy; ngUtof;fpYs;sJ. ,tw;NwhL „gy‟ „rpy‟ vd;w

jdp tbtq;fSk; jkpopy; cs;sd. jpuhtpl nkhopfspy;

m/wpizg; gd;ik tbtq;fs; gy fhzg;gl;l NghjpYk; --fs;> --s;

vd;gtw;iw kl;LNk %yj;jpuhtpl tbtq;fshff; nfhs;th;.

,tw;wpd; khw;W tbtq;fs; JS> nfhyhkp> gh;[p nghd;w

nkhopfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. njYq;F nkhopapy; „Y‟ vd;Dk;

tpFjpNa mjpfkhfg; gapd;W tUfpd;wJ.

xUik gd;ik

v.fh rpYfh - rpYfY

vYF - vYfY

m/wpizg; gd;ik tpFjpfspy; „fs;‟ tpFjp Fw;Wapiuf;

nfhz;l Xuirg; ngah;fisaLj;Jk; (C) VCV vd;W mikfpd;w

<uirg; ngah;fisaLj;Jk; ,lk; ngWtjhfTk;> --s; tpFjp

Vida ngah;fisaLj;J ,lk;ngWtjhfTk; lhf;lh;. Rg;gpukzpak;

108

tpsf;Ffpd;whh;. eLj;jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; gd;ik tpFjp

vz;zKbAk; nghUl;fspd; ngah;fNshL (Count nouns) kl;LNk

,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Mdhy; eLj;jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; vz;zKbahg; nghUl;fspd;

ngaNuhLk; (Mass nouns) gd;ik tpFjp ,izf;fg;gLtijf;

fhzyhk;. vdpDk; ,k;Kiw rkr;rPuhf mikatpy;iy.

Ntw;Wikfs;

jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; Ntw;Wikfs; vz;zw;wdthf cs;sd.

ngah;r;nrhw;fspd; gpd;dh; ,izf;fg;gLk; xt;nthU ,izg;Gk;

,k;nkhopfspy; nghJthf xU Gjpa Ntw;Wikiaj;

Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd. ,t; Ntw;Wikfs; njhlh;fspYs;s ngaUf;Fk;>

tpidf;Fk; ,ilNaAs;s njhlh;gpid czHj;Jtd. Mwhk;

Ntw;Wik kl;Lk; ngaUf;Fk; ngaUf;Fk; ,ilNaAs;s cwtpidf;

fhl;b epw;fpd;wJ. tlnkhop ,yf;fz ty;Yeh;fs; mk;

nkhopapYs;s Ntw;Wik vl;lhf tiuaWj;J tpsf;fpr; nrd;wdh;.

,yj;jPd; nkhopapd; ,yf;fzj;ij xl;b Mq;fpy nkhopf;F

,yf;fzk; mikj;jijg; Nghd;W> tlnkhopapy; fhzg;gLk;

Ntw;Wikg; ghFghl;ilg; gpd;gw;wpj; jkpopYk; xg;Gikahf;fkhf

Ntw;Wikfs; vl;L vd;W tiuaWj;Jtpl;ldh;. kiyahsk;> fd;dlk;>

njYq;F Nghd;w nkhopfspd; ,yf;fz E}w;fshd yPyhjpyfk;>

rg;jkzp jh;g;gzk;> ghytpahfuzK vd;w E}w;fSk; ,k;nkhopfspy;

jkpiog; Nghd;W vl;L tifahd Ntw;Wikfs; cs;sd vd;W

Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.

jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; Kw;fhyj;jpy; Ntw;Wikia czh;j;j

KOr;nrhw;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lnkd;Wk;> ehsiltpy;

mr;nrhw;fs; jphpe;J jdpj;jpaq;Fk; cUgd;fshf (bound forms)

khwp> gpd;dh; cUGfs; (suffixes) vd;w epiyia mile;jpUf;f

Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; lhf;lh;. fhy;Lnty; fUJfpd;whh;. Ntw;Wikfs;

jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; ,uz;L tpjkhf miktijf; fhzyhk;.

(1) ngah; + nrhy;YUG (Freeform)

109

v.fh kuj;jpd; Nky;> fy;nfhz;L

(2) ngah; + cUG (Case marker)

v.fh. fy;yhy;> mtdJ

,t;thW Ntw;Wikia czh;j;jg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;

cUGfs; my;yhj nrhw;fisr; nrhy;YUGfs; (Free forms or post

position) vd;gh;. Ntw;Wik cUGfnshL ,j;jifa nrhy;YUGfs;

gy jkpopYk; Vida jpuhtpl nkhopfspYk; cs;sjhy;> jpuhtpl

nkhopfspy; Ntw;Wikfs; vl;L my;y gy vd;gJ njspthfpd;wJ.

NkYk; ,e;j vl;L Ntw;Wikfspy; Kjy; Ntw;Wik ntWk;

ngauhfNt cs;sJ. Vida Ntw;Wikfisg; Nghd;W cUGfs;

,y;yhj mjidAk; Ntw;WikAs; xd;whff; fzf;fpl;L vz;ZtJ

nghUj;jkhfj; Njhd;wtpy;iy. ,ijg; Nghd;W vl;lhk;

Ntw;Wikahfpa tpspNtw;WikAk; cUgw;wjhf mikfpd;wJ.

vdpDk; tpsp Vw;Fk;NghJ mg;ngah;r;nrhw;fspy; XusT

tbtkhw;wj;ijf; fhzKbfpd;wJ. %d;whk; Ntw;Wik fUtp>

fUj;jh> cldpfo;r;rp Nghd;w gy nghUl;fspy; tUtjhf

kugpyf;fz E}yhh; Fwpg;gpLth;. vdNt ,t;Ntw;Wikiaf; fUtpg;

nghUs; Ntw;Wik (Instrumental case) cldpfo;r;rpg; nghUs;

Ntw;Wik (Sociative case) vd;W jdpj;jdp Ntw;Wikfshfg;

gphpg;gNj Vw;GilaJ.

goe;jkpiog; Nghd;W nfhlh> gh;[p> flgh Nghd;w nkhopfs;

,t;tpuz;bw;Fk; nghJthf cUGfisg; ngw;w NghjpYk;>

njhlh;fspy; mit nray;gLk; Kiwia itj;J Nehf;Fk;NghJ

,t;tpuz;ilAk; jdpj;jdp Ntw;Wikfshff; nfhs;tNj rpwg;ghfj;

Njhd;Wfpd;wJ. lhf;lh;. fhy;Lnty; ePq;fw; nghUis czh;j;Jk;

Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik (ablative of motion) apidAk;> ,lg;nghUs;

czh;j;Jk; Vohk; Ntw;WikapidAk; ,UNtW Ntw;Wikfshff;

nfhs;s Ntz;bajpy;iy vd;W $wpr; nry;fpd;wdh;.

1) kuj;jpy; cs;sJ 5-k; Ntw;Wik

2) kuj;jpd; fz; cs;sJ -7Mk; Ntw;Wik

110

,t;tpU njhlh;fSk; jdpj;jdp Ntw;Wikg; nghUis

czh;j;Jtjhff; $wg;gl;l NghjpYk; nghUsbg;gilapy; ghh;f;Fk;

NghJ xd;whfNtAs;sd. vdpDk; jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; ,t;tpU

Ntw;WikfSf;fpilapy; mbg;gilapy; rpy NtWghLfs; cs;sd

Vohk;; Ntw;Wik ,lg; nghUis kl;Lk; czHj;j> jkpo;

glfh> JS> gh;[p> FUf;> gpuhFap Nghd;w nkhopfspy; ePq;fw;

nghUisf; fhl;Lk; Ntw;Wik, ePq;fw; nghUNshL xg;Gikg;

nghUspYk; „mtdpd;‟ (mtidtpl) vd;W cah;jpiz %tplg;

ngah;fisaLj;J tUfpd;wJ. vdNt ePq;fw; nghUs; Ntw;Wikahd

5Mk; Ntw;WikapidAk;> ,lg;nghUs; Ntw;Wikahd 7Mk;

Ntw;WikapidAk; xd;whf ,izg;gijtplj; jdpj;jdp

Ntw;Wikahff; nfhz;L 5Mk; Ntw;Wikia ePq;fw; nghUs;

Ntw;Wik> xg;Gikg; nghUs; Ntw;Wik vd ,uz;lhff;

nfhs;syhk;. ,uhkRthkp Iah;> r.mfj;jpaypq;fk;> Nfhjz;luhkd;

Nghd;Nwhh;fs; NtW rpy Ntw;WikfisAk; fhl;br; nry;fpd;wdh;.

Ntw;Wikfs; xt;nthU nkhopapd; my;yJ nkhopf;FLk;gj;jpd;

,ay;gpw;Nfw;g miktjhy; mit nkhopf;F nkhop vz;zpf;ifapy;;

NtWgLfpd;wd. rhd;whf> tlnkhopapy; vl;L Ntw;WikfSk;>

,yj;jPd; nkhopapy; MW Ntw;WikfSk;> fpNuf;f nkhopapy; Ie;J

Ntw;WikfSk;> gpdP\pa nkhopapy; gjpndl;L Ntw;WikfSk;

cs;sd. xU nkhopf;F ,yf;fzk; tFf;Fk;NghJ mk;nkhopapd;

cz;ikahd epiyia Muha;e;J ,yf;fz newpfs; mikf;f

Ntz;LNk jtpu mf;fhy kf;fs; topgl;L tzq;fpa

„Njtghi\‟fNshL xg;gpl;L Nehf;fp mk;nkhopfspYs;s

ghFghl;ilf; fz;%bj;jdkhfg; gpd;gw;WtJ jtwhfg; Ngha;tpLk;.

tlnkhopiag; gpd;gw;wpj; jkpopYk; Ntw;Wikfs; vl;L vd;W jtwhf

tFj;J tpl;ldh; vd;gJ fhy;Lnty;ypd; fUj;jhFk;.

Ntw;Wikfisg; nghUs; Nehf;fpAk;> cUG Nehf;fpAk;

tFg;gJ ,ay;G> ,e;epiyapy; epd;W ghh;f;Fk; NghJk; jpuhtpl

nkhopfspd; Ntw;Wikg; ghFghL nghUe;Jtjhf ,y;iy. rhd;whf>

xt;nthU Ntw;WikapYk; gy nghUl;fisf; fhz;fpd;Nwhk;> %d;whk;

Ntw;Wikapy; fUtp> fUj;jh> cldpfo;r;rp Nghd;w nghUl;fSk;>

111

ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wikapy; nfhil> gif Nghd;w gy nghUl;fSk;

miktijf; fhzyhk; vdNt nghUs; Nehf;fpAk; jdpj;jdp

Ntw;Wikfshf tFf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;gJ njspT. Ie;jhk;

Ntw;Wikf;Fhpa> „,y;‟ cUGf;Fk; ,lg;nghUspy; tUk; Vohk;

Ntw;Wikf;Fkpilapy; mjpf NtWghl;ilf; fhzKbatpy;iy

,uz;Lk; ,lg;nghUisNa czh;j;Jfpd;wd. ePq;fw;; nghUis

czh;j;jj; jw;fhyj; jkpopy; „,y;‟ cUnghL „,Ue;J‟ Nghd;w

jdpr;nrhw;fs; Nrh;f;fg;gLfpd;wd.

xt;nthU nkhopapYk; mjd; tsh;r;rpia xl;bAk;>

Njitia xl;bAk; Ntw;Wikfs; gyg;gytha; vOjy; ,ay;Ng.

,e;epiyapy; gpw nkhopfspd; mikg;igg; gpd;gw;wpj; jdf;Fhpa

jdpj;jd;ikapy; tsh;e;J nry;Yk; xU nkhopf;F ,yf;fz

tiuaiw nra;tJ Kw;wpYk; nghUj;jkw;wNj vd;gjw;Fj; jpuhtpl

nkhopfspd; Ntw;Wikg; ghFghNl rhd;whf mikfpd;wJ.

cUG Vw;Fk; Kiw

jpuhtpl nkhopfs; Ntw;Wik cUGfis Vw;gjw;Fk; ,e;Njh-

INuhg;gpa nkhopfs; Ntw;Wik cUNgw;gjw;FkpilNa gy

NtWghLfs; cs;sd. jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; Ntw;Wikfs;

nghJthf ngah; + rhhpia + Ntw;Wik cUG vd;w Kiwg;gb

mikfpd;wd. ngah;r; nrhw;fs; rhhpiafisg; ngWtjpYk; Xh;

xOq;F Kiwia ,k;nkhopfspy; fhzKbfpd;wJ.

nghJthf „mj;J‟ „,d;‟ Nghd;w rhhpiafs; m/wpiz

xd;wd;ghy; ngah;fisaLj;Jk; „mw;W‟ r; rhhpia m/wpizg;

gytpd;ghy; ngah;fisaLj;Jk;> tUtijf; fhzyhk;. md;

rhhpia m/wpiz xd;wd;ghy; ngah;fisaLj;Jk;> Rl;Lg;

ngah;fisaLj;Jk; tUfpd;wJ. Ntw;Wik cUGfisg; nghWj;j

tiuapYk; ,k;nkhopfsp;y mjpfj; jphpGfs; ,y;iy. ,k;

nkhopfspy; fhzf;fplf;Fk; xU rpy jphpGfs; mjpfkhfg; Gzh;r;rp

tifahy; tifahy; Vw;gLtdNt.

112

,e;Njh-INuhg;gpa nkhopfspy; ngah;r; nrhw;fs; Ntw;Wik

Vw;Fk; NghJ mr;nrhw;fspd; ,Wjp xypf;Nfw;g cUGfSk;

khWtjhy; cUNgw;Fk; KiwfSk; gythf mikfpd;wd. jpuhtpl

nkhopfspy; ngahPWfSf;Nfw;g cUGfs; khWk; epiy ,y;iy.

khWjy;fs; midj;Jk; ngah;fSf;Fk; cUGfSf;Fk; ,ilapy;

,izf;fg;gLk; rhhpiafspNy epfo;fpd;wd. ,k;nkhopfspy; ngaNu

Ntw;Wik Vw;Fk; mbr;nrhy;yhf (Inflexional base) mikAk;. jkpopy;

„k‟fu <w;iwf; nfhz;l m/wpizg; ngah;fs; cUNgw;Fk; NghJ

,Wjp xyp nfl;L „mj;Jr; rhhpia tUtijAk;> J> L Mfpa

<WfSila ngah;fs; Ntw;Wik Vw;Fk; mt;nthypfs;

,ul;bg;gijAk; fhzyhk;.

v.fh. ehL > ehl;il

,e;Njh-INuhg;gpa nkhopfspy; xUikf;Fk; gd;ikf;Fk;

jdpj;jdp cUGfs; cs;sd. jpuhtpl nkhopfsp;y; mt;thwpy;iy.

Mwhk; Ntw;Wikapy; kl;Lk; xUikf;Fk;> gd;ikf;Fk; vdj;

jdpj;jdp cUGfis fhz Kbfpd;wJ. jpuhtpl nkhopfspd;

nrhy;YUGfshd „,lk;‟> „nfhz;L‟ Nghd;wd jdpahf toq;Fk;

jFjpapidAilad. Ntw;Wik cUG Vw;Fk; Kiwapy; jpuhtpl

nkhopfs; Xustpw;Fr; rpj;jpa nkhopfis xj;Js;sjhf lhf;lh;

fhy;Lnty; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.

cUGfSk;> rhhpiafSk;

cUG Vw;fhky; njhifahf epd;W Ntw;Wikg; nghUis

czh;j;Jk;NghJ ngah;r;nrhw;fs; jphpahky; epw;Fk;. cUG Vw;Fk;

NghJ ngah;r; nrhy;ypd; <Wk;> cUGk; jphpe;J epw;Fk;.

v.fh mtd; + I > mtid

,uhkd; + My; > ,uhkdhy;

rpy ngah;r; nrhw;fs; cUG Vw;Fk; NghJ mt;nthypr;

Nrh;f;if xypg;gjw;F mhpjhf ,Ue;jhNyh> my;yJ mk;nkhopapd;

xypaikg;gpw;Fg; nghUe;Jtjhf mikahtpl;lhNyh> ngaUf;Fk;

cUGf;Fk; ,ilapy; nghUs; juhj cUgd;fs; (empty morphs)

113

rpytw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;Nwhk; ngah;r; nrhw;fisAk; Ntw;Wik

cUGfisAk; rhh;e;J ,iae;J tUk; ,tw;iw Ntw;Wik

cUGfisAk; rhh;e;J ,iae;J tUk; ,tw;iwr; rhhpia vd;W

kugpyf;fz E}yhUk;> Inflexional increaments or Augments vd;W

nkhopE}yhUk; miog;gh;. rhhpiafs; jdpj;J tUtNjhL>

,uz;lhf ,ize;Jk; tUtijf; fhzyhk;.

v.fh kuk; + mj;J + ,d; + My; > kuj;jpdhy;

mj;Jr; rhhpia ngUk;ghYk; „k‟fu nka;ia mLj;J

tUfpd;wJ. „c‟fu capiuf; nfhz;L KbAk; nrhw;fs;

ngUk;ghYk;> „,d;‟ rhhpia ngWfpd;wJ.

v.fh. g+tpdhy;> g+tpyq;F

jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; rhhpiafs;

jkpopy; „c‟ fuj;ijf; nfhz;L KbAk; vz;Zg; ngah;fis

mLj;J md;> ,d; Nghd;w rhhpiafs; ,lk; ngWk;> mJ> ,J

vd;Dk; Rl;Lg; ngah;fisaLj;Jk; „md;‟ rhhpia tUfpd;wJ.

„mw;Wr;‟ rhhpia gy> rpy Nghd;w ngah;fis (Collective nouns)

mLj;J ,lk; ngWfpd;wJ. „c‟fur; rhhpia „z‟fu <w;Wr;

nrhw;fisaLj;J tUfpd;wJ.

v.fh fz;Zf;F

kz;Zf;F

kiyahs nkhopapy; „k‟fu <w;iwAila m/wpizg;

ngah;fspd; kd;dh; -j;j;- vd;w rhhpiaAk;> c> C m Nghd;w

<WfisAila ngah;fs; Mwhk; Ntw;Wik> ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik

Mfpatw;wpd; cUGfis Vw;Fk; NghJ „,d;‟ rhhpiaAk; ,lk;

ngWfpd;wd. Nfhlh nkhopapy; -t-, -n- MfpadTk;> Njhlh

nkhopapy; -t Tk; nfhlF nkhopapy; -t-, -an- MfpadTk;>

fd;dlj;jpy; d-, ar/ar vd;gdTk;> JS nkhopapy; t-, -d-, -a-, -e-

MfpadTk;; rhhpiafshf tUfpd;wd. Nfhz;b nkhopapy; -t-, -d-, -

n- Nghd;w rhhpiafisAk;> Nfhz;lh nkhopapy; -ti, -di- Mfpa

114

rhhpiafisAk;> Fap nkhopapy; -n, i-, -tin- -i- arin Nghd;w

rhhpiafisAk;> Ftp nkhopapy; -n-, -r-, -t- vd;gdtw;iwAk;> FUf;

nkhopapy; -i-, a-k- Nghd;w rhhpiafisAk; fhz Kbfpd;wJ.

,tw;Ws; *-an, *-tt-*-in- *-a- *-tt- *-k- vd;gdtw;iw %yj;jpuhtpl

tbtq;fshff; nfhs;syhk;.

vOtha; Ntw;Wik my;yJ Kjy; Ntw;Wik

vOtha; Ntw;Wikf;nfd jdp cUGfs; fpilah.

tlnkhopapy; ngah;r;nrhy;ypypUe;J vOtha; Ntw;Wik tbtj;jhy;

khWgLfpd;wJ. ,ijnahl;bj; jkpo; nkhopia Ma;e;j gy

mwpQh;fSk; „kuk;‟ vd;w tbtpy; „mk;‟ vd;gJ Kjy; Ntw;Wik

cUG vd;wdh;. jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; ngah;r; nrhw;fs; gd;ik

cUgpidAk;> Ntw;Wik cUgpidAk; Vw;Fk; NghJ ngah;r;nrhy;

KjypYk; gd;ik cUgpidAk;> Ntw;Wik cUgpidAk; Vw;Fk;

NghJ ngah;r;nrhy; KjypYk; gd;ik cUG mij mLj;Jk;>

,Wjpapy; Ntw;Wik cUGk; epw;wy; kuG.

v.fh fha; + fs; + I

kuk; vd;w nrhy;ypYs;s „mk;‟ Ntw;Wik cUG vd;why;> kuk;

vd;w nrhy; gd;ikAUG Vw;Fk; NghJ „mk;‟> cUG gd;ik

cUigaLj;J epw;f Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; „kuq;fs;‟ vd;w nrhy;ypy;

„mk;‟ tpFjp gd;ikf;F Kd;dh; ePq;fhky; epw;fpd;wJ. vdNt> ,jid

Ntw;WikAUG vd;why; nghUe;jhJ vd;fpwhh; lhf;lh; K.tujuhrdhh;.

,Utif tbtq;fs;

jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; ngah;r; nrhw;fs; Ntw;Wik Vw;Fk;NghJ

gythW jphptijf; fhz;fpd;Nwhk;. nghJthfj; jpuhtpl nkhopfspy;

%tplg; ngah;fs; vOtha; Ntw;Wik tbtkhf (Nominative forms)

,Uf;Fk; NghJ caph; ePz;Lk;> Vida Ntw;Wikapy; caph;

FWfpAk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. vdNt %tplg; ngah;fSf;F vOtha;

tbtk;> (Nominative forms) Ntw;Wik Vw;Fk; tbtk; (Oblique form)

vd;W ,Utbtq;fs; mikfpd;wd.

115

v.fh. jkpo; - ehd;> ahd; > ehk; > vd;id> ek;ik

-ePh;;> eP > epd;id> cd;id> Ek;ik> ck;ik

fd;dlk; - ehD > ed;d

ePD > epd;d

jhD > jd;d

,ijj; jtpu> rpy nrhw;fspy; Ntw;Wik cUG Vw;Fk;NghJ

,Wjp ty;ypdk; ,ul;bj;jy;> ,Wjp nka; nfLjy; Nghd;w gy

jphpGfs; Vw;gLfpd;wd.

,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik my;yJ nrag;gL nghUs; Ntw;Wik

(Accusative case)

Nfhz;L> Nfhz;lh Nghd;w nkhopfspy; ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik>

ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik Mfpatw;wpd; nghUl;fisr; nrag;gL nghUs;

tbtNk czh;j;jptpLfpd;wJ. %yj;jpuhtpl tbtq;fshd *-an, *ay,

*-(V)nk Nghd;w cUGfs; mjpfj; jphpgpd;wp jpuhtpl nkhopfspy;

gapd;W tUfpd;wd *-an cUgpd; khw;W tbtq;fs; Nfhlh> Njhlh>

nfhlF> fd;dlk;> glfh> JS> njYq;F> Nfhah> nfhyhkp>

ehaf;fp> gh;[p> FUf;> khy;Nlh Nghd;w nkhopfspy; cs;sd.

tljpuhtpl nkhopfspy; ,t; cUG –g, -r Mfpa <Wfisf; nfhz;L

KbAk; ngah;fisaLj;J tUfpd;wJ. nfhyhkp> ehaf;fp jtph;e;j

eLj;jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; nka;aPWfisf; nfhz;L KbAk;

ngah;fisaLj;J *in cUG ,lk; ngWfpd;wJ. „I‟ cUG jkpo;>

kiyahsk;> Nghd;w njd; jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; ,lk; ngWfpd;wJ.

,t; cUG kiyahs nkhopapy; „v‟fu cUghfj; jphpfpd;wJ.

v.fh mtid > mtnd

Nfhlh nkhopapy; - „m‟ cUG fhzg;gLfpd;wJ ,jid „I‟

cUgpd; jphpghff; nfhs;th;. eLj;jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; %yj;jpuhtpl

„m‟fu cUG „,‟fu cUghfj; jphpfpd;wJ. tljpuhtpl nkhopfspy;

,J „vh;‟ vd;W khWfpd;wJ. ,t;tbtk; khy;Nlh nkhopapy;

ngUtof;fpYs;sJ.

116

nrag;gL nghUs; Ntw;Wikapd; cUgpd;wpNa

mt;Ntw;Wikia czHj;Jk; epiyia vy;yhj; jpuhtpl

nkhopfspYk; fhzyhk;. ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUG ,t;thW tpUg;g

cWg;ghf (optional) mikAk; epiy %yj;jpuhtpl nkhopapYk;

,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lnkd;gJ gyh; fUj;J.

njhlhpYs;s nrag;gL nghUs; m/wpizahf ,Ue;jhy; jkpo;>

kiyahsk;> fd;dlk;> Fap> guhFap> Nghd;w nkhopfspYk; ,uz;lhk;

Ntw;Wik cUgpid ,izj;jhfNtz;Lk; vd;w fl;lha epiy

,y;iy. jkpo;> kiyahsk; Nghd;w nkhopfspy; ,t;tpuz;lhk;

Ntw;Wik cUgpd;wpj; njhifahfTk; toq;Ftij fhzyhk;.

nghUs; njsptpy;yhj ,lq;fspy; cUGld; vOjpg; nghUisj;

njspTg;gLj;jy; ,k;nkhopfspd; nghJtpay;G.

,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGfis Muha;fpd;w lhf;lh;.

fhy;Lnty; „mk;‟ vd;gJjhd; njhd;ikahd tbtnkd;Wk;> mJ

gpd;dh; „md;‟ vd;Wk; „I‟ vd;Wk; jphpe;jJ vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.

,t; cUG goq; fd;dlj;jpYk; cs;sJ.

fUtpg; nghUs; Ntw;Wik (Instrumental case)

kugpyf;fz ty;Yeh;fs; %d;whk; Ntw;Wik> fUtp> fUj;jh>

cldpfo;r;rp Nghd;w %d;W nghUl;fspy; tUk; vd;gh;.

,itaidj;ijAk; ,izj;J xU Ntw;Wikahff; nfhs;tijtpl

,jidf; fUtpg;nghUs; Ntw;Wik. cldpfo;r;rpg; nghUs; Ntw;Wik

vd;W ,uz;lhff; nfhs;tNj nghUe;Jk;> fUtpg;nghUs; Ntw;Wik

cUGfshf My;> Md;> m> Nrj nfhz;L vd;gd cs;sd. ,tw;Ws;

„Nr‟ my;yJ „Nrj‟ cUG njYq;F nkhopapy; fUtpg;nghUis

czh;j;j gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

v.fh epg;GNrj - neUg;ghy;

,k;nkhopapy; Njh> Md Nghd;w cUGfSk; fUtpg;nghUisj;

jUfpd;wd.

v.fh fj;jpNjh - fj;jpahy;

FUthd - FUthy;

117

goq;fd;dlj;jpy; „,k;‟ cUG cs;sJ. ,jid jkpopYs;s

„,d;‟ cUtpd; jphpe;j tbtkhff; fUJfpd;wdh; lhf;lh; fhy;Lnty;.

GJf;fd;dlj;jpy; „,e;j‟ vd;w cUGk; cs;sJ.

v.fh kujpe;j - kuj;jhy;

JS nkhopapy; „J‟ vd;Dk; cUG ngUtof;fpYs;sJ.

nfhlF nkhopapy; „,Q;rp‟ vd;Dk; cUGk;> eLj;jpuhtpl nkhopfspy;

„Njhl‟ vd;w cUGk; tof;fpYs;sd. Nfhz;b nkhopapy; Vohk;

Ntw;Wik> fUtpg;nghUs; Ntw;Wik Mfpa ,uz;ilAk; czh;j;j

xU nghJ tbtk; ifahsg;gLfpwJ. flgh nkhopapy; -nal vd;w

cUGk;> khy;Nlhtpy; -(i)t vd;w cUGk;> gpuhFap nkhopapy; -at

vd;w cUGk; fUtpg;nghUisj; jUfpd;wd. jkpo;> kiyahs

nkhopfspy; My;> Md;> vd;Dk; cUGfNshL „nfhz;L‟ vd;w

nrhy;YUGk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. rpytplq;fspy; „Md;‟ cUG

cld; epfo;r;rpg; nghUspy; „xL‟ cUGf;Fg; gjpyhfg;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

v.fh J}q;F ifahd; xq;F eila

cld; epfo;r;rpg; nghUs; Ntw;Wik (Sociative case)

-- Md; / -- My; , -- xL /-- XL vd;gdtw;iw ,t;

Ntw;Wikapd; %yj;jpuhtpl cUGfshfj; jpUj;jpaikf;fyhk;.

