module1-welding inspection and certification

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Welding Inspectio

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EUi i jca_ Reqrui l lemJenb, : l i O , f th e Weld i ing, Im,eeter """"..".,,.. c o , • • " • . , " • • • • ' " • • u • " u • • • • • • n • " • i_ ' f ) !

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1-1



M O DU LI!;· W E LD IN G I IISP E C TIO N A _ D C E TIF IG A TIO _ _ W I E L D ! I Gi,. S PI E C T r O J I T E C H N O L O G Y

Iln1:roduclloln

~til today ' s world there is in I·' ing emphas is

placed 0 · 1 l l 'the need fo r qu ,In[~y~nd weld quality li s

an . im portan t pa .[ of me ov erall q u an~y effort. Tbi

concern for product quality i., d IIe to several f ac to r s-ine ludi g econo liIICS~ safetv gove I· ent re uta-

t lom 5 , , lo b id '..om pen tion , a n d . th e use of J e . . con -

servative designs. Wh l l ] e . n(l '~.singularly respons ib le

.f01 m e a n a i n m e n t It) wel qua~ i (_ the welding

inspector p l a y s a large r o 1 e . n an y uccessfu 1 veld-

io g qualir co ntrol program, J J r e . : a · iity , m a n y p e a ] _ ) le

participate in t he c r ea ti o n of a quali .. weld ed p ro d-

uct, H o· wle\ _r! tlL w _ldimg in s pector is one 0: tbe

.Lfn"OI1~ l iner! indi viduals 'W ho m o st c hec k [0 se e If al l

of (he req .ired manufacturing steps h a v e been c o m -pleted prope ]y "

]:0 do th-~ job. f f e . , c ' l i v . ly, t h e ~ve]dimg ins. ector

must h a v e a wide range of knowledge and ' kills,

because it i nvo l e s m ore th an ~ lm : p'l ~. l oo kh Ig at .

welds, Consequently thls c .:O urse i · . pecifically

designed [0 provide both exper ienced. a nd n elV!ce

weldin g in spectors ~ b asi. ackgroun d ill the morecritical job a · - pe e Is . This doe s n ot imp ly , however,

that each welding inspec [0[,W ]U use a n . of this infer-m anon while 'Norkin g for parucu ar compan y ... .or d .o ~lm e n . that the m ateriel pr e sented will

include all of the runfOmk,t lQn for. every welding

in sp eeto r's sim a i[ o· -_Selection of the e var iou lOP-

.'es is based 0n the gen e l " R 1 know ledge desirable fo r. . . .an imdhddua l [0do gen eral weldin g inspection,

The im errant thing to realize is t at effective

welding i n sp e c n c LO\i 'O] \ .. .. much nore th a n jiu '·t

]ooking· at finished welds, Section of .A\VS IQ C 1~

Standard for A[ S Cert! -C(ltiQl1. of ~Vel'dhig

Inspectors :see .igure 1.1 eutlines the various

funct ions of th e; we ld in g inspectors, Y ou should

become f miliar w Ith m e . v ar io u r esp on sib ili ti es

becaos e the welding i n spe r tor's job i..n on. ,omg

f i ' g J U L l l l m a 11.,1~AWS,Clel ~S1andard m . r AWS

Ce.rtfnaatIQ.no . f

We~tr l ln.g Inspectors

PlrDC('SS" A success ful quality control program

begin ...w ell b efore the first arc L ~ .nn ,k . The refo re,

the w e l d i n g inspector .u t -e f a 1 : 1 : T i ~ i . r u rwith many

facets of the. fabrication process, B.efore welding,

t h e . l I D ipector wil l che ck draw in gs an d specifications

to determine such ··nfonna(on as the co _figuration

of the component, i ts spec ine weld guali.ty reqeire-

ments, and wha,t degree of inspection is required.

This review wi·~1al so : hO\1\~ he m e ed for a ny pecial

processing durina manufactur ing , Once welding

begins, [h e wielding ins,p e .. lor may 0bserve var ious

pr oc e .....io g s'U !]J to as n re th . l ' they are done prop-

1 -2



erly~If a n these subsequent steps have been com-

p'l~(OO, satisfactorily, then final inspect ion should

simply confirm the success ofthose operations.

Another benefit of this course is dual it has been

designed to provide , the we ld in g i nsp ec to r with the

necessary in format ion for th e successful eomple....

non of tb e Am erican 'W eldin g Society ~8Certified

'Weldwg Inspector (C1l.'l) examinetion, The ten

modules 1 is te d b e low are sources for examinationinformation The welding inspector must have at

least some knowledge in each of' these areas,

Typically, the information presented 'will simply be

a· rev iew '~lh"l'Je- om enm es it m o o . an represen t an. . [~'vr.,. __ J ~~~_l.l~'-1. I. ~ J... .J "', ~~R . ,

imrodnct ion to a ,new ' topic ,

- ..:I,1!!' ....1 '[ 1 d' hni ,....Ii .t:AUUitlOlla , t y~ se ectec 'l,ee ,.- lC{U rererences aree ]

ded j ,'L ""n, _J, f' "IT,", '1ed .'~ . ,~,~1Inc naer :II], tne .~-hOuy or ,n.:a:l0W.J.¢s = : reqmrea,T h e s e ," ' '[ dmcm e:

.. A Selected 'Code (AW S D 1.1.~ ,AP i 1.104}etc.)

• W eldin g Inspection (Vi I -SO)

.. AWS. A I ,",1" ,Metric .Practice Gu"iiie for the

Weldm,g lmiw;'lry

MODULE 1-WELDING INSPECTION AND CERTSlFlCAT~ON

'. AW S A2..~ S ta nd ard S y,rn bQ is fo r ~eldingt

B ra zin g; a nd Non de stru ctive Emm in atio n

'. AWS . A 3 ; , o . j , S.tar.ula.rd Welding Term s and

Definttlons'

it AW S B 1 . " 1O ~ Guide for the Nondestructtve

lnspectio« o[W~lds

.. . AW S B 1 .~ : 1 ~ Guide for t l U ! WSlUI l lnspection O 'f

We'lds

'. A.NS:I Z 4 -9 ,.1~, Sqj'et)? in 'W eldtngl C J ~ t t i l 1 : g : ~a nd

AlJ 'i ed Processes

A ' lHS' - Q C ' i I i S · · · . . : J ~.~..J .,f .·1Ii lilTS" C · . ·u; , ,,/'• •."y'. 1 . ~,ta:,-~uu-'l~; yor n, r - f ' " [ ert.~~,catl(Jn (b'

'ti~ ld- 1rri.;;>tng·mpector.s

Who lst~e ld ing Inspec to r?

Before 'Lllmillg our discussion to the technical

subjects, let us tall: a b o u t the welding inspector asan individual and the' typical responsibilities that

accompany the pos iti on , T Il e welding inspeetoris 3,

:r es po i ts ib l e pe rs on , i n vol ved . in th e determinetion of

'weld qual i ty aL'rordiog to applicable codes aod/ore ' p e ' . ' . . . . . . . . . . . · o : I i ~ . . . _ 1 i i ' I I I s In ,... a 'p;Q-J~ 'li'li'!iro.;!ii; • 0 '. f i n s p e e t i '0 ' _ o n ,Ii]! .. ~ ~~'~,III_I ~ _ UJt~ , ~ ..Ll.~.l.ii..U~l_aJlir'~ .l.l.1Ali ~w. ,. .

tasks t welding inspectors ope-rate in ' many different

circumstances, depending primarily for whom, they~...iI..! Th ...~~ .. • ~1I d I!' • ba re ' W V U 'i.Jug , ;, '.US1 U.QC':U a spe c ia l O ,e e torjQ .

specifications due to . the complexity ef SOllie, COM-

ponents and. structures;

The msnection 'workforce mav inc.n de destruc-: L ~ ~ [J

'l iv e r es -t in o' soeclalists, nondestructive examinadon. - . - .. ~"'t:i C"'" . -" _. ~ ,._, ~_. - ~ _ .. -" . - ~ --

(N O ''E ) :.....·

d · '"'1 '" ,.' ....' speerahsts, co e tns,pectom~r n l · J . t 9 ; ' r y or , g o v ; memm en t in spec tors , ow ner r ep resen ta tives , i n -house

inspectors, and others. These individuals ma:y~ attimes, consider themselves "~eldiDg mspectors,"

since t hey in sp ec t weld s as eaet o f thcl r "o b resoon-, I - - . , - . ' . , - _ . - - - - - , i I : : " ' ~ '" - - _ _ _ c _ " J . - . r....

