module © international training centre of the ilo tackling youth employment problems tackling youth...
TRANSCRIPT
MODULE
© International Training Centre of the ILO
tackling youth employment tackling youth employment problemsproblems
problem identification problem identification and situation analysisand situation analysis
A900833 Tackling youth employment problemsTurin, 2 – 11 July 2007
M1 Problem identification and analysis module
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learning objectives
after completing this module, participants will be able to establish better diagnosis of youth employment problems by……strengthening their knowledge of basic
employment concepts…reviewing recurrent youth employment problems…developing their capacity at developing an
alternative or critical analysis of labour market situations
M1 Problem identification and analysis module
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outline
A. employment: concepts and definitions– youth, labour force, employment,
unemployment…– decent work
B. youth employment problems– what young people want – what young people find– 4 common problem areas
C. understanding youth employment problems– causes and consequences– a matter of analysis
module
employment:concepts and definitions
M1 Problem identification and analysis > A. Employment concepts and definitions module
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selected fundamental labour economic concepts
• youth• labour force• employment• unemployment• underemployment• decent work
M1 Problem identification and analysis > A. Employment concepts and definitions module
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youth: definition
• standard UN definition: 15-24 years old
– 15-19 = teenagers– 20-24 = young adults
• countries may use other age limits
– working age reporting– compulsory schooling– for policy purposes
• IPEC– 5 – 18 = children
S
M1 Problem identification and analysis > A. Employment concepts and definitions module
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youth: concepts
• the youth, as a group, differ in many ways from labour force participants in other age groups– they are less experienced– but are they are more adaptable…– they may be less productive– but they are often paid less…
1524
2534
3544
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M1 Problem identification and analysis > A. Employment concepts and definitions module
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youth: concepts
• at the same time they are, within their group, as diverse as the overall population: some young people are worse off than others– family background– gender– location (e.g. urban vs. rural)– ethnic background, caste, religion– disability, health problems– language, literacy– other skills
M1 Problem identification and analysis > A. Employment concepts and definitions module
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the labour force: definition
comprises all persons who, during a specified brief period (either one week or one day), are either employed or available for work and seeking it
Resolution concerning statistics of the economically active population, employment, unemployment and underemployment, adopted by the Thirteenth International Conference of Labour Statisticians (October 1982)
M1 Problem identification and analysis > A. Employment concepts and definitions module
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the labour force
POPULATION
working age not working age
employed not working
paid employment self employment available and seeking available, not seeking not available
the currently active population,also referred to as the labour force
the unemployed
M1 Problem identification and analysis > A. Employment concepts and definitions module
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employment: definition
the state of performing, during a specified reference period, some work for wage or salary, or profit or family gain, in cash or in kind
M1 Problem identification and analysis > A. Employment concepts and definitions module
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employment: categories
•paid-employment– including apprentices
•self-employment– employers, own account
workers, members of producers’ cooperatives
– unpaid family members
including……the under-employed
…full and part-time workers
… at work or not at work
M1 Problem identification and analysis > A. Employment concepts and definitions module
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particular groups
• students, homemakers, pensioners engaged in economic activity
• contributing family workers• producers for own and household
consumption• apprentices and trainees• members of the armed forces• others
M1 Problem identification and analysis > A. Employment concepts and definitions module
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unemployment: definition
the status of all persons above a specified age who during the reference period were without work, but available for work and actively seeking it
M1 Problem identification and analysis > A. Employment concepts and definitions module
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underemployment (16th ICLS)
• underutilisation of the productive capacity of the employed population in relation to alternative work situation– time-related underemployment: insufficient hours
of work– inadequate employment situations: inadequate
use of capacities
module
youth employment problems
M1 Problem identification and analysis > B. Youth employment problems module
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youth employment problems
• not all youth are affected by employment problems but, on the whole, youth appear to be more affected than older people
• while youth unemployment rates are invariably higher than comparable rates for adults, youth unemployment is not necessarily the only, or, in terms of numbers affected, the worst of youth employment problems
M1 Problem identification and analysis > B. Youth employment problems module
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employment: what young people want
– full employment– stable employment– productive employment– rewarding employment– freely chosen employment– respect for rights at work– safe work– social security– voice, representation– social dialogue
i.e. decent work!
M1 Problem identification and analysis > A. Employment concepts and definitions module
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decent work
is at the heart of social progress
“ the primary goal of the ILO todayis to promote opportunitiesfor women and men to obtaindecent and productive work,in conditions of freedom, equity,security and human dignity ”
ILO D.G. Juan Somavia: www.ilo.org/public/english/decent.htm
M1 Problem identification and analysis > B. Youth employment problems module
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employment: what young people find
– unemployment– under-employment– precarious employment– low levels of productivity– low earnings, poverty– hazardous work– forced labour– child labour– denial of rights at work– lack of “voice”, representation
M1 Problem identification and analysis > B. Youth employment problems module
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common problem areas:
1. low quality of jobs that the youth are in
2. inadequate quality of labour supply3. ineffective (labour market)
institutions4. youth unemployment
M1 Problem identification and analysis > B. Youth employment problems module
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1. low quality of jobs that youth are in
• low pay (or no pay)• few hours, underemployment• long hours, no vacation• no contract, no rights• no social protection• harassment, maltreatment• unhealthy, unsafe work• no voice, no representation• no prospects
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2. inadequate quality of labour supply
• illiteracy• low levels of education• low quality of education• low levels of skill• skills mismatch• lack of employability• health problems
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3. ineffective (labour market) institutions
• legislation, regulation• discrimination• labour market information• training, retraining• employment services• representative organisations• social dialogue• investment climate
M1 Problem identification and analysis > B. Youth employment problems module
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4. youth unemployment: a global issueyouth and total unemployment by region and sex (in millions), 2004, source: KILM 2005 (Fourth edition)
M1 Problem identification and analysis > B. Youth employment problems module
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question: are young people who are illiterate, or less educated than others, more likely to be unemployed?