,tw;Ws; XL vd;Dk; cUNg jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; mjpfkhfg;

gapd;W tUfpd;wJ. ,jd; jphpGfisj; jkpo;> kiyahsk;> Nfhlh>

gh;[p Nghd;w nkhopfspy; fhzyhk;. jkpo;> kiyahsk;> Mfpa

nkhopfspy; XL> xL vd;Dk; cUGfNshL „cld;‟ vd;w

nrhy;YUGk; cs;sJ. Nfhlh nkhopapy; xL vd;Dk; cUG kl;LNk

cld; epfo;r;rpg; nghUisj; jUfpd;wJ. jw;fhyj; jkpopYk;>

kiyahsj;jpYk;> nfhlF> glfh> Mfpa nkhopfspYk; „$l‟ vd;w

nrhy;YUG mjpfkhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. lhf;lh; fhy;Lnty;

jkpopy; fhzg;gLk; XL> xL vd;Dk; cUGfs; „Xl;L‟ vd;Dk;

118

tpidg;gFjpapdpd;W gpwe;jd vd;fpwhh;. -„xL‟ cUG ,yf;fpaq;fspy;

xg;Gikg; nghUspYk; tUfpd;wJ.

kjpnahL xf;Fk; Kfk;.

gpuhFap nkhopapy; KiwNa –to: n, -to vd;w cUGfs;

cs;sd. FUf;> khy;Nlh Nghd;w nkhopfspy; „gane‟ vd;w cUG

cldpfo;r;rpg; nghUisj; jUfpd;wJ. Fap> ngq;Nfh> ehaf;fp Mfpa

nkhopfspy; -Ke, -hoke, nokon Mfpa tpFjpfs; cs;sd.

ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik my;yJ nfhilg;nghUs; Ntw;Wik (Dative case)

jkpopy; ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wikg; nghUl; $Wfshf nfhil> gif>

el;G jfT> Mfpad mikfpd;wd. jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; ehd;fhk;

Ntw;Wik cUGfshf –F> fp> -D >-f> -g, -nfh> -ge, -Nfh> cd;>

-(u)g, -mfp> -,fp> -jpq;fp Nghd;w cs;sd.

1 kuj;jpw;F jkpo;

2 kuj;jpD kiyahsk;

3 kuf;nf fd;dlk;

4 FuKdK njYq;F

5 kuf;F JS

6 nfhf;Nfh];F (Foe;ijf;F) F&f;

7 gbj;Jd; (gd;wpf;F) Nfhz;b

(gd;wpf;F)

8 mgjpq;F (mg;ghTf;F) Fap

9 `uNr (fhisf;F) gpuhFap

(fhisf;F)

rpj;jpa nkhopfspYs;s ng`p];jhd; ml;ltizfspYk;

jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik cUigg; Nghd;w „,f;fh‟

my;yJ „,f;fp‟ vd;Dk; tbtNk cs;sJ ,J kj;jpa Mrpa

nkhopfSf;Fk; jpuhtpl nkhopfSf;FkpilNaAs;s njhlh;gpidf;

fhl;Lk;.

kiyahsk;> ehaf;fp> FUf; Mfpa nkhopfspy; „,d;‟ cUG

ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wikg; nghUis czh;j;Jfpd;wJ. jkpo;> kiyahsk;>

119

Nfhz;b> fd;dlk;> njYq;F> JS Mfpa nkhopfspy; ehd;fhk;

Ntw;Wik cUG ,lg;nghUisAk; czh;j;Jfpd;wJ. rpy

nkhopfspy; ,J xg;Gikg; nghUisAk; czh;j;jp epw;fpd;wJ.

kiyahs nkhopapYs;s ,d;rhupia vd;gNj „,d;D‟ vd;W

jphpe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lnkd;Wk;> mJNt „d;D‟> „D‟> „c‟ vd

kiyahs nkhopapy; gy;NtW tbtq;fisg; ngw;wpUf;f

Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; fUJfpd;whh;. lhf;lh; fhy;Lnty; ehd;fhk;

Ntw;Wik cUghfpa „F‟ tpw;Fk; njhlh;gpUf;f ntz;Lnkd;W

fUJfpd;whh;.

ePq;fw; nghUs; Ntw;Wik (Ablative case)

,y;> ,d;> ,k;> Nghd;w cUGfs; Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik

cUGfshfj; njd; jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; toq;Ffpd;wd. nfhyhkp

nkhopapy; -tanat vd;w cUGk;> ehaf;fp nkhopapy; -ar, -tal vd;w

cUGfSk;> gh;[p nkhopapy; -tug, -are, -arre Nghd;w cUGfSk;>

khy;Nlhtpy; -(i) nte vd;w cUGk;> gpuhFap nkhopapy; -Md; vd;w

cUGk; ePq;fw; nghUs; Ntw;Wikg; nghUisj; jUfpd;wd> jkpo;>

kiyahsk;> fd;dlk;> JS> FUf;> gpuhFap Nghd;w nkhopfspy;

,t;Ntw;Wik cUGfs; xg;Gikg; nghUis czh;j;jTk;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

,jd; cUGfs; ,lg; nghUs; Ntw;Wik (locative case)

cUGfNshL neUq;fpa njhlh;G nfhz;Ls;sd. ,lj;jpy;

,Uj;jiy Vohk; Ntw;Wikahfpa ,lNtw;Wik fhl;Lfpd;wJ

vd;Wk;> ,lj;jpypUe;J ePq;Fjiy ePq;fw; nghUs; Ntw;Wik

czh;j;Jfpd;wJ vd;Wk; ,yf;fzE}yhh; ,t;tpU Ntw;WikfisAk;

NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Lth;. vdpDk; ,t;TUGfs; ePq;fw;nghUis

czh;j;jtpy;iy vd;W lhf;lh;. fhy;Lnty; $WtJ kpfg;

nghUj;jkhfNt cs;sJ. jkpo;> kiyahsk;> Nghd;w nkhopfspy;

,y;> ,d; vd;gd ,lg;nghUis kl;LNk jUfpd;wd. ePq;fw;

nghUis czh;j;jj; jkpopy; „,Ue;J‟ vd;w nrhy;YUGk;>

120

kiyahsj;jpy; ,jw;F epfuhf „epe;E‟ vd;w nrhy;YUGk;>

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

v.fh kuj;jpy; ,Ue;J tPo;e;jJ – jkpo;

kuj;jpy; epe;E tPZ – kiyahsk;

cilikg;nghUs; Ntw;Wik (Genitive case)

Mwhk; Ntw;Wik cUGfshf mJ> m> MJ> ,d;> cila>

cNl> d;w> M> u> j> d;nd> njh> -gahi, fp> j;uh> fJ> mjp> mj

Nghd;w cUGfs; jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; cs;sd. jkpo;> fd;dlk;>

njYq;F nkhopfspy; mJ> m Mfpa cUGfs; gapd;W tUfpd;wd.

,tw;Ws; „m‟ fu cUG gd;ik cUghff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. „m‟fu

cUG jkpo;> fd;dlk;> Nfhz;lh> ehaf;fp> gh;[p> gpuhFap> Mfpa

nkhopfspYk; cs;sJ. ,t;cUG ePz;L „M‟ vd;W nebyhfj;

jw;fhyf; fd;dlk;> Nfhz;b> gpuhFap Mfpa nkhopfspy; tUfpd;wJ

„mJ‟ vd;Dk; cUG goe;jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; cs;sJ. cila

vd;w nrhy;YUG jw;fhyj; jkpopy; ngUtof;fpy; cs;sJ.

kiyahsj;jpy; ,J ;cNl‟ vd;W jphpfpd;wJ. ,jNdhL „d;w‟ cUGk;

,k; nkhopapy; mjpfkhf toq;Ffpd;wJ „j;uh‟ vd;Dk; cUG Nfhlh

nkhopaps;sJ.

v.fh kj;uuh - kuj;jpdJ

Fap nkhopapy; : gahi vd;w cUG cs;sJ.

jkpopy; caph; FWfpa %tplg; ngah;fs; „vd; kfd;‟ „cd;

kfd;‟ vd;W cUgpy;yhky; Mwhk; Ntw;Wikg; nghUisj; jUfpd;wd.

Fkhp khtl;l tl;lhu tof;fpy; „f;f‟ vd;Dk; cUGk; cs;sJ.

v.fh vdf;f tPL

jkpopy; ngah;r; nrhy;NyhL cUG Nrh;f;fhky; „,d;‟

rhhpiaapid ,izj;J Mwhk; Ntw;Wikg; nghUis czh;j;Jk;

kuGk;> ,d; rhhpiaf;Fg; gpd; Mwhk; cUgpid ,izj;J

mg;nghUis czhj;Jk; kuGk; cs;sd.

v.fh kuj;jpd; nfhk;G

kuj;jpdJ nfhk;G

121

Mwhk; Ntw;Wikf;nfdg; gy cUGfs; jpuhtpl nkhopfspy;

fhzg;gl;lhYk; --mJ> ---m vd;w ,uz;ilANk %yj; jpuhtpl

tbtkhff; nfhs;syhk;.

,lg;nghUs;Ntw;Wik (Locative case)

jkpo; ,yf;fz ty;Yeh;fs; ,lg;nghUs; czh;j;Jk;

nrhw;fs; gytw;iwAk; Vohk; Ntw;Wik cUG vd;gh;. jpuhtpl

nkhopfspy; ,y;> ,d;> fz;> fhy;> ,lk;;> cs;> mY> md;> Md;>

M> ,yp> Y> -(n) adaN Jd;> jpd;> mb Nghd;w gy cUGfs;

cs;sd. ,tw;Ws; -* md;, -*,d; -* d;/* mY, -(a)tt vd;gdtw;iw

kl;Lk; %yj;jpuhtpl tbtq;fshff; nfhs;syhk;. m/wpizg;

ngah;fNshL (Non-human nouns) kl;LNk tUfpd;wd.

Kd;dh;; fhl;ba cUGfspy; Kjy; MW cUGfSk; jkpopy;

ngU tof;fpy; cs;sd. fd;dlj;jpy; Xs;> my;> my;yp> ,y;yp

Nghd;w tbtq;fs; cs;sd.

v.fh ku Xs;> kuy; ku my;yp

njYq;F nkhopapy; „me;J‟> cd;dhJ vd;w cUGfs;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. jpuhtpl nkhopfspYs;s Vohk; Ntw;Wik

cUGfspy; ngUk;ghyhdit nrhy;YUGfshf cs;sd.

,k;nkhopfspYs;s cUGfspy; „,d;‟ cUNg ngUk;ghyhd

nkhopfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

jkpo;> ehaf;fp> kiyahsk;> nfhyhkp> Njhlh> Nghd;w

nkhopfspy; ,t; cUgpidf; fhzyhk;. „md;‟ cUG fd;dlk;>

Nfhz;lh> Ftp> Fap> gpuhFap Nghd;w nkhopfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ

„Jd;‟ cUG nfhyhkp nkhopapYk; cs;sJ. „cs;‟ vd;Dk; cUG

jkpo;> kiyahsk;> nfhlF> fd;dlk;> JS> njYq;F Nghd;w

nkhopfspy; ,lg; nghUs; czh;j;jg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

jkpopYs;s „gf;fy;‟ vd;Dk; ,lg; nghUs; czh;j;Jk; nrhy;YUG

kiyahsk;> Nfhz;lh> fd;dlk; Nghd;w nkhopfspy; cah;jpizg;

ngah;fs;> %tplg; ngah;fs; Mfpatw;iwaLj;J ,lg; nghUs;

czh;j;JfpwJ.

122

tpspNtw;Wik (Vocative case)

tpsp Ntw;Wikf;nfdj; jdp cUGfs; mjpfkhd ,yf;fz

Mrphpah;fshy; tiuaWf;fg;gltpy;iy. vdpDk; *e, *ee> vd;w ,U

cUGfis %yj;jpuhtpl tpsp Ntw;Wik cUGfs; vdyhk; *e, vd;w

cUgpd; khw;W tbtq;fs; jkpo;> kiyahsk;> nfhlF> fd;dlk;>

JS> gh;[p> Mfpa nkhopfspYk; *O vd;gjd; khw;W tbtq;fs;

Njhlh> JS> FUf;> Nghd;w nkhopfspYk; cs;sd. ed;D}yhh; „X‟

vd;Dk; vl;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUigr; Rl;br; nrhy;fpd;whh;.

,ilf;fhyj; jkpopyf;fpaq;fspy; „X‟ vd;Dk; cUG ,ize;J tpsp

Ntw;Wik miktijf; fhzyhk;.

v.fh mz;zhNth – (fk;guhkhazk;)

jkpopy; ngah;r; nrhw;fspd; <w;way; caph; ePz;Lk;> jphpe;Jk;

tpsp Ntw;Wik tbtq;fs; mikfpd;wd.

v.fh kf;fhs; - <w;way; ePl;rp

njt;tpH / njt;tPH- <w;way; jphpG

,U kjpg;ngz;fs;

1. ,e;Njh INuhg;gpa nkhopfspy; vz; ghFghL vt;thW

mikfpd;wJ?

xUik > ,Uik> gd;ik

2. jpiz ghy; ghFghl;bNyNa vz; ghFghl;ilAk; mlf;fp$Wk;

nkhopf;FLk;gk; vJ?

jpuhtpl nkhopf;FLk;gk;

3. jkpopy; toq;Fk; caHjpiz Mz;ghy; xUik tpFjpfnsit?

md;> Md;

4. njYq;fpy; fhZk; Mz;ghy; tpFjpfs; vit?

L> - cL> - mL> - z;L> mz;L

5. MS vDk; ngz;ghy; tpFjp vk;nkhopf;FupaJ?

njYq;F - kdkuhS

6. ngz;ghy; xUik> xd;wd;ghy; Mfpatw;wpw;F xNu tpFjpiaf;

nfhz;l nkhop vJ?

njYq;F

123

7. njYq;fpy; fhZk; gd;ik tpFjp vJ?

Y

8. ePq;fw; nghUspy; tUk;nrhy;YUG VJ?

,Ue;J - tPl;bypUe;J

9. njYq;fpy; %d;whk; Ntw;Wikiaf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhy;YUG vJ?

Njh

10. jkpopy; toq;Fk; cila vDk; nrhy;YUG kiyahsj;jpy;

vt;thW toq;Ffpd;wJ?

cNl

FWtpdhf;fs;

11. caHjpiz gyHghy; tpFjpfs; Fwpj;J vOJf.

caHjpiz gyHghy; tpFjpfs; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpd; fPo;

mike;j nra;jpfs;

12. caHjpiz> Mz;ghy; ngz;ghy; tpFjpfs; Fwpj;J tpsf;Ff.

caHjpiz Mz;ghy; tpFjpfs;> caHjpiz ngz;ghy;

tpFjpfs; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpd; fPo; mike;j nra;jpfs;

13. jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; cUNgw;Fk; Kiwia tpsf;Ff.

jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; cUNgw;Fk; Kiw vd;Dk; jiyg;gpd; fPo;

cs;s nra;jpfs;

14. jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; nrag;gLg;nghUs; Ntw;Wik gw;wp vOJf.

nrag;gLg;nghUs; Ntw;Wik vd;Dk; jiyg;gpd; fPo; cs;s

nra;jpfs;.

15. jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; vOtha; Ntw;Wik gw;wp vOJf.

vOtha; Ntw;Wik vd;Dk; jiyg;gpd; fPo; cs;s nra;jpfs;

16. jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; ,lg;nghUs; Ntw;Wik gw;wp vOJf.

,lg;nghUs; Ntw;Wik vd;Dk; jiyg;gpd; fPo; cs;s

nra;jpfs;

124

ngUtpdh

17. jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; vz; ghFghL Fwpj;J xU fl;Liu tiuf.

vz; czHj;jy; vd;Dk;nghUspy; tUk; midj;Jr;

nra;jpfisAk; njhFj;J vOjTk;

18. jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; Ntw;Wik tbtq;fs; Fwpj;J tpilaspf;f

Ntw;Wik vDk; jiyg;gpy; ,lk;ngw;w nra;jpfs;

19. jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; Ntw;WikAk; nghUSk; vd;gjid

tpsf;Ff.

vOtha; Ntw;Wik Kjy; tpsp Ntw;Wik tiuapyhd

jiyg;Gf;fspd; fPo; cs;s nra;jpfs;

$W 9

%tplg;ngah;fs;- vz;Zg; ngah;fs;

%tplg;ngah;fs;

gjpypL; ngah;fSs; (Pronouns) xd;whd %tplg; ngah;fs;

(Personal Pronouns) njhd;ikahd ,yf;fzf; $WfSs; xd;whFk;.

jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; xw;Wikf; $Wfis tpsf;f ,it nghpJk;

Jiz nra;fpd;wd. ,k;%tplg; ngah;fs; Vida ngah;r;

nrhw;fspdpd;W NtWgLfpd;wd. Vida ngah;r; nrhw;fs;

tpspNtw;Wik Vw;Fk;> %tplg; ngah;fs; tpsp Ntw;Wik Vw;gjpy;iy.

NkYk; jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; cilikg; nghUs; czh;j;Jk; Mwhk;

Ntw;Wikia mLj;Jk; %tplg; ngah;fs; tUtjpy;iy. vdpDk;

jkpopd; jw;fhyg; Ngr;R tof;fpy; „vd;dtd;‟ „vd;dts;‟ Nghd;w

tbtq;fs; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd.

125

%tplg;ngah;fSs; nghJthf „d‟fu <W xUikapidAk;

„k‟fu <W gd;ikapidAk; czh;j;jp epw;fpd;wd. Vida

,yf;fzf; $Wfistpl %tplg; ngah;fs; mjpf epiyNgWilad.

%tplg; ngah;fisj; jd;ikg; ngah;fs;> Kd;dpiyg; ngah;fs;>

glh;f;ifg; ngah;fs; vd;W %d;whfg; gphpg;gh;. ,tw;Ws; jd;ik>

Kd;dpiy Mfpa ngah;fs; jpiz> ghy; ghFghl;ilf; fhl;lhky;

xUik> gd;ik vd;w vz; NtWghl;il kl;LNk czh;j;jp

epw;fpd;wd. glh;f;ifg; ngah;fs; vz; ghFghl;NlhL jpiz> ghy;

Mfpatw;iwAk; fhl;b epw;fpd;wd. ,jw;F Njhlh> gpuhFap> Mfpa

,U nkhopfSk; tpjptpyf;fhf cs;sd. jpuhtpl nkhopfspd;

%tplg; ngah;fspy; vOtha; tbtk;> Ntw;Wik Vw;Fk; tbtk; vd

,Utbtq;fs; cs;sd. %tplg;ngah;fspd; vOtha; tbtpy; caph;

ePz;Lk;> Ntw;Wik Vw;Fk; tbtpy; caph; FWfpAk; fhzg;gLk;.

jd;ik xUik vOtha; tbtk ; -

Ntw;Wik Vw;Fk; tbtk;

1. jkpo; : ahd;> ehd; - vd;

2. kiyahsk; : ehd; - vd;

3. Nfhlh : Md; - vd;

4. Njhlh : Xd; - vd;

5. nfhlF : na(nI) - vd;

6. nfhyhkp : Md; -

md;

7. FUf; : Vd; - vd;

(eng)

jd;ik gd;ik

1. jkpo; : ahk;> - vk;

2. kiyahsk; : Qd;dy; - Qd;dny

3. njYq;F : NkK - kk;-

4. nfhyhkp : Mk; - mk;

126

Kd;dpiy xUik

1. jkpo; : eP - epd;>

cd;

2. kiyahsk; : eP - ep;d;

3. JS : < - epd;

4. nfhyhkp : ePt; - ,d;

Kd;dpiy gd;ik

1. jkpo; : - Ek;

2. Nfhlh : - ep;k;

3. fd;dlk; : - epk;

4. flgh : - ,k;

jd;ik xUikg; ngah;fs;

jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; ahd;> ehd;> Md;> xd;> Vdp> VD> mdh.

Mdh> Vd;> < Nghd;w jd;ik xUik tbtq;fs; cs;sd. ,tw;Ws;

ahd; vd;gij %yj;jpuhtpl tbtkhff; nfhs;syhk;. gpuhFap

nkhopapy; kl;Lk; „<‟ vd;Dk; Kw;wpYk; khWgl;l tbtj;ijf;

fhzKbfpd;wJ. ,J Kd;dpiy tbtkhd „eP‟ vd;gijg; gpd;gw;wp

xg;Gikahf;fkhfj; Njhd;wpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. %yj;jpuhtpl nkhopapy;

ahd; vd;w vOtha; tbtpd; Ntw;Wik Vw;Fk; tbtkhf ad; -

vd;gJ ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,JNt „vd;‟ vd;W njd;jpuhtpl

nkhopfspYk;> eLj;jpuhtpl nkhopfspYk; jphpe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. „a‟fu

xyp nfl;L ,J eLj;jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; „md;‟ vd;W khwpapUf;f

Ntz;Lk;. eLj;jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; fhzg;gLk; „e‟fuj;ij nkhop

Kjypy; nfhz;l Ntw;Wik Vw;Fk; tbtq;fs; nkhopkhw;wk;

(Metathesis) fhuzkhfj; jphpe;jitNa.

127

njhy;fhg;gpah; jd;ik xUik tbtkhf „ahd;‟ vd;gij

kl;Lk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. ed;D}yhh; fhyj;jpy; „ahd;‟ vd;gNjhL

„ehd;‟ vd;w tbtKk; gilj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ,J

jd;ikg;gd;ik tbtkhd „ehk;‟ vd;gijnahl;b xg;Gikahf;fkhfg;

gilf;fg;gl;l jd;ik xUik tbtkhf ,Uf;fyhk;. jd;ikg;gd;ik

tbtq;fshd „ahk;‟ „ehk;‟ vd;Dk; ,U tbtq;fSk; njhy;fhg;gpah;>

ed;D}yhh; Mfpa ,Uth; fhyj;jpYk; gapd;W te;jd vd;gJ

njspT.

jd;ikg; gd;ik

jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; jd;ikg; gd;ik tbtj;jpy;

ntspg;ghl;Lj; jd;ikg; gd;ik (Exclusive plural)> csg;ghl;Lj;

jd;ik gd;ik (Inclusive plural) vd ,U tifAz;L. ,tw;Ws;

ntspg;ghl;Lj; jd;ik gd;ik Nfl;Nghiu ePf;fp VidNahiu

csg;gLj;jp epw;Fk;. csg;ghl;Lj; jd;ikg; gd;ik Nfl;Nghuhd

Kd;dpiyahiuAk; csg;gLj;jp epw;Fk;. ,j;jifa mikg;G Kiw

NtW gy nkhopf; FLk;gq;fspYk; cs;sjhfj; njhpfpd;wJ.

,t;tikg;G Kiw Nfhz;lh> gh;[p> flgh> gpuhFap Mfpa

nkhopfspy; njspthf ,y;iy. jkpopy; ehk; vd;gJ csg;ghl;Lj;

jd;ikg; gd;ik tbtkhfTk; ahk; csg;gLj;jh (ntspg;ghl;Lg;)

gd;ik tbtkhfTk; cs;sd. ,f;$WghLfs; gw;wpj; njhy;fhg;gpak;

vJTk; $wtpy;iy. goe;jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspYk; „ehk;‟ vd;Dk;

tbtk; mupjhfNt tUfpd;wJ. njd;jpuhtpl nkhopfspy;

ntspg;ghl;Lj; jd;ikg; gd;ik tbtq;fspy; „fs;‟ tpFjp

mjpfkhf ,izf;fg;gLfpwJ.

„ahk;‟ vd;w %yj;jpuhtpl vOtha; tbtj;jpd; Ntw;Wik

Vw;Fk; tbthfj; njd;jpuhtpl nkhopfspYk;> tljpuhtpl

nkhopfspYk; „vk;‟ vd;w tbtKk;> eLj;jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; „mk;‟

vd;w tbtKk; cs;sd. ,tw;NwhL jkpo;> kiyahsk;> nfhlF>

JS Nghd;w nkhopfspy; „fs;‟ tpFjpAk; mjpfkhf

128

,izf;fg;gLfpd;wd. „k‟ fuj;ij Kjypy; nfhz;l jd;ikg; gd;ik

tbtq;fs; xyp ,lk; ngah;jy; fhuzkhf Vw;gl;litahjy; Ntz;Lk;.

ntspg;ghl;Lj; jd;ik gd;ik tbtq;fs;

nkhopfs; vOtha; tbtk; Ntw;Wik Vw;Fk;

tbtk;

1. kiyahsk; naNNal {ennal - nannal

2. nfhlF eNga

nauga

enga –

ngnaa

3. njYq;F VK

NkK

NeK

ma –

mamm

4. Fap MK kh-

5. nfhyhkp Mk; mk; -

6. ehaf;fp Mk; mk; -

7. FUf; Vk; vk; -

8. khy;Nlh Vk; vk; -

csg;ghl;Lj; jd;ik gd;ik tbtq;fs;

nkhopfs; vOtha; tbtk; Ntw;Wik Vw;Fk;

tbtk;

1. jkpo; ehk; ek; -

2. kiyahsk; ehk; ek; -

3. Nfhlh Mk; mk; -

4. Njhlh Xk; xk; -

5. JS ehT jk; -

6. njYq;F kdK kd -

7. FUf; ehk; ek; -

8. khy;Nlh ehk; ek; -

129

gp.vr;..fpU\;z%h;j;jp %yj;jpuhtpl nkhopepiyf;Fupa

csg;ghl;Lj; jd;ikg; gd;ik tbtkhf ehk; vd;gijf;

nfhs;fpd;whH. gp.v];Rg;gpukzpak; Nghd;Nwhh; ek; vd;gij

%yj;jpuhtpl tbtkhf nfhs;fpd;wdh;.

kiyahs nkhopapy; jd;ikg; gd;ik tbtq;fshf ehk;>

Nehk;> ek;ks;> Qq;qs; vd;w tbtq;fs; cs;sd. „ahd;‟ vd;w

xUik tbtk; ,uhk rhpj;jpuj;jpy; cs;sjhff; Fz;lh;l;

Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. fd;dl nkhopapy; Mz;> Mk; vd;w tbtq;fs;

KiwNa xUik> gd;ik tbtq;fshf cs;d. rg;jhDrhrdh vd;w

fd;dl ,yf;fz E}ypd; 288-tJ E}w;gh ciuapy; ehK> ehk; vd;w

gd;ik tbtq;fs; goq;fd;dlj;jpy; ,Ue;jjhff;

Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. fpl;ly vd;gth; ehT vd;gNj ehK vd;W

jphpe;jjhff; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. naq;FS> ek vd;w gd;ik

tbtq;fisj; JS nkhopapy; fhz Kbfpd;wJ. njYq;F

nkhopapy; VK> NeK> NkK> kdK Nghd;w tbtq;fs; cs;sd.

Mk;> Xk;> Vk; vd;gd Njhlh nkhopapd; gd;ik tbtq;fshFk;.

Kd;dpiyg; ngah;fs;

jd;ikg; ngah;fisg; Nghy Kd;dpiyg; ngah;fSk; xUik>

gd;ik vd;w vz; NtWghl;il kl;LNk czh;j;jp epw;fpd;wd.

jkpopy; Kd;dpiyg; gd;ik tbtq;fshfj; njhy;fhg;gpah; „ePaph;‟

vd;gijAk; ed;D}yhh; „ePtph;‟ „ePh;‟ vd;gdtw;iwAk; $Wfpd;wdh;

rpe;jhkzpapy; „ePk;‟ vd;Dk; gd;ik tbtk; cs;sJ. ,r;nrhy;

fd;dl nkhopapypUe;J fld; thq;fg;gl;bUf;fyhk; vd;W lhf;lh;

NtYg;gps;is fUJfpd;whh;. Mdhy; Fkhp kPdth;; Ngr;R nkhopapy;

ePk; vd;Dk; tbtk; cs;sJ vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. jkpopy;

fhzg;gLk; „eP‟ vd;Dk; Kd;dpiy xUik tbtpw;F „epd;‟ „cd;‟

vd;w ,U Ntw;Wik Vw;Fk; tbtq;fs; cs;sd. „ePaph;‟> „ePtph;‟>

„ePq;fs;‟ vd;Dk; gd;ik tbtq;fSf;F Ek;> ck;> Eq;fs; vd;Dk;

Ntw;Wik Vw;Fk; tbtq;fs; cs;sd

130

kiyahsj;jpy; eP> epd;> epq;fs; vd;gdTk;> Nfhlhtpy; eP> ePk;

vd;w tbtq;fSk; Njhlhtpy; eP> Ek; vd;Dk; tbtq;fSk;

Kd;dpiyg; ngah;fshf cs;sd njYq;fpy; ePT> kPF> Nghd;w

tbtq;fisAk;> Nfhz;lhtpy; ,k;kh> ,k;kj; Nghd;w tbtq;fisAk;>

Fap nkhopapy; <D> <wh vd;gtw;iwAk;> gpuhFap nkhopapy; eP> ne

vd;gdtw;iwAk; Kd;dpiyg; ngah;fshff; fhzyhk;.

glh;f;if %tplg; ngah;fs;

jkpopy; fhzg;gLk; jhd;> jhk; vd;gd glh;f;if %tplg;

ngah;fshFk;. ,t;tpU ngah;fspYk; Vida %tplg; ngah;fisg;

Nghd;w xUik> gd;ik> vd;w vz; ghFghL kl;Lk; mike;Js;sik

Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,tw;Ws; jhd; vd;gJ xUikg; ngauhfTk;> jhk;

vd;gJ gd;ik ngauhfTk; cs;sd. ,t;tpU tbtq;fSk; Vida

%tplg; ngah;fisg; Nghy tpsp Ntw;WikapidAk;>

ngauilfisAk; Vw;gjpy;iy. jhd;> jhk; vd;gdtw;wpd; Ntw;Wik

Vw;Fk; tbtq;fshfj; „jd;‟> „jk;‟ vd;gd mikfpd;wd.