. b " ' ] u Th'M al .. hi 1 1 'h1 Ilty. .' .e t .•- ~eegen er categ-on es uun 'W~lC".t . ' e'welding' in spec tors ' w ork - fun ction s em be, grouped

• Overseer

• Spec ia listII Combination Overs-eer-Specialist

An , ove.rseer can he one individual or many Indi-

vidnals whose skins vary such that any amount or

type, ofworkmanship may be inspected. Both eeo-

n om i es an d tech nical req uirem e nts rwill dec id e. th e

extent to w hich these; types o f i as pec to r s 'will group

1-3



IIODlLE 1-WELDING IN SP EC TION AND CERTIFICATION

themselves and function in 'VanOUiS areas of

e xp er ase ..

The SpecialiSt7 o n . tile other han " is an i-.'v'd.-·

ual who does s om e s pe ci fi c tast(s) in the Inspecticn

process , A specialist m ayor m ay not act independ-

e.ntly of an, over seer . .. .. . : ..' nondestructive examina-

lion (NOE) s pe c ia li st. J s an examp le of tb i s c ate go ry

of inspector, Th is . i o' crv id .n ru . h as lim i te d. r esp on si-

b~l l l1 ies .in the 'weld ing i nspec tion . .p rocess"

It is common to see inspectors serving as both.

overseer . and. specialist, Sech an In di vi du al m ay be

responsible for general weld '. uality judgments in

ee " " , ' 1 4 . . o·f ' the· var ious fa'b · n :' cation step se and 'be:.Y!. .. .'"~ IUl.:t ,. .'VIQit,. E .1 J .. . . ,;, '!I1I.J!r... ! LIJ.JI _ .

required to perform an y nondestructive testing that

is n ecessary , F ab ricaiorsm a y em p loy several over-

see type inspectors, each having th ei r own area ofgeneral weld ·+nspect ioD. responsibility. Becauseinspection :r esp on sib il ity is div ided ln these. cases ,

inspectors m ay have '[0.. rely on others for ' specif ic

aspects. of th e otal inspection program.

For the; p urposes of th is c ou rse, w e 'will refer 'tothe we ld in g i n sp ec to r in general, without regard to

haw e ac h md i vi du al will b e . u sed by an em ploy er , It

is impr .ac1ical to address each mdividnel's sj: .ation

in . m e sc op e. o f ti lls djs·cllssioll ..

. ,. empha si ze tbe differen~o njob requ i re -ments, let's look at SOJne. industr ies. using weld ing

in spec to rs, W e see w eldin g In spec tion being' don e in .

the construenon of bu"1dings; br idges and other

s.tructural units, E n er gy r ela te d applicat ions include

power generat ion facilities ~ pressure vessels and" . . . _ .. . : 1 """",1.. di ~L_"" e

pipe lin es , ru m o tn er cr stnuu.tiOD equIpment requir-

in g pressure comainment, The c h e m i c a l industry

also uses we ld in g e xte n si ve ly .in th e fabrication of

p re ss ur e- co n ta in i ng p ro ce ss iu g f ac il iti es a n d . equip-

ment, The transportation industry requires assur-an ce of accurate weld q ua lity i.uch areas as aero-

space, automotive, sh ipbui ld ing , railroad .ap~

and off-road eq uipm en t . Fina l ly , th e mennfacturingO 'f consumer goods often requires specific weld

quality r equ i r ements . With tb e diveIB.Lty shown bythis listing, va r ious situations wil l c lear ly r eq uir e

different types and de-grees of inspeetion.

Importa.nt Qualities of he

Welding Ins·pecto·

1be in div idual 'W 0 does. we ld in g .l n sp ec ri on~ 1 I1 d .. ..·1~ • L. -+·L....~ . possess certam q uan n es to assure tnat. tne

W E LD IN G IN SP E C TIO N 'TE C HN O LO GY

Job w ill be done m oot effec ti vel y : . .Figure 1 .2 i llu s-

h li"

!rates t ese qu a" n es,

The first and perhaps the mos t Important qaali-

ty~is a :pro fe3s Jona l a .t ti tu .de~P m f e ss i on a l atitude+.8

often the k ey fac to r for we1ding ' in sp ec to r su cc ess ..

Inspector s t t lmde o ften : d eterm i n es · tIle degree ofrespect and c oop eration rec eiv ed fr om others during

the performance of ms :pe.c tion .'uties, Included in

tbis category Is the abi l i ty ofthe 'welding lDspeclo,r. .....1~ .~ d e ' ~ ' " b..........;i ~ that ru ..'[0 m aze .·. CI:S10ns·.~ on taets SO'uRi. mspect ons

Me fair, i m a ar ti al a nd consistent, If decisions are

unfair or show partiality or mconsis teney , they

greatly affect the inspector's credibi · . i ty~A welding

inspector must be completely famil iar w~,t1l,th e job

requ i rements 8.0 that decisien s are :oeithe . to o c riti -

cal nor too l ax . .It is a mis take for th e inspector to

have preconce ived ideas as to a component; 8

acceptability, In s pe cti on d ec is io n s mustbe based . on. t "a .o : "h ;~ ~ .;Iot-.a. o n d 'L "t'l~i " i I I D o f . ' th e we'.'·:~.:1 a n d th e a . , . . . . .. Q . . n : t " " - ' i V " e :iiN'IJ!I.LI', UJ""" . -L.u.. '.. _. xu. '.< W ""'~r'-~'

• . • + f i C d· ...k~ 1· " " " " l . f t · . . . . . . . . . . :en ten a spec.a: er •. 1 1 1 : U ! . C .app.d~ e specir csnon. be til d r.~/'·· .i:-.... T_.~ ....... " 1 1must ne ",e ,'.etenranmg factors, mspectors 'Wl:1

often find them selv es b ein g "tested" by other

personnel an the job, especially when Il:ew'ly~ . . . . . . . . ; ! I • ' ] , . . Ma - , .. _lit· ~ Iiassign ed to som e tas•.+:,· mtamtng a . psoress ionar

attitude helps ove r come obstacles tosucceesful jo bfi~' ,

r"'.L . ' o n n a n c e . ·N exr , 'the 'wt~'-dmg in spector sho uld be in g o o d

physical conditien. sr'DC'e th e .primary job involves

'v i s ua l i n spec tion , obviously th e welding: inspector

should have ..good vision, 'whether natural o r' c or -

rected, T he ,AW'S e W l p ro g ram requires the. Inspec-

to r to pass an e ye examinat ion , w: i1h Of.without. cor-

reetive lenses, to. prove..near vision acuity on JaegerJ2 at 2 in ., an d com p ete a color perception test.

A.notber aspect of physical c on di tio n in v olv es the

size. of some welded strllctures ..'Welds can b e Iocat-ed anywhere on 'v'cry lerge structures, a nd inspec-

tors mus t often go to thoseareas and . m a k e evalua-" . I . . ... ! d " ' " 'k",," o o d !'11fTI'll. h · .....'lom .. nspectors S 1.W 'U . 00 to g..... .e:no:~ p.y. :UCm

condition to go. to My location where the welder has

been. This does not : imply that inspectors . must vic-

.ate safety regulations just t o . do their duties.

n spection c an often be ham pered if not done imme- -

di 1 fte ld·· b._ id c .L..a ~ y a ter w eiom g, n ecause access m 8 :LO r . U . L e

welder such as ladders. and scaffolding :m~y be

r em .....··UDIld ' !YI i01~:nO'mssection Imaossible o r dang e r-U.!'V l'I " . t ,_·t u.u>l iI\ .L ..~ . .1".,1:" ..." - '1 .. . .. r-....!J~... _.~.IIJ.

ous, With in . safety guidelines". weld ing inspectors

sl'.tould n ot let th eir physical c on di tio n p re ve nt themf d '. ~:I..' ~ 1rom . run g we m specnon proper y .