answer: maybe, maybe not!
youth unemployment: assumptions
M1 Problem identification and analysis > B. Youth employment problems module
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youth unemployment and illiteracy
unemployment and illiteracy rates of young persons aged 15 to 24 years, 2000
source: KILM, www.ilo.org/public/english/employment/strat/kilm/kilm09.htm, accessed 01/2007
M1 Problem identification and analysis > B. Youth employment problems module
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question: are young women more likely to be unemployed than young men?
answer: maybe, maybe not!
youth unemployment: assumptions
M1 Problem identification and analysis > B. Youth employment problems module
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male and female youth unemployment rates, selected
countries, 2001
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 20 40 60
male
female
youth unemployment by sex
module
understanding youthemployment problems
M1 Problem identification and analysis > C. Understanding youth employment problems module
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…to better tackle them by…
… identifying their symptoms, context and consequences
… appreciating their respective causes
… knowing the people affected by them
… formulating what is to be aimed at and
… how objectives should be met
understandingyouth employment problems
M1 Problem identification and analysis > C. Understanding youth employment problems module
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understandingyouth employment problems
causes……..problems…..…policies…..….objectives……..solutions
cause
cause
cause
cause
cause
cause
cause
cause
problem
problem
problem
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consequences
of youth unemployment
• as for unemployment in general– loss/lack of income, poverty– frustration, exclusion
• of youth being particularly affected – new talent undiscovered/wasted– anti-social behaviour
M1 Problem identification and analysis > C. Understanding youth employment problems module
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causes
of youth unemployment • affecting the youth particularly
– many school leavers among job seekers – time it takes cohorts to find a job– waiting for a better opportunity– first-time insertion hurdles: employability– strict employment protection regulation
favouring those already in employment
– employer preference for older workers – “last in first out”– …………………………
M1 Problem identification and analysis > C. Understanding youth employment problems module
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causes
of youth unemployment• affecting the whole of the
unemployed– weak overall demand for labour– qualifications mismatch– information constraints– mobility constraints– failing labour market institutions– economic downturn, financial crisis– structural and/or technological change– ………………………….
M1 Problem identification and analysis > C. Understanding youth employment problems module
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a matter of analysis
• using labour market information to identify problems, to explain their causes, and to propose possible solutions in terms of pertinent labour market policies– which indicators– using indicators – using percentage changes– using indices
M1 Problem identification and analysis > C. Understanding youth employment problems module
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which indicators
• MDG 8: Develop a global partnership for development – Target 16: In cooperation with developing
countries, develop and implement strategies for decent and productive work for youth
• Indicator 45: Unemployment rate of 15- to 24-year-olds, male and female and total
M1 Problem identification and analysis > C. Understanding youth employment problems module
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which indicators
• Youth unemployment rate• Ratio of youth unemployment rate to
total unemployment rate• Share of youth unemployment in total
unemployment• Share of youth unemployment in total
youth population• Proportion of young people who are either
employed or in education or training
Source: Guidance note for the preparation of national reviews and action plans on youth employment in response to resolution 57/165 on Promoting Youth Employment
M1 Problem identification and analysis > C. Understanding youth employment problems module
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• 60% of the 15-19 year old are unemployed men
• 60% of the unemployed men are 15-19 year old
• 60% of the 15-19 year old men are unemployed
• 60% of the unemployed are 15-19 year old men
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
(Adult %)
(Youth %)
Source: ILO, KILM 2003
<1
>3 2-3 1-2
a matter of analysisusing indicators
M1 Problem identification and analysis > C. Understanding youth employment problems module
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a matter of analysis
using indicators
Total, youth, and adult unemployment rates in Brazil (2001), Turkey (2002) and South Africa (2000)Source: KILM 2003
0%
17%
34%
51%
Brazil Turkey South Africa
Total UR
Youth UR
Adult UR
M1 Problem identification and analysis > C. Understanding youth employment problems module
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a matter of analysis
using indicators
Ratio of youth to adult unemployment rate,Brazil (2001), Turkey (2002) and South Africa (2000)Source: KILM 2003
0
1
2
3
Brazil Turkey South Africa
Total
Male
Female
M1 Problem identification and analysis > C. Understanding youth employment problems module
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a matter of analysis
using percentage changes
• percentage changes
– the following are monthly wage data in Thai baht for employed persons in manufacturing from the first quarter of the Labour Force Survey:
1995 41141996 48001997 53861998 55801999 56472000 5516
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a matter of analysis
using percentage changes
• the simplest procedure for percentage changes is to compare the current year “t” with the previous year “t-1”:
[ Wt - W(t-1) ] / W(t-1) * 100
• using data for 1995 and 1996:
( 4800 – 4114 ) / 4114 * 100 = 16.7 %
M1 Problem identification and analysis > C. Understanding youth employment problems module
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a matter of analysis
using percentage changes
Percentage Changes in Nominal Monthly Wages for Manufacturing, Thailand 1996-2000 (Baht)
-5
0
5
10
15
20
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000source: KILM 2005
module
points to remember
M1 Problem identification and analysis module
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• there are international conventions and regulations defining labour market concepts– but national contexts and priorities must be taken
into account
• there are worst youth employment problems than unemployment
• labour market analysis can be carried out by different actors, even when little information is available
• question!– question the questions– question the data
module
discussion time…