Njhlh nkhopapy; Njd;> jk; vd;w ngah;fSk;> nfhlF

nkhopapy; jhdp> jq;f vd;gdTk; cs;sd. ,itfs; jw;Rl;Lg;

ngah;fshfTk; nray;gLfpd;wd. ,t;tbtq;fs; jw;fhyj;jpy; tof;fpy;

mUfptpl;ld. ,tw;wpw;Fg; gjpyhfr; Rl;bd; mbahfg; gpwf;Fk;

ghYzHj;Jk;; tpFjpngw;w ngah;fshd mtd;> mts;> mth;> mJ>

mit Nghd;wd glh;f;ifg; ngah;fshf tUfpd;wd. ,it glh;f;ifg;

ngah;fshd jhd;> jhk; vd;gdtw;iwg; Nghyy;yhky; jpiz> ghy;

Mfpatw;iwf; fhl;b epw;gjhy;> jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; ngupJk;

toq;Ffpd;wd.

Rl;Lg;ngah;fs;

Rl;Lg; ngah;fspd; mbr;nrhw;fNshL ghywpfpstpfs;

,izAk;NghJ Rl;Lg;ngah;fs; cUg;ngWfpd;wd. jkpopy; mfuk;

Nra;ikr; Rl;lhfTk;> ,fuk; mz;ikr; Rl;lhfTk; mikAk;.

,tw;NwhL jpiz> ghy; fhl;Lk; tpFjpfis ,izf;Fk; NghJ

131

mtd;> mts;> mth;> mJ> mit Nghd;w Rl;Lg; ngah;fs;

Njhd;Wfpd;wd. ,r;Rl;Lg; ngah;fNs %tplg; ngah;fSs; glh;f;ifg;

ngah;fshfTk; nray;gLfpd;wd. njYq;fpy; thL> mjp thU>

ths;S> M> Mad> Mtp> tPL> <> ,jp vd;gdTk;> fd;dlj;jpy;

mtk;> mts;> mtU> mJ> ,tU> ,td;> <j> ,J> ,th; vd;gdTk;

Nfhz;bapy; Nthh;> t+h;> Nth;> mj;> ,j;> mt;> ,t;> vd;gdTk;

Rl;Lg;ngah;fshFk;. jkpiog; Nghd;w goq; fd;dlj;jpYk; JStpYk;

kpfr;Nra;ik> mz;ik ,uz;bw;Fk; ,ilapy; epw;gtiur; Rl;l

cfuk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. Rl;Lg;ngah;fspd; mbr;nrhy;

tbtq;fspy; mt;> ,t; vd;gdtw;iw %yj;jpuhtpl tbtq;fshf

gyh; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;. rpyh; m> , vd;gdNt %yj; jpuhtpl

tbtq;fs; vd;Wk;> „t;‟ clk;gL nka;Na vd;Wk; Rl;Lth;.

tpdhg;ngah;fs; (Interrogative pronouns)

jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; tpdhg; ngah;fs; mikg;gpy;

ngUk;ghYk; Rl;Lg; ngah;fis xj;Jf; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ah> a> v>

V vd;gd nghJthf tpdhg; ngah;fspd; mbr;nrhw;fshf cs;sd.

,t;tpdh mbr;nrhw;fNshL ghywpfpstpfs; ,izAk; NghJ tpdhg;

ngah;fs; mikfpd;wd.

v.fh. ahtd;> vJ

vtd;> vit

vts;

vth;

,itaidj;ijAk; Fwpf;fg; nghJ epiyapy; „ahh;‟> „vJ‟

vd;w tbtq;fisg; gad;gLj;jYk; cz;L. Nfhlh nkhopapd; evn,

evl, e, evr vd;w tpdhg; ngah;fs; cs;sd.

Njhlh ee(an) – ahh;> vJ - xUik

Ee(am) – ahh;> vJ – gd;ik

nfhlF BU - ahh;

ennu - vj

132

ehaf;fp bol, bor - ahh; - Mz;ghy;

bav - ahh; - ngz;ghy;

Nghd;w tbtq;fs; Njhlh> nfhlF> ehaf;fp Nghd;w

nkhopfspy; cs;sd. Rl;L> tpdhg; ngah;fisg; nghWj;j kl;by;

jkpo;> kiyahsk;> fd;dlk; Nghd;w nkhopfspy; mjpf NtWghLfs;

,y;iy.

ngauilfs; (Adjectives)

ngah;fisr; rpwg;gpf;f tUk; ,yf;fzf; $Wfisg;

ngauilfs; vd;fpNwhk;. jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; ngauilfs; jpiz>

ghy;> vz; Nghd;wtw;iw czh;j;Jtjpy;iy. ngauilfs;

,k;nkhopfspy; ngUk;ghYk; ngaUf;F Kd;dh; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd.

ehaf;fp> gpuhFap Nghd;w nkhopfspy; ngaUf;F gpd;dUk;

ngauilfs; tUtJz;L. jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; ngUk;ghYk; „m‟fuNk

ngauil cUghf cs;sJ.

v.fh jkpo; - ey;y

nghpa

kiyahsk; - typa

gpuhFap - yf;f (rpwpa)

fd;dlk; - dodda (nghpa)

cikka (rpwpa)

,itfs; fhyj;jpy; kpfTk; gpw;gl;lit vd;gJ gioa

,yf;fpa tbtq;fis MuhAk;NghJ njspthfpd;wd. jkpopy;

fhzg;gLk; Nkw;fhl;lg;gl;l ngauil tbtq;fs; m/wpizg; glh;f;if

%tplg; ngah;fspd; jphpG vd;gJ gyh; fUj;J.

Fap nkhopapy; vy;yhg; ngauilfSk; „,‟fu <w;iwg;

ngWfpd;wd.

v.fh Fap - deri - nghpa

- kogeri – rpwpa

ngauil cUGfs; jw;fhyj; jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; kpff;

Fiwthf cs;sJ Nghy %yj; jpuhtpl nkhopapYk; kpff;

133

Fiwthfj;jhd; ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjpfkhd jpuhtpl

nkhopfspy; ngaNuh ngauilahd epd;W kw;nwhU ngaiur;

rpwg;gpj;jiyf; fhzyhk;.

v.fh jkpo; - nghd;Kb

kl;Flk;

njYq;F - stri – nayagam

,j;jifa mikg;G KiwNa %yj;jpuhtpl mikg;G

KiwahfTk; ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk;. FUf; jtph;j;j Vida jpuhtpl

nkhopfspy; ngauil jdp ,yf;fzf; $whfg; ngahpypUe;J rw;W

NtWgl;Lf; fhzg;gl;lNghjpYk;> %yj;jpuhtpl nkhopapy; ngaUf;Fk;

ngauilf;FkpilNa mjpf Ntw;Wik ,Ue;jpUf;f KbahJ vd;gJ

gyh; fUj;J. jkpopy; ngah;fNshL> gz;G mbr;nrhw;fSk;

ngauilfshf tUjYz;L.

v.fh ey;top> ed;D}y;

,tw;NwhL nganur;rq;fSk; ngauilfshf tUfpd;wd.

v.fh gbj;j ghlk;

jkpopy; „rpy;‟ „gy;‟ Nghd;w nrhw;fNshL „m‟fuk; ,ize;J

rpy> gy vd;Dk; ngauilfs; mikfpd;wd.

vz;Zg; ngah;fs;

ngah; tiffSs; xd;whd vz;Zg; ngah;fs;

%tplg;ngah;fisg; Nghd;w mjpf khWjy;fspd;wpj; jpuhtpl

nkhopfspy; toq;Ffpd;wd. vz;Zg; ngah;fs; ,k;nkhopfspy;

%tplg;ngah;fisg; Nghy tpsp Ntw;Wikapid Vw;gJkpy;iy>

ngauilfisj; njhlh;tJkpy;iy. ,itfs; m/wpiz xUik

Rl;Lg; ngah;fNshL ,ize;JtUk; „md;‟ rhhpiaapid Vw;fpd;wd.

vz;Zg; ngah;fis vz;Z Kiwg; ngah;fs; (ordinals)>

vz;Zg; ngah;fs; (cardinals) vd;W ,uz;lhfg; gphpf;fyhk;. Kjyhk;

,uz;lhk; vd;gd vz;ZKiwg; ngah;fshfTk;> xd;W> ,uz;L

vd;gd vz;Zg; ngah;fshfTk; nfhs;sg;gLk;. Mq;fpy nkhopapy;

one, two vd;w vz;Zg; ngah;fSf;F Kw;wpYk; tbtj;jhy;

134

khWgl;l first> second vd;w vz;Z Kiwg; ngah;fs; cs;sd.

jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; ,j;jifa NtWghL ,y;iy. jkpopy; xd;W>

,uz;L vd;gdtw;NwhL „Mk;‟ ,t;thwd;wp> „MtJ‟ vd;w tpFjpia

,izj;J KjyhtJ / xd;whtJ> ,uz;lhtJ vd;W vz;Z

Kiwg; ngah;fs; mikj;jYz;L.

vz;Zg; ngah;fspy; jdpj;J toq;Fk; tbtq;fNshL jdpj;J

toq;fhky; milahf tUk; xU> ,U> % Nghd;w tbtq;fSk;

cs;sd. vz;Zg; ngauilfNshL> vz;Zg; ngaubfs; (numeral

base) ,ize;J ,UgJ> Kg;gJ> Nghd;w gj;jpw;FNky; tUk; vz;Zg;

ngah; tbtq;fs; mikfpd;wd. goe;jkpopy; „ghd;‟ vd;Dk; tpFjp

,ize;J „xUghd;‟ „,Ughd;‟> vd;W tUtijf; fhzyhk;. ,jdhy;

,UgJ> Kg;gJ vd;W vz;Zk; tof;fk; tUtjw;F Kd;dh; xUghd;>

,Ughd; vd;W vz;Zk; KiwNa ,Ue;jJ vd;gJ njspT.

jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; Xh;> <h;> %> ehy;> ir> (C)ai)> rhh; (C)ar-)

Vo;> vz;> njhz;> gj;> Ehw;-vd;gd vz;Zg;ngah;fspd;

mbr;nrhw;fshf cs;sd.

vz;ZKiwg; ngah;fs; rpy nkhopfspy; kl;LNk cs;sd.

jkpiog; Nghd;w vz;Zg; ngaNuhL Mk; tpFjp Nrh;j;J vz;Z

Kiwg; ngauikf;Fk; kuig kiyahs nkhopapYk; fhzyhk;. ,k;

nkhopapy; „,uz;lhtJ‟ Nghd;w tbtq;fspYs;s khw;w „jhp‟ vd;Dk;

khw;wg; ngaiu ,izg;gh;.

v.fh ,uz;lhkj;j

Fap nkhopapy; vz;Zg; ngah;fis vz;ZKiwg; ngah;fshf

khw;w „jhp‟ vd;Dk; khw;wg; ngaiu ,izg;gh;.

v.fh - sari ehd;F

- saritari ehd;fhk;

njYq;F nkhopapy; - X my;yJ –ava vd;gJ vz;ZKiwg;

ngah;fshf khw;w ,izg;gh;.

nuz;L – nuz;Nlh

- nuz;lth

135

fd;dl nkhopapy; aneya. Ane Mfpa nkhopfspy; -ane vd;w

tpFjp cs;sJ.

muji – mujane

FUf; nkhopapy; ta vd;Dk; tpFjpAk;> gpuhFap nkhopapy; -

imLKo vd;w tbtKk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

v.fh. FUf; - mund – mund – mu – ndta

gpuhFap – iraT – iraTTmiko

khy;Nlh nkhopapYs;s vz;ZKiwg; ngah;fsidj;Jk;

,e;jp nkhopapypUe;J fld; thq;fg;gl;lit. jpuhtpl

nkhopfspYs;s vz;Zg; ngah;fspy; *onlu, *okanTu, *iraNTu,

*munTu, *nalku, *caintu, *caTu, *eIu, *eNttu, *ton, *pattu

vd;gdtw;iw %yj;jpuhtpl tbtq;fshff; nfhs;syhk;.

xd;W

Xh; xU vd;gd xd;W vd;w vz;Zg; ngahpd; milfshf

cs;sd. ,tw;Ws; Xh; vd;gJ capiu Kjypy; nfhz;l

ngah;fSf;F Kd;dUk;> xU vd;gJ nka;ia Kjypy; nfhz;l

ngah;fSf;F Kd;dUk; ,lk; ngWk;. ,t;tpU tbtq;fisAk;

%yj;jpuhtpl tbtq;fshfg; Nguhrphpah; vkNdh nfhs;fpd;whh;.

,t;tbtq;fSf;F epfuhfj; njYq;F nkhopapy; „xf‟ vd;w tbtk;

cs;sJ. vz;Zg; ngah; milfs; cah;jpizg; ngah;fs;

m/wpizg; ngah;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; Kd;dh; tUfpd;wd. JS

nkhopapy; Xhp> Xu Nghd;w tbtq;fs; cs;sd. njYq;F

nkhopapYs;s „xf‟ vd;gJ tlnkhopapYs;s „Vf‟ vd;gjd; jphpghf

,Uf;fyhk; vd;gJ lhf;lh; fhy;Lnty;ypd; fUj;J. jpuhtpl

nkhopfspd; vz;Zg; ngah; xd;W vd;wpUg;gjhy; mjd; milAk;

„xd;‟ vd;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; xU> Xh; vdW fhzg;gLfpwJ.

,jid tpsf;Fk; vkNdh „Xh;‟ vd;Dk; tbtk; ,U> <h; vd;gtw;wpd;

xg;Gikahf;fkhf Vw;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lnkd;fpwhh;. lhf;lh; fhy;Lnty;

jpuhtpl nkhopfspYs;s xd;W vd;Dk; vz;Zg; ngah; ,e;Njh –

136

INuhg;gpa nkhopfspYs;s xd;W vd;Dk; vz;Zg; ngah; tbtj;NjhL

njhlh;GilaJ vd;W tpsf;fpr; nrhy;fpd;whh;.

,uz;L

,t; vz;Zg; ngah; Nfhlh> Njhlh> nfhlF> fd;dlk;> JS

Nghd;w njd;jpuhtpl nkhopfspYs; eyD eD. daNDt, eraDu raDDu

vd;W gy jphpGfisg; ngWfpd;wJ. njYq;F nkhopapy; nuz;L

vd;Dk; tbtKk;> flghtpy; ,z;b vd;Dk; tbtKk;> ngq;Nfh

kz;lh Nghd;w nkhopfspy; „hp‟ vd;Dk; tbtKk; cs;sd. ,uz;L

vd;gjNdhL njhlh;Gila „,ul;il‟ vd;Dk; tbtk; jkpo;>

kiyahsk;> Njhlh> njYq;F> Nghd;w nkhopfspy; cs;sd.

,t;tbtq;fs; *iraN-tt-ay. *iraN – tt – I Nghd;w tbtq;fspypUe;J

Njhd;wpapUf;f Ntz;Lnkd;gh;.

,jd; vz;Zg; ngauilahf <h;> ,U vd;gd cs;sd.

,tw;Ws; <h; vd;gJ capiu Kjypy; nfhz;l nrhw;fspd; Kd;dUk;>

,U vd;gJ nka;naOj;ij Kjypy; nfhz;l nrhw;fspd; Kd;dUk;

,lk; ngWfpd;wd. ,t;tbtq;fs; *iraN-tt-ay. *iraN – tt – I Nghd;w

tbtq;fspypUe;J Njhd;wpapUf;f Ntz;Lnkd;gh;.

%d;W

%d;W vd;w vz;Zg; ngaUf;F Ke;J> Kl;> %W> muji>

Kz;lhp Nghd;w tbtq;fs; kiyahsk;> Njhlh> fd;dlk;> JS>

Nfhz;lh Nghd;w nkhopfspy; cs;sd. %d;wp vd;w tbtKk;> mjd;

khw;W tbtq;fSk; JS> nfhyhkp> ehaf;fp> Fap Nghd;w nkhopfspy;

cs;sd. Nguhrphpah; vkNdh munri vd;gjidNa %yj;jpuhtpl

tbtkhff; nfhs;fpd;whH. ,jd; vz;Zg; ngauil tbtq;fshf %>

K vd;gd cs;sd. ,tw;Ws; „%‟> vd;gJ miu caph;fs;>

capnuhypfs; Mfpatw;wpd; Kd;dh; ngUk;ghYk; ,lk; ngWtijf;

fhzyhk;. nfhlF nkhopapy; Kg;gJ vd;gJ nuppadi vd;W

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jid „e‟fuj;ij Kjypy; nfhz;l ehw;gJ vd;w

137

vz;Zg; ngahpd; jhf;fj;jhy; Vw;gl;l khWjyhf vkNdh

fUJfpd;whh;.

ehd;F

ehd;F vd;gjd; %yj;jpuhtpl tbtkhf ehy;F vd;gJ

nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. goe;jkpopy; ,t;tbtk; cs;sJ.

kiyahsj;jpy; ehq;F vd;w tbtKk;> nfhlF nkhopapy; ehyP

vd;w tbtKk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Nfhz;lh> Nfhz;b> Fap> ehaf;fp

Nghd;w nkhopfspy; naigi, nalung, nail Nghd;w tbtq;fs;

fhzg;gLfpdwd. ,tw;wpd; ngauil tbtq;fshf ehy;> ehd;> Neh>

ey;> ney; vd;gd cs;sd. Njhlh nkhopapy; Neh vd;w tbtk;

gh;[p nkhopapy; „ney;‟ vd;Dk; tbtk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;Ws;

ehy; vd;gij %yj; jpuhtpl tbtkhff; nfhs;th;. ,J

jilahypfspd; Kd;dh; „ehw;‟ vd;Dk; khw;W tbtj;ijg;

ngWfpd;wJ. %f;nfhypfs; njhlh;e;J tUk;NghJ „ehw;‟ vd;Dk;

khw;W tbtj;ijg; ngWk;. njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpYk; ehy;> ehd; vd;Dk;

,U tbtq;fisf; fhzyhk;.

Ie;J

Ie;J vd;gjd; %yj;jpuhtpl tbtkhf *cayntu vd;gJ

fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. nkhopKjy; „r‟fu xyp nfl;L jkpopy; Ie;J

vd;Wk;> kiyahsj;jpy; „mQ;R‟ vd;Wk; nfhlhtpy; „mQ;‟ vd;Wk;

nfhlF nkhopapy; „mQ;rp‟ vd;Wk; ,J toq;Ftijf; fhzyhk;.

fd;dl nkhopapy; „IJ‟ vd;w tbtKk; JS nkhopapy; „[D‟ vd;w

tbtKk; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd. ehaf;fp> gh;[p> flgh> FA Nghd;w

nkhopfspy; „S‟> „r‟ Mfpa xypfis nkhopKjypy; nfhz;l sendi,

ceduk, saiung, singi, Nghd;w tbtq;fisf; fhzyhk;.

lhf;lh; fhy;Lnty; „ma;‟ vd;gij Ie;J vd;gjd;

mbr;nrhy;yhff; (radical from) nfhs;fpd;whh;.

lhf;lh;.P.S.Rg;gpukzpak; njd; jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; Kjypy; gphpe;J

138

nrd;w JS nkhopapy; „ID‟ vd;w tbtk; cs;sjhy; *ayn vdgij

%yj; jpuhtpl tbtkhff; nfhs;fpd;whH. lhf;lh;. nr.it.rz;Kfk;

Ie;J vd;gjd; mbr;nrhy; fhy;Lnty; $Wk; „ma;‟ md;W> (c)aym

vd;gNj vd;W tpsf;Ffpd;whh;. nkhop Kjy; „r‟fu nka;iaf; nfhz;l

tbtq;fs; eLj;jpuhtpl nkhopfs; gytw;wpYk; cs;sd. ,r;

„r‟fuk; njd; jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; nfl;L tpLfpd;wJ. I vd;gJ %y

tbtk; vd;Wk; mJ if vd;gjpypUe;J Njhd;wpapUf;f

Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; $Wth; K.tujuhrd;.

MW

„MW‟ vd;w vz;Zg; ngahpidAk;> mjd; rw;W jphpe;j khw;W

tbtq;fisAk; jkpo;> kiyahsk;> Nfhlh> Njhlh> fd;dlk;> JS>

njYq;F> nfhyhkp> nfhlF> Nfhz;lh> Mfpa nkhopfspy; fhzyhk;.

Nfhz;b> Fap> ehaf;fp> Nghd;w nkhopfspy; „s‟ xypia nkhop

Kjypy; nfhz;l sarung, sagi, ssad Nghd;w tbtq;fs; cs;sd.

,tw;Ws; catu vd;gjidNa %yj;jpuhtpl tbtkhff; nfhs;th;> „MW‟

vd;gjd; FWfpa tbtkhd „mW‟ vd;gJ jkpo;> kiyahsk;> fd;dlk;

Mfpa nkhopfspy; cs;sd.

mWth;

MW vd;gjd; ngauil tbtkhfj; jkpo;> kiyahsk;> Nfhlh>

Njhlh> fd;dlk; Mfpa nkhopfspy; „mW‟ vd;gJ fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

VO

jkpo;> kiyahsk;> fd;dlk;> JS Nghd;w nkhopfspy; ,t;

vz;Zg;ngah; mjpf khw;wkpd;wpf; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Nfhlh nkhopapy;

ey vd;w tbtKk;> Njhlhtpy; ow vd;w tbtKk;> Nfhz;b nkhopapy;

Rung vd;w tbtKk; cs;sd ,tw;Ws; * I vd;gNj %yj;jpuhtpl

tbtk;. vOth;> vOE}W Nghd;w tbtq;fspy; KjYaph; FWfpf;

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. njYq;F nkhopapy; vO vd;gJ VL vd;W

jphpfpd;wJ. jkpopy; cs;s ofuk; - sfukhfp „s‟funka; njYq;fpy;

„l‟funka;ahf khWk;.

139

vl;L

vl;L vd;Dk; tbtk; jkpopYk;> kiyahsj;jpYk; jphpgpd;wp

„vl;L‟ vd;Nw toq;Ffpd;wJ. fd;dlj;jpy; vz;L vd;Wk; njYq;fpy;

vdpkpjp vd;Wk; jphpfpd;wJ. Njhlh nkhopapy; oT vd;w tbtk;

cs;sJ. Nfhz;b> nfhyhkp Nghd;w nkhopfspy; njd; kpjp> vDkpjp

Nghd;w tbtq;fs; cs;sd. ,tw;Ws; vz;L vd;gij %yj;jpuhtpl

tbtkhff; nfhs;th;. ,t; vz;Zg; ngahpd; neby; tbtk; vq;Fk;

fhzg;gltpy;iy. vl;L vd;gjw;F epfuhfj; njYq;fpy; vdpkpjp vd;w

tbtk; cs;sJ kpjp vd;gJ njYq;F nkhopapy; gj;ij

czh;j;Jfpd;wJ. xd;gJ vd;Dk; vz;Zg; ngah; ,k;nkhopapy;

njhk;kpjp vd;W fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd; xg;Gikahf;fkhfj;

Njhd;wpa nrhy;Ny vdpkpjp vdyhk;.

xd;gJ

xd;gJ vd;w vz;Zg; ngahpd; %yj;jpuhtpl tbtq;fshf

*ton, - *tonpatu vd;gd nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. jpuhtpl nkhopfspy;

„j‟fu nka;iaf; nfhz;L njhlq;Fk; vz;Zg; ngah;fs;> „X‟fu

capiuf; nfhz;L njhlq;Fk; vz;Zg; ngah;fs; vd;W ,Utif

khw;W tbtq;fs; ,jw;F cs;sd.

jkpopy; xd;gJ> xd;ghd; vd;Dk; ngah;fSk;> kiyahsj;jpy;

xk;gJ vd;Dk; ngaUk;> Nfhlhtpy; onbad vd;Dk; ngaUk;

Njhlhtpy; winboo vd;w tbtk; cs;sd. ,k;nkhopfisg;

nghWj;jtiuapy; tonpatu vd;w tbtj;ij %yj;jpuhtpl tbtkhff;

nfhs;syhk;> njYq;F> nfhyhkp> Nfhz;b Nghd;w nkhopfspy;

KiwNa njhk;kpjp> njhk;jp> Nghd;w tbtq;fs; cs;sd. jkpopYk;

njhz;Z}W Nghd;w tbtq;fspy; „j‟fu nka;Na nkhopKjypy;

cs;sd. JS nkhopapy; xh;k;gh vd;w tbtKk; cs;sJ.

Xd;gJ vd;Dk; tbtKk;> mjd; jphpGfSk; njd;jpuhtpl

nkhopfspYk; Nfhz;b nkhopapYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Nfhz;b

nkhopapYs;s tbtk; njd;jpuhtpl nkhopfisnahl;b mike;jpUf;f

140

Ntz;Lnkd;gh;. „njhz;‟ vd;gjpYs;s „j‟fuk; nfl;L „xz;‟ vd;W

te;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mNjhL „z‟fu xyp „d‟fu xypahfj; jphpe;jpUf;f

Ntz;Lk;. „j‟fuk; nfl;l epiyapy; „xz;‟ vd;gJ „xd;W‟ vd;gjd;

mbr;nrhy;NyhL gpwo czug;gl;L „xd;gJ‟ vd;w tbtk;

mike;jpUf;f Ntz;Lnkd;W tpsf;fpr; nry;th;.

gj;J

jkpopy; gj;J vd;gjw;F g/J> gJ> ghd;> gjpd;> vd;w khw;W

tbtq;fs; cs;sd. Njhlhtpy; „nghj;‟ vd;Dk; tbtKk;> „nghd;‟

vd;w khw;W tbtKk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. JS nkhopapy; gj;J

vd;gjd; khw;W tbtq;fshfg; gJd;> gJ> tJ Nghd;wd cs;sd.

,tw;Ws; gj;J> gjpd;> gjp> gd;> gJ vd;gd %yj;jpuhtpl

tbtq;fshff; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;Ws; gj;J vd;gjd; khw;W

tbtq;fs; njYq;F> Nfhz;b> nfhyhkp Mfpa nkhopfspYk;> gjpd;>

vd;gjd; khw;W tbtq;fs; Nfhlh> nfhlF Nghd;w nkhopfspYk;

goe;jkpopYk; cs;sd. fd;dlj;jpy; gj;J vd;gJ `j;J vd;W

khWfpd;wJ. gjpd; vd;w tbtpd; ,Wjp „d‟fu nka;nfl;L njYq;fpy;

gjp vd;W toq;Ftijf; fhzyhk;.

E}W

E}W vd;w vz;Zg;ngah; mjpf khw;wq;fspd;wpj; jpuhtpl

nkhopfspy; toq;Ftijf; fhzyhk;. jkpo;> kiyahsk;> fd;dlk;>

njYq;F Nghd;w nkhopfspy; E}W vd;w tbtKk;> Nfhlh> Njhlh>

Nfhz;b> Mfpa nkhopfspy; KiwNa nur, nuR, nuR vd;Dk;

tbtq;fSk; JS nkhopapy; nudu vd;w tbtKk; cs;sd. mjd;

Ntw;Wik Vw;Fk; tbthf „E}w;W‟ vd;gJ fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

fd;dlj;jpy; Ntw;Wik Vw;Fk; tbtj;jpy; nuR- vd;W xw;iw nka;Na

,lk; ngWfpd;wJ. JS nkhopapd; Ntw;Wik Vw;Fk; tbtj;jpy;

„m‟fu caph; <w;nwOj;jhf cs;sJ.

njYq;fpy; xf te;j vd E}iwr; Rl;Lk; kuGz;L.

141

Mapuk;

*cayiram vd;gJ ,jd; %yj;jpuhtpl tbtk;. ,J

tlnkhopapypUe;J fld; thq;fg;gl;l „rf];u‟ vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd;

jphpghFk;. Sahasra vd;gjd; KjypYs;s „s‟ xyp nfl;L>

,ilapYs;s „h‟ xypf;Fg; gjpy; „y‟ xyp Njhd;wp> ,U „m‟fu

xypfSk; ,ize;J „M‟fu nebyhf khwp (vowel contraction)

,j;jifa tbtk; Njhd;wpapUf;fyhk;.

sahasra > ayara – ayara > ayra > ayram

njYq;fpy; fhzg;gLk; Ntap> NtY vd;w nrhw;fs; jpuhtplr;

nrhw;fnsd;W Njhd;Wfpd;wd. vdpDk; NtW nkhopfspy; ,/J

,lk; ngwhikapd; ,jid %yj;jpuhtpl nkhopf;Fupadthff;

nfhs;Sjy; mupJ.

,U kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

1. %tplg;ngaHfspy; ngUk;ghd;ikad Ntw;Wik Vw;Fk;NghJ

vt;thW jpupAk;?

neLKjy; FWfp

2. ehd; vDk; tbtj;ij vLj;Jf;fhl;ba ,yf;fzp ahH?

ed;D}y;

3. njYq;fpy; toq;Fk; ,Utifj; jd;ikg; gd;ikg;ngaHfisr;

Rl;Lf.

NkK> kdK

4. ePk; vd;gJ vt;tplj;ij czHj;jp epw;Fk; nrhy;?