1 - 4



M O IJ U LlE t-W t El[),1 NG INS ~ iE ;C TIO N AN D C E F ITIF'ICAnON

I K l J l I o w l l , e d ' g e ,of : dr ,a ,w~" ,gs ,8 nd

, S p , e c ' IU c ' a , t: ii lo n I S ;

- IK n ,Q / w l l , e c h ;J e 'of ' 'wel ld I ing 't,erm:s

IK l l l l o w l l , e d 'Q l e 'o f ! ' w ' l e l l d i i n g ' p r e c e s s e s

I K n i O ' w l , e : c I ~ g e 01: ' t , a s , t : i i n g M IG i t : h a d i s ;

lral n i' g ~Ieng r l l i I ! ' e , r 'ng and

metal l :1 ! l l U I l r g y

- I . . . ttl ilJ

_ n S l p e J I I J J'G n e , x !p e n e ' l i l i c e

' W e i din g l i e x p ie r -e A i c e ,

,Sa,le practlees

, A , b i i I IUy te maiin~a"n r e C ' l J l n : t , s

G,o,od p'hy,shJall l,c)ond~l :i ,on

G,o,od visiio,n

F - i i ! gure 1lO2~ i1he ~ [ r n S l p e ' e ~ O ~ jPcssesse ,s ; a B r e a , 1 ,AlirU)U nl o fK ' r n lo w h ~ ! d g e , ! , A , t tn u d e , s 'I ' :Skl li lis ,and H a b U l s i (I(A..H f ) ,



M O D U L E l-WELDlI'YGI I N S P E C T I O N A N D CERn F I C A l l O J " i . !

i\llother quality the welding inspector should,

develop is an ab il ity to understand and apply the

various documents describing ' w e - E d requiremems,

These can, include drawings, codes, standards and,

specif icat ions. Documents provide most 'O f the

in form sr ion regard in g w hat, w hen , w here an d, howthe welding and su b se qu en t in sp ec tio n s are to bed rN,., f "L"," , 'J "d ]'" , . . . : Inne. .rnere ore, the :ru es or g~!.ue'lues U'n'U~;T

which th e 'welding inspector dOO8 the job c a n . b e

f o u nd in t hese , documents" They also 'state the

acceptab le q uality req uirem e nts again st which th e

'w e ld in g i n sp ec to r 'will ju d,ge the 'we:ld Q , ' n r u i t y . Itis

impo.ctant that these documents are r ev iew ed b e fo re

the start of an y 'w ork or ·product ion bec-ause the

Id " , ' b f"he '

b '.fl .'," ,",' D [ ' ' _ . • • 1 ... ,-' -' . •• ": 1 "" ',' ,r ". _

__ _mg mspeetor mnst be aware 0 t -JO -reqt11re-merits. 0 - ften this 'fite:-" : o ,< b - : e v i e :r w ' w ll l . - , ~ _~ ~ ,. .J- - - 'I;'V - S.i.h:.... J;'- - J _ .........- , _ ,_ ~ ,1_ ["V~

requt red '''hold points" "for in sp ec tio n s; p ro ce du re

and w e l d e r q I J r u l f j ; c a d l o : n r eq u ir emen ts , sp ec ia l pro-cessin g steps or design deficiencies such a s, weld

in ac cessib ility d ur in g fa btic atio n~ Alth ough, wel d-

: i ng ' in spec tors should b e t b o ro u gh in their r e v i e w ' ,

this does not mean '(hat 'the req uirem e nts should. b e

memor i zed ; These ar e r efe ren c e documents and

sh ou ld 'b e;re ad ily av ai lab le fo r d etailed m f or m atic n

an y time in ' the fabrication proc ess, G en erally !in spec tors are the individuals mos t Qiml l ia r with all

these docum en ts so they may 'b e cal led upon, by o t h -

ers for intormedon and Interpretation reg ard in g th e

welding,

Most people associated wi,th welding inspection

'will agree that having inspection experience ~s_ v e r y

important Text books and classroom, Iearning can-

not teach an Inspector all of the things needed. to

inspect effectively. Experience 'MU aid the weldinginspector in becoming more efficient, Better ' w a y s of

thinking and working 'MIl develop with time.

Experience 'win also help the inspector develop the

proper attitude and po in t of view regarding th e jo b .

Experience gained working 'with, var ious codes and

sp ec ifi ca tio n s im p ro v es a n i n sp ec to r's u n d er sta n d-

in g of welding req uirem e n ts an d gen e ra ll y :i 1:n p ,r ov~

jo b effec tiv en ess. T o em p hasize 'the n eed for m s pec -t; .., "-, ,,,,,;,,,.,,, ,n " ,£L ~ ,- , - , ', ', - , ', , , ', , '" - ,L O n . expenence" we O l , U : : O . see a nevice mspectnr

paired. with. an experien ced on e so the proper 'tech-niqoes can be passed along, Finally, we see that

in sp ec to r c er tif ie ati on p ro gr am s requi re s ome mini-

m um l ev el o f expe ri en ce, fo r qua l if ica tion~Another d es ir ab le, quality of the we ld in g in sp ec -

to r is a,basic knowledge o f weldi ng an d the v ar iou s

WElDING iNSPECnON TECHNOLOGY

I

'w eldin g processes. B ecau se of this, fo rm e r w eld ers

are som e dm e s selec ted to be : convened into welding

inspectors, 'With. a basic knowledge of welding, the

inspector is better prepared, to understand certain

problems that a welder eneoumers, This aids in,

gain in g' respec t an d cooperatlon from the w elders.Further, this understanding belps the welding

inspeotor to predict w h a t 'weld, discontinuities may'b= ~~A • ecifi-- .' · Ti ]d~Ib' encountered lfia. s : p . < : C snuanon. - - le 'w 'e ,, 'ng

inspector CM then monitor critical welding v a n -ables to aid in the p reven t ion . G i 'these welding prob-

I , ' " , I ' · " - . - , . - " : . , . ,. . . . .a , ~ , , . . . . , . ., , ' 1 - J d ' + . ,em s, n spectors expen eacee In severai 'we mng

p ro cesses, w ho u nd erstan d, th e ad van tag es and lim-

itations of each process" can prob ab ly identi:fy

tial b 1 bef 'm 'ote- ll tl ~ .. em s oeroretr e y occur ,K n ,ow ledge of 'various destructive and nonde ..,

snuct ive test m eth o ds a re also ' very helpful to ' t n , e

weld ing inspector, Although inspeciors :~:ay notnecessarily perform these tests, ' they :may from time'~.n. ' I l- i m D! w i t n e s s ,. .'k:t1 ' iI".dI,I i."C; " _ Q ' 9 ' h r · 1I ': aV~~,w !_b . .. ..'te·"t, '~.Qi_'" l + ; ; : . .~~]......nw.i. ~Q u.!..... IIAP~ ,l~~ ..... .".". ~y. ," ,1,5 Q j,.~Y.lw

as tb,ey apply 'to the inspec tion , Jus t as 'with 'welding~~iL""fo':'(' ' 1 - 1 . . . . . ..we d."nc' ,~,~",~~"",,'t" ~.j'L a id . . .A, bv a · 'k............ ,.t'\I,''''........; : >; ; :O . . .. . ~ W J ,II;; _ _ ""U~ ,Ul,lL::>.t"' ....... !!.VL, l~ q~_u y, Vab..IIi!I""

un der stan din g ,of testin g processes, t is impor ta l t t

for the inspec tor to be aware ' O o f a l te rna te methods

t ha t c ou ld b e, ap plied to e nh an ce visu al inspec t ion ,We ld l ng inspeetora : ma y n ot a C E u a l l y perform a

g iv en 'te st b u t 'they m a y stil l . b e c alled upo n to decide

ifthe results comp l y with the jo b requi rements .

