module 14 - crustal deformationmmb.upnyk.ac.id/download/file/upload_19090434.pdf · crustal...
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Module 14 Crustal Deformation
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CRUSTAL DEFORMATION
Although ordinary people might think that the crust of the Earth is permanent and fixed, a great deal of evidence, both direct and indirect, indicates that the crust is in continuous motion and that it has moved on vast scale throughout all of geologic time.
How do we know that the Earth’s crust has been and continuous to be deformed?
❑ Direct evidence: earthquake, … ❑ Indirect evidence: folds, joints, faults, …
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Folded Appalachians, near Harrisburg, PA - USA
Near Harrisburg, PA, Source: NASA
Folds
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Chevron Fold, Laurel Mt., CA
Folds
Types of Folds: ❑ Anticline = Arch ❑ Syncline = through ❑ Monocline = stair step ❑ Dome ❑ Basin
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Hinge
Folds
Oldest rocks in middle
Anticline
Parts of a fold: – axial plane – limbs – “hinge”
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FoldsYoungest
rocks in middle
Syncline and Monocline
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Think of an Egg Carton!
Folds
Domes and Basins
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Virgin Anticline, Southern Utah
Folds
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Syncline-Anticline Pairs + Domes at Zagros Mts, Iran
NASA “Earth as Art” web page
Folds
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Grenville Dome: Sinclair, WY
Folds
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Syncline, Israel
Folds
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Folding of Shale-Sandstone sequence, Kings Canyon, California
Which deformationand stresses cause theses structures ?
Folds
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CompressiveForces…
Folds
Folds axis are perpendicular to the main direction of compression
Folds and Thrust have the same origin
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Folds Classification
Folds
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Oil and Gas Concentrate in Domes
Chernicoff and Whitney
Folds
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Fold-thrust complex developed in Upper Jurassic limestones in the Haut Giffre area of the Subalpine thrust belt (Morcles nappe in France)
R.W.H. ButlerFolds and thrust are both responsible for the orogens
Folds and Faults
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Chernicoff and Whitney
Continental Extension
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Ductile ! Crust Thins
Brittle ! Faulting
Extension
Extension
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Shearing (coupling)
Lateral slip creates faults
Common at transform
Shearing Forces
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Faults – result from brittle
deformation – rocks offset across
fault – Sides referred to as
“hanging wall” and “footwall”
-- 3 types of fault
Hanging Wall
Footwall
Faults
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Strike & Dip ❑ Describe fault orientation ❑ Direction of slip determines
kind of fault: “dip-slip” or “strike-slip”
Chernicoff and Whitney
Faults
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FaultsNormal Fault
Normal Fault (Dip-Slip Fault)
Normal Fault, Lamb Canyon, CA
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Small thrust fault, Las Vegas, NV, Source: M. Miller, U. of Oregon
FaultsReverse or Thrust Fault
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Strike-slip fault near Las Vegas, NV, Source: M. Miller, U. of Oregon
FaultsStrike-Slip Fault
Strike-Slip Fault (left-lateral)
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Strike-slip fault displacement in orchard
Faults
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Fold-thrust complex developed in Upper Jurassic limestones in the Haut Giffre area of the Subalpine thrust belt (Morcles nappe in France)
R.W.H. ButlerFolds and thrust are both responsible for the orogens
Folds and Faults
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Joints ❑ Brittle “cracks” in rocks ❑ Form near surface ❑ Regular spatial distribution ❑ No offset
JOINTS (FRACTURES)
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Calcite veins in joints of marble, Laurel Mt., CA
Preferential weathering of joints in Sandstone;
JOINTS (FRACTURES)