Kd;dpiyg;gd;ik

5. ehd;F vd;gjd; %yj; jpuhtpl tbtk; vJ?

ehy;F

6. njhz;Z}W> njhs;shapuk; vd;gtw;wpd; mbr;nrhy; vJ?

njhs;

7. Mapuk; vk;nkhopapypUe;J ngwg;gl;l jpupGr; nrhy;?

rk];fpUjk;

142

FWtpdh

8. jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; jd;ikg;gd;ik Fwpj;J tpsf;Ff

jd;ikg;gd;ik vd;Dk; jiyg;gpd; fPOs;s nra;jpfs;

9. Rl;L> tpdhg;ngaHfs; Fwpj;J vOJf.

Rl;Lg; ngaHfs;> tpdhg;ngaHfs; vd;w jiyg;gpd; fPo; cs;s

nra;jpfs;

10. jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; xd;gJ vDk; vz;zpd; tof;fhw;iw

tptupf;f.

xd;gJ vd;Dk;jiyg;gpd; fPo; cs;s nra;jpfs;

ngUtpdh

11. jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; %tplg;ngaH ghFghl;il tptupf;f.

%tplg; ngaHfs; vDk; jiyg;gpd; fPOs;s nra;jpfisj;

njhFj;Jiuf;fTk;

12. jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; vz;Zg;ngaH mikg;gpid tptupf;f.

vz;Zg;ngaHfs; vd;w jiyg;gpd; fPOs;s nra;jpfs;

$W 10

tpidr;nrhw;fspd; mikg;G – tpid tiffs;

tpidr;nrhw;fspd; mikg;G

jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; Ntw;Wik Vw;Fk;> mbr;nrhw;fisg;

(stem) ngau; vd;Wk;> fhyq;fhl;Lk; ,ilepiyfis Vw;Fk;

mbr;nrhw;fis tpid vd;Wk; $WgLj;JtH. jpuhtpl nkhopfspd;

tpidabr; nrhw;fNshL (Verb bases) T> F> q;F> e;J> J> G> k;G

Nghd;w tpFjpfisr; Nru;g;gjhy; ngUk;ghyhd tpidr;nrhw;fs;

mikfpd;wd. ,k; nkhopfspd; tpidr;;nrhw;fs; fhyq;fhl;Lk; NghJ

mbr;nrhw;fs; Kjypy; mika> mjidaLj;J jd;tpid> gpwtpid>

,af;F tpidfSf;Fupa ,ilepiyfSk;> mjidaLj;J

fhyq;fhl;Lk; ,ilepiyfSk;> ,Wjpapy; ghy;fhl;Lk; tpFjpfSk;

143

xd;Nwhnlhd;W xl;b> xl;L epiyahf mike;J epw;fpd;wd. ,t;thW

mit Gzu;e;J epw;Fk;NghJ rpwpjsT jpupGk; Vw;gLfpwJ.

jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; tpid tbtq;fs; ghy;fhl;Lk; tpFjp>

fhy ,ilepiy Nghd;w ,yf;fzf;$WfNshL ,ize;J nebjhf

mike;j NghjpYk; jdpr; nrhw;fshfNt fUjg;gLfpd;wd. jpuhtpl

nkhopfspd; tpidr;nrhw;fs; xl;L epiyaha; mike;jNghjpYk;

Vty; tpidfspy; kl;Lk; ,ilepiyfSk;> tpFjpfSk;

,izf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. mjpfkhf ,k;nkhopfspy; tpidg;gFjpfNs

Vty; tbtq;fshfr; nray;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;NwhL gd;ik

tpFjpfSk;> kupahijg; gd;ik tpFjpfSk; ,ize;J tUjYz;L.

v.fh – thq;f> Nghq;f

Mq;fpyk; Nghd;w nkhopfspd; tpidr;nrhw;fs; fhyj;ij

kl;Lk; fhl;LNk jtpu jpiz> ghy;> vz; Mfpa NtWghl;ilf;

fhl;Ltjpy;iy. Mdhy; jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; tpidr;nrhw;fs;

,tw;iwj; njspthff; fhl;b epw;fpd;wd.

cau;jpiz

te;jhd; Mz;ghy;

xUik

,g;nghJtpay;Gf;F kiyahs nkhop kl;LNk tpjp tpyf;fhf

cs;sJ. kiyahs nkhopapy;> jpiz> ghy; vz; Mfpatw;iw

czu;j;Jk; ghywp fpstpfs; ,d;ikahy;> tpidr;nrhw;fSf;F

Kd;du; ,lk;ngWk; vOthiaf; nfhz;Nl jpiz> ghy;> vz;

Nghd;wtw;iw mwpa Ntz;ba epiyAs;sJ. vdpDk; tpidr;

nrhw;fNshL ,izf;fg;gLk; ghywpfpstpfs; mk;nkhopfspy; fhy

,yf;fz E}yhd yPyh jpyfj;jpy; Fwpg;G cs;sJ. jw;fhyg;

Ngr;Rj; jkpopYk; ghywpfpstpfs; gad;gLj;jg;glhj ,lq;fs;

cs;sd.

v.fh mtd; te;jhr;rp

mJ te;jhr;rp

Vida nkhopfNshL xg;gpl;L Nehf;Fk;NghJ jpuhtpl

nkhopfspd; tpidr;nrhy;yhf;fk; vspikahf cs;sJ vd;W

144

fhy;Lnty; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. tpidr;nrhw;fs; ,k; nkhopfspy; vr;rk;

(Non-finite) vd;Wk;> Kw;W (Finite) vd;Wk; $WgLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

tpaq;Nfhs; tpid vd;w mikg;G JS nkhop jtpu;e;j Vida

jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; cs;sd. ,k; Kiwapy; jpuhtpl nkhopfs;

rpj;jpa nkhopfNshL neUq;fpa njhlu;Gilad vd;gJ

fhy;Lnty;ypd; fUj;J.

ghywpfpstpfs; ngwhj tpidKw;W tbtq;fs; kiyahsk;

Nghd;Nw NtW gy nkhopfspYk; cs;sd. vdpDk; mit mUfpa

tof;fpd. jkpopYs;s „mtd; nra;thd‟; Nghd;w tbtq;fs;

ghywpfpstp ngw;Wk;> „mtd; nra;Ak;‟ vd;W ghywpfpstp ngwhkYk;

tUtJz;L. ,k;nkhopfspd; tpidr; nrhw;fspy; fhy

,ilepiyfNshL rpytplq;fspy; rhupiafSk; ,lk; ngWtJz;L.

v.fh. te;jdd; - „md;‟ rhupia

jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; tpidr;nrhw;fspy; jd;tpid (Intransitive)

gpwtpid (Transitive) ,af;Ftpid (Causitive) vd;w %tifahd

tpidtiffisAk;> Vty;tpid> epge;jidtpid> tpaq;Nfhs;tpid

vd;Dk; gy;NtW tpidg;nghUl;fisAk; (Moods) fhzyhk;.

tpidr;nrhw;fspd; nghUisr; rpwg;gpf;f INuhg;gpa nkhopfspy;

Kd;ndhl;Lf;fs; (Prepositions) gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. Mdhy;

jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; JiztpidfSk;> vr;rkhf mLf;Fk;

tpidfSk; (Particles and infinitives) gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

,k;nkhopfspd; tpidr;nrhw;fisf; fhyq;fhl;Lk; Kiw tpidapd;

jd;ik> ghy;fhl;Lk; Kiw Mfpatw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L

$WgLj;jyhk;.

fhyk; - te;jhd; - ,we;j fhyk;

tUfpwhd; - epfo;fhyk;

tpidapd; jd;ik te;jhd; tpidKw;W

tUf tpaq;Nfhs;

ghy; te;jhd; Mz;ghy;

te;jhs; ngz;ghy;

145

tpid tiffs;

1. jd;tpid> gpwtpid> ,af;ftpid (Intranstive,

Transitive, Causitive verbs) :

jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; tpidr;nrhw;fs; ,yf;fz

Mrpupau;fSk;> nkhopE}yhUk; jd;tpidfs;(Intransitive)

gpwtpidfs; (Transitive verbs) vd;W ,U $WgLj;Jtu;. xU

tpidiaj; jhNd nra;jhy; jd;tpid vd;Wk;> gpwiur;

nra;tpj;jhy; gpwtpid vd;Wk; miog;gu;.

v.fh: XbNdd; - jd;tpid

Xl;bNdd; - gpwtpid

Xl;Ltpj;Njd; - ,af;Ftpid

,t;tpidfs; fhy ,ilepiyfis Vw;gjpYk;> ghywp

fpstpfis ,izj;Jf; nfhs;tjpYk; Vida tpidfspypUe;J

NtWgLtjpy;iy. ,tw;Ws; jd;tpidfs; nrag;gLnghUisg;

ngWtjpy;iy. gpwtpidfs; nrag;gLnghUisg; ngw;W epw;Fk;.

jd;tpidfisnay;yhk; vspjpy; gpwtpidfshf khw;w KbAk;.

tpidr;nrhw;fisj; jd;tpidfs;> gpwtpidfs; vd;W gFf;Fk;Kiw

`q;Nfupa nkhopapYk; cs;sjhff; fhy;Lnty; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.

njhlustpy; mikAk; gpwtpidfis nkhopE}yhu;

,uz;lhff; $Wg;gLj;Jthu;. rpy gpwtpid tbtq;fspy;

gpwtpidfSf;Fupa ,ilepiyfs; ntspg;gilahfj; njupfpd;wJ.

v.fh – Ml;rp elj;J

mtw;iw Mf;fg; gpwtpidfs; (Derived Transtive) vd;gu;.

jpd;> nfhy; Nghd;w gpwtpid tbtq;fspy; ,ilepiyfs;

ntspg;gilahfj; njupatpy;iy vdpDk; mit ,ay;ghfg;

gpwtpid tbtq;fshf miktjhy; mtw;iw ,ay;ghf mike;j

gpwtpidfs; (Inherent transitive) vd;gu;. ,ay;ghf mike;j

gpwtpidfSf;Fk;> jd;tpidfSf;FkpilNaAs;s NtWghl;il

cUgd; epiyapy; (Morphological) fz;lwptJ mupJ. njhlud;

146

epiyapy; (Syntactice level) kl;LNk mtw;iwj; njspthfg; gpupj;jwpa

KbfpwJ.

tpidtiffis MuhAk; lhf;lu; fhy;Lnty;

,af;Ftpidiaj; jdpahf> tpupthf Muha;fpd;whu;. ,t;tpidia

,yf;fz Mrpupau;fs; gpwtpidfNshL ,izj;jdu;. tPukhKdptu;

,ijj; jdpahf Vty;tpid vd;wioj;jhu;. ,J jd;tpid> gpwtpid

Mfpatw;wpypUe;J rw;W NtWgLfpd;wJ. jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; ,af;F

tpidfs; gpwtpidfshfTk; nray;gLtJz;L. jpuhtpl nkhopfspd;

,af;Ftpid tbtq;fSf;F epfuhd tpidtbq;fs; ,e;Njh-INuhg;gpa

nkhopfspy; ,y;iy. vdpDk; rpj;jpa nkhopfspy; cs;sjhf

fhy;Lnty; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. ,e;Njh-INuhg;gpa nkhopfspy; ,af;F

tpidfSf;nfd jdptbtq;fSk;> cUGfSk; ,y;iynadpDk;

Jiztpidfis ,izj;J ,af;Ftpidg;nghUis czu;j;Jk;

kugpidf; fhzyhk;.

jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; tp> gp Nghd;w jdp cUGfs; fhzg;gl;l

NghjpYk; Jiztpidfis ,af;Ftpid mikg;gpw;Fg;

gad;gLj;jJtij mjpfkhff; fhzyhk;. jkpopy; gz;Z> nra;

vd;Dk; JiztpidfSk;> fd;dlk;> njYq;F Mfpa nkhopfspy;

khL> nra;A Nghd;w JiztpidfSk; ,af;F tpidaikg;gpw;F

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. nghJthfj; jpuhtpl nkhopfspy;

gpwtpidf;Fupa mbr;nrhw;fNshL ,af;F tpidfSf;Fupa

cUGfisr; Nru;g;gjhy; ,af;Ftpid tbtq;fs; mikfpd;wd.

goe;jkpo;> njYq;F> gpuhFap Mfpa nkhopfspy; ,af;F

tpidf;nfdj; jdp tbtk; cs;sJ. jdpahf cs;s ,j;jifa

,af;Ftpid tbtq;fs; fhyj;jhy; kpfg; gpw;gl;lit vd;gJ

mwpQu;fs; fUj;J. Mdhy; rpy ,t;tbq;fs; %yj;jpuhtpl

nkhopapNy cs;sd vd;gu;. kiyahs nkhopapy; „,‟> „gp‟ Nghd;w

,af;Ftpid cUGfshf cs;sd.

v.fh. nra;apr;R

Nrhjpg;gpr;R

gpwtpid ,af;Ftpid cUGfs;

147

jkpo;:

1) jkpo; nkhopapy; tpidg;gFjpapd; <w;wpYs;s ty;ypdj;ij

,ul;bj;J gpwtpid ,af;Ftpid tbtq;fis mikf;f

Kbfpd;wJ.

v.fh MF > Mf;F

thL > thl;L

ngUF > ngUf;F

,k;Kiw Nfhlh> nfhlF> Nfhz;lh> Fap> ngq;Nfh Nghd;w

nkhopfspYk; cs;sd.

2) %f;nfhypAk;> mjd; ,dj;jilnahypAk; ,ize;J tUk;

,lq;fis (Nasal + Stop clusters) ,U ty;nyhspfspd;

,izthf khw;Wtjd; %yKk; gpwtpid tbtq;fis

mikf;fyhk;.

v.fh mlq;F > mlf;F

ePq;F > ePf;F

3) tpidg;gFjpNahL „j;j‟ ,izj;Jg; gpwtpid mikj;jy;

v.fh epfo; > epfo;j;J

myu; > myu;j;J

gw > gwj;J

el > elj;J

4) tpidg;gFjpNahL „W‟> „L‟ ,izj;jy;

v.fh mfy; >mfw;W

Japy; > Japw;W

fhz; > fhl;L

RUs; > RUl;L

5) tpidg;gFjpNahL „g;g;;‟ ,izj;jy;

v.fh fsp > fspg;G

6) tpidg;gFjpNahL „c‟ Nru;j;jy;.

v.fh. fl > flT

7) tpidg;gFjpNahL nra;> gz;Z Nghd;wtw;iwr; Nru;j;jy;

148

v.fh. cz;zr; nra;

cwq;fg; gz;Z

8) ,> a> u> o Mfpa xypfisf; nfhz;L KbAk; tpidabr;

nrhw;fNshL – e;j;-> -l;- Kjypa ,we;jfhy

,ilepiyfisAk;> -fpW- vd;Dk; epfo;fhy

,ilepiyfisAk;> -t;-> -ck;- vd;Dk; vjpu;fhy

,ilepiyfisAk; ,izj;Jj; jd;tpidapidAk;> -j;j;-> -

f;fpW-> -g;;g;-> -f;F- Nghd;wtw;iw ,izj;Jg; gpw

tpidfisAk; mikf;fyhk;.

v.fh. fope;jJ> fopfpwJ> fopAk; > fopj;jJ

fopf;fpwJ> fopf;Fk;

9) ,af;Ftpid cUGfshd tp> gp Nghd;wtw;iwg;

gpwtpidabfNshL ,izj;Jk;> rpytplq;fspy;

jd;tpidabfNshL ,izj;Jk; ,af;Ftpid tbtq;fis

mikf;fyhk;.

v.fh nra; nra;tp

el elg;gp

cz; > cz;gp

mwp > mwptp

vy;.tp. ,uhkRthkp Iau; ,j;jifa ,ilr;nrhw;fisg; ngWk;

mbr;nrhw;fs; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; kpff; FiwthfTk;> Mo;thu;fs;>

ehad;khu;fs; ghly;fspy; rw;W kpFe;Jk; tUtijf; fhl;Lfpd;whu;.

Ml;Ltpj;jhy; MnuhUtH MlhjhNu vd;W mg;gH ghba

ghlypy; ,t;thW ,af;Ftpid gapyf; fhzyhk;. jw;fhyj; jkpopy;

,af;Ftpidf;Fupa ,ilr;nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk; kuG ,y;iy.

tpidnar;r tbtq;fNshL „it‟ vd;Dk; Jiztpidia ,izj;J

,af;F tpidg;nghUis czu;j;Jk; kuNg kpFe;Js;sJ.

v.fh. nrhy;yit

elf;fit

gpwtpid> ,af;Ftpidaikg;gpy; kiyahs nkhop

ngUk;ghYk; jkpio xl;bNa mikfpd;wJ.

149

Nfhlh

xypg;G xypia xypg;gpy; xypahf khw;Wtjd; %yk;

jd;tpidfisg; gpwtpidfshf;Fk; kugpidf; Nfhlh nkhopapy;

fhzyhk;.

v.fh. –am—g, > am-k-

,k;nkhopapy; -r-j-Nghd;wd gpwtpidf;Fupa

,ilr;nrhw;fshf cs;sd. NkYk; r> u Mfpa xypfspd; Kd;du;

a> Q (nj) Mfpa xypfs; te;Jk; „,‟ fuj;jpd; Kd;du; „t‟ fuk;

nfl;Lk;> „z;‟> „j;‟ Mfpa xypfs; nfl;L mtw;wpd; ,lj;jpy; -l;-

xypte;Jk; ,k;nkhopapy; ,af;Ftpid ,ilr;nrhw;fs; mikfpd;wd.

Njhlh

Njhlh nkhopapYk; Nfhlhitg; Nghd;w xypg;G xyp xypg;gpy;

xypahf khwp gpwtpidfs; mikfpd;wd.

t-al-x/-(mirjy;)al-k

-r-> -j- Nghd;wd ,k;nkhopapy; gpwtpid ,ilr; nrhw;fshf

cs;sd.

nfhlF

,k;nkhopapy; tpidr; nrhy;ypd; ,WjpapYs;s xypg;G

xypia xypg;gpy; xypahf khw;WtjhYk;> xypg;G xypAk;> mjd;

,d %f;nfhypAk; ,ize;j ,izit (Nasal + Vocied Stop)

xypg;gpy; xypahf khw;WtjhYk; gpwtpidfis mikf;fyhk;.

v.fh. ag>a-k-

er – ang > erak

rpytplq;fspy; -k-,-t-,ip- Nghd;w gpwtpid ,ilepiyfis

jd;tpid mbr;nrhw;fNshL ,izj;Jk; gpwtpidfs;

mikf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,k;nkhopapy; ,af;Ftpid ,ilepiyahf -r-

cs;sJ.

150

fd;dlk;

,k;nkhopapy; „,R‟ vd;gJ gpwtpidf;Fupa ,ilepiyahf

cs;sJ. fp.gp.7-Mk; E}w;whz;L Kjy; 10-Mk; E}w;whz;L tiuAs;s

fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; -g;G- vd;w tbtkpUe;jjhfj; njupfpd;wJ. xypg;G

xypfs; xypg;gpy; xypfshf khwp gpwtpidfs; mikAk; ,ay;Gk;

,k;nkhopapy; cs;sJ.

am – ugu > am – uku-

JS

,k;nkhopfspy; gpwtpid ,ilepiyahf „G‟ vd;gJ

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jid ,k;nkhopapd; gy tl;lhu tof;FfspYk;

fhzyhk;. –Ngh- vd;Dk; ,af;Ftpid ,ilepiyAk; ,k;nkhopapy;

,lk; ngWfpd;wJ.

njYq;F

,k;nkhopapy; -R-> -G- ,Q;R> Nghd;w ,ilepiyfs;

gpwtpidaikg;gpw;Fg; gad;gLfpd;wd.

nrapQ;R – nra;tpf;f

gpypgQ;R – miog;gpf;f

jw;fhyj; njYq;F nkhopapy; rpy Jiztpidfisj;

jd;tpidabfNshL ,ize;J gpwtpid> ,af;ftpid tbtq;fs;

mikf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

Nfhz;b> Nfhz;lh> ngq;Nfh nkhopfs;

Nfhz;b nkhopapy; -`-> g+];> -C];- vd;w gpwtpid

,ilepiyfs; cs;sd. Nfhz;lh nkhopapy; jd;tpidfisg;

gpwtpidfshf khw;w --,];> -g-> -gp];- Nghd;w ,ilepiyfs;

,izf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ngq;Nfh nkhopapy; xypg;G xypfs; mjd; ,d

xypg;gpy; xypfshf khwpg; gpwtpidfs; mikfpd;wd.

151

Fap> Ftp

-K –s-, -t-, -p- Nghd;wd Fap nkhopapYs;s gpwtpid

,ilepiyfs;> Ftp nkhopapy; -t-, -h-, -p- Nghd;w ,ilepiyfSk;

cs;sd. ,k;nkhopapy; gpwtpid> ,af;Ftpid> mikg;gpw;F -fp-

vd;Dk; JiztpidAk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

nfhyhkp> ehaf;fp> gu;[p

nfhyhkp nkhopapy; -mg;-> -,g;-> -g;-> -f-> -j- Mfpa

gpwtpid ,ilepiyfs; cs;sd. jd;tpid tbtq;fNshL -mg;-

vd;Dk; ,ilepiy ,ize;J ehaf;fp nkhopapy; gpwtpidfs;

miktijf; fhzyhk;. gu;[p nkhopapy; - ,g;-> -,j;- vd;Dk; ,U

,ilepiyfs; cs;sd.

FUf;> khy;Nlh> gpuhFap

-p-, -t- Nghd;w ,ilepiyfs; gpuhFap nkhopapYk; vd;Dk;

,ilepiy khy;Nlh nkhopapYk; cs;sd. lhf;lu;

gp.v];.Rg;gpukzpad;> jpuhtpl nkhopapy; nkhj;jk; %d;W tifahd

gpwtpid - ,af;Ftpid tbthf;f Kiw fhzg;gLtjhff;

Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. Ngh > Nghf;F Nghd;w tbtq;fis Kjy;

tifahff; nfhs;fpd;whu;.

NP > PP

P > PP vd;w Kiwg;gb mikfpd;w tbtq;fis ,uz;lhtJ

tifahff; nfhs;fpd;whu;.

v.fh jpUe;J > jpUj;J

MF > Mf;F

,j;jifa mikg;G Kiw jkpo;> nfhlF> Nfhz;lh> Ftp

Nghd;w nkhopfspYk; goq;fd;dlk;> gu;[p Nghd;w nkhopfspd;

njhd;ikahd tpid tbtq;fspYk; cs;sd. ,t;tpUtif

mikg;G KiwfSk; %yj;jpuhtpl nkhopapYk; ,Ue;jpUf;f

Ntz;Lnkd;gJ mtu; fUj;J.

152

tpidabfNshL „j;j‟ „j;‟ „e;j;‟ Nghd;w ,ilepiyfis ,izj;Jj;

jd;tpid gpwtpidfis NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Lk; mikg;gpidf;

nfhz;l tbtq;fs; %d;whtJ tifahff; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.

nrag;ghl;L tpid

nra;tpid> nrag;ghl;L tpid vd;Dk; ghFghl;ilg; goe;jkpo;

,yf;fzq;fspy; fhzKbatpy;iy. vdpDk; ,it itj;jpaehj

NjrpfH gilj;j ,yf;fz tpsf;fk; vd;Dk; E}ypy; ,lk;

ngWfpd;wd. fhy;Lnty; jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; nrag;ghl;L tpid

vd;w mikg;Ng fpilahJ vd;W $wpr; nry;;fpwhH. goe;jkpo;

,yf;fz Mrpupau;fs; nra;tpid> nrag;ghl;Ltpid vd;w ghFghL

,e;Njh – INuhg;gpa nkhopfspy; cs;sJ Nghyj; jkpopy; njspthf

,y;yhikahy; ,g;ghFghl;bw;Fr; rpwg;gspf;fhJ tpl;Lr; nrd;wdu;.

vdpDk; goq;fhyj;jpypUe;Nj nrag;ghl;Ltpid jkpopy; ,Ue;J

te;jJ vd;gjw;F “vOj;njdg;gLg” vd;w njhy;fhg;gpaj; njhlNu

rhd;whf cs;sJ vd;Wk;> ,j;njhlupYs;s „gL‟ vd;gJ nrag;ghl;L

tpidg;nghUis (Passivity) czu;j;Jfpd;wJ vd;Wk; lhf;lu;

m.rpjk;guehjnrl;bahu; “jkpopy; nrag;ghl;Ltpid” vd;w fl;Liuapy;

tpsf;Ffpd;whH. njhy;fhg;gpau; %d;whk; Ntw;WikAUG fUj;jhg;

nghUspy; tUk; vd;Wk; $Wtjhy; mtu; fhyj;jpy; nrag;ghl;Ltpid

,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W lhf;lu; gp.Rg;gpukzpa rh];jpup

fUJfpd;whH.

nra;tpidf;Fk;> nrag;ghl;L tpidf;FkpilNa mbg;gilapy;

rpy NtWghLfs; cs;sd. nra;tpidapy; tpid nra;gtNd

vOthahf miktJz;L. nrag;ghl;L tpidapy; nray;gLnghUNs

vOthahf mikfpd;wJ. nra;tpidapd; vOtha;> nrag;ghl;L

tpidapy; %d;whk; Ntw;Wikf; fUtpg;nghUs; cUigg; ngWk;.

nrag;gL nghUSf;Fr; rpwg;Gf; nfhLf;f vz;Zk; NghJk; vOtha;

njupahj epiyapYk;> vOthia mwptpf;f Ntz;lhj epiyapYk;

jkpopy; nrag;ghl;L tpidaikg;Gf;fs; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd.

153

jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; nrag;ghl;L tpidf;Fupa ,ilepiyahf

„gL‟ vd;gJ fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. vdpDk; ,k;nkhopfspd; gy

tpidtbtq;fspy; ,J nrag;ghl;L tpidg;nghUis

czu;j;Jtjpy;iy „gL‟ vd;gJ „ntl;fg;gl;lhd;‟ Nghd;w jkpo;

tbtq;fspYk; rpf;FgLjhL (siggupDoadu) Nghd;w njYq;F

nkhopapd; tbtq;fspYk; ntl;fg;gLj;jpdhd; (sigguparacenu) Nghd;w

gpw tpidtbtq;fSf;F epfuhd jd;tpid tbtq;fs;

gad;gltpy;iy vd;gJ njspT. ,tw;wpd; cz;ikahd nray;ghl;L

tpid tbtk; „ntl;fg;gLj;jg;gl;lhd;‟ vd;gNj vd

njspTgLj;Jfpd;whu; lhf;lu; mfj;jpaypq;fk;. NkYk; „gbj;j ghlk;‟

Nghd;w tbtq;fs; nrag;ghl;L tpid tbtq;fs; my;y vd;gijAk;

rpwg;ghf tpsf;fpr; nry;fpd;whu;.

nra;tpid vOthAk;> nrag;gL nghUs; nrag;ghl;L

tpidapy; KiwNa fUtpahf (Instrumental) vOtha; tbthfTk;

(Nominative) KiwNa khw;wg;gLfpd;wd. jpuhtpl nkhopfisg;

Nghd;Nw gioa ,e;Njh-INuhg;gpa nkhopfspYk; (Primitive

IndoEuropean) nrag;ghl;L tpid ,y;iy vd;W fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

rk];fpUj nkhopapy; nrag;ghl;L tpidg;nghUspy;

gad;gLj;jg;gLk; „w‟ vd;Dk; cUG njhlf;f fhyj;jpy;

jdpj;jpaq;Fk; nrhy;yhf ,Ue;J gpd;du; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; xU

cUghf (Bound Morbheme) khw;wk; ngw;wJ vd;W fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

,jdhy; rk];fpUj nkhopapYk; nrag;ghl;L tpid tbtk;

njhlf;f fhyj;jpy; ,y;iy vd;w epiy njspT ngWfpd;wJ.

mt;thNw jkpopy; fhzg;gLk; „gL‟ vd;Dk; tbtKk; njhlf;f

fhyj;jpy; jdpr; nrhy;yhf ,Ue;j gpd;du; xU fl;L cUgd;

(Bound Morbheme) vd;w epiyf;F khwp ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vdf;

fUjg;gLfpd;wd.

khw;wpyf;fz ty;Ydu;fs; nra;tpid> nrag;ghl;Ltpidj;

njhlu;fspilNa cs;s cwit kpfr;rpwg;ghf tpsf;fpAs;sdH.

154

,t;tpUtifj; njhlu;fisAk; xNu Gwtbtj;;jpd; Gijtbtq;fshf

mtu;fs; tpsf;fpr; nry;fpd;wdu;.

nrag;ghl;Ltpid czu;j;jg;gLk; Kiw

1) ,e;Njh-INuhg;gpa nkhopfisg; Nghy „mJ vd;dhy;

cilf;fg;gl;lJ‟ vd;W $whky;> „mJ vd;dhy; cile;jJ‟

vd;W $wpdhYk; jkpopy; mJ nrag;ghl;Ltpidg; nghUisj;

jUk;. ,t;thW nrag;ghl;L tpidg;nghUs; czu;j;jg;gLk;

Kiw [g;ghdpa nkhopfspYk; cz;L vd;fpwhu; fhy;Lnty;.