'The ability to be t rained is a , n ec es s~ ,ty :fo r ' the job

of welding inspector, Often, an . individual is select-,~, . . ! I e . . . : 1 . , . " . L,~ d " ' " J .fl.,: ib t~ ror mrs posmon ease .pnman y on nus attn )0e,

I, d th o '" iob # '] h .Lnspectors ...0 thetr J ..most eil,ecti:ve.y wen, wey

receive training in a variety of subjects, By gaming

additional knowledge, inspectors 'become morevaluable to their e:tIl,pl{}~rers,

Another very im por taet respon sib i lity of the

welding inspector : i S J safe, 'w o rk , h a b its ; g oo d safety

habits pla~l a significant role in avoiding inju:ry~

'W o rk in g s afe ly requires It thorough knowledge, of

th e 8 3 :f ety 1 :U lZMdS~n a tti tu de tb at all acc iden ts can .

be avoided and. leaming '(be necessary steps to

avoid unsafe fLV{ ,POSI lTe. , Safe ty t ra in ing should be a

part of each inspector's t ra in ing program.,

A, f in a l at t r ihme, which. is not to b e taken . light-ly ! is ' t h e w eld in g in spec tor 's ab ility to com p lete an d

m a in ta in in spec tion record s, T he 'w eldin g in spec tor

must accu ra te ly comm un icate all aspects, of th e 'Var-

io us in sp ec tio ns, in clu din g t h e , r esu lts. A ll records,

developed should. b e u nd erstan da ble to anyone ,

1 -6



WELDING INSPECT ION T E C H N O L O G Y

&mili.ar with the 'w ork . R eports tha;t can on ly be. . ; I j - ~ ~ p : h · a i l ' l l l i i dbv ' i h " ~ weldine 1 ' , , , , , . . . . .peeter o!!I_ ~~~~'t.;:o..EiO,1U!I!l:!I.;1,· 1 1 0 . \ 1 . " , . , "j ,'!;r. ' ' ' h " ' " " ' " . . b ..Lu:, , : ww,~M,, -" , u.~.a.J!••. : r . · o ! i

when he or she is a b se n t . Therefo re , n e a m e s s is

impurtant as wen ...• e welding i nspec to r shouldlook a t th es e r ep or ts a s . his or n et perm an en t records

should a question arise later , W h en reports are gen-

erated, they shou ld con tai n intonnerioa rega ding

bow the inspection was done so , if necessa ry , it can

'b e duplicated later 'b y someone else 'with s imi la rresu I t - ~ 'n ' ce r eeords . hav e bieen dewelooed .;t·Le·I, .. ..~_· '.' : ; : ! I ' . . ' " , ,," ,!!. .r 'U ,II..'· .. ;I;II,'!t''' .. ~ .-. . ,.- ,Y"".....~ 1 . 1 1 1 1 " "

Vo,'"elding inspector should facj ~tate easy reference

later .

There are a few "mles of etiquette" relating to

mspeetion reports ..First, t hey sbould be completed:in ink, Of' typewrit teon~ (In today's "age of comput-

ers," ty p in g of inspection reports into a c om p uter

s}:'ste-m is a very effective way of making legib le

reports, easily retr iev ed w hen n eeded.) If an error is

made '" :na handwritten repo:rt~ it c an b e. s in g le -l in edi'"1IJI11 l' and ......,.,.,-..:>...,-t_"",;a (the e~ "'...........1d ' '0 '. ., ., .be totally-w'] U," ,', '~L,I,~I,.c:u. .~UH;r:'~"'JU.l, ~J.lv.".[··, :~"" LU .M, r"

o b li te ra te d), T hi s corrective action. should then.b e

in it ia e d and dated. A similar approach is used w h e n

the :repo:is are computer generated, The reportshould also accurately an d completely state the jo b

n am e an d inspect ion. lo catio n. as w ell as sp ec ific test

in format ion , The use of sKet(:hes a n d pictures m ay

also. help to con ve·y inftmnation l " e . g : a r d i n g th e

inspection 1"e,sults. Then the completed report

should b e signed and, .ated b y the in spector 'w ho did

the work,

Ethic:

:Flequlrements iar theWelding Inspector

'W e '- a ve descr ibed so m e o f th e q uatities w hic h

are desired of a weld ing inspector; n addition 10

....................iste d ~·l....... v ·e ' · · . .:. . . e r e - - ,0:1- · e ·-hi....."l r e o u i r e m e n t \ i : ' iu,~ .li! . , ;g.u\J, ", U !L , .;;:u... . . _ f . .<. iU, &'~'1u.u,.... .. _' ~

which are dictated. by the plsiuon. Ethics simply

derail w : ' a ; t is . considered to be OOl1ImOn sense and.

honesty . The posi t ion. of ~welding:in sp ec to r c an b e .

very visible to th e public if som e c ritical d ispute

aa .i ,ses and is publicized. Therefore" welding inspec-ton should Jive by the rules and report to their

supervisors whenever some q u es ti on a bl e s itu ati on .

occurs. S imp ly stated, th e welding inspector should

act 'with complete honesty a n d . integrity while do in g

the job since 'the: ms pection fun ction is one of

responsibi l i ty and. impcrtance. If. decisions arebiased because of associ ations 'with dishonest peo=

MODULE i-WE L DJ N G I NS P E C ;T O N AND·CEATfFICATlO1'o

ple, o r. o ffer s o f financial gain , then the in spec tor is

D,Ot acting 'wi(h in tegrity , A 'welding inspector's

decisions should he based totally on available racrs

'without regard to ' 'w ho did the walk in question.The welding inspector' 5 position abo carries

'with i a certain responsibility to the. p ub lic .. T h e

com p on en t an d/or struc ture b ein ,g in sp ec ted m a y be

used b y others, who could 'he; : ~ .D j~d . .should some

failure OOCUl'~W Lli le inspectors m a y be Incapab le 0:

discovedng every preb le ,it i s . their responsibilityto . ' report .any condition that c ou ld 'r es ul t in. sa fe ty

h azar d ..W h en p er fo rm i n g an.mspecdon, inspectors

should on ly 00 those jobs for which they.al ' ( ; prop-

eriy qualified ..This, reduces the poss.lbjH~y of errorsin judgment ,

There are situations that occur that m ay be:

reported to the public. If th e 1 . spector is involved in

a dispute regarding th e t nspecuoa , be or s h e , ma:y be"JICl1..~ ~ '...... f i 4 l ' b · ] · l · c lv ~V'i'lf1'P~!'! ,",'n o . · · n i ' l " l " ; o , n ~ · 'If I : J " ' - ' ' ' ' ~~1 th e~.fi.tXJ. !I.,v. r-- " ~I j' ~Ar--.-."iIJ!C! iLU,.I, . ··,r-,tI=Jll. 'Oi !Lo11~'7 '

opinion shoeld b e . based totany on. facts . that the

i n sp ec to r - b e li ev e s to be valid" Probably 'm e bestway to deal 'with pub ic statem e nts, h ow ev er, is sim-

ply to avoid them whenever possible,I

.inspeeto. should not volunteer iormation jus: to gain pub-

.. Iieity, H ow ever, in situations where a. pub lic s ate-

m e n t i s . req uired, the w eldin g in spec tor may wish. to

solici t th e advice of a legal. represeatafive before.speaking.

The ethical reqatrements of the Job carry 'withthem a great deal of responsibility, Howeve r , the

weld in g in sp ec to r who understands th e difference

between ethical and. unethica..behavior should h a v e

little difficulty in performing ' the job w : i ' t b . e ve ry ..one's best r u n . t e : r e s t s I I I ~nd. Many inspectors are

requi red. to m a ke decisions t ha t may have great

f in an cial im pac t on . certain parties. In s uc h. s im a -

dons, the Inspector m a y be approached to overlook

rome, feature 'or reverse a decision for personal

f inanc ia l gain, The. weld ing in spee or m ust recog-

nize such dishonest acts and s tand finn 00. a 1 1

decisiona,

. he Welding Insp..-·t,o~a,s aC o m m . u · cator

An important aspect of th e. we1d in , g inspector's

job i s . that of communication. The day-to-day

inspect ion effort requires effective cemnnmicaticn

'with many people invo lved in the fabrication or



M O D U L E 1 . .. .. ;_ W E L D tN GN S P 'E C T k ) N A N D C E R T IF I C }\ n O N

construction of ;c;i'"il'n"Ii""'; item ' ' I . ' i : I l ' t . . , o ( " j ; t · ' mus t be reali ~,..,..~. . . . .., ~" ~Llil. "-'"~",,!I' "1.~ - i IF1 llol.~ 1 I k . . 1 .l .b.U, ,~,

however , is , that commun ica t ion Is n ot .a one way

street, The in spector should be able to express

' thougbts to others, and be ready to listen €o a reply .

