module 1: evolution and economics
DESCRIPTION
Module 1: Evolution and Economics. The Development of Economic Systems. From an Evolutionary Perspective…. Isolate the basic biological aspects. Explore how it has been altered throughout a species’ (our) evolutionary heritage. economics. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Module 1:Module 1:Evolution and EconomicsEvolution and Economics
The Development of The Development of Economic SystemsEconomic Systems
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From an Evolutionary From an Evolutionary Perspective…Perspective…
Isolate the basic biological aspects.Isolate the basic biological aspects. Explore how it has been altered Explore how it has been altered
throughout a species’ (our) throughout a species’ (our) evolutionary heritage.evolutionary heritage.
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economiceconomicss2. The branch of knowledge (now
regarded as one of the social sciences) that deals with the production, distribution, consumption, and transfer of wealth; the application of this discipline to a particular sphere; (also) the condition of a state, etc., as regards material prosperity; the financial considerations attaching to a particular activity, commodity, etc.
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Game Theory and Biology:Game Theory and Biology:Optimal Foraging TheoryOptimal Foraging Theory
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Game Theory and Biology:Game Theory and Biology:Optimal Foraging TheoryOptimal Foraging Theory
E = 500 cal.
T = 15 min.
E = 250 cal.
T = 5 min.
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Game Theory and Biology:Game Theory and Biology:Optimal Foraging TheoryOptimal Foraging Theory
Food ItemFood Item E/TE/T
3030
2020
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Game Theory and Biology:Game Theory and Biology:Optimal Foraging TheoryOptimal Foraging Theory
Food ItemFood Item E/TE/T
3030
2020
Eaten:Only
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Game Theory and Biology:Game Theory and Biology:Optimal Foraging TheoryOptimal Foraging Theory
Food ItemFood Item E/TE/T
3030
2020
Eaten:Only
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Game Theory and Biology:Game Theory and Biology:Optimal Foraging TheoryOptimal Foraging Theory
Food ItemFood Item E/TE/T
3030
2020
Eaten: &
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Game Theory and Biology:Game Theory and Biology:Optimal Foraging TheoryOptimal Foraging Theory
Food ItemFood Item E/TE/T
3030
2020
Eaten: &
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Game Theory and Biology:Game Theory and Biology:One-on-One InteractionsOne-on-One Interactions
John Maynard Smith:John Maynard Smith: Hawk-Dove ModelsHawk-Dove Models
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D
H
D H
½Food
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D
H
D H
Nada½Food
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D
H
D H
Nada½Food
Food
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D
H
D H
Nada½Food
Food
½Food Minus Cost
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GraphGraph
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Proportion of Altruists
Rel
ativ
e Fi
tnes
s
Altruist Morph Selfish Morph
Rela
tive
Fit
ness
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Game Theory and Biology:Game Theory and Biology:One-on-One InteractionsOne-on-One Interactions
Tit-for-TatTit-for-Tat strategy cooperates with strategy cooperates with cooperators and defects on cooperators and defects on defectors.defectors.
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T
H
T H
½Food
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T
H
T H
½Food
½Food Minus Cost
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D
H
D H
½Food
½Food Minus Cost
½Food Minus Cost
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D
H
D H
½Food
½Food Minus Cost
½Food Minus Cost
½Food Minus Cost
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0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Proportion of Tit-for-Tat
Rel
ativ
e Fi
tnes
s
Tit-for-Tat Selfish
Rela
tive
Fit
ness
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Tit-for-Tat in Nature:Tit-for-Tat in Nature:BirdsBirds
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Tit-for-Tat in Nature:Tit-for-Tat in Nature:FishFish
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Tit-for-Tat in Nature:Tit-for-Tat in Nature:PrimatesPrimates
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Game Theory and Biology:Game Theory and Biology:Why Begin Cooperating?Why Begin Cooperating?
E = 500 cal.
T = 20 min.
E = 4000 cal.
T Alone = N/A
T w/Help = 30 min.
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Game Theory and Biology:Game Theory and Biology:Why Begin Cooperating?Why Begin Cooperating?
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Game Theory and Biology:Game Theory and Biology:Why Begin Cooperating?Why Begin Cooperating?
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Game Theory and Biology:Game Theory and Biology:Why Begin Cooperating?Why Begin Cooperating?
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Cooperation and CultureCooperation and Culture
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Player 1 can then give as much or as little of the money as he or she wants
to Player 2.
Player 2 can approve of the
amount given, and both keep the
money.
Evolutionary Game Theory:Evolutionary Game Theory:Ultimatum GameUltimatum Game
Player 1 Player 2
Or Player 2 can refuse the offer, and no one gets
any money.
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QuichuaQuichua
Individual farmers of the Amazon Individual farmers of the Amazon Basin.Basin.
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LamaleraLamalera
Whale hunters from Indonesia.Whale hunters from Indonesia.
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KazakhKazakh
Pastors of Mongolia.Pastors of Mongolia.
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Au and GnauAu and Gnau
Foraging peoples from New Guinea.Foraging peoples from New Guinea.
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Social Dependency
What Explains the Variation?What Explains the Variation?
Social Integration
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Make CBG-Only MapMake CBG-Only Map
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First Mover: Plays “blindly”First Mover: Plays “blindly”
Second Mover: Plays with Second Mover: Plays with knowledge of first mover’s behavior.knowledge of first mover’s behavior.
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1) How would you play as a first 1) How would you play as a first mover?mover?
2) How would you play as a second 2) How would you play as a second mover if your partner cooperated?mover if your partner cooperated?
3) How would you play as a second 3) How would you play as a second mover is your partner did not mover is your partner did not cooperate?cooperate?
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Social Dependency
Predictors of Cooperation:Predictors of Cooperation:A World in a CityA World in a City
Inverse of Median Income
N’bhd Quality
Social Integration
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Cooperation and SubculturesCooperation and Subcultures
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Social Dependency
Predictors of Cooperation:Predictors of Cooperation:In-Class Study #1In-Class Study #1
Risk Taking Behavior
Trusting People
Social Integration
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How to Maintain How to Maintain Cooperation?Cooperation?
ProsocialSelfish
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How to Maintain How to Maintain Cooperation?Cooperation?
ProsocialSelfish
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How to Maintain How to Maintain Cooperation?Cooperation?
ProsocialSelfish
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How to Maintain How to Maintain Cooperation?Cooperation?
ProsocialSelfish
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How to Maintain Cooperation?:How to Maintain Cooperation?:ImitationImitation
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How to Maintain Cooperation?:How to Maintain Cooperation?:PunishmentPunishment
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How to Maintain Cooperation?:How to Maintain Cooperation?:PunishmentPunishment
Moralistic PunishersMoralistic Punishers Prosocial individuals who also punish.Prosocial individuals who also punish.
Selfish PunishersSelfish Punishers Individuals who are generally selfish but Individuals who are generally selfish but
punish other selfish individuals.punish other selfish individuals.
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Punishment:Punishment:Moralistic PunishmentMoralistic Punishment
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Punishment:Punishment:Moralistic PunishmentMoralistic Punishment
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Punishment:Punishment:Selfish PunishmentSelfish