2) NkYk; nghUs; njspTgl Ntz;Lkhapd; „Mapw;W‟> „Nghapw;W‟

vd;gtw;iwr; Nru;j;J mJ cile;J Nghapw;W> cile;jjhapw;W

vd;W $WtJ kw;nwhU tif.

3) tpidahyizAk; ngau;fspy; nra;tpidNa nrag;ghl;Ltpidg;

nghUisj; jUtijAk; .fhy;Lnty; fhl;br; nry;fpd;whu;.

nrhd;d NghJk; - nrhy;yg;gl;lJ NghJk;.

4) „cz;‟ vd;Dk; Jiz tpidia> ngau;> njhopw;ngau;

Mfpatw;NwhL ,izj;Jr; nrag;ghl;LtpidAzu;j;Jk; kuGk;

jkpopy; cs;sJ.

nfhiyAz;lhd;

5) jw;fhyj; jkpopYk;> Vida jpuhtpl nkhopfspYk; „gL‟ vd;Dk;

Jiztpidia ,izj;Jr; nrag;ghl;L tpidg; nghUis

czu;j;Jk; kuNg cs;sJ. ,k;Kiw JS nkhopapy; kl;Lk;

fpilahJ.

INuhg;gpa nkhopfspYk; njhlf;f fhyj;jpy; nrag;ghl;L

tpid ,y;iy vd;Wk;> gpw;fhyj;jpy; tsu;e;J ,lk; ngw;wJ

vd;Wk; RdPj; FkhH rl;lu;[p Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.

vjpu;kiw tpidfs;

jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; vjpu;kiw tpidfs; gythW

mikfpd;wd. vdpDk; mbr;nrhy; + vjpu;kiw ,ilepiy ghywp

fpstp vd;gNj nghJthd mikg;G Kiwahf cs;sJ.

155

rpytplq;fspYk; fhyq;fhl;Lk; ,ilepiyfs; nfl;LtpLtjhYk;

vjpu;kiw tpidfs; mikfpd;wd.

v.fh. fhNzd; = fhz; Ø Vd;

,j;jifa mikg;G Kiwia My;gpul; kh];lu; vd;gtu;

zero tense vd;fpwhu;. ,jidg; gpw;fhy mwpQu;fs; Vw;ftpy;iy. rpy

,lq;fspy; xd;wd;ghy;> gytpd;ghy; tbtq;fspy; „M‟ fhuk;

vjpu;kiw ,ilepiyfs; tUjy; cz;L.

khL Xlh

Fjpiufs; epy;yh

jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; vjpu;kiw tpidKw;Wf;fs; kl;Lkd;wp

vjpu;kiw nganur;rq;fSk;> tpidnar;rq;fSk; cs;sd.

eLj;jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; vjpu;kiwf;nfdj; jdp tbtq;fSk;

cs;sd. ,j;jifa tbtq;fspy; vjpu;kiw tbtq;fisaLj;J

,we;jfhy ,ilepiyfs; mikfpd;wd. jkpo;> Nfhlh Nghd;w

nkhopfspy; „M‟ fhuk; vjpu;kiw ,ilepiyahf tUjy; cz;L.

tpidailfspYk; „M‟fhu ,ilepiy vjpu;kiwg; nghUisj; je;J

epw;fpd;wJ.

v.fh. XlhJ nrd;whd;

%yj;jpuhtpl vjpu;kiw ,ilepiyahd „th‟ vd;gJ

mjpfkhd eLj;jpuhtpl nkhopfspYk;> Nfhz;lh> ngq;Nfh> kz;lh

Nghd;w nkhopfspYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. rpy ,lq;fspYk; ,J

FWfp> „t‟ vd;W vjpu;kiwia czu;j;jp epw;gijf; fhzyhk;.

Nkw;fhl;ba mikg;G Kiwfs; kl;Lkd;wp mbr;nrhy; +

vjpu;kiw ,ilepiy + ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy + ghywpfpstp vd;w

KiwapYk; vjpu;kiwtpidfs; mikfpd;wd. ,j;jifa mikg;G

Kiwapidf; Nfhz;lh> ngq;Nfh> Fap> Ftp Nghd;w nkhopfspy;

fhzyhk;. ,t;tikg;ig %yj;jpuhtpl nkhopepiyf;F cupajhf

tFg;gJ mupJ. tpidailfspy; „M‟ vd;Dk; ,ilepiyNa

vjpu;kiwiaf; fhl;b epw;Fnkd;whYk; rpytplq;fspy; „J‟ vd;Dk;

tpFjpAk; ,ize;J „MJ‟ vd;W vjpu;kiw ,ilepiyfs;

miktijf; fhzyhk;.

156

v.fh. tuhJ.

rpy nkhopfspy; „M‟ fhuj;NjhL „F‟ ,ize;J „MF‟ vd;W

vjpu;kiw ,ilepiyfs; mikfpd;wd. ngauilfspYk; „M‟ fhuNk

vjpu;kiwg; nghUis czu;j;jp epw;fpd;wJ. eLj;jpuhtpl nkhopfspy;

„M‟ fu ,ilepiy vjpu;kiwg; nghUisj; jUfpd;wJ.

JS Nghd;w njd;jpuhtpl nkhopfspYk; „m‟ fuNk

vjpu;kiwf;Fupa ,ilepiyahff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;

,ilepiyfSs; „M‟ fhuNk %yj;jpuhtpl tbtnkd;W gyu; fUj;J.

NtW rpyu; „m‟fuNk %yj;jpuhtpl tbtnkd;W fUJtu;. mjpfkhd

jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; Kjyir jtpu;e;j Vida mirfspy;

nel;Lapu;fs; ,lk; ngWtjpy;iy. JS nkhopapy; „m‟ fuj;ij

mLj;JtUk; mLj;j Fwpy; xypAk; (m) ,ize;J nebyhtijj;

jLf;f ,U „m‟ fu xypfSf;F kpilapy; „a‟ fu clk;gLnka;

tUtijf; fhzyhk;. vdNt mfuNk %yj;jpuhtpl tbtnkd;gJ

njspT.

vjpu;kiwg; nghUis czu;j;Jtjpy; jpuhtpl nkhopfs;

,e;Njh-INuhg;gpa nkhopfspypUe;J NtWgLfpd;wd. INuhg;gpa

nkhopfspy; vjpu;kiw czu;j;Jk; nrhy; tpidr;nrhy;ypd;

cWg;ghfhky; jdpj;J epw;f> jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; vjpu;kiw

,ilepiyfs; tpidabr; nrhy;NyhL xl;L epiyahf ,ize;J

epw;gijf; fhzyhk;. ,k;nkhopfspy; fhy ,ilepiyiag; ngwhj

vjpu;kiw tbtq;fs; fhyj;ijf; fhl;Ltjpy;iy.

jkpopy; my;> ,y; Nghd;w vjpu;kiwr; nrhw;fSk; vjpu;kiwg;

nghUisj; jUfpd;wd. ,it jdpahf vjpu;kiwia czu;j;Jk;

vd;fpwhu; fhy;Lnty;. „,y;iy‟ „khl;lhd;‟ vd;gd Nghd;w

nrhy;YUGfSk; jw;fhyj; jkpopy; vjph; kiwg; nghUis czh;j;jg;

gad;gLfpd;wd.

kiyahs nkhopapy; tpidabfNshL my;y> ,y;y

vd;gtw;iw ,izg;gjhYk; „M‟ fhuj;ijr; Nrh;g;gjhYk; vjph;kiw

tbtq;fs; mikAk;. nfhlF nkhopapy; tpidKw;NwhL mfuk;

,ize;J vjph;kiw cUg;ngWtijf; fhzyhk;. mNjhL

157

,k;nkhopapd; tpidnar;rj;jpy; „mnj‟ vd;gJ nganur;rj;jpy; „mj;‟

vd;gJk; ,ize;J vjph;kiw mikjYz;L. fd;dlj;jpy; cUG

,d;wpAk; tpidKw;Wf;fNshL mfuk; ,ize;Jk; vjph;kiwg;

nghUs; czh;j;Jk; Kiw cs;sJ. JS nkhopapy; mfuk;

ngUk;ghYk; vjph;kiw ,ilepiyahf cs;sJ. mNjhL „[p„ „hp;‟

Nghd;w ,ilepiyfSk; gapd;W tUfpd;wd.

,t; vjph;kiw ,ilepiyfisj; njhlh;e;J ,k;nkhopapy;

ghy;fhl;Lk; tpFjpfs; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd. njYq;fpYk; „m‟fuNk

ngUk;ghYk; vjph;kiw ,ilepiyahfr; nray;gLfpd;wJ.

tpidnar;rj;NjhL „NyJ‟ vd;Dk; nrhy;YUG ,ize;Jk; vjph;kiw

tbtq;fs; mikfp;d;wd. njhopw; ngaNuhL Ngr;Rtof;fpy; ta vd;Dk;

gpd;ndhl;L ,ize;Jk; vjph;kiw tbtk; mikaf; fhzyhk;.

Nfhz;b nkhopapy; -v-> -o- Nghd;wdTk;> -mki(n) Nghd;w

gpd;ndhl;Lf;fSk; vjph;kiwg; nghUis czh;j;jj;

Jiznra;fpd;wd. vjph;kiw tpidnar;r tpFjpahf ,k;nkhopapy; -

Vak vd;Dk; gpd;ndhl;L cs;sJ. Nfhah nkhopapy; -vo- vd;Dk;

vjph;kiw ,ilepiy cs;sJ. ,we;jfhy vjph;kiw tbtq;fspy;

ill- vd;gJk;> epfo;fhy vjph;kiw tbtq;fspy; ille vjph;kiw

tpidnar;rj;jpy; -akunta vd;gJk; vjph;kiwg; nghUisj; jUk;.

ngq;Nfh nkhopapay; vjph;kiw ,ilepiyahf -c-

tUfpd;wJ. NkYk; -a, de Nghd;wdTk; vjph;kiwg; nghUisj;

jUfpd;wd. nfhyhkp nkhopapy; -e- vjph;kiw ,ilepiyahf

cs;sJ. ,Nj ,ilepiyia ehaf;fp nkhopapYk; fhzyhk;. gh;[p

nkhopapy; mfuNk ngUk;ghYk; vjph;kiw ,ilepiyahf cs;sJ.

,t;tpilepiyapid flgh nkhopapYk; fhzyhk;.

,U kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

1. epfo; vd;Dk; tpidg;gFjp vt;thW gpwtpidahFk;?

epfo; > epfo;j;J

2. njYq;fpy; fhZk; gpwtpid cUGfs; vit?

158

R> G> ,Q;R

3. jkpopy; nrag;ghl;L tpidf;Fj; Jiz nra;Ak; cUgd; vJ?

gL

4. nganur;rj;Jld; ,izf;fg;gLtjhy; vjpHkiwg; nghUs; jUk;

nrhw;fnsit?

,y;iy> khl;lhd; - tutpy;iy>tukhl;lhd;

FWtpdh

5. jd;tpid gpwtpidahf khw;wg;gLtij tptupf;f.

jd;tpid gpwtpid vd;Dk;jiyg;gpd; fPOs;s nra;jpfs;

6. ,af;Ftpid cUGfs; Fwpj;J vOJf.

,af;Ftpid cUGfs; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpd; fPOs;s nra;jpfs;

ngUtpdh

7. tpidr;nrhw;fspd; mikg;Gf; Fwpj;j;f; fl;Liuf;f.

jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; Ntw;Wik Vw;Fk; vd;gJ njhlq;fp

te;jhd;> te;jhs; Mz;ghy;> ngz;ghy; vd;gJ tiu

8. tpid tiffs; Fwpj;Jf; fl;Liu tiuf.

tpid tiffs; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpd; fPOs;s nra;jpfs;

9. nrag;ghl;L tpid kw;Wk; mJ czHj;jg;gLk; Kiw Fwpj;J

vOJf

nrag;ghl;L tpid> nrag;ghl;L tpid czHj;jg;gLk; Kiw

vd;Dk; jiyg;gpd; fPOs;s nra;jpfs;

10. vjpHkiw tpidfs; Fwpj;J tpsf;fpAiuf;f.

vjpHkiw tpidfs; vd;Dk;jiyg;gpd; fPOs;s nra;jpfs;

159

$W 11

tpidr; nrhw;fs; fhyk; fhl;Lk; Kiw

jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; tpidabfNshL fhyq; fhl;Lk;

,ilepiyfs; ,ize;J epd;W fhyj;ijf; fhl;b epw;fpd;wd.

goe;jkpopy; ,we;jfhyk; my;yhjd (Non-past) vd ,U fhyq;fNs

cs;sd. Ngr;Rtof;fpy; kl;LNk cs;s jpUe;jhj jpuhtpl nkhopfs;

gytw;wpYk; goe;jkpiog; Nghd;Nw ,we;jfhyk; - ,we;jfhyk;

my;yhjd vd;w ,U ghFghNl fhzf;fplf;fpd;wd. njhy;fhg;gpah;

fhyk; %d;W vd;W Fwpg;gpl;lNghjpYk; ,uz;L fhyq;fisNa

gythW tpsf;fpAs;shH.

nra;j - ,we;jfhyk;

nra;Ak; - ,we;jfhyk; my;yhjJ

%yj;jpuhtpl nkhopapYk; ,t;tpUtifahd fhyg;ghFghL

jhd; ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lnkd;gJ ngUk;ghyhNdhh; fUj;J.

,tw;Ws; ,wg;G my;yhj fhyj;jpy; vjph; fhyKk; mlq;Fk;. ,wg;G

my;yhj fhyj;ij (aorist future) vd;Wk; miog;gH. ,wg;G my;yhj

fhyj;jpypUe;J epfo; fhyk;> fhyg;Nghf;fpy; jdpahfg;

gphpe;jpUf;fNtz;Lk;. jw;fhyj; jkpopYk; epfo;fhy tbtq;fs; vjph;

fhyj;ijAk; czh;j;jp epw;gijf; fhzyhk;.

ehd; tUfpNwd; - epfo;fhyk;

ehd; (ehis) tUfpNwd;-vjph;fhyk;

,we;jfhyk;

njd; jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; Vuhskhd ,we;j fhy

,ilepiyfs; cs;sd. mtw;Ws; -j;-> -j;j;-> -e;j;-> -,-

Nghd;wtw;iw %yj;jpuhtpl tbtq;fshff; nfhs;th;. ,t;tbtq;fs;

njd;jpuhtpl nkhopfsp;y; mjpfkhf cs;sd. goe;jkpopYs;s

,we;jfhy tpidtbtq;fis mit Vw;Fk; ,we;j fhy

,ilepiyfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ehd;fhfg; gFf;fyhk;.

mit: (1) nra; + j; + Md; - nra;jhd;

160

(2) el + e;j; + Md; - ele;jhd;

(3) mb + j;j + Md; - mbj;jhd;

(4) mlq;F + ,d; + Md; - mlq;fpdhd;

Ngr;Rj; jkpopy; -e;j;-> -j;j- vd;Dk; ,ilepiyfs; ,ilaz;z

xy;pfshf khwp KiwNa -Q;r-> -r;r;- vd;W Kd;Daph;fisaLj;J

tUfpd;wd. ,j;jifa jphpG ngw;w ,ilepiyfs; ,yf;fpaq;fspy;

mjpfkhf ,lk; ngwhtpbDk; ,k; khw;wk; fp.gp. 7-Mk; E}w;whz;bw;F

Kd;dNu Vw;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lnkd;gJ njspT. mg;gh; Njthuj;jpy;

,j;jifa ,ilepiyfs; rpy ,lq;fspy; tUfpd;wd.

nra;Qpd;w

jfu ,ilepiy $l Ngr;Rj; jkpopy; -Q;r;- vd;W jphpe;J

tUtijf; fhzyhk;.

nga;jJ > ngQ;rJ

j; vDk; ,we;j fhy ,ilepiy ehtis lfu xypahfj;

jpupe;J tUjYk; cz;L.

cz;- j;- Md; - cz;lhd;

jkpopy; ,we;jfhy mbr; nrhw;fNshL (stem) „c‟fu „,‟fu

xypfis ,izj;J tpidnar;r tbtq;fs; mikg;gJz;L.

ele;J

jpUk;gp

,t;thNw ,we;jfhy tpidabr; nrhy;NyhL „m‟fuj;ij

,izf;Fk; NghJ ,we;j fhyg; nganur;rq;fs; Vw;gLfpd;wd.

v.fh. te;j

Xba

jkpopYs;s –e;j;- vd;w ,il epiyf;F epfuhf kiyahs

nkhopapy; -e;e;- vd;w ,ilepiy cs;sJ. goq;fhyf;

fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; „vd;w‟> „e;j‟> Nghd;w tbtq;fs; cs;sd. ,k;

nkhopapy; -z;z;- vd;w ,ilepiyNa ngU tof;fpYs;sJ. jw;fhy

kiyahsj;jpy; - ,-> -e;e;-> -e;-> -e;j;-> -w;-> -l;-> -r;-> -j;-> Nghd;w ,il

epiyfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fd;dl nkhopapy; -d-> -j;-> -nd-> -id-

Nghd;w ,il epiyfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

161

,we;j fhy ,ilepiyfisg; nghWj;j tiuapy; njd;

jpuhtpl nkhopfSf;Fk;> eLj;jpuhtpl nkhopfSf;FkpilNa mjpf

xw;Wikf; $Wfis fhzyhk;. Nfhz;lh> Nfhz;b> Fap Nghd;w

nkhopfspy; „,j;‟ vd;Dk; ,ilepiyNa ngUtof;fpy; cs;sJ.

jkpopYs;s ehd;F ,ilepiyfisAk; Fapnkhop –j;-> -,- vd;Dk;

,U ,ilepiyfshfr; (d/t and i/y) RUf;fpf; ifahs;fpd;wJ. gh;[p

nkhopapy; -f- vd;Dk; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy mjpfkhfg; gapd;W

tUfpd;wJ.

jkpo; nfhlF Mfpa nkhopfs; tpidabfNshL j;> e;e;> j;j;>

, vd;w ,ilepiyfis ,izj;J ,w;ejfhy tpid tbtq;fis

mikj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wd. mk;KiwNa %yj;jpuhtpl nkhopapd;

,ay;ghFk;. ,tw;Ws; j;j;> j;> vd;gtw;iwj; njhlh;e;J Kd;Daph;fs;

tUk; NghJ mit mz;z xypahf khwf;fhzyhk;. eLj;jpuhtpl

nkhopfspd; ,we;j fhy ,ilepiyiag; gioa njYq;F> Fap>

Ftp Mfpatw;wpy; fhzyhk;. tljpuhtpl nkhopfspy; -f;f;- vd;w

,we;jfhy ,ilepiyNa ngUtof;fpy; cs;sJ.

,tw;Ws; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiyahd –j;- ngUk;ghYk;

xuirr; nrhw;fisaLj;J tuf;fhzyhk;. rpy ,lq;fspy; (c) VcV

vd;w mikg;Gila <uirr; nrhw;fisaLj;Jk; ,J tUjYz;L.

v.fh. jkpo; nra; + j;

nfhlF nfa; + j;

Njhlh fPa; + j;

nka;1 capH1 nka;2 capH2 vdtUk; mikg;Gila

tpidabfspy; nka;2 vd;gJ f> j> w Mfpa nka;fspy; VjhtJ

xd;whf ,Ue;jhy; mJ f;> l;> w; vd;gtw;Ws; xd;iw ,we;jfhy

,ilepiyahf Vw;Fk;.

v.fh. jkpo; eF ef;f

,L ,l;l

ngW ngw;w

nka;capH ,ize;j Xuir mikg;Gila tpidabfNs

ngUk;ghYk; e;j; vd;Dk; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiyia Vw;Fk;.

162

v.fh. jkpo; Neh > nehe;jhd;

kiyahsj;jpy; e;j; > e;e; vd;W khwp tpLfpwJ

ms> vO Nghd;w tpidtbtq;fSk; „e;j;‟ ,ilepiyia Vw;W

epw;ff; fhzyhk;> mop> gb Nghd;w ,fu <w;W tpidabfs; „j;j;‟

vd;w ,we;j fhy ,ilepiyia Vw;Fk;. ,we;jfhy ,ilepiyfSs;

„,‟fuNk jpuhtpl nkhopfs; midj;jpYk; gutyhff; fhzg;gLtJ.

Nfhlh> Njhlh Nghd;w nkhopfspy; ,J „a‟ fukhfj; jphpAk;.

,we;jfhyk; my;yhjd (Non – past)

jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; ,we;jfhyk;> epfo;fhyk;> vjph;fhyk; vd;w

Kg;gphpT Njhd;Wk; Kd;dh; ,we;jfhyk; my;yhjd vd;w $WghNl

epfo;fhyj;ijAk; vjph;fhyj;ijAk; czh;j;jpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

vdNtjhd; jpuhtpl nkhopfis Muha;e;j lhf;lh; fhy;Lnty;

,k;nkhopfspy; ,we;jfhyk;> vjph;fhyk; vd ,U fhyq;fNs cs;sd

vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. %yj;jpuhtpl nkhopapy; -g;g;-> -g-> -f;r;-> -j;j;-> -j;-

> -ck;-> -d- Nghd;wit ,we;j fhyk; my;yhjdtw;wpd;

,ilepiyfshf ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,j;jF ,ilepiyfs; rpy

,lq;fspy; vjph;fhyj;ijAk;> rpy ,lq;fspy; epfo; fhyj;ijAk;

czh;j;jp epw;fpd;wd. epfo;fhyj;ij ,ilepiyfs; ,y;yhky; $l;L

tbtq;fshy; (Periphrastic construction) czh;j;Jk; KiwAk;

,k;nkhopfspy; cs;sd. fpW> fpd;W> Mepd;W vd;gd jkpopy;

epfo;fhyj;ij czh;j;Jk; jdp tbtq;fshf cs;sd. ,it gpw;fhy

tof;F MFk;.

%yj;jpuhtpl ,ilepiyfshd j;j; vd;gij eLj;jpuhtpl

nkhopfspYk;> -g;g;- vd;gijj; njd;jpuhtpl nkhopfspYk; fhzyhk;.

–f;f;- ,ilepiy jkpo;> kiyahsk;> Njhlh> Nfhlh> fd;dlk;>

nfhyhkp> gh;[p Mfpa nkhopfs; cs;sd.

jkpo; - elf;Ftd;

-j;j;- ,ilepiy jkpo;> fd;dlk;> njYq;F Nghd;w nkhopfspy;

,lk; ngWfpd;wd. „ck;‟ ,ilepiy jkpo;> kiyahsk;> Nfhlh> JS>

163

nfhyhkp> gh;[p Nghd;w nkhopfspy; kpFjpahf ,lk; ngWfpd;wJ.

Fap nkhopapy; -th-> -e-> -vrp (esi) Nghd;w ,ilepiyfSk;

cs;sd.

kiyahs nkhopapy; epfo;fhy ,ilepiyfshf cd;D>

Fd;D vd;gd cs;sd. gioa kiyahsj;jpy; „,d;D‟ vd;Dk;

,ilepiyAk; cs;sJ njYq;F nkhopapy; „R‟ my;yj „J‟ vd;Dk;

,ilepiy epfo;fhyj;ijf; Fwpf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ. GJf;fd;dl

nkhopapy; epfo;fhyq;fhl;Lk; ,ilepiyfshf –cj;- -cj- khLj;j

vd;w tbtq;fSk;> goq;fd;dlj;jpy; -jg;- vd;w ,ilepiyAk;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

baldapen (tho;fpNwd;)

jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; vjph;fhyk; njsptw;wjhf cs;sJ.

Ngr;R nkhopapy; epfo;fhyj;ijNa vjph;fhykhf toq;FjYk;

cz;L. MH.[p.ge;jh;fh; vd;Dk; mwpQH epfo;fhyk; vd;gJ

epiyaw;w nehbg;nghOjsthd xU fhyk; MifahYk;

vjph;fhyj;jpd; Ke;jpa xU gFjpNa epfo;T vd;W $WkhW

cs;sJ. MifahYk; ,t;thW toq;f tha;g;G Vw;gLfpd;wJ

vd;fpwhh.;

jkpo; nkhopapy; t> g;g;> g> ck; Nghd;wd vjph;fhy

tbtj;ij defective future vd;wiof;fpd;whh; fhy;Lnty;. ,j;jifa

tbtq;fspy; ghy;fhl;Lk; tpFjpfs; ,izf;fg;gLtjpy;iy.

kiyahs nkhopapy; „ck;‟ „mk;‟ Mfpad vjph;fhy

,ilepiyfshf mikfpd;wd. njYq;fpy; vjph;fhy ,ilepiyahd

„c‟fuNk ngUtof;fpy; cs;sJ. vdpDk; xUikapy; „cD‟ vd;Dk;

tbtKk;> gd;ikapy; „cK‟ vd;Dk; tbtKk; tpFjpfshf

mike;J vjph;fhyj;ij czh;j;jp epw;gijf; fhzyhk;.

Nr];JD (xUik)

Nr];JK (gd;ik)

fd;dl nkhopapy; „t‟fuNk vjph;fhyj;ij czh;j;Jfpd;wJ.

njYq;F> fd;dlk; Mfpa nkhopfspd; Ngr;R tof;fpy;

164

vjph;fhyj;ijg; gad;gLj;JtJ kpff;FiwT> vjph; fhyj;jpw;Fg;

gjpyhf epfo;fhyNk gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

,we;jfhyk; my;yhjijr; Rl;Lk; ,ilepiyfSs;

%yj;jpuhtpl tbtq;fshf *g;g;> -*f;f;> -*j;j;> *ck;> *e; vd;gtw;iwf;

Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,tw;iwj; jtpu %yj;jpuhtpl nkhopfspd;

,ilepiyahf *-X vd;gijj; jpUj;jpaikf;f Kbfpd;wJ.

,tw;Ws; -*g;g; ,ilepiy njd; jpuhtpl nkhopfspy;

ngUtof;fpYs;sJ. Nfhlh nkhopapy; t vd;Dk; ,ilepiyAk;>

Njhlhtpy; p vd;Dk; ,ilepiyAk; ,we;j fhyk; my;yhjtw;iw

czh;j;JjYz;L. nfhlF nkhopapy; ,t;tpU ,il epiyfSNk

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. tl jpuhtpl nkhopfSs; gpuhFap nkhopapy; kl;Lk;

g; ,ilepiy fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. tl jpuhtpl nkhopapYs;s x vd;Dk;

,ilepiyia t fu ,ilepiyapd; tsh;r;rp vd;gh;.

%yj; jpuhtpl ,ilepiyahd *f;f; vd;gjd; khw;w

tbtq;fisj; jkpo;> kiyahsk;> Nfhlh> Njhlh> nfhlF> fd;dlk;>

Nfhz;b> nfhyhkp> gh;[p Nghd;w nkhopfspy; fhz Kbfpd;wJ. *j;j;

vd;Dk; ,ilepiyapidg; goe; jkpo;> fd;dlk;> njYq;F> Nfhz;b>

Fap> nfhyhkp> ehaf;fp> *gh;[p> flgh Mfpa nkhopfspy; fhzyhk;.

mt;thNw um tpFjpapidj; jkpo;> kiyahsk;> nfhlF> fd;dlk;>

JS> njYq;F> nfhyhkp> gh;[p Mfpa nkhopfspy; fhz Kbfpd;wJ.

e vDk; ,ilepiyapidj; JS nkhopapy; fhzyhk;. Nfhz;b>

Nfhah Mfpa nkhopfspYk; ,J rw;W jphpe;J toq;ff; fhzyhk;.

epfo;fhy tpidailf;nfdj; (Present adverb) jdp cUGfs;

jkpo;> kiyahsk;> JS Nghd;w nkhopfspy; ,y;yhj NghjpYk;

Nfhlh Nghd;w nkhopfspy; ,tw;iwf; fhzyhk;. njYq;fpy; cun

vd;Dk; cUG cs;sJ. ,J nfhyhkpapy; san vdj; jphpAk; ,tw;iw

%yj; jpuhtpl epiyf;F cupadthf tFg;gJ mupjhf cs;sJ.

,U kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs ;

1. jkpopy; toq;Fk; ,we;j fhy ,ilepiyfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

-j;j;> - j;> -e;j;> -z;l;> -,d;> -,

165

2. fhyk; vt;thW gFj;Jzug;gl;lJ?

,we;j fhyk;> ,wg;gy;yhf; fhyk;

3. jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; gutyhff; fhzg;gLk; ,we;j fhy

,ilepiy vJ?

- ,

4. Ngr;rpy; epfo;T> vjpH fhyq;fSf;F xNu tbtj;ijf; ifahSk;

nkhopfs; vit?

njYq;F> fd;dlk;

5. ,wg;gy;yhf; fhyj;jpw;Fupa %yj; jpuhtpl ,ilepiyfis

tpsf;Ff.

-f;f;> - j;j;> - g;g;> ck;> e;

FWtpdh

6. jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; ,we;j fhyk; vd;Dk; tiuaiwia

tpsf;Ff.

,we;j fhyk; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; mlq;fpa nra;jpfs;

7. jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; ,wg;gy;yhf; fhyk; vd;gjid tpsf;Ff.