.0 effect ive, this com m r n ' cation seq uen ce mu st

b e ,a con tin uous loop go that both patties have an

opportunity to e xp r.es s { b elr 'thoughts. o r m t er pe eta -

tiODS (s ee F i gu re 1 . , ,3). It i s 'wrong fo r any in d iv idual -

to think that their ideas will alway s prevail.1'""., " . 1-."" ., ., • " + ~t.m s pectors m u st uv recepnve to opnnnns to w , "'Lal afurther re·Q'f'If'\'n~ , ~,I'ii be made 0 .' .t'!i-..,.,....;. "e' . : 1 1 < 0 ' [,~r.... ~J. w.u",,., . I I . , I u ! ir . I . . I L , ' ~ ,

in spec tor "s on e who lis e swell,

As mentioned th e weld ing insoector has to, ., • ,., ' .. , ': ' .' I" ... ', , . ",iF'" "," " ,. .'.'

communicate with, several different people involvedin the fabrication sequence (see :Flpre 1.4). In fact,

:many situ a:tio ns oc cu r 'w here w eld in g inspectors are

the c en tra l fig ure of th e commun ica t ion , ne twork ,

since th ey w ill c on sta,· 'tly be dea l ing with, m ost of' t b ' ',fI; ' ' ' '"0' ple in",,,,. ("';1: V ' " o ; " " " l i S: o m ':"! 'nf.I!n:nlathat th e 1:n'soector. ~ , !: ,, !! ir .! - . , 1 ' . ,'¥v[l ..~. ",' ,-~ [r'!I;"I'~rLII~~ UJI. !j. U~~"·.I, '~¥IIr'VJl.

m ay commun ica te . 'with a re we ld er s, welding engi -• ," • - : IIA~ "neers, mspeenon SUpetVlSors 5 wemmg su.,peTV1S0t"S,

'welding foremen, design engjneels.~ a n d production

supervisors. Each company 'will d ic ta te : e ~a ctl y h owits we ld in g m spe cto rs : funct ion.The communication. between the. welder and.

inspector is important to the attainment of quali ty

work H ' 'there is sood communication each ind i -l o l l . - _ " !O J - , ' . ' " " _ . , ' . . . . . . , ~ ; . . , . ,

vidual can do a better job, Welders can discuss

prob em s they encounter ; or ask a b ou t s pe ci 'f ic qual-

ity requi emeors , F or exam p le, suppose the welders

are asi ed to weld a J . 01111 ha.vin .~ ill root open in g~, ~ "

which is so tight that a satisfactory weld cannot be

accompl ished . They :m,ay contact , th e insp,ec c o r ton .ASS J "udgment and g ' et th e situation corrected "'bt."" . : . . . .~~ ,.,,,,.. l1 g

th en r ath er " dum, after the weld. is reiected for beingm a de im p roperly . When effec:tive commun ica t ion£'iJ"'~1.'I"CI, tb e weldins l ' n ' · ~ . . . . . . 1.....,.,. th e o,nT',rwt;utlihv~Y.LQIi, 1!C .. ~ ·JI_lJ.rC) - 1~ ! o ! . , uJ! . JJ..d,rj UJ , v.,yyv.....o . I . . L & ~ J "

1 dJ' L._· ...

to supp: y answers ana or DcgIn eorrecnve acne to

prev en t the occurrence of som e prob lem , The com -

muntca t icn between th e w elder an d an m s pec eor is

u su al ly im p r ov ets, if th e 'w eld in g in sp ec tor has som e

we ld in g e xp er ie n ce , Then th e we ld er has m ore con ~fideace in 'the inspector's decis ions . If there is poor

coremunica t lon between ' t h e s e two parties, quality

c an saffer ,

Weldin ,g engineers rely heavily o n , c w e l d i n , gin ....." tn b . th "" ., .. '" . , ;I .l I.., . ,... ' a . . . A·· - ."JptCtors 1.0 ee trerr . eYe8 on. me snop .noor orCOISlIUCti.oll site, Bn gin eers coun t or the inspector

, .

to spot problems r e l a t i n , . to d ie techn iq ues and

WELDING I NS P E C T IO N T E C H N O L 0 8) ,

SipEA'KS·

W R " , ' " I T ' · E , 8 ' · · · . ·.. - _-

A ~ C · · · · · · T S ' · · · '~ ";, I ,_ .

D : R A W S

W ·E'LDS. '/,~.~ - ~. .

LIISTE :' JS

R,' [ E A D ' ~ " ~ l S " "' I 1 - r=') - - ..

0_-~""B S : : : E ' · R " V · , " ' E : S : · · :

," _. "] ",-,: -

INFE!R,S

I N S P E C T S

gure 1~~ ~..Weld' ng tns :pec to r

A, Com un l'caIor

processes specified, The 'we ld in g i n spe ctor call also

confirm, whether speeifie d procedures are b ein g fo l-

low ed, T he w eld in a ' ; '~~P'ctor , in b un 'can asik th e.... - ~ , ., _' .;LW- - Ie- M~~· c.,,~ ...,._ _ . -,.". . .1.

welding e n g i n e e r about certain aspects of' those

p ro ce du re s a .s w elL O fte n, i f a welding procedure is

n ot :p roduc ing consistent, reliable results, th e weld-

jug in spec tor m ay be, th e fi rst person to spot th eprob lem , A t that point, th e welding fmginee,r i s :o o~ -

fied so that adiustm eets can , b e made to allev iate tlte

problem,

The 'w e ld in g i n sp ec to r 'will probab ly 'work undera_ d· .'f · JTTL!' .. !II! • ~ 'III"'UlC .,'irecnon 0. some SUpetVU';lOl'. J.',[US mrav icu aI, IS

, .., , . ib h ,iI: - , .,. ~'f' .~.~" ., ,,eld" ,t, .' ' , ' 1 1 ' ,respon si .re ror ven ymg a w'e' Lng m speetor s

qualifications t o perform the , work, 7 1 u : : : : supervisor

should also ansWet the inspectnr's questions and aid

in the interpretation o f quality ' requ i rements . In. d '",., ..... ldin .,some m. ustry sim anon s, m e weic ng mspeetor

must , bring all quesnons to 'the supervisor. In turn,

jh e supervisor takes that. quest ion , to , SO[ aeone in

enaineerina ourcb asina etc The we.lding insoector, ~J.JI'''''''ClJl ,t"""""-' ,~ -O'1I'!Wl. .,.... 'W',' ,Ot:' ......... ,.

must convey a question clearly sn it can be

described properly by the inspection supervisor '[0

th e o th er party.

i - s



'-....slNSPECTJON EOH .. ·lOGY MODULE 1-W8.D1 NG ~N $P E O T I'O N A ND C RTIRCJ\ J O N

. _ ..

Rtpot t i~9 s . ~ f I ; o ] j

F lg u ,r e 1 .4 E·sta ." ish ing Lines 01 Communication

Dur ing th e a c tu a l : fah r ic a tion proces s, th e weld-

.. inspector will have opportunities to 's pe ak w i th

BlDy other personnel In some situations, instead of

c om nm n ic .atin s d ire ctly 'with tb e welders , th e weld-

:qmspector 'will d e w , 'with, th e ,¥eldin,g supervisor.. fore 'm an ,. This. ~ ] s . ua Uy involves specific quality

R :q lIirem e :n ts o r ex plan atio ns. w hy some aspect of

'die: welding is . rejee' ble ,

The weldi .~ Instector ma y ' also have to gainiIl- r ~ - ! I I O ' ! " . .

iofutmation from design en,gi eers about. the actual

.-e:ld r eq u irem e nts, D u rin g fa br ic atio n other p r o b -l e m s , m a y mise which ' CR o . only b e answered, by the

person who. actually desig~ the structure or com-

pone n r . .Another way in . which this aspect of c om -" I ~cation takes. place is tl lr oo ,g h d raw in g s a nd

weldin g sym bols, . tho 'u .gh a powerful co mme iea-

don tool, 'welding and NOB symbo l s , I l 1 B ( Y ' require

clar if icat ion by th e s ymbo l creator;F in ally " th e. welding inspector wU l have some

eeession to discuss job scheduling with prodnc-

tion personnel, This, oCC:U s especi ally when

rej ections h a ve be e n n o te d which eonld alter. the

product ion , schedule, It is impor tam ' o r the. weld-

ing inspector to kee . the production. personnel-

OW'a re of the status of "the welding in spec tion so

that schedules can be. adjusted if necessary. Asindicated, depending on the 'weilding' inspector's

specific job descr ipt ion, be Of. ' sh e m ay not deal

with all those noted. above, or the inspector may

commun ica te with others , not discussed here, It is

important to realize that all will benef i t if someeffective communication ' takes place so surprises

do n ot occur dur ing fabrication..

'\Vben 'we talk, of com m u nication , w e- are n ot

l im i ti n g o ur attention to speaking. There are sever-

al ways J n which people effectively -COmIn micate .T h e y ' in clu de sp ea kin g , 'w riti : ,g , drawing, gestur ing,and the me of pictures or' photographs, ..Each situa-

tion :m"ay'b e, dealr w ith usin g o ne o r mo r e of these

methods. The method is not , & ' 8 important as the fact

that comemnleadon occurs; :messages are sent,

r ec eiv ed an d 'U n der sto od by 3 , 1 . concerned.



Pe ,rso ,'n :e C 'e lficatio ' Programs

There are s everal p rograms presently availa~lle

to determine whether an, indiv idual possesses the,

necessary experience and k n o w : , e d g e to perform

welding inspection effectively. The American

Society for Nonde strnctive Test ing has is Sll00,guidelines for certification of NDE personne t in

A:SNT SNT-TC-:lA, This document descnbes the

recommended procedures for cert i fy ing ' inspectors

performing nondestructive testing. ASNT r e co g'~

nizes three levels of. certiflcetion, Levels I, II,..and

lIL

,AWShas also initiated an NnE Certification

Program, Present ly , AW'S can certify one Level of

Radiographic Interpreter (RI). The RI program ce r . .

titles inspectors for interpreting weld. r a dio g ra p bs ,

Addit ional NOE methods' certification is. available

through th e joint efforts of AW S an d. o uts id e tr ain -

in g' agen cies .

For visual i nspect ion. of welds, ,A W S has dev el-

oped the Cert i f ied 'WeJdwg Inspector program, The,

f ront page u f ' t h e App li cati on . fo rm for th e Ce rti fi ed

Welding In spec tor is show n inFigure 1"':)"

AW S Q CI" S ta nd ard fo r AWS Certifica tio n o f

W;e,l'd in g . In specto rs ~ Figure 1,.1" esteblishes therequirements for AW S certification of weld ing

in spec tion " person nel.T here are three lev els of certi-

ncalion. in AW S QC 1. The Senio r ' Certified. 'Weld ing

Inspector (SCW]) is ~.person 'with a t le ast 15 years

experience , incJudin,g 6years experience 'while eerti-

fled as a 'Certi f ied, Welding Inspector (em)" The

. sC\VI m ust psss a separate ex am in ation from the

eMexam i nation ex plain ed b elow , Informat ion on

the SC\VI program and ex am i nati on ar e found in a.separate course, Weldin.g' QuaJity Assurance and

Inspec tio« ,M{11tua;"/-,A Guide for the. Senior

Certifi 'ed Welding Inspector. The n e:x'f certific'ationlever is the eM an d the third level is jbe Certified

As soc ie te W e L d i n g Inspector (C A W I). Bo th o f these

certifications are covered in ~ j;s c ourse, AWS QCl

desc rib es b ow ' person nel are q ualified, lists. th e prin-

ciples of con duct, an d n otes the prac tice by' wblc l l ;

cer tification m ay b e m ain rain ed, Those m ajor ele-

ments w ill 00 discussed h e r e ,The first step toward certification is' m e

documentat ion of relevant educational and. 'work

experience. To qual i fy for the Certified Weld i ng

Inspector (CVfI) examination, th e .iu di vid ua l. m u st

I - t O

document his. Dr her educational b a ckg r o un d . 10

addition, the candidate '9 ~lea:rs of 'welding-re la ted.: :.£: •

experience accordmg to some code 0 1 : ' " specmcauon

must be documented, .

'With supponing documentation (e.g., co~ie£of..............I~'".......1 ~ .... , f ' "transcripts! reference letters, erecrteo nours or tram-

in ,g) quarter hours, or semester hOOfS), up to two

years of 'WO IK experience may be SUb8li ' tut~ by

post high schao 1 educational expe:ne: l1Ice. ,

Substituted. educational experience inclndes an

A BS Q.C i ate o r higher degree in engineering, physics

o r .pny s : i . c a l s c ie n c e a n d , weld in g tec hn olo gy :" T rad e

an d 'v0cation al courses can be applied to work . expe -

rience substitution for completed conrses related to

.w eldin g (up 'to OD.e year max imum) ,

Candidates w i . t h a high. school education, either'b y diplom a , or state or mil i ta ry e q u .i v: a '[ e n o e ~ m u s t

have at least :; years experience, , lndividuaJs with

eighth .grade schooJing ar e r eq uired to have not l~ss,

,tt lan . 1 0 y ears job exper ien ce to qualify for theu • 'l:l'r_" d '" id 1, •th '[ tit...~., ,., h " f ' h ' ,exam toan on , .11 'liJf : l 'D_ Iv r ual.S WI . .ess . 1 1 . a : O fllB . '" .

grad .e s choo ling~ , no t. l e ss than IS :years is . required,

,A subordinate 1eve , , of q ualific ation .is ' t h e -

Certified Associate "'elding fn spec tor (C AW I),

'which r eq uires fewer years, of.'experience for each

educational level. AU of th e experience noted. for

both th e CWI an d C :AW I 'm u st b e - wo rk a sso ci ar ed, ',':;::", k.;...;. . , " · d · " " " " , Awith some code or specrncaaon to oe COOS"_ f:l.1DU

valid,

Individuals who qualify' for the Certified

We']ding Inspector Exeminatlon take a three-part

examination; .

Part.A-Fundamentab~The F un dam e n tal exam i -

nation is , 8 . closed book: 'test consistmg 'i)f 1 50 mnhi-d'" ·t1o.·ple choice questions, Tbe topics covere , 10 . n us per-

tion of the exam include reports a n d records,

destructive tests, welding performance, d utie s, a n d• "1 " J . . : I • . • , . . : I . . . . . ~ , ·llion.,;; ' : i ; F i ; ' d 'responsibi tnes, l\i"e':u. e x ammenon , u~;aln~.I: . .II"'" ,~,I) .

termino ,(jlgy!. s3Jfety~ welding an d nondestructiveexrun:lna'iion. sy.mbols, nondestructive examina t ion .

methods, welding pIOQeSOOS~ heat control, metallur-

gy~mathematical conversions and calculations,

: P m 1 B-P,rat1icat The Practical examination con-sists of 46 questions, It: require's measurement of

weld re piic es with. provided measuring tools, and,

evaluation in accordence 'with. a. supplied "Book of'

S pec ific atio ns," N ot all questions requi re tbe use of '



' l1 IEl .DING: INSPECTION lECHNOlOOY aOULE '1-VfELDINa I N S P E C T I O N AND C E R : T 1 F K ; A

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F gure 1 5-AWS CertifiedWeldi:ng' Inspector AppUcB'tion Fo m