,wg;gy;yhf; fhyk; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpyhd nra;jpfs;

ngUtpdh

8. tpidr; nrhw;fs; fhyq;fhl;Lk; Kiw Fwpj;J tpupj;Jiuf;f.

tpidr; nrhw;fs; fhyq;fhl;Lk; Kiw vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy;

mlq;fpAs;s nra;jpfs;

$W 12 : vr;rq;fSk; Kw;WfSk;

vr;rq;fSk; Kw;Wf;fSk;

jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; tpid tbtq;fs; Kw;Wf;fs; vd;Wk;>

vr;rq;fs; vd;Wk; ,U $WgLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. Kw;Wf;fspy;

mbr;nrhy;> fhy ,il epiyfs;> ghy;fhl;Lk; tpFjpfs; Mfpad

,ize;J epw;Fk;. vr;rq;fs; ghywpfpstpfisg; ngwhkNy

166

epw;fpd;wd. vr;r tbtq;fisg; nganur;rq;fs; vd;Wk;>

tpidnar;rq;fs; vd;Wk; ,U $Wg;gLj;JtH. ,uz;LNk tpidr;

nrhw;fs; vdpDk; ngaiuf; nfhz;L KbAk; tpidr; nrhw;fs;

nganur;rk; vd;Wk;> tpid Kw;Wf;fisf; nfhz;L KbAk; tpidr;

nrhw;fs; tpidnar;rk; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

nganur;rq;fs;

ehaf;fp jtph;e;j Vida jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; nganur;r

tbtq;fs; njspthf cs;sd. INuhg;gpa nkhopfspy; cs;s who,

which, where, what Nghd;w ,izg;Gg; ngah;fspd; gzpapidj;

jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; nganur;r tbtq;fNs nra;fpd;wd.

v.fh. I saw the man who came,

te;j kdpjidf; fz;Nld;

,t;tpU njhlh;fspy;> Mq;fpy nkhopj; njhlhpy; who vd;w

,izg;Gg; ngah; ,lk; ngWfpd;wJ. Mdhy; jkpopy; „te;j‟ vd;w

nganur;rNk ,izg;G ,lg; ngahpd; nghUis czHj;jp tpLfpd;wJ.

nganur;r tbtq;fs; mtw;iwaLj;J tUk; ngah;fs; fhl;Lk; vz;>

jpid> ghy; Mfpatw;wpw;Nfw;g khWtjpy;iy. njhy;fhg;gpah;

nganur;rq;fisg; nganuQ;R fpstp vd;W miof;fpd;whh;. jkpopy;

nganur;rq;fs; ,wg;G> epfo;T> vjph;T Mfpa %d;W fhyq;fisAk;

fhl;b epw;Fk;.

njhy;fhg;gpah; „nra;j‟ vd;Dk; ,we;j fhyg; nganur;r

tbtj;ijAk; „nra;Ak;‟ vd;Dk; epfo;fhy vjph;fhy tbtj;ijAk;

kl;LNk Fwpg;gpl;l NghjpYk; ,ilf;fhy ,yf;fpaq;fspYk;

fy;ntl;Lf;fspYk; nra;fpd;w> nra;ahepd;w vd;gd Nghd;w epfo;fhy

nganur;r tbtq;fisAk; fhz;fpNwhk;. tpuNrhopa Mrphpah; nra;fpw

vd;w tbtj;ijAk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. vjph;kiwg; nganur;rq;fshf

nra;ahj> nra;ahkypUe;j> nra;ahkypUf;Fk; Nghd;w tbtq;fs;

cs;sd. jw;fhyj; jkpopy; nra;ag;gl;l> nra;ag;gLfpd;w> nra;ag;gLk;

Nghd;w tbtq;fs; cld;ghl;L nganur;rq;fshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

167

kiyahsk;> nfhyhkp Nghd;w nkhopfspYk; nganur;rq;fs;

%d;W fhyq;fisAk; fhl;Lfpd;wd. FUf;> khy;Nlh Nghd;w

nkhopfspYk; epfo;fhy> ,we;jfhy ,ilepiyfisg; nganur;r

tbtq;fs; Vw;fpd;wd. fd;dlk;> jkpo;> kiyahsk; njYq;F>

nfhyhkp Nghd;w nkhopfspy; fhy ,ilepiyfNshL „m‟fu tpFjp

,ize;J nganur;r tbtq;fs; mikfpd;wd.

fd;dlk; maRida

jkpo; nra;j

kiyahsk; nra;Ad;d

njYq;F Nrrpd

Nfhz;lh> Fap> Ftp> JS Nghd;w nkhopfspy; „,‟fu tpFjp

,ize;J nganur;r tbtq;fs; mikfpd;wd.

v.fh. Nfhz;lh - aini

Fap - nogni

Ftp - tupi

JS - tuti

nfhlF nkhopapy; „c‟ vd;Dk; tpFjp fhzg;gLfpwJ> „cfu‟

tpFjp jkpopy; kl;Lkpd;wp FUf; nkhopapYk; cs;sJ. Nfhz;b

nkhopapy; „my;‟ tpFjpAs;sJ. gH[p nkhopapy; -md; tpFjp

ngUtof;fpYs;sJ. vjph;fhyj;ijr; Rl;lg; gad;gLk; „ck;‟

tpFjpiag; nganur;r tpFjpahf %yj; jpuhtpl epiyf;Fupajhff;

nfhs;syhk;

tpidnar;rq;fs;

ed;D}yhh; tpidnar;rq;fs; njhopiyAk; fhyj;ijAk;

fhl;b> ghy; fhl;lhJ tpid vQ;rp epw;Fk; vd;W tpjptFj;Js;shh;.

tpidnar;rj;ij tpsf;fhj NghjpYk; njhy;fhg;gpaH xd;gJ tif

tpidnar;r thag;ghLfisf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.

“nra;J> nra;a+> nra;G> nra;njdr;

nra;apah;> nra;apa> nrapd;> nra> nraw;nfd

168

mt;tif xd;gJk; tpidnaQ;Rfpstp”

,tw;iwj; jtpu> njhy;fhg;gpah; „kaq;fhik‟ vd;gij

tpidnar;rkhf Ms;tjhy; mth; fhyj;jpy; „nra;ahik‟ vd;w

tha;ghl;L tbtKk; ,Ue;jJ vd;gJ njspT. nra;ahky; Nghd;w

tha;g;ghl;L tbtq;fs; fypj;njhifapy; cs;sd. ,d;iwa jkpopy;

nra;tjw;F> nra;jhy; vd;w tha;g;ghl;L tbtq;fNshL nra;ahtpbd;>

nra;ahtpl;lhy; Nghd;w tha;g;ghl;L vjph;kiw tbtq;fSk; cs;sd.

ed;D}yhh; M> thd;> ghd;> ghf;F vd;w <WfSila tpidbar;r

tbtq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLtNjhL tpidnar;r tha;g;ghLfs; ve;nje;j

fhyq;fisf; fhl;b epw;Fk; vd;gijAk; njspthf tiuaWj;Js;shh;.

Nfhz;lh nkhopapy; ,we;jfhyk;> ,we;j fhyk;-vjph;fhyk;

Mfpatw;wpd; ,ilepiyfis Vw;W epw;Fk; tpidabr; nrhw;fNshL

–a(no) vd;w tpFjpia ,izg;gjhy; tpidnar;r tbtq;fs;

mikfpd;wd.

ki(nra;)

kinano –(nra;j)

gh;[p> flgh> FUf;> gpuhFap> Mfpa nkhopfspy; tpidabr;

nrhw;fNshL „,‟fu tpFjpia ,izg;gjhy; tpidnar;r tbtq;fs;

mikfpd;wd. nfhyhkp nkhopapy; -„m‟ vd;w tpFjpAk;> JS

nkhopapy; -onudu vd;w tpFjpAk;> ehaf;fp nkhopapy; -c-, -cik, -sik, -

cig, -sig Nghd;w tpFjpfSk; cs;sd. Ftp nkhopapy; epfo;fhy

tpidnar;r tbtpy; -„,‟ tpFjpAk; ,we;jfhy tbtpy; -„m‟ tpFjpAk;

cs;sd. Nfhlhtpy;-r tpFjpAk;> Nfhz;bapy; -core, jore Nghd;w

tbtq;fSk;> khy;Nlhtpd; -Vfu tpFjpAk; tpidnar;r mikg;gpw;Fj;

Jiz nra;fpd;wd.

vjph;kiw tpidnar;r tbtq;fs; jkpo;> kiyahsk;> nfhlh>

nfhlF> fd;dlk;> JS> njYq;F> nfhyhkp> gh;[p Nfhz;lh> Fap>

khy;Nlh Mfpa nkhopfspy; cs;sd. ,tw;Ws; nfhlh> nfhlF>

nfhyhkp Nghd;w nkhopfspy; „M‟ fhuk; vjph;kiw tpidnar;r

tpFjpahf cs;sJ. kiyahsk;> fd;dlk;> JS> Nghd;w nkhopfspy;

169

vfu cUG cs;sJ. khy;Nlh nkhopapy; -balo vd;w cUGk;>

Nfhz;lh nkhopapy; -no vd;w cUGk; cs;sJ.

vr;r tbtq;fis czh;j;Jk; gpd;ndhl;Lf;fSs; %yj;

jpuhtpl tbtkhf -*m> vd;gijf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. vr;rq;fspd;

nraw;ghl;bid cUgd; epiyia tpl njhlh;fspy; itj;Jjhd;

njspthf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s KbAk;. Fwpf;Nfhs;> fhuzk;> gad;

Nghd;w gy nghUl;fis ,it je;J epw;Fk;. fd;dlk;> nfhyhkp>

gH[p> Nfhz;lh> ngq;Nfh> gpuhFap Nghd;w nkhopfspy; njhopw;

ngah; tbtq;fNs vr;rq;fspd; gzpapidr; nra;fpd;wd.

vr;rq;fis czh;j;Jk; gpd;ndhl;lhd – mfuj;ijj; jkpo;>

gioa kiyahsk;> fd;dlk;> njYq;F> Nfhz;b> FUf; Nghd;w

nkhopfspy; fhz Kbfpd;wJ.

jpuhtpl nkhopf; FLk;gj;jpd; vy;yhg; gphpTfisr; rhh;e;j

nkhopfspYk; ,J tUtjhy; ,jid %yj; jpuhtpl nkhop

epiyf;Fj; jpUj;jpaikg;gJ vspJ. lhf;lh; fhy;Lnty; vr;r

tbtq;fspd; gpd;ndhl;lhd mfuj;jpw;Fk;> njhopw; ngah; tpFjpahd

my; vd;gjw;Fk; njhlh;G ,Ug;gjhff; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. mNjhL

„m‟fuk; njhd;ikahd tbtk; vd;Wk; mjd; jphpe;j tbtNk „my;‟

vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH. jkpopy; ,itapuz;bd; gad;ghL NtW

NtW vd;gjhy; ,tw;iw xd;whff; nfhs;tJ nghUj;jkpd;W

vdyhk;. njYq;F nkhopapy; mfuj;jpw;Fg; gjpy; -md; vd;Dk;

tpFjpiaf; fhzyhk;. ,jd; ,WjpapYs;s „d;‟vd;Dk; xypaidj;

jkpopYs;s „my;‟ vd;gjd; ,WjpapYs;s „y;‟ vd;Dk; xypapd;

jphpe;j tbthf vy;.tp.,uhkRthkp Iah; fUJfpd;whh;.

tpidKw;Wf;fs; jpiz> ghy; czh;j;Jk; Kiw

jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; tpid Kw;Wf;fs; jpiz> ghy;> vz;

Mfpatw;iwj; njspthff; fhl;b epw;fpd;wd> ,tw;iw mwpa

tpidg;gFjpfspd; ,Wjpapy; ,izf;fg;gLk; ghywpfpstpfNs

Jiz nra;fpd;wd. ,j;jifa mikg;G Kiwf;F kiyahs nkhop

170

kl;LNk tpjptpyf;F. vdpDk; gioa kiyahsr; nra;Al;fspy;

ghywpfpstpfisf; fhzKbfpd;wJ. jpuhtpl nkhopfspd;

tpidKw;Wf;fs; jpiz> ghy; czh;j;Jk; Kiwia Ma;e;j gy

mwpQh;fSk; tpidKw;Wf;fs; jpiz> ghy; czh;j;Jk; Kiw

%yj;jpuhtpl nkhopapy; ,y;iy vd;gh;.

jkpopy; fhzg;gLk; gioa tpid tbtq;fshd nra;F>

nra;Fk; vd;gtw;wpYk; ghywpfpstpfs; ,lk; ngwtpy;iy. ,t;thNw

fd;dl nkhopapYk; „nfa;Fk;‟ (geygum) vd;w nghJ tpid tbtk;

ghy;NtWghl;ilf; fhl;lhky; vy;yhg; ghYf;Fk; nghJthf tUtijf;

fhzyhk;. jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; tpid Kw;Wf;fspYk; glh;f;if

tpid Kw;Wf;fs; kl;LNk ghy; ghFghl;il czh;j;Jfpd;wd. vdNt

jpiz> ghy; czh;j;Jk; Kiw rKjha khw;wj;jpw;Nfw;g gpw;fhyj;jpy;

Vw;gl;l tsh;r;rp vdyhk;. ghywpfpstpfis tpidabr; nrhw;fNshL

,izj;J tpid Kw;Wf;fs; mikf;Fk; kuG kq;Nfhypa

nkhopfspYk; cs;sjhff; fhy;Lnty; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.

ghywpfpstpfs; (Pronominal terminations)

jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; ghy; ghFg;ghl;bid czh;j;j>

ghywpfpstpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,it jpuhtpl nkhopfspd;

%tplg; ngaHfNshLk;> Rl;Lg; ngah;fNshLk; njhlh;Gilad.

vdNtjhd; lhf;lh; fhy;Lnty; Nghd;Nwhh; jpuhtpl nkhopfspy;

ghywpfpstpfs; Kw;fhyj;jpy; ,y;iy vd;Wk; gpd;dh; %tplg;

ngah;fspd; FWfpa tbtq;fs; tpidabr; nrhw;fNshL

,izf;fg;gl;ld vd;Wk; $Wfpd;wdh;. Gpd; te;j mwpQh;fs;

%tplg;ngah;fs; ehsiltpy; jphpe;J ghywpfpstpfshf khwpd vd;W

nfhs;tijtplg; goq;fhyj;jpypUe;Nj tpid Kw;Wf;fspd; gpd;dh;

%tplg; ngah;fspd; jd;ikiag; ngw;Ws;s ghy;fhl;Lk; tpFjpfs;

,izf;fg;gLk; kuG ,Ue;J tUfpd;wJ vd;W nfhs;tNj nghUe;Jk;

vd;gh;. ,g;ghywpfpstpfis tpidKw;Wf;fspy; kl;Lkpd;wp rpy ngah;

tbtq;fspYk; fhz Kbfpd;wJ.

v.fh. kfd; - md; (Mz;ghy;> xUik> cah;jpid)

171

kfs; - ms; (ngz;ghy;> xUik> czh;jpid)

jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; jw;fhy kiyahs nkhopapy; kl;Lk;

ghywpfpstpfs; ,y;iy. vdnt ,k;nkhopapd; tpidKw;Wf;fs;

jpiz> ghy; ghFg;ghl;bid czh;j;Jtjpy;iy. tpid

Kw;Wf;fspd; Kd;dh; tUk; ngah;nrhw;fisf; (vOtha;)

nfhz;Ljhd; jpiz> ghy; ghFghl;il czu Kbfpd;wJ.

v.fh. mtd; te;E

mts; te;E

mJ te;E

,k;nkhopapd; tpidKw;Wf;fspy; ghywpfpstpfs; ,d;ikahy;

Gw mikg;gpay; tpidKw;Wf;fSk;> vr;rq;fSk; xd;WNghyf;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. kiyahs nkhopiaj; jtpu goe;jkpopYk;>

njYq;fpYk;> fd;dlj;jpYk; ghywpfpstpfs; ,y;yhj gy tpid

Kw;W tbtq;fs; cs;sd.

v.fh. jkpo; nra;Ak;> nra;Fk;

njYq;F rhY(k;)> rhF(k;)

fd;dlk; beku(m), Sabu(m)

,t;tbtq;fs; %yj;jpuhtpl nkhopapy; ghywpfpstpfs;

,y;iy vd;Dk; lhf;lh; fhy;Lnty;ypd; $w;iw muz;nra;td

Nghyj; Njhd;Wfpd;wd. vdpDk; njhy;fhg;gpah; fhyj;jpy; cah;

jpizg; gyh;ghy; tpidKw;Wf;fs; gytw;wpYk; ghywpfpstpfs;

,lk; ngw;wd vd;gjw;F „vd;kdhh; Gyth;‟ Nghd;w mth;

ifahz;Ls;s njhlh;fNs rhd;W gfUk;. vdNt goq;fhyj;J

tpid Kw;W tbtq;fs; ghywpfpstpfisg; ngw;Wk;> ngwhkYk;

te;jd vd;gJ njspT.

ghywpfpstpfis Muha;e;j lhf;lh; fhy;Lnty;> %yj;jpuhtpl

nkhopapy; ghywpfpstpfs; ,y;iy vd;Wk;> ghywpfpstpfisg;

nghWj;j tiuapy; kiyahs nkhop %yj;jpuhtpl

nkhopapdpay;igf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ vd;Wk; $Wfpd;whH.

vy;.tp.,uhkRthkp Iah; Nghd;Nwhh; ,f;fUj;ij kWj;J kiyahs

172

nkhopapy; ghywp fpstpfs; ,Ue;jjhfTk; ehsiltpy; mit

nfl;Ltpl;ljhfTk; epWTfpd;whh;.

1) kiyahs nkhopapd; gioa ,yf;fpakhd ,uhkrhpjj;jpy;

mjpfkhd tpidKw;Wf;fs; ghywpfpstpfisg; ngw;Nw mikfpd;wd.

gbg;gbahfg; ghywpfpstpfs; ,yf;fpa tof;fpy; mope;J te;jjw;Ff;

fhye;NjhWk; vOe;j kiyahs nkhopapd; ,yf;fpaq;fNs rhd;W.

2) fp.gp.14Mk; E}w;whz;by; vOe;j yPyhjpyfk; vd;Dk; ,yf;fz

E}y; ghywpfpstpfisf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. yPyhjpyfj;jpy; „te;jhd;‟

„,Ue;jhd;‟ Nghd;w tpidKw;Wf;fs; tl;lhu tof;Ffshfr;

Rl;lg;gLtjhy; Ngr;R tof;fpYk; ghywp fpstpfs; ,Ue;jik njspT

ngWfpd;wd.

3) yf;fhb (Lakkadiv) mkpz;b (Admindiv) jPtpYs;s kiyahs

nkhopapd; tl;lhu tof;Ffspy; ,d;Wk; ghywpfpstpfs; ,lk;

ngWtijf; fhzKbfpd;wJ.

4) kiyahs nkhopapd; gioa fy;ntl;Lf;fspYk; ghywpfpstpfs;

gapd;W tUtijf; fhzyhk;.

5) fp.gp 10-Mk; E}w;whz;bw;F Kd;dh; kiyahs nkhop jkpopd; xU

tl;lhu tof;fhf ,Ue;jNj jtpu jdpnkhopahf cUg;ngwtpy;iy.

vdNt kiyahs nkhop %yj;jpuhtpl nkhoapdpay;igf;

fhl;Lfpd;wJ vd;W $WtJ mt;tsT Vw;Gila $w;whf ,y;iy.

6) kiyahsk; jtph;j;j midj;J nkhopfspYk; ghywp fpstpfs;

,lk; ngWfpd;wd. vdNt %yj;jpuhtpl nkhopapYk; ghywpfpstpfs;

,Ue;jd vd;Wk;> kiyahs nkhopapy; kpfg; gpw;fhyj;jpy; ,it

nfl;ld vd;Wq; nfhs;syhk;.

Mz;ghy; xUik tpFjp

njd; jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; Mz;ghy; xUik tpFjpfshf

„Md;‟ vd;w tbtKk; mjd; khw;W tbtkhd „md;‟ vd;gJk;

cs;sd. eLj;jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; *-anr vd;Dk; tpFjp cs;sJ.

njd; jpuhtpl nkhopfspYs;s Mz;ghy;xUik glh;f;if %tplg;

ngah;fSs; avanr vd;gij %yj;jpuhtpl vOtha; tbtkhfTk;

173

mtd; vd;gij Ntw;Wik Vw;Fk; tbtkhfTk; nfhz;L „mtd;‟

vd;Dk; Ntw;Wik Vw;Fk; tbtNk gpd;dh; njd; jpuhtpl

nkhopfspy; vOtha; tbthfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ vd;W gNuh>

gl;lhr;rhhpah MfpNahh; fUJfpd;wdh;.

ngz;ghy; xUik tpFjp

FUf;> khy;Nlh Nghd;w nkhopfspYk;> eLj;jpuhtpl

nkhopfspYk; ngz;ghy; vd;Dk;; ghFghL njspthf ,y;iy.

njd;jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; „Ms;‟ „ms;‟ vd;Dk; tpFjpfs; ngz;ghy;

xUik tpFjpfshf cs;sd.

v.fh. te;jhs;

te;jhd;

gyh;ghy; tpFjp

ngUk;ghyhd nkhopfspy; gyh;ghy; tpFjpahf „Mh;‟ tpFjp

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. njYq;F jtph;j;j eLj;jpuhtpl nkhopfspy;

„Mh;‟ tpFjp Mz;ghy; gd;ikapidAk; gytpd;ghy; tpFjpfs;

ngz;ghy; gd;ikapidAk; czh;j;Jtijf; fhzyhk;. „Mh;‟

tpFjpiag; gyh;ghy; tpFjpahfg; gad;gLj;JtJ kpfg;

gpw;fhytof;F vd;Wk; %yj;jpuhtpl nkhopapy; ,J Mz;ghy;

gd;ik tpFjpahfj;jhd; ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lnkd;Wk;

gp.vr;..fpU\;z%h;j;jp fUJfpd;whh;. jkpopy; „Mh;‟ tpFjpNahL

„Mh;fs;‟ vd;Dk; ,ul;ilg; gd;ik tbtKk; „Mq;fs;‟ vd;Dk;

tbtKk; ngUtof;fpy; cs;sd.

xd;wd;ghy; tpFjp

njd;jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; xd;wd;ghy; tpFjpahf „mJ‟

vd;gJ fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;tpFjp njYq;F> Nfhz;lh> ngq;Nfh>

nfhyhkp> ehaf;fp> FUf;> khy;Nlh> Nghd;w nkhopfspYk; cs;sJ.

Vida nkhopfspy; „v‟ „m‟ Nghd;w tpFjpfs; cs;sd.

174

gytpd;ghy; tpFjpfs;

„m‟ vd;Dk; gytpd;ghy; tpFjp goe;jkpo;> kiyahsk;> JS

Mfpa nkhopfspy; cs;sd. jw;fhyj; jkpopy; xd;wd; ghy;

tpFjpahd „mJ‟ gytpd; ghy; tpFjpahfTk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

fd;dl nkhopapy; „mt;‟ vd;w tpFjp cs;sJ.

vz; czh;j;Jk; Kiw

jd;ik xUik tpFjpfs;

jpuhtpl nkhopfs; jd;ik> gd;ik> Mfpa %tplg; ngah;fspy;

vz; NtWghL njspthf cs;sJ. jkpopy; vd;> Vd;> vd;gd jd;ik

xUik tpFjpfshf cs;sd. JS nkhopapy; vd; vd;Dk; tpFjp „E‟

vd;W khWfpd;wJ. Nfhz;lh Fap> Nghd;w nkhopfspy; „vd;‟ vd;gjd;

,Wjp %f;nfhyp nfl;L tpLfpd;wJ. Ngr;Rj; jkpopYk; „vd;‟ vd;gjd;

,Wjp „d‟ fuk; nfl;L mjd; Kd;dh; ,lk; ngWk; vfu caph;>

%f;nfhypr; rhay; ngWtijf; fhzyhk;. goe;jkpopy; md;

rhhpiaia mLj;J vd; tpFjp ,lk; ngWfpd;wJ. md; tpFjp

rq;ffhyj; jkpopYk; cs;sJ. vjph;fhy tpidKw;wpy; my; tpFjpAk;

,lk; ngWtJz;L.

ntspg;ghl;Lj;jd;ikg; gd;ik tpFjpfs;

%yj;jpuhtpl tpFjpahd -*vm vd;gjd; khw;W tbtq;fs;

vy;yhj; jpuhtpl nkhopfspYk; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd. gpuhFap nkhopapy;

kl;Lk; „k‟fuj;jpw;Fg; gjpyhf ;d‟fuk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. jkpopy; xk;

vd;Dk; tpFjp cs;sJ. jd;ikg; gd;ik Ktplg; ngah; tpFjpahf

„Mk;‟ (ahk;) vd;Dk; tpFjp cs;sJ. jpUf;Fwspy; 15 ,lq;fspy;

,t;tbtk; ,lk; ngWtjhf Nf.tp.Rg;iga;ah Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.

csg;ghl;Lj; jd;ik gd;ik tpFjpfs;

Nfhlh> Njhlh> njYq;F> Nfhz;b> Nfhz;lh> ngq;Nfh> Fap>

Ftp> gh;[p> FUf;> khy;Nlh Nghd;w nkhopfspy; csg;ghl;Lj;jd;ikg;

gd;ikf;Fk; jdp tpFjpfs; cs;sd. njYq;F nkhopapy; vjph;fhy

175

tpid Kw;Wf;fspy; kl;Lk; csg;ghl;Lj; jd;ikg; gd;ik tpFjpfs;

,lk; ngWk;. njhy;fhg;gpa ciuahrphpah;fshd Nrdhtiuah;>

er;rpdhh;f;fpdpahh; Nghd;Nwhh; mk;> Mk;> vd;gtw;iw csg;ghl;Lj;

jd;ikg; gd;ik tbtq;fshff; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;. njYq;F

nkhopapy; -MK (amu) vd;w tpFjpAk;> Nfhz;lh nkhopapy; -ta

vd;w tpFjpAk; gh;[p nkhopapy; - mh; vd;w tpFjpAk; csg;ghl;Lj;

jd;ikg; gd;ik tpFjpfshf cs;sd.

Kd;dpiy xUik tpFjpfs;

-ay, -i vd;gtw;iw Kd;dpiy xUikapd; %yj;jpuhtpl

tbtq;fshff; nfhs;th;. ,tw;wpd; khw;W tbtq;fs; njYq;F>

nfhyhkp> gh;[p> flgh> gpuhFap> jtph;e;j Vida nkhopfspy;

cs;sd. gh;[p nkhopapy; -‘j’ tpFjpAk;> flgh nkhopapy; -‘l’

tpFjpAk; cs;sd. njYq;F nkhopapy; -„T‟ – „t‟ vd;Dk;

tpFjpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. jkpopy; „Ma;‟ „I‟ vd;Dk; tpFjpfs;

cs;sd.

te;jha;

te;jid

Kd;dpiyg; gd;ik tpFjpfs;

jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; Kd;dpiyg; gd;ik tpFjpfshf -<h;

vd;Dk; tpFjpAk; mjd; khw;W tbtq;fSk; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd.

Nfhz;b nkhopapy; kl;Lk; it vd;Dk; tpFjp cs;sJ. jkpopy; „<h;‟

vd;Dk; tpFjpAk;> mjd; ,ul;ilg; gd;ik tbtq;fshd <h;fs;>

<q;f(s;)> ,q;(fs;) vd;gdTk; cs;sd.

,Ukjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

1. nghJthfj; jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; nganur;rj;ijf; Fwpf;f

tUk; tpFjp vJ?

-m

2. ghywp fpstpfs; ,y;yhj nkhop vJ?

176

kiyahsk;

3. jkpopy; gapd;W tUk; ghy; mwp fpstpfs; vit?

md;> Md;- Mz;ghy;

ms; > Ms; - ngz;ghy;

4. njYq;fpy; ghywp fpstp ,y;yhj tpidKw;wpw;Fr; rhd;W

jUf.

rhYk;> rhFk;

FWtpdh

5. jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; nganur;rk; Fwpj;J vOJf.

nganur;rk; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; tpsf;fg;ngw;w nra;jpfs;

6. jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; tpidnar;rk; Fwpj;J vOJf.

tpidnar;rk; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; tpsf;fg;ngw;w nra;jpfs;

ngUtpdh

7. jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; ghywp fpstpfs; toq;FKiwia

tpupthf vOJf

ghywp fpstp vd;gJ Kjy; -- ,q;fs; vd;gJ Kba

cs;s nra;jpfs;

8. jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; vr;rq;fs; Fwpj;J vOJf.

nganur;rk;> tpidnar;rk; gw;wpa nra;jpfs;

$W 13

tpidg;ngah;fs; - tpidg;nghUl;fs;

tpidg;ngah;

tpidabahfg; gpwf;Fk; gy;NtW ngaHfis tpidg;ngaHfs;

vdyhk;. xU nraiyg; gw;wpf;$Wk; nrhw;fis tpidr; nrhw;fs;

vd;gH. nraiy ,Jntdf; Fwpj;J epw;Fk; ngaHfisj; njhopw;

ngah;fs; vd;gH. mj;njhopy; nra;gtid fUj;jhit czh;j;Jk;

nrhw;fis tpidahyizAk; ngah;fs; vd;gH.

177

tpidahyizAk; ngah;fs;

nganur;rq;fNshL> tpidiar; nra;gtid czh;j;Jk;

ghyPWfis ,izf;Fk;NghJ tpidahyizAk; ngah;fs;

fpilf;fpd;wd. ngahpypUe;J tpidahyizAk; ngaiu

NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Lk; Kiw jkpo;> kiyahsk;> Nfhlh> fd;dlk;>

JS> njYq;F> nfhyhkp> gh;[p> Nfhz;b> Nfhz;lh Mfpa

nkhopfspy; cs;sd. tpidabahfg; gpwe;jNghjpYk;

tpidahyizAk; ngah;fs; ngah;r; nrhw;fSf;Fhpa

jd;ikfisAk;> tpidr; nrhw;fSf;Fhpa jd;ikfisAk; xUq;Nf

ngWtd. ,it tpidr; nrhw;fisg; Nghyf; fhyj;ijf; fhl;bAk;>

ngah;r; nrhw;fisg; Nghy Ntw;Wik Vw;Wk; epw;gd.

jkpo;> kiyahsk;> fd;dlk;> JS> Nghd;w nkhopfspy;

nganur;r tbtq;fNshL> glh;f;if %tplg; ngah;fis;

,izg;gjhy; tpidahyizAk; ngah;fs; gpwf;fpd;wd.

jkpo; - nra;gtd;

kiyahsk; - tUe;etd;

fd;dlk; - Maruvavanu

JS - Malpunaye

tpidahyizAk; ngah;fspd; vjph;kiw tbtq;fs; jkpo;>

kiyahsk;> Nfhlh> fd;dlk;> njYq;F> gh;[p> khy;Nlh Mfpa

nkhopfspy; cs;sd. vjph;kiw nganur;rq;fNshL

tpidahyizAk; ngah;fSf;Fhpa tpFjpfis ,izf;Fk; NghJ

tpidahyizAk; ngah;fspd; vjph;kiw tbtq;fs; mikfpd;wd.

nra;ahjtd;

goe;jkpopy; -Md;> -Ms;> -Mh; Nghd;wtw;iwr; nra;ahj ->

nra; Nghd;w tpidabfNshL ,izj;J vjph;kiw

tpidahyizAk; ngah;fis mikf;Fk; Kiw cs;sJ.

nra;ahjhd;> mwpahd;

178

Nfhz;b nkhopapy; -thy; vd;Dk; tpFjpAk; fd;dlj;jpy; -mt;

vd;Dk; tpFjpAk; tpidahyizAk; ngaiu cUthf;Ffpd;wd

Nfhz;b - ml;thy; (mikg;Nghd;)

fd;dlk; - cbjt (xoj;jtd;)

njhopw; ngah;fs;

jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; tpidabfNshL njhopw;ngah; tpFjpfs;

,izf;fg;gLk; NghJ njhopw; ngah;fs; mikfpd;wd. njhopypd;

epfo;r;rpia tpidr; nrhw;fs; czh;j;j. ,d;d nhopy; vd;gijj;

njhopw; ngah;fs; fhl;b epw;Fk;. ngah;r; nrhw;fisg; Nghyj; njhopw;

ngah;fs; Ntw;Wik Vw;fpd;wd. njhopw;ngah;fis>

(1) fhyk; czh;j;jhj njhopw; ngah;fs;>

(2) fhyk; czh;j;Jk; njhopw; ngah;fs;

Vd;W ,U $Wg;gLj;Jth;.

tpidg;gFjpfNshL –jy;> -my;> -mk;> -if> -it> -F> -G> -T>

-rp> -J> -cs; Nghd;w tpFjpfis ,izg;gjhy; jkpopy; fhyk;

czh;j;jhj njhopw; ngah;fs; mikAk;.

v.fh. xbj;jy;> Mly;> nra;if> ehl;lk;> jphpG> gapy;T>

Kaw;rp

tpidg;gFjpNahL fhy ,ilepiyia ,izj;J mjd;

gpd;dh; -ik tpFjpia my;yJ –J tpFjpia ,izf;Fk; nghJ

fhyq;fhl;Lk; njhopw; ngah;fs; mikAk;.

ele;jJ> ele;jik

njhopw;ngah; tpFjpfspy; „if‟ tpFjpAk;> „jy;‟ tpFjpAk;

jkpopy; mjpfkhfg; gapd;W tUfpd;wd.

jkpiog; NghyNt kiyahsk;> fd;dlk;> njYq;F> nfhyhkp>

ehaf;fp> flgh> Nfhz;b> Nfhz;lh> Fap> Ftp> FUf;> khy;Nlh>

gpuhFap Mfpa nkhopfspYk; njhopw; ngah;fs; gapd;W tUfpd;wd.

,tw;Ws; -uxa vd;Dk; tpFjp kiyahsj;jpYk;> -al-, -ali vd;gd

fd;dlj;jpYk;> -atanu, -atamu vd;gd njYq;F nkhopapYk; - ud

vd;gJ nfhyhkp nkhopapYk; -enmur vdgJ ehaf;fp nkhopapYk; -al

vd;gJ flgh nkhopapYk;> ana vd;gJ Nfhz;b nkhopapYk; -ten, -den

179

vd;gd Nfhz;lh nkhopapYk; -a, ondi vd;gd Fap nkhopapYk;> -ali,

-ayi vd;gd Ftp nkhopapYk;> -na vd;gJ FUf; nkhopapYk; -no. –

ati vd;gd khy;Nlh nkhopapYk;> -ing vd;gJ gpuhFap nkhopapYk;

cs;sd.

kiyahsk; - ceyyuxa

fd;dlk; - beral (u)

njYq;F - ceyatamu

nfhyhkp - siud

ehaf;fp - kahenmur

flgh - kasal

Nfhz;b - tindana

Nfhz;lh - Parden

jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; gy ,yf;fpaq;fspy; Vuhskhd njhopw;

ngah;fs; cs;sd. tpidKw;WfSk;> vr;rq;fSk; $lj; njhopw;

ngah;fspypUe;J Njhd;wpapUf;f Ntz;Lk; njhopw; ngah;fspd;

vjph;kiw tbtq;fs; kiyahsk;> gioa njYq;F> Ftp> Fap>

Nghd;w nkhopfspy; cs;sd. Nfhz;b nkhopapy; - khh; vd;Dk;

njhopw; ngah; tpFjpAk; cs;sJ.

Kjdpiyj; njhopw;ngaH

rpy tpidabfs; Vty; tpidfshfTk;> vj;jifa jphpGk;

ngwhky; ngah;;fshfTk; jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; toq;Ffpd;wd. ,jpy;

tpidg;gFjp khwhky; ngauhfTk; epw;Fk;.

cij - Vty;> tpidab

Xh; cij - ngah;

fl;L - Vty;> tpidab

xU fl;L - ngah;

mb - Vty;> tpidab

Xh; mb - ngah;

jy;Y (kiyahsk;) - Vty;> tpidab

180

xU jy;Y - ngah;

Kjdpiy jpupe;j njhopw;ngaH

tpidg;gFjpapd; Kjdpiy jpupe;J ngauhf toq;Fjy;.

tpidg;gFjpapd; KJYaph; ePz;L ngah;fs; miktijf; fhzyhk;.

nfL - NfL

ngW - NgW

RL - #L

tpFjp Fd;wpa njhopw;ngaH

gLjy; - ghL

elj;jy; - eil

epw;wy; -epiy

tpFjp Fd;whj njhopw;ngaH

nfLjy;

MLjy;

tpidabahfg; gpwf;Fk; ngah;fs;

jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; tpidabfNshL rpy tpFjpfs;

,iztjhYk;> tpidg; gFjpfspy; rpy khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLtjhYk; gy

ngah;r;nrhw;fs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd. ,tw;iw tpidabahfg; gpwf;Fk;

ngah;fs; vd;fpd;whH lhf;lh; fhy;Lnty;.

njhopw;ngaHfNs my;yhky; njYq;F> fd;dlk; Mfpa

nkhopfspy; tpidg;gFjpapd; KjYaph; ePs;tNjhL ,Wjp xypg;G xyp

xypg;gpy; xypahfTk; khwpAk; ngah;r; nrhw;fs; miktijf;

fhzyhk;. rpy tpidabr; nrhw;fspy; tpFjpfs; ,izahky;>

<w;wpYs;s ty;nyhyp ,ul;bg;gjhy; mitfs; ngah;fshf

khWtJz;L.

vOJ - vOj;J

ghL - ghl;L

181

lhf;lh; fhy;Lnty; njYq;F nkhopapy; ,t;thW

tpidabapd; <w;Wnka; ,ul;bj;Jg; ngauhFk; ,ay;G

,y;iynadpDk; tpidabapd; ,Wjp xypg;G xypia xypg;gpy;

xypahf khw;Wtjhy; ,jw;F ,izahd ngah;fs; mikfpd;wd

vd;fpwhh;. tpidabapd; KjYaph; FWFtjhYk; ngah;r; nrhw;fs;

miktJz;L.

fhz; > fz;

tpidabfNshL –ik tpFjpia ,izg;gjhy; ngUk;ghyhd

gz;Gg; ngah;fs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd.

mU - mUik

tpidabNahL –mk; tpFjpia ,izg;gjhYk; gy ngah;r;

nrhw;fs; mikfpd;wd. ,j;jifa ngah;r; nrhw;fis

mikf;Fk;NghJ tpidg;Fjpapd; ,Wjpapy; %f;nfhypapUg;gpd; mJ

ty;nyhypahf khWk;.

J}q;F - J}f;fk;

jpUe;J - jpUj;jk;

tpUk;G - tpUg;gk;

Njq;F - Njf;fk;

–if> -jp> -G> -rp> Nghd;w tpFjpfs; tpidg;gFjpfNshL

,iztjhYk; jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; Vuhskhd ngah;r; nrhw;fs;

Njhd;Wfpd;wd.

nra;if>

nfLjp>

njhlHG>

Gfo;r;rp

jkpo;> kiyahsk;> Nghd;w nkhopfspy; fz;> khdk;> ghL

Nghd;w nrhy;YUGfis tpidabfNshL ,izg;gjhYk; gy

ngah;fs; mikfpd;wd.

,Lf;fz;

Nrh;khdk;

fl;Lg;ghL

182

tpidg;nghUl;fs;

jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; tpidr; nrhw;fs; Vty;> tpaq;Nfhs;

vd;gd Nghd;w gy nghUl;fspy; tUfpd;wd. lhf;lh; fhy;Lnty;

jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; tpid epiyAiuj;jy; (Indicative Mood) vd;w

xU tpidg;nghUNs cz;L vd;Wk; Vida tpidg; nghUl;fis

czh;j;jf; $l;L tbtq;fNs gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd vd;Wk; $wpr;

nry;fpd;whh;. jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; tpidg; nghUl;fspd; NtWghl;il

cUgd;fs; epiyapYk; NtW rpytplq;fspy; njhlustpYk;

fhzKbfpd;wJ.

(1) th -cUgd; epiy

(2) te;J ,Ue;jhd; - njhlh;epiy

cUgd;fspy; tpidg; nghUl;fisf; fhl;l

,ilepiyfisAk;> tpFjpfisAk; gad;gLj;JtJk;> njhlh;

epiyapy; Jiz tpidfisg; gad;gLj;JtJk; jpuhtpl nkhopfspd;

nghJtpay;G. jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; tpidfis mit czh;j;Jk;

nghUSf;Nfw;g Vty; tpid> tpaq;Nfhs; tpid> nranyQ;R tpid

(Infinitive mood) epge;jid tpid> tpid epiyAiuj;jy; vd;W gy

tifg;gLj;Jth;.

Vty; tpid

Vty; tpid fl;lisapLk; jd;ikaJ. Vtw; nghUs; jUk;

tpidfis cld;ghL> vjph;kiw vd;W ,uz;lhfg; gFf;fyhk;. Vty;

Kd;dpiyapy; tUk;. Vty; tpidfs; Kd;dpiy xUik >

Kd;dpiyg; gd;ik vd;W vz; NtWghl;ilf; nfhz;ld. jpuhtpl

nkhopfspy; Vty; tpidfSf;nfdj; jdp tFjpfs; ,y;yhky;

Tpidabr; nrhw;fNs Kd;dpiy xUikf;Fhpa Vty; tbtq;fshf

mikfpd;wd. rpy nkhopfspy; tpidabr; nrhy;NyhL Kd;dpiy

xUikf;Fhpa tpFjpAk;> gd;ikf;Fhpa tpFjpAk;

,izf;fg;gLtJz;L. vjph;kiw Vty;fspy; tpidg;gFjp> vz;

183

czh;j;Jk; tpFjp Mfpatw;wpilapy; vjph;kiwf;Fhpa ,ilr;

nrhw;fs; mikfpd;wd.

nra;

nra;tPH

NghfhjPh;> NghfhjPh;fs;

njhy;fhg;gpah; tpaq;Nfhs; tpidiag; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpl;l

NghjpYk; Vty; tpidiaj; jdpahff; Fwpg;gpl;L tpsf;fpr;

nry;ytpy;iy. vdpDk; „nra;aha;‟ vd;Dk; Kd;dpiyr; nrhy; „Ma;‟

tpFjp nfl;L „nra;‟ vd;Dk; tbtpy; Vty; tpid mikAk;

vd;gijj; njhy;fhg;gpaj;jhy; mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. tpidg; gFjpfs;

kl;Lkpd;wp mtw;NwhL „,‟fuk; ,ize;J Cf;fp> fhl;b> Njw;wp

vd;W mikfpd;w Vty; tbtq;fisf; fypj;njhfiapy;

fhz;fpNwhk;. ,itad;wp tpidg;gFjpNahL „I‟ tpFjp ,ize;J

te;ij> fz;il vd tUk; tbtq;fSk;> mwpNkh> mwpkjp vd;W –

Nkh> -kjp Mfpa tFjpfs; ,ize;J tUk; tbtq;fisAk;

Xk;Gkpd;> fhz;kpd;> nra;k;kpd; vd;Dk; kpd; <w;W Vty;

tbtq;fisAk; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; fhzyhk;. Ngr;R tof;fpy;

Kd;dpiyg; gd;ikapid czh;j;j – cq;fs; vd;w tpFjp

,ize;J „nra;Aq;fs;‟ vd;gd Nghd;w tbtq;fs;; mikfpd;wd.

kiyahs nkhopapy; tpidg;gFjpNahL xypj;Jiz „c‟

fuk; ,ize;Jk; ,izahkYk; Vty; xUik tbtq;fs;

mikfpd;wd. ,tw;NwhL ,ilapy; „f‟ fu xyp ,ul;bj;J te;Jk;

Vty;fs; miktJz;L.

th - „c‟ fuk; ,izahky;

tU - „c‟ fuk; ,ize;J

,U - „c‟ fuk; ,ize;J

,Uf;F - „c‟ fuj;Jld; ,ul;bj;j „f‟ fuk;

,ize;J

-tpd;> -g;gpd; Nghd;w tpFjpfs; gioa kiyahsj;jpy;

tpidg; gFjpNahL ,ize;J gd;ik Vtw; nghUis

184

czHj;JtJz;L. jw;fhy kiyahsj;jpy; Vty; tpidfSf;F

xUikf;nfd;Wk;> gd;ikf;nfd;Wk; jdp tpFjpfs; ,y;iy.

tpidg;gFjpNahL –v> -c Mfpad ,ize;J Vty;fs; mikfpd;wd.

tpidg;gFjpNahL –cf vd;w tpFjpia ,izj;J khpahij Vty;

(Polite imperative) mikf;Fk; kuG kiyahs nkhopapy; cs;sJ.

v.fh. XJf> giwAf

Nfhlh nkhopapy; tpidabr; nrhy;NyhL „k‟ fuk; ,ize;J

gd;ik Vty; tbtq;fs; mikfpd;wd. Njhlh nkhopapy; -](s) tpFjp

Nrh;f;fg;gl;L gd;ik Vty; tbtq;fs; mikAk;.

v.fh. Njhlh - Ngh]; (pos)

nfhlF nkhopapy; -hp> ,hp Mfpad Vty; gd;ik

tpFjpfshFk;. goq;fd;dlj;jpy; -,k; tpFjpAk; GJf;fd;dlj;jpy; -,>

-,hp vd;Dk; tpFjpfSk; Vty; gd;ik tpFjpfshf mike;Js;sd.

JS nkhopapy; xUik tbtpy; tpidg;gFjpNahL –y

tpFjpAk; gd;ikapy; -,> -ny Mfpa tpFjpfSk; cs;sd. Fap

nkhopapy; -K tpFjp xUikf;Fk; -J tpFjp gd;ikf;Fk;

,izf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

njYq;F nkhopapYk; tpidab Vtyhf tUfpd;wJ. Rpy

,lq;fspy; tpidabNahL –K vd;Dk; tpFjp ,ize;Jk; Vty;

tbtq;fs; mike;Js;sd.

v.fh. nrg;GK – nrhy;

#LK - ghh;

jw;fhyj; njYq;fpy; -K tpFjp kpff; FiwthfNt gapd;W

tUfpd;wJ. Vty; gd;ikia czh;j;j tpidabNahL goe;njYq;fpy;

„cz;L‟ vd;Dk; nrhy;YUig ,izf;Fk; kuG cs;sJ.

v.fh. Ngh Nghz;L - Ngh! Ngh!

uh uz;L - th! th!

jw;fhyj; njYq;fpy; „mz;b‟ vd;w nrhy;YUNg

ngUtof;fpYs;sJ. ,J gd;ik tpFjpahfTk; kupahij tpFjpahfTk;

cs;sJ.

jpd; mz;b - cz;gPH

185

uz;b - tUtPH

Nfhz;lh nkhopapy; Vty; xUikf;Fk; a vd;Dk; tpFjpAk;

gd;ikf;F du vd;Dk; tpFjpAk; cs;sd.

. ra a th xUik

ra du th gd;ik

ngq;nfh nkhopapy; xUik tpFjpahf –aTk;> gd;ik

tpFjpahf –atTk;> vd;gJTk; cs;sd. nfhyhkp nkhopapy; Vty;

xUikf;nfd jdp tpFjp ,y;iy. –xh; vd;Dk; tpFjp gd;ik

cUghf mikfpd;wJ. nfhNyhkpapd; Vty; tbtKk;gH[p nkhopapd;

Vty; tbtKk; xd;whff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. FUf; nkhopapy; Vty;

xUik ngz;ghy; tpFjpahf –M vd;Dk; tpFjpAk;> ngz;fs;

ngz;fSf;Fk; Ngrpf;nfhs;Sk; NghJ –V vd;Dk; tpFjpAk;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. khy;Nlh nkhopapy; -m> -F> Mfpad

KiwNa xUik> gd;ik tpFjpfshf cs;sd.

Xg;gPl;L epiyapy; Nehf;Fk;NghJ ngUk;ghyhf jpuhtpl

nkhopfsp;y; tpidabNa Vty; xUikahfr; nray;gLfpd;wJ.

vdpDk; rpy nkhopfspy; Vty; xUikf;nfd rpy jdp tpFjpfs;

cs;sd. nfhz;lh> Nfhz;b> ngq;Nfh Mfpa nkhopfspy; -m> Vty;

xUik tpFjpahf cs;sJ.

tpaq;Nfhs; tpid

jkpopy; Vty; tpid Kd;dpiyahUf;F ,Lk; fl;lisahf

mika> tpaq;Nfhs; tho;j;jy;> itjy;> tpUk;gy; Kjypa

nghUl;fspy; tUtjhf ,yf;fz Mrphpah;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;.

Vty; Kd;dpiyf;F kl;Lk; chpaJ. tpaq;Nfhs; ,Ujpiz

Ik;ghy; %tplq;fspy; tUk;. Vtiyg; Nghd;W vjph;kiw> cld;ghL

Mfpa ,U tbtq;fs; tpaq;NfhspYk; cs;sd. jkpo; nkhopapy; -

,a> -,ah;> -f> vd;gd tpaq;;Nfhs; tpFjpfshf cs;sd.

v.fh. nra;f> tho;f> thopa> thopah;

186

kiyahsk;> goq;fd;dlk;> JS Mfpa nkhopfspYk; -f

tpFjpNa tpaq;Nfhs; tpFjpahf cs;sJ. kiyahs nkhopapYs;s

khpahijg; gd;ik tpaq;NfhNshL njhlh;GilaJ vd;gh;. jpuhtpl

nkhopfspy; vr;rq;fSf;Fk; tpaq;NfhSf;FkpilNa neUq;fpa

njhlh;G cz;L vd;Wk;> njhlf;f fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; vr;r tbtq;fNs

tpaq;Nfhshf ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lnkd;Wk;> -f tpFjp kpfg;

gpw;fhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; fUJfpd;wdH. Nfhlh

nkhopapy; -nkh vd;Dk; tpFjp tpaq;Nfhs; tpFjpahff;

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. fd;dl nkhopapy; -ge, ke Mfpa tpFjpfSk;> JS

nkhopap;y; –adi vd;Dk; tpFjpAk; cs;sd. –adi vd;Dk; tpFjp

Mdhy; jd;ik Kd;dpiyf;F tuhky;; glh;f;iff;F kl;LNk cs;sd.

Njhlh nkhopapy; tpaq;Nfhs; tpFjpahf –Nfh vd;gJ

tof;fpYs;sJ. jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; njhlh; epiyapy; vr;r

tbtq;fNshL „Ntz;Lk;‟ vd;Dk; nrhy;YUG ,izAk; NghJ

tpaq;Nfhs; tbtq;fs; Njhd;WtJz;L.

tu + Ntz;Lk;

,q;F „Ntz;Lk;‟ vd;gJ fl;lhak; vd;w mOj;jg;

nghUz;ikapidj; juTk; Jiz nra;fpd;wJ. ,J Nghd;w

mikg;gpidj; jkpo;> kiyahsk;> fd;dlk;> JS Nghd;w

nkhopfspYk; fhzyhk;.

nranyQ;R tpid

Nkiy INuhg;gpa nkhopfspy; nranyQ;R tpidiaj; jdp

tifahf fUJtH.;. jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; nranyQ;R tpidfs;

cz;nldpDk; mtw;iwj; jdp tifahff; nfhs;tjpy;iy. ,tw;iwg;

nganur;r tbtq;fs; vd;Wk;> tpidnar;r tbtq;fs; vd;Wk;

,uz;lhfg; gFg;gh; njYq;F Nghd;w nkhopfspy; njhopw; ngah;fNs

nranyQ;R tpidfshf epw;gjhf lhf;lh; fhy;Lnty; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.

jkpopYk; „tuNtz;Lk;‟ Nghd;w tpidnar;r tbtq;fs; „tuy;‟ Nghd;w

njhopw; ngah;fspd; <W nfl;like;j tbtq;fs; vd;gh;. gpuhFap>

FUf; Nghd;w tl jpuhtpl nkhopfspYk; njhopw; ngah;fNs

187

nranyQ;R tpidfshf epw;fpd;wd. jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; Nfhz;b>

JS jtph;e;j Vida nkhopfspy; tpidabfspd; ,Wjpapy; „m‟ fu

cUig ,izg;gjhy; nranyQ;R tpid tbtq;fs;

ngwg;gLfpd;wd. fd;dl nkhopapy; njhopw; ngah;fNshL ehd;fhk;

Ntw;Wik cUG ,ize;J vr;r tbtq;fs; mikfpd;wd.

Nfhz;b nkhopapy; tpidg;gFjpNahL alle, ille vd;gtw;iw

,izg;gjhy; nranyQ;R tpid tbtq;fs; mikfpd;wd. JS

nkhopapy; ni, ere Nghd;wtw;iw tpidg; gFjpNahL ,izg;gjhy;

,j;jifa tpid tbtq;fs; mikfpd;wd. Nguhrphpah; khh;f;];

Ky;yh; jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; -ka vr;r cUghf cs;sJ vd;fpwhh;.

,f;$w;iw lhf;lh; fhy;Lnty; kWj;J „m‟ fuk; jhd; vr;r cUG

vd;W tpsf;fpAs;shH

epge;jid tpid

,e;Njh-INuhg;gpa nkhopfspYk;> JUf;fp> gPdp\pa

nkhopfspYk; epge;jid tpid kpfj; njspthf mikfpd;wJ.

jpuhtpl nkhop tpidr; nrhw;fSk; epge;jid tpidg; nghUis

czh;j;jty;yd. tpidabr; nrhw;fspd; ,Wjpapy; epge;jid

tpidg; nghUisj; jUk; -My;> -,d; nghd;w tpFjpfis

,izg;gjhy; ,j;jifa tpid tbtq;fs; mikfpd;wd. jkpopy; -

My;> -,d;> -,y;> fhy;> -Vd; vd;w tpFjpfs; epge;jidg; nghUisj;

jUfpd;wd.

v.fh. jhpd; nfhs;Ntd;

je;jhy; ey;yJ

,t;tpFjpfs; kl;Lkpd;wp „Mdhy;‟> „Mfpy;‟> „vd;why;‟ Nghd;w

nrhw;fs; tpidKw;Wf;fNshL ,ize;Jk; epge;jid tpidg;

nghUisj; jUfpd;wd. ,itad;wp Vohk; Ntw;Wg; nghUspy; tUk;

fhy;> fil Nghd;w cUGfs; Nrh;e;Jk; epge;jid tpidfs;

mikAk;.

v.fh. nra;jf;fhy;

188

fd;dl nkhopapy; -re vd;gJ epge;jid tpif tpFjpahf

cs;sJ. ,jid are vd;gjd; RUq;fpa tbthf lhf;lh; Fz;lh;l;

fUJfpd;wdh;. JS nkhopapy; -t> -l Mfpa tpFjpfs; epge;jid

tpid tpFjpfshf cs;sd. njYq;F nkhopapy; -ina vd;Dk; tpFjp

epge;jid tpidg; nghUisj; jUfpd;wJ.

,Ukjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

1. tpidg;ngaHfs; vd;why; vd;d?

tpidabahfg; gpwf;Fk; gy;NtW ngaHfs;

2. tpidahy; mizAk;ngaH vd;why; vd;d?

tpidiar; nra;gtidf; Fwpj;JtUk; ngaH

3. tpidahy; mizAk; ngaupd; ,Utifg;gz;Gfisf;Fwpf;f.

ngaHNghy; Ntw;Wik Vw;wy;> tpidNghy; fhyq;fhl;ly;

4. Kjdpiy jpupe;j njhopw; ngaUf;Fr; rhd;W jUf.

nfL- NfL

5. tpidg;gFjp jpupahJ ngauhf tUk; nrhw;fSf;Fr; rhd;W

jUf.

cij - cij

6. tpidapd; nghUl; $Wfs; ahit?

Vty;> tpaq;Nfhs;> vr;rk;> epge;jid

FWtpdhf;fs;

7. tpidahyizAk;ngaH Fwpj;J tpsf;Ff

tpidahyizAk;ngaH vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; cs;s nra;jpfs;

8. njhopw;ngaHfs; Fwpj;J tpsf;Ff

njhopw;ngaHfs; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; cs;sit

9. Vty; tpid Fwpj;JvOJf

Vty; tpid vd;w jiyg;gpy; cs;sit

10. jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; tpaq;Nfhs; tpidia tpsf;Ff

tpaq;Nfhs; tpid vd;w jiyg;gpy; $wg;gl;l nra;jpfs;

189

ngUtpdhf;fs;

11. tpidg;ngaHfs; Fwpj;Jf; fl;Liuf;f

tpidg;ngaHfs; Fwpj;Jk;> njhopw;ngaH Fwpj;Jk;>

tpidahy; mizAk; ngaHfs; Fwpj;Jk; $wg;gl;l

nra;jpfs;

12. tpidg;nghUs; Fwpj;J tpsf;Ff.

Vty;> tpaq;Nfhs;> vr;rk;> epge;jid Mfpa tpidg;nghUs;

Fwpj;Jf; $wg;gl;l nra;jpfs;

$W 14

jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; nrhw;nwhluikg;G

xU nkhopapd; mbg;gil Gyg;ghl;L tbtk;

fUj;JzHj;Jtjpy; mlq;fpapUf;fpd;wJ. nkhopapy; mike;j

nrhw;fs; epuy;glf; fple;jhq;F fUj;ij czHj;jpdhy; mJ

nrhw;nwhluhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. ,r;nrhw;nwhlupd; mikg;G

$WNthd; Nfl;Nghd; Mfpa ,UtuhYk; xNu epiyapy;

czHe;Jnfhs;sg;glNtz;Lk;. mg;NghJ fUj;Jg; Gyg;ghL

vspjhFk;. nrhw;fspd; NrHf;if my;yJ Kiwitg;G xUFwpg;gpl;l

mikg;gpy; njhluNtz;Lk;. ,j;jF nrhw;nwhlH mikg;G nkhopf;F

nkhop khWgLk;. xt;nthU nkhopAk; Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;fzf;

$Wfisj; jdf;Fupa njhlud; myFfshfg; ngw;Ws;sd.

,j;jifa jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; njhluikjpfs;

,k;nkhopfSf;Fs;Ns ngupa NtWghl;ilf; nfhz;ldty;y@ vdpDk;

mit gpw nkhopf;FLk;g nkhopj; njhluikjpfspypypUe;J

NtWgLfpd;wd.

nkhopapd; Gyg;ghL vd;gJ mJ czHj;Jk; fUj;JzHj;Jk;

njhlHfspy;jhd;> kdpjd; jdpr; nrhw;fisr; rpe;jpg;gjpy;iy.

fUj;ijNa rpe;jpf;fpd;whd;. MfNt njhlHfNs mbg;gil vd;gJ

nkhopapayhH nfhs;if. njhlH gw;wpa rpe;jidfs; nkhop

Ma;Tf;Fg; ngupJk; JizNrHg;gd.

190

K.tujuhrd; “jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; njhluikg;igf;

Fwpf;ifapy; thf;fpa mikg;G (Syntax) kpfg; goq;fhyk; Kjy;

,d;Wtiu Vwf;Fiwa xNu jd;ikahfNt ,Ue;J tUfpd;wJ.

nrhw;fspd; tbtq;fs; xt;nthU jpuhtpl nkhopapYk; xt;nthU

tifahf khwpa NghjpYk;> thf;fpa mikg;G kl;Lk; khwhkNy xNu

tifahf ,Ue;J tUfpwJ. ,e;Njh INuhg;gpa ,dk; vd;W

Fwpf;fg;gLk; tl ,e;jpa nkhopfSk; ,t;tifapy; kl;Lk; jpuhtpl

nkhop ,dj;NjhL cwT cs;sit vd;W nfhs;syhk;. goe;jpuhtpl

nkhopfisg; Ngrp te;j kf;fs; ifaz;l mNj tifahd thf;fpa

mikg;igNa ,d;iwa tl ,e;jpa nkhopfspYk; fhzyhk;.

nkhopapd; Nkw;gFjp vt;tsT khwpdhYk; mbg;gilahd thf;fpa

mikg;G kl;Lk; khwhky; ,Ue;JtUk; vd;w cz;ikNa ,jw;Ff;

fhuzk;. MfNt> tl ,e;jpa nkhopfspd; thf;fpa mikg;G>

rkw;fpUjk;> fpNuf;fk;> ,yj;jPd;> nrUkd; Kjypatw;wpd; thf;fpa

mikg;NghL xj;jpUf;ftpy;iy@ jkpo; Kjyhd jpuhtpl nkhopfspd;

thf;fpa mikg;NghL xj;jpUf;fpwJ” vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH.

vr;rtpidfspd; Jizahy; tpidfspd; fhyq;fisj;

Njhw;Wtpj;jy;> njhlH thf;fpaq;fis Kw;Wtpidfspd; Kd;

itj;jy;> Kbf;f tUk; nrhy;iyaLj;J> KbAk; nrhy;iy epWj;jp

Kbj;jy; Mfpa epiyfspy; tl ,e;jpa nkhopfs;> jpuhtpl

nkhopfis xj;Js;sd. vdpDk; ,t;nthw;Wik jpuhtpl

nkhopfspypUe;J ngw;w jhf;fk; vd;gJ lhf;lH fhy;Lnty;ypd;

fUj;jhFk;.

nrhw;nwhlH xOq;F

njhlHfspy; mike;j nrhw;nwhlH xOq;F njhlUf;F

tbtj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd. nghJthfj; jpuhtpl nkhopfspy;

nrhw;fis khw;wpdhYk; nghUs; khWtjpy;iy vd;W Kd;dHf;

Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; ngaiuil> tpidailfis khw;wpapl;lhy;

nghUs; Gyg;ghL jilg;gLk;. vdNt nkhopfspy; nrhw;nwhlH xOq;F

Kjd;ikahd xd;W.

191

jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; ngauilfs; ngaUf;F Kd;te;J

ngaiur; rpwg;gpf;fpd;wd. mit jdpj;J ,aq;fhky;

ngaHj;njhlupd; XH myfhf mikfpd;wd. tpidailfs;

tpidiar; rpwg;gpg;gd vd;whYk; ngaHj;njhlupd; myfhfTk;

miktJz;L

ed;whf Xbatd; ,uhkd;

tpidail tpidahyizAk; ngaH ngaH

,q;F ngaupd; myfhf mikAk; ngaHj;njhlupy;

tpidail XH cl;$whf mikfpd;wJ.

kiyahs nkhopapy; tpidr; nrhw;fisr; rpwg;gpf;Fk;

tpidailfs; ngaiur; rhHe;J kl;Lk; mikAk; ngauilfisg;

Nghy miktjpy;iy. mit jdpj;J ,aq;Fk; Mw;wYilad.

tpidailfshf tpidr; nrhy;Yld; tUtJ NghyNt jdpj;Jk;

,aq;Fk; Mw;wYilad.

jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; Kw;Wj; njhlHfspy; vOtha;> njhlupy;

Kjypy; epw;Fk;. tpidKw;Wf;fs; ,Wjpapy; mikAk;. ,tw;wpw;F

,ilapy; nrag;gLg;nghUs; mikAk;. czHr;rpAila Ngr;rpYk;

nra;Aspd; eilapYk; ,t;tikg;igg; NgZtjpy;iy.

'fz;lndd;> fw;gpDf;F mzpia> fz;fshy;>

njz; jpiu miyfly; ,yq;ifj; njd; efH

mz;lH ehaf !,dp> Jwj;jp> IaKk;

gz;L cs JaUk;'vd;W> mDkd; gd;Dthd;

vd;Dk; fk;g uhkhazg; ghlypy; fz;lndd; vd;Dk; tpidr;nrhy;

njhlf;fj;jpYk; mz;lH ehaf vd;Dk; tpsp ,ilapYk; tuf;

fhzyhk;. Jwj;jp vDk; tpid Kw;W Kjypy; te;J IaKk;

JaUk; vd;w nrag;gLg;nghUs; gpd;dH tuf;fhzyhk;. ,J

nra;Al;Fupa rpwg;GupikahFk;.

,iaG

njhlupy; fhZk; nkhop myFfSf;F ,ilapy; fhZk;

,iaGj;jd;ik nkhopfSf;F ,ilNa NtWgLfpd;wJ.

192

,e;jpnkhopapy; ngaiuilAk; ngaUf;Fk; ,ilapy; ,iaGj; jd;ik

Ntz;lg;gLfpd;wJ.

,e;jp mr;rh yl;fh ey;y igad; Mz;ghy; xUik

mr;rp yl;fp ey;y ngz; ngz;ghy; xUik

mr;Nr yl;Nf ey;y igad;fs; gyHghy;

ngauilf;Fk; ngaUf;Fk; ,ilNa ghyPWfs; xUikg;gl

miktJ jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; ,y;iy. jkpiog; nghWj;jtiuapy;

ngauilfs; tpidailfs; vj;jF ghyPWk; fhl;lNtz;bajpy;iy.

ey;y vd;Dk; milr;nrhy; Mz;ghy;> ngz;ghy;> gyHghy; %tplj;Jk;

Ntw;Wikapd;wp tUfpd;wJ. vdNt> ngauilf;Fk; ngaUf;Fkhd

,iaG Ntz;Ltjpd;W. khwhff; Nfhz;b nkhopapy;

ngaHr;nrhy;Yf;Fk; mjidr; rpwg;gpf;f tUk; milr;nrhy;Yf;Fk;

,ilNa ghy; ,l ,iaG fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. jkpopy; Kw;nwr;rk;

milahf tUk;NghJ ,t;tpiaG mupjha; tUk;.

te;jhd; Xbdhd; - (te;jtd; Xbdhd;)

tlnkhopapy; Rl;Lg; gjpypL ngaHfSf;Fk; ngaHfSf;Fk;

ghypiaG Ntz;lg;gLfpd;wJ. Mdhy; ngaUf;Fk; tpidf;Fk;

ghypiaG Ntz;lg;gLtjpy;iy.

ayam aja: gachchathi - mJ ML nry;fpd;wJ - Mz;ghy;

tlnkhop

iyam sita gachchathi - ,ts; rPjh nry;fpd;whs; - ngz;ghy;

mtd; ,uhkd; nry;fpd;whd; - Mz;ghy;

,ts; rPjh nry;fpd;whs; - ngz;ghy;

jpuhtplnkhopfspy; ngaHr;nrhw;fSf;Fk; tpidr;nrhy;

KbGfSf;Fk; jpiz> ghy;> vz; ,iaGj; jd;ik fz;bg;ghf

Ntz;Lk;. njhy;fhg;gpaH

tpidapy; Njhd;Wk; ghywp fpstpAk;

ngaupy; Njhd;Wk; ghywp fpstpAk;

kaq;fy; $lh jk;kugpd

vd;Dk; E}w;ghtpy; tpidf;Fk; ngaUf;Fkhd ,iaig

tw;GWj;Jfpd;whH. mit kugpw;F cl;gl;L tUtd vd;fpd;whH.

193

nghJepiyapy; %tplg; ngaHfspy; vz; xUikg;ghLk; Vida

nrhw;fspy; jpiz> ghy;> vz; xUikg;ghLk; ,iaGgl tuNtz;Lk;

ahd; fw;Nwd; - jd;ik xUik

ahk; fw;Nwk; - jd;ik gd;ik

eP te;jha; - Kd;dpiy xUik

ePtpH te;jPH - Kd;dpiyg; gd;ik

jhd; nrhd;dhd; - glHf;if xUik

jhk; nrhd;dhH - glHf;ifg; gd;ik

glHf;ifapy; tUk; gjpypLngaHfshd Rl;Lg; ngaHfs;

tpidr;nrhw;fSld; ,iaG gl tUtJ jkpo; kughFk;.

mtd; nrhd;dhd; - caHjpiz Mz;ghy; xUik

mts; epd;whs; - caHjpiz ngz;ghy; xUik

murH te;jhH - caHjpiz gyHghy;

ML jpd;wJ - m/wpiz xd;wd;ghy;

mit jpd;wd - m/wpiz gytpd; ghy;

njYq;F kdK NghjhK - ehk; nry;yyhk; - jd;ik gd;ik

ePT cd;dhT - eP ,Uf;fpd;wha; - Kd;dpiy xUik

kiyahsj;jpy; tpidKw;Wf;fSld; ghyPWfisr; NrHf;Fk;

kuG ,y;iy. vdNt mit jpizghy; NtWghl;ilf;

fhl;Ltjpy;iy.

ngauilfs;

ngaHj;njhlUWg;Gfspy;ngaUf;F mLj;j epiyapy;

Kjd;iktha;e;j cWg;G ngauilfs;. ngauilfs; vg;nghOJNk

ngaHfSf;F Kd;dhy; tUfpd;wd. goe;jkpopy;ngauilfs; NtH

tbtq;fs; my;yJ mb tbtq;fspypUe;J Njhd;Wk; epiyapy;

194

mike;J tpsq;fpd vd;W K. tujuhrd;$Wfpd;whH. fd;dlk; cj;jk>

J\;l Mfpa tlnkhopr; nrhw;fisAk; ngauilahff; nfhs;Sk;.

Kjy;tif ngauil tif

tpid my;yJ ngaHr;nrhy ;ngauilahf tUjy;

nty;tpid - nty;vd;gJ tpidr;nrhy;NtH

nghd;efuk;. - nghd;vd;gJ ngaHr;nrhy;NtH

,uz;lhk;tif

tpid my;yJ ngaub Mf;f tpFjp NrHe;J milahfg;

ngaupd;Kd;mikfpwJ.

ey; m. ey ;vd;Dk; NtUk; m vd;Dk; Mf;ftpFjpAk; ,ize;J

ey;y vd;Dk;ngauilia cUthf;FfpwJ.

ey;y kuk;

]d;d kul - fd;dlk;

%d;whtJ tif

,t;tifapy;nganur;rk;milahfg;ngaUf;F Kd;dhy;

mikfpwJ.

rpwe;j kuk;

rpwe;j> rpwf;fpd;w rpwf;Fk; vd;gd Nghd;w nganur;r

tbtq;fs; ngauilahf tpsq;Ffpd;wd.

ngupa> rpwpa Nghd;w ngauilfs; ngupad;> rpwpad;Mfpa

Fwpg;Gtpid tbtq;fspypUe;J cUthfpd;wd. gOj;j> fUj;j Nghd;w

ngauilfs;go> fU Nghd;w tpid tbtq;fspypUe;J Njhd;wpd.

ngauilia tpidapd;xU gFjpahfNt fUJtH nkhopapayhH.

ngauil - Mf;fg;ngauil - ngaH

fUik-fupa Md - ngz; - fupa ngz;

tpidail

tpidia tpsf;f tUk;thf;fpa cWg;G tpidail vd

miof;fg;gLfpwJ. Kiwahd ngauil> tpidail vd;Dk;thf;fpa

cWg;Gfs;jpuhtpl nkhopfspy;mike;jpUf;ftpy;iy. ngaHfNs

nghUis tpsf;FtJ NghyNt tpidf;Fwpg;G tpidnar;rkhfp

tpidailg; nghUisj;je;J epw;gjidf;fhz KbfpwJ.

195

mtd; tpy;ypd; te;jhd;

vd;Dk; thf;fpakhf mike;J tpidailg; nghUisj; jUfpd;wJ.

gz;Gg;ngaUld; tpFjpfs; NrHe;J tpidailahf tUk;.

jkpo; ey; - F - ed;F Xbdhd;

njYq;F - ghf gupj;jpdhL

ty;yil

kpfTk; Nghd;w nrhw;fs; ngaUf;Fk; tpidf;Fk; tUk;

milfSf;F Kd; milahf tUk;. ,t;thW tUtJ ty;yilfs;

vdg;ngWk;. njYq;fpy; rhy vd;gJ tUfpd;wJ.

kpfTk; ey;y igad;

kpfTk; Ntfkhf Xbdhd;

njYq;F - rhy kQ;rpthU

rpy njhluikjpfs;

1. jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; nganur;rq;fs;> tpidahy; mizAk;

ngaHfisf; nfhz;L fUj;ij ,izj;Jf;nfhs;syhk;.

Mq;fpyj;jpy; gjpypL ngaHfisg; gad;gLj;jNtz;Lk;.

my;yJ ,izg;Gr;nrhy;iyg; gad;gLj;jNtz;Lk;. jkpopy;

mt;thW miktjpy;iy.

,uhkd; te;jhd; - ,uhkd; mkHe;jhd;

,uhkd; te;J mkHe;jhd; - te;JmkHe;j ,uhkd;

Rama Came> He sat. Rama came and sat

2. gy ngaHfs; njhlHe;J tUk;NghJ ck;ikr; nrhy;

gad;ghL mLf;Fk; ngaHfspy; gpd;ndhl;lhf mikAk;.

Mq;fpyj;jpy; ,Wjpr;nrhy;ypd; Kd; tUk; ,ilr;nrhy;yhf

tUk;.

kQ;rs;- Fq;Fkk; - re;jdk; - kQ;rSk; Fq;FkKk;

re;jdKk;

Turmeric, Kunkum and Sandal

3. Mq;fpyj;jpy; fhZk; njhlupay; cwT mLj;J mLj;J

mike;j nrhw;fspilapyhd ,yf;fz cwthf

196

mikfpd;wJ. vdNt nrhw;fs; ,lk; khWifapy; mjd;

nghUsikjp khwptpLfpd;wJ. jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; fhZk;

njhlupay; cwT vd;gJ cUgd;fSf;F ,ilapyhd cwT

vd;W [p.[hd;.rhKNty; Fwpf;fpd;whH. nrhy;ypyf;fzk; rpwg;Gw

mike;Js;s jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; nrhw;fSld; ,ize;j

xl;Lf;fs; ,lk;khWtjpy;iy. mit Fwpj;j nghUSld;

,ize;Nj tUk;. mt;thW gpd;ndhl;Lf;fs; nghjpe;j

nrhw;fis ,lk; khw;wpdhYk; nghUs; khwhky; njhlupy;

nefpo;Tj;jd;ik Vw;gLfpd;wJ. Mq;fpyj;jpy; nrhw;fis ,lk;

khw;Wifapy; mjd; nghUs; khwptpLk;.

Rama weds Sita ; Sita weds Rama

vd;Dk; njhlHfs; fUj;jstpy; neUq;fpa njhlHGilad.

MfNt nghUspy; ngupa khw;wj;ijg; ngWtjpy;iy. vdpDk;

vOtha; fUj;jpd; Kjd;ik myfhf mikAk;. tpidr;nrhy;ypd;

Kd;dH tUk; ngaH vOthahf mikfpd;wJ.

Rama killed Ravana; Ravana killed Rama

vd;Dk; njhlHfspy; cs;s ngaHtupiria khw;wpapl;lhy;

nghUs; khwptplf; fhz;fpd;Nwhk;.

4. Mq;fpy nkhopapy; njhlupd; eLtpYk; Iup\; nkhopapy;

KjypYk; tpidr;nrhw;fs; tUtJz;L. jkpo; Kjyhd

jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; nghJepiyapy; njhluikg;gpd; ,Wjpapy;

tpidr;nrhy; tUfpd;wJ. mt;thW tUk; tpidr;nrhy;iy

,lk;khw;wpapl;lhYk; nghUs; khWtjpy;iy.

,uhkd; rPijia kze;jhd;

rPijia ,uhkd; kze;jhd;

,uhkd; kze;jhd; rPijia

kze;jhd; rPijia ,uhkd;

vd;Dk; nrhw;nwhlH mikg;Gfs; vy;yhtplj;Jk; ,ay;ghf

tUtjpy;iy. vd;whYk; ,j;njhlHfspy; nghUs; kaf;fk;

NeHtjpy;iy.

,uhkd; ,uhtzidf; nfhd;whd;

,uhtzid ,uhkd; nfhd;whd;

197

vd tUk; nrhw;nwhlHfspy; ngaiu mLj;J mikAk;

Ntw;Wik cUGfs; ngaiur; nrag;gLnghUs; Mf;fptpLtjhy;

nghUs; kaf;fq;fs; NeHtjpy;iy. jpuhtpl nkhopapy; fhZk;

tpid tbtq;fs; mtw;wpd; fhy ,ilepiy> ghyPWfs; xl;L

epiy nkhopf;$Wfsha; ,ize;J tUfpd;wd. mit

jdpj;jdpaha;f; fplf;fhky; ,ize;J xU nrhy;ePHikj;jha;

cUg;ngWk;.

5. jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; vOtha; caHjpizg;ngaH>

m/wpizg;ngaH> vz;Zg;ngaH> %tplg; ngaH> Rl;Lg;ngaH>

njhopw; ngaH> gz;ghy; mikAk; ngaH> tpidahy;

mizAk; ngaH vd tUk; ngaHr;nrhw;fspy; xd;iwr;

rhHe;jpUf;Fk;. gadpiyfs; jdpg; gadpiyfshfNth $l;L

tbtq;fshfNth mikAk;. INuhg;gpa nkhopfspy; tpid

kl;LNk gadpiyahf tu> jkpo; Kjyhd nkhopfspy;

ngaUk; tpdhTk; gadpiyfshf tUk;.

mtd; ahtd;

mtd; ,uhkd;

te;jtd; ,uhkd;

ey;ytd; ,uhkd;

6. tpidg;gadpiyfs; jdptbtq;fshf tUk;NghJ tpidKw;W

my;yJ tpaq;Nfhisg; ngw;W tUk;. $l;L tpidg;

gadpiy tbtq;fs; vr;rq;fisAk; Kw;Wf;fisAk; ngw;W

tUk;.

Foe;ij mOjJ - jdpg;gadpiy

Foe;ij moj; njhlq;fpaJ -$l;Lg; gadpiy

7. jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; vr;rr; nrhw;fSld; vjpHkiwr;

nrhw;fis ,izg;gjd;%yk; vjpHkiwj; njhlHfis

cUthf;fpf; nfhs;tJvspJ.

mtd; ju - khl;lhd; mtd; jukhl;lhd;

mtd; ju - ,y;iy - mtd; jutpy;iy.

thL < NyJ (njYq;F)

198

8. njhlupaypy; ,yf;fz tbtq;fis tplg; nghUz;ik kPjhd

tpjpfis mwpe;Jnfhs;Sjy; Kf;fpakhdJ. xUtd; NgRk;

Ngr;R mtDila thoplr;#oy;> Njit> rKjhaepiy

Mfpatw;Wld; neUq;fpa cwTilaJ. nkhopapd; Gwtbtk;

nghUisg;ngWk;NghJ kl;LNk fUj;Jg; gupkhw;wk;

rhj;jpakhFk;. Ngr;R nkhopapy; ,yf;fztbtk; rw;W

nefpopDk; nghUSzHjy; vd;gJ khWtjpy;iy.

cz;ik mtDf;Fj; Jizahapw;W

Gyp mtid tpOq;fpw;W

kwtd; giftiu ntd;whd;

vd;Dk; njhlHfspy; fhZk; vOtha; KiwNa tbTw;w

ngauhfTk;> m/wpizg;ngauhfTk; caHjpizg;ngauhfTk;

mike;Js;sd. cz;ik vd;Dk; Ez;nghUs; vOtha;f;F

gUg;nghUSf;Fupa tpidtbtj;ij ,l;lhYk; nghUs; czHtJ

vspjhfpd;wJ.

flik mtidj; jpUj;jpaJ

tho;f;if mtDf;F topfhl;baJ

,it Nghd;w njhlHfspy; Ez;nghUis capUila

nghUs;fspd; nray;fshy; Rl;br; nry;tij Vw;fKbfpd;wJ.

xUtiuf; Fwpj;JtUk; caHjpiz nkhopahfpa kupahijg;

gd;ik jkpopy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

jiytH te;jhH - gd;ik

xUtH te;jhH - xUik (kupahijg;gd;ik)

9. Nkiyj; Nja nkhopfspy; Preposition vd;Dk;

Kd;ndhl;Lf;fs; miktJz;L. jkpopy; gpd;ndhl;Lf;fsha;

tUk; ,ilr;nrhw;fNs kpFjpahFk;.

In the box - Mq;fpyk;

ngl;bapd; cs;- jkpo;

10. njupepiy tpidKw;Wg; NghyNt Fwpg;Gtpid Kw;Wf;fSk;

jpuhtplnkhopapy; gapd;WtUtjhFk;. njupepiytpid

tpidg;gFjpia mbr;nrhy;yhff; nfhz;L cUthfpd;wd.

Fwpg;G tpidKw;W ngaiuAk; gz;igAk; mbr;nrhy;yhf

199

nfhz;L Njhd;Wfpd;wd. njupepiy tpidfs; fhy;q;f;

fhl;Ltd. Mdhy; Fwpg;G tpidfs; Fwpg;gha; fhye; jOtp

epw;gd.

mtd; Mf;fpdhd; - njupepiy tpid

mtd; fupad; - Fwpg;G tpid

11. nrag;gLnghUs; - tpidg;ghFghL

tpidg;gadpiyfs; vy;yhKk; nra;g;gLg;nghUSld;

tUtjpy;iy. rpy tpidtbtq;fs; nrag;gLg;nghUis

Vw;gjpy;iy. Mq;fpyj;jpy; ,tw;iwr; nrag;gLg;nghUs;

Fd;whtpid (Transive Verb) nrag;gLg; nghUs; Fd;wpa

tpid (Intransitive Verb) vd ,uz;lhff; nfhs;tH. ,J

jkpo;nkhopapYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

,uhkd; Vw;wpdhd; - nrag;gLg;nghUs; Fd;whtpid

,uhkd; vOe;jhd; -nrag;gLg;nghUs; Fd;wpa tpid

Vw;wpdhd; vDk;NghJ vjid vd;Dk; tpdhj; njhf;fpr;

nrag;gLg;nghUis mthtp epw;gjhy; nrag;gLg;nghUs;

Fd;whtpidj; njhluhf mJ mikAk;. vOe;jhd; vDk;NghJ

nrag;gLg;nghUs; Njitapy;iy vd;gJ czug;ngWtjhy;

mj;njhlH nrag;gLnghUs; Fd;wpa tpid MFk;.

,Ukjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

1. vt;tif nkhopfspy; neLq;fhykhf thf;fpa mikg;G

xd;whfNt ,Uf;fpd;wJ vd K.t. $Wfpd;whH?

jpuhtplnkhopfspy;

2. jpuhtpl nkhopfspypUe;J tlnkhopfs; ngw;w thf;fpaf;

$Wfs; vd fhy;Lnty; vtw;iwf; Fwpf;fpd;whH

vr;rtpidfshy; fhyq;fis czHj;jy;> njhlH

thf;fpaq;fis Kw;Wtpidfspd; Kd; itj;jy;> Kbf;f tUk;

nrhy;iyaLj;J> KbAk; nrhy;iy epWj;jp Kbj;jy;

200

3. ve;j jpuhtpl nkhopapy; tpidailfs; jdpj;J ,aq;Fk;

jd;ikadthf cs;sd?

kiyahs nkhopapy;

4. ngaUf;Fk; milf;Fk; ghypiaG Ntz;lg;gLk; jd;ik

vk;nkhopapy; cs;sJ.?

,e;jp

5. glHf;if Rl;ba njhlupy; jpiz, ghy; vz;, ,iaG

Ntz;lg;gLk; nkhop vJ?

jkpo;.

FWtpdhf;fs;

6. nrhw;nwhlH xOq;F Fwpj;J vOJf.

nrhw;nwhlH xOq;F vd;Dk; jiyg;gpd; fPo; ,lk;ngw;w

nra;jpfs;

7. njhlupy; ,iaG Fwpj;J vOJf

,iaG vd;Dk; jiyg;gpd; fPo; ,lk;ngw;w nra;jpfs;

ngUtpdh

8. jpuhtplnkhopfspd; njhluikg;G Fwpj;Jf; fl;Liuf;f.

nrhw;nwhlH xOq;F, ,iaG, rpy njhluikjpfs; Mfpa

jiyg;Gf;fspd; fPo; ,lk;ngw;w nra;jpfs;

201

khjpup tpdhj;jhs;

jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; xg;gha;tpay;

10724

Neuk;: %d;W kzp

kjpg;ngz;: 75

gFjp m : midj;J tpdhf;fSf;Fk; XupU njhlHfspy;

tpilaspf;f. (10X2=20)

1. tl jpuhtpl nkhopfisr; Rl;Lf.

2. jputpl nkhopfspd; xg;gpyf;fzk; vd;w E}ypd; MrpupaH ahH?

3. %yj; jpuhtpl nkhop capnuhyp ngupJk; NtWgLk; jpuhtpl nkhop

vJ?

4. capH ePl;rpf;Fr; rhd;W jUf.

5. jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; jfuk; mz;z xypahjYf;Fr; rhd;W jUf.

6. njYq;fpy; m/wpizg; gd;ikiaf; Fwpf;Fk; tpFjp vJ?

7. njYq;fpy; Vty; tpid vt;thW mikAk;?

8. jkpopy; toq;Fk; vjpHkiw ,ilepiyfisr; Rl;Lf.

9. Kaw;rp - vt;tifg; ngaH?

10. tpidg;ngaH vd;why; vd;d?

gFjp M: gpd;tUtdtw;wpw;F xU gf;f mstpy;

tpiljUf. (5X5=25)

11. m. eL jpuhtpl nkhopfs; Fwpj;j mwpQH fUj;ijj;

njhFj;Jiuf;f.

(my;yJ)

M. tl jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs; ahit?

12. m. capnuhyp FWfiy tpsf;Ff.

(my;yJ)

M. nky;nyhyp khw;wq;fs; Fwpj;J tptupf;f.

202

13. m. jd;ikg; gd;ik Fwpj;J vOJf. (my;yJ)

M. jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; m/wpizg; gd;ik vt;thW toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ?

14. m. ,lg;nghUs; Ntw;Wik Fwpj;J vOJf. (my;yJ)

M. kiyahs nkhopapd; tpidtbtq;fs; gw;wpnaOJf.

15. m. tpaq;Nfhs; tpid Fwpj;J vOJf. (my;yJ)

M. jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; nrhw;nwhlH xOq;F Fwpj;J vOJf. gFjp ,: vitNaDk; %d;wDf;Ff; fl;Liu tbtpy;

tpilaspf;f. (3X10=30)

16. jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; jkpo; ngWkplj;ij tptupf;f

17. jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; %f;nfhypfs; Fwpj;J tpsf;Ff. .

18. jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; vz;Zg;ngaHfs; Fwpj;Jf; fl;Liu tiuf.

19. tpidnar;rq;fs; jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; toq;Fjiy

tpsf;fpAiuf;f .

20. jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; nrhw;nwhlH mikg;G Fwpj;J tpsf;Ff.

ghl E}w; nra;jpj; njhFg;Gf;F cjtpa E}y;fs;

1. [p.[hd;rhKNty; jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; xg;gha;T - XH

mwpKfk;

2. ,uhgHl; fhy;Lnty; - jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; xg;gpyf;fzk;

(nkhopngaHg;G E}y;)

3. uh.rPdpthrd; - nkhop xg;gpaYk; tuyhWk;

4. nj.ngh.kPdhl;rp Re;judhH - jkpo; nkhop tuyhW

5. k.,uhNre;jpud; (g.M)> jkpo; nkhop tuyhW