MODULE i-WELDING I NS P E C TIO N , AN D C E R n F IC A T1 0 N

the Boo~kof Speci f icat ions; some require th e i n d · : _

vidual to answer from practical knowledge, The, " . 1T ....1 ., ,.l",..... ,~,'i.ll__,acticaJi,'est covers WPJ,_llg: proceoures, weiaer

q' aliflcatlon, mechanical tests and properdes,ldinn i + d t1 d _",,1. •'we', ,fig m specn on an , . HW St an ' n on destruc nv e

tesn~Test cendidates shoald be familiar 'with. fillet, -d " ,,' " "e ld ,"'" ! ,-,," ,,' d'...1 ".an : groove w '" gauges, nucrometers ,« 1m canpers,and maehi nist 's scales,

P a . r . 1 C--Opeu Book Code~This portion consistsof ,4 6 questions 0' '''U the .......... . t o - - : , the indivi A ""~ 1 ha s. _, .Y~JI.Jj]I . . _ ~.ut; ,WI" u.uw , o_ ~

selected far 'dlis part of the ,e.xaminati ,o] l, . Th e fol-

lowing codes are applicab le to this portion of th e

e.:ta.lmnat1oo:

.. ,AW S Dl11~T he"AWS D l.11 ' S tt uc t. ur a l W tl din g

CrJi/.e~teel examination covers the following

subiect areas ~ zeneral requirements design of-'" ,J ",' - ' '" 0--' ,,' "" "I", -, "

welded connections, preq ualification of W P Ss"" ,~'~;_:.c"",~,iI '~ , e. :L.,' , u ! ' , . " " ' r - ' , - ' , tu d ,).;1quanncaaor " tenncat 00 ;0 mspec 10 .01S, wem-

m g an d the annexes,

• API 1104 \1 The API 11M ! Welding o!"Pipel ines".l R r.....,..I J : : " i J ' " ' - ' " " , . ; 1 - 1 . . .an" ",ewteu £ " , a c , utes exm nm ation covers m e

. follow in g sub ject areas: general, qllalificatian of

w eld in g, ' n ro ced nr es \ v e ld ' : ' ~ quali fication: , : ," ', ' ,1 t: '.L"" : ', , ', " " ', '- " '~ ', ', ', ' ", ' 'lc~

design and ,pl~epamtio-n.of a joint for production

'welding, inspectlQJl and testin g of prodactionw e l d s standards of ' a . , .. ~ , p . : r y ta h il it y , ,,~ N D . ", - , r e o a i r

, g"W;I" ......" " " ' 1 : " . . , ' 'c . , - :.;-r~'

, , - '" ", 1 t~d ' ~ , ,', ~ ,~ ,' , " ' - p h ' ~ " , ' . . . . . . . . . . . : . ' ' . .or remove 0,. '.erects, l.4Ulognr; ],C procenure,

and au tom adc w eld in g.,

• ",WS D1..5'. The AW8 D1,.5, Bridge 'We.lding

Code examination covers the following subject

'!: I i1"ai"=i i l i : '" g ' eneral P' ' O O N l ' " S ' ions d e s iz n · .....welded con-IU~!!! . w' . . , . ... .. '. . L 3 . ~ . Q_,.I~ , . y_ .. ',' '.' .. , :'VtU

nections, workmanship, technique, qualifies-non , inspec -~on, sm d 'welding, welded steel

bridges, fracture. control p. an for nonrednndant

m em bers an d m e annexes.

j.'U1'!S - 'J il:' Th A"W S . D .;:;::R'I I,..J TIl' I'~"• A ' " sn , ;; .' II . " ", ' , e , . . i . " ' i ' . ' . : ' : .J+ , ,81T04:u ,r'eKdtlg

S·.-li ." r __'7 ~ • . •

p e c ! . J r , c a t t o , n , - - . . ; , . , . a F J . Una ~;'COmoilve.s examma -

tion covers welding of metal at least 1/8 la,thi k' ifi . ts f Id .lroa ,...c; 't 5pecl ',c requirements , : O f w,e ....ng ral .. :iW

cars, and the reqn i rements fur 't he m anu f. .a c tu r i: -g '

and, recon dition in g of locQmofve. ,s and, :passen-o'er train vebl·c1,g,i:"' , .", ..L~.,

To su.cce.ss,fI;{1 y complete the; e : X : B m i n a : u _ o o ~ indi-

,;dual5 IDust pass all three parts of the te8.t~The

1-12

WE lD ING lIN SP EC TION T ECHNQLOG '

:passing score in each part for the CW I is 72 percen t

the passing for CAWl is SO percent B ey on d com-

p 1 O O O 1 1 of the examination, the test candidate mus1 1 I ' 1 I ' I I , . . 3 " : " ' ' ' ' ' g , n "i!Lifl e :Y ' ,p, o"!'V'Q l i t " H , i i n ' ' ; Q ' U ' ~ O ' , .· - ~ -I":: , assure , ; j . ' , " " " " t . ' the m- , '+-1AJ,I.\.mt, vW -.U . ., ..... ~,.Lu.. ..u.. UJ! tAdL:t ._ UJ.4. w~. ',, ,

vid:v .a l possesses adequate vision" whether n .atl lr a::

o r c orre ete d. After ,a.U test results a re ,s uc o ess .fu U ~

completed, the indiv idual is considered qualif ied, Ieperform V"81181. inspection of welds, 'When AW'S

s.ays, that,' is indiv idual is a C er tified . Weld~~Insp ~h --, thi, !II n f " n f i l y . plies that ,~L,~ '~n 'j. ~,,,,'~!;,",Ij! .' ;]; ......:..1'"" Inl.· '.'....ma we : r . . . . . . . ., , ; v n ' ~qealifications are docume;oted with aa appropriate

certificate. The CW,] certificate does, iot state wllal1

code th e inspector' used 00 the. examination, A eM• ...!!~r. d d . 'I...I~,- ,,,...... : 1 1 . . . .is q n an n eo to use an , Interpret any welullig cone '0

standard. '~Il~U,.

~ T e ld ln g '" insneetors Me. : 0 : : 1 v e r v ! l i ' l 'nnn"'' ' l IT'fI t p a r t ' , - ~ :1 '1"1. . '" .l.U~r-'W'~ I.U.. _." 'It "-&.J ,1IJLI . I t .. .. - . . . " . 1 . ~ . ' J VI

'" "'tl·Co·' '" ~ 1 i·t, ' .... 1 " ' " " ' W ' ' L o l l ; , t 'L,_~, a ny enec ve qUm .y CO iY.0' pro g ra m , '. , 1 . 1 ,e '.nere

ar e 'v ar io us c eteg er ies o f w eld in g :in.s:pe.ctofs~ ingen-

eral they are considered to be those Individu ' is

responsible for- evaluation of the resulting welding"'f"i'k= .:;'...:I,~, "d 1~ nh .' a t l'~,nese ,u.l.'((iVluais must posses s :~L,~,ySte._ " ment a

d ...L.·'........ 1':;>,+ , . . : a , ~ _ £..... &ij:' ", "T'l. . . . . . .an ' enneat quannes 1 : t 1 . oraer to ~ ettecuve, 'J, ne

rem a in in g m o dules will detail those aspects of

welding considered, impor tant fOT the welding" * . . . . . In addi ," +< l..."" ~ ... 1 ~d'~ pe CLU r: ' '" '• ..•W ltU m ." W e s,e fOplCS m -e w s.o e o ttS IJ , ', -

ered re levant to the AWS Certified WeldiZlgln s : rk¢l ,( " : i I - : ,n I :" , , !, ,: . . - ~ fi'~+~:~n,here ore a.is text j~ an,'y.·p'W·~V ~,iU;ligU:.v·. ill "V.III"V-' W . ~i.) .

+, ld o f . : a, divid 1 +a pp ro pn ate gu n ie ror IU 1V1:na s. to use In prepara-. ,r +1.....,' u f '.., .non tor u,mt senes 0 'exannnabons. ,

Inpreparatio .for that.portion of th e e W I exam-ina·lon , cevering weld in g in sp ec tor certlflcadcn

requirements, you are encouraged to read and'b $..."""":;1 .":::;I. 'L A " W ' , i['I Q C '1 S ..1,_ , - J ' f i ' '~'II::':'~" e co m e , iI la ilm : ta r W o o .t'1 L· ... .. .., ,: ~ '."tanuu'm, 'or.A n < L ) "

C tl'tificotion ,o f ~ .ld in g . l lU;pector-s. :Part of th e

wel di ng in s pec ic r' s job is the review a n d interpreta ..

tion of various d.ocuments. relating to the ·we ld .ed

fab ric atio n. T his r eq uir es that ':.e individual have a

full understanding of th e proper terms and defini-

tions that are used. For this reason, included at: the

e n d , o f each m o d u l e the. reader wi , find, '~Key...." ' d ' D ' 4'i:,'~ '.', .. !'!i ,1; L ' ] . . . . . . . ; s '_ , _ , l ,terms an· " ,ellwtl,ons ,app lea." e to a 'm t iUwe . 8

topic. AWS realises the n eed for standardized terms

a n d defin ition s fur use by these involved in th e fab-ri....t ion o f , " welded '~U'c, 'N;, Ina n s w e r to1 1 . . . . : ( 1 ' " ' , a ; . a , AWU_ '.",. . . _ .~. V~'V'U _ .~.. . ',. ..-u. :U.lill .II,~~

AWS A . 3 . , O , Standa,rd 'Welding- Terms and~",f:niJions was 'nu b li Sh ed ( r f ! P A F igure 1 6 ) , . ' ". '_ 1:f;:!·_ '- . ,- --. ., ," .r· .... _".. :,~~ :-__ ....,:!Il

. I J . 'w ' 'S " A ', -1 0 ' ! i' 1 :; I " :Q r ; !' d ' ; i ; I o I [ r " " lO " ' ~d ' b ' , y " . ~ ' L e , _ 'o ' " m m ' : " ' : , " ~ I " ;f-'J"",,,,,, , o n, . ~I nililoJI ~ ' I ! . " . . .tt'~ , "_ . lll" -,_. '. ,_. !t.~ ,.,

Definitions ,and Symbols' to aid in welding' in fOr-

:mntio ,commu' [ucat io ,n . , Sta:ndMd terJm an d de,fini~



Sliuuialid

w e Idi l l1g Terms· ~ i l . . . l i D--:~f i in"i l ionsnu. ¥..___

' l r : \c h . i d ~ l i ' 1 I g i l 'e l i \ f ' I\ S , 'I'm' I E I I ; r a z ] l 1 g ,

~Slo:lde~lfI;I,'lIe1\.IDa' S$P:J~t!"t~, a : n : d T i M r r i l a . ll Cut t ing l

Fi i iglUfe' 1,.6=,AWS A 3 t . O ! ~ $:'anaan1 Weld'/n.g

Tetms ' and lJefinitions

-em s pu bl i shed in A3,0 are those that should be

used in the oral a n d w ritten la n" gu ~g e, o f w eld in g.

. fhl1e these are the standard, or preferred! terms,

m~yare n ot the (J!i:iJJy t e rms 1 1] S e o to des cr i b e ,various

si tu a tio n s, T he purpose here is to educate, an d it is

often important to mention some of these common

te rm s , ev en th ough they are not preferred te rmi -nology." W h e n , nonstandard term S o ar e ment ioned ,

they a J . i P p e a 'l r i n parentheses ~:net the preferred

words.

Wh ile m o st o f th e tenus u s ed apply to th e actual

welding operation, it is important for me 'welding

in spector to understand other definitions Which

apply '~Oo th er r ela te d o pe ra tio n s, W e ld in g in sp ec to rs

should understand how 1[0 describe weld joint 'con-

fig uration s an d, fitup prooess elements requiring

c omm en t ..A f te r w ' e l d r n n g ,~ {m e - mspec to r may n eed to

desc r ibe the location of a w eld . c 1 J ] ; s c o u . d ] ] u i t y that h a s

been discovered. m ' l l a discontinuity ' requires further

attent ion, i~is im p o rta nt th at th e in sp ec to r a cc ur ate ly

describe the location of m e problem so that the

welder wil l know' where th e repair :~sto b e made,

AWS recommends that standard terminology b e

l l i ~ 1 . 3

MOCULE1-WEL[)~IN6 I~8PEC-rIONAN[] C'EAirl FICATION

used. wherever possible, bur tile inspector must be

fami l ia r 'with nons tandard terms as wel l . .

K l e ' Y Tel r lms and De.inl i t ' i ionls

A~Pll-.A.mericaJnPetroleum Institute, The technical

society which provides technical guidance for the

petroleum industry;

A PI 11[0 '4 The API Standard, Weldln,g of Pipe-

linesand Rekued Facilities, This standard is often

used iu. eonstruction of c ross -count ry pipelines,

AS ....E-Ameri can Society of MechanicalEngineers, The technical society which provides

technica l guidance f or 'p r es .s u re containing vessels

and equipment

ASNTJ~ Ar n e r i c a n S oc iety for N onde structive

Testing, TIle: technical society 'W ruth provides tech-

nical guidance for NDE.

AWS-America]1 Weld ing ' Society, The technical

society 'which pn:~vides technical guidance, and

leadership :]D al l phases of welding.

AW S A3.,U- The AWS Standard:' ureldblg Terms

G11'dD'ffin,iti OnE... ThL'S , s tandard defines welding-

related terms with standard definitions,

.AWS BS~lll-'1'heAWS Specification for the

Q;bul#ficaf.~onof Radiographic Interpreters.

AWS D 1~1·= The AW S StructuraJ ~',l'ding Code-«

Steel ..'U s ed wo rldw id e f or c on str uc tio n of b u i ldings

a n d s rr uc rn r es ,

.AWSD'l.S- The AW S Bridg« Weldin.g Code' used

inthe U .S . f O F construct ion 'O f b r i dges ,

AWSms i-The AWS .Railroad' Weldlng Sp1eclfl=

cauon=C ars and Locomotives. This specif icar ion

covers welding of railroad eMS and I ccomot i yes.

CAWI-Cerlif'ied. .A ssociate 'Weld ing Inspector ,

CWI-Celtified We'h: lJ i 'l lg Ins.pector . .

KASH-An acronym for Knowledge, At~Ujllde

Skills and Habi ts , the basic tools o:f a . 'welding'

inspector,

NDE~N'ondest_[ 'Uct]v,e Examina t ion , The ac t of

determ in in g the suitability of some material or



MODULE t",,;WELD NG ~Ns.P:Ec:nON 'AND CERTIFICATION

f· . . ded . 'Icom pon en t or I t s . Inten,: ' , ' · , purpose usm g too,1-

n iques that: do n ot affec t i ts serv iceabi l i ty :" N,DE is

th - i I " .Al' A N ' ' . S ' ' I /A - W " " S,e prererree t e rm pe r ,' ..~ . '.n . . ' :' .

"'I--N ondestmctive Inspection, A, nons tandard.te .. :C ., .... __ A.... ·· ."&. ·..'"'''"'''~ .... , . } t i · . . . . ( ' . N O " " " E ' ) ,1m ,to! D.lJ'I. IUe3rucuve ~1.IJ.lUl . ..., .see. . '. '."

, D T : i ~N,'··,....;o.;I'~.P,.._~ .......ve . .. .. ..' " ~ t i · ' n g . A\ ' n , n / n e o l a ' , n ~ : . : J i ' ' ' ' ' , , ; I Ie r m, .UjlU~3U.,U}LIU.'!I' . ,1,~~ .!I..L~' Il [l •• v., a ... ~u._II.U. ,~.Il.~.L.I.

for :oond.estructhre e ,u 'm i 'n a ti oD ( se e NOB) .

W,ElDING I N , S P E C T l O N TECHNOlOG ' f

Q Cl.- · The AW S S l:andard fo.r AlI'S C~rtifo.;ation ( l J

we,/ding lnspectors. Defines the r equ i r emen ts .an,

program , for the: AW S to certify we ld ing in spe c to r s,

SC '"V 1~ S en io r C er tif ie d, 'W~lding In sp eeto , .

. S NT ..TC·1A-ThisASNT RecommendedPract ice,P e rsonnel Qualification and Certificatio"n . in ;

, N o . , n d e ! 5 t r U C l i v e Testingt outlines the cerfification

p ro gr am , fo r NDT o o c i l n i ( . i . a n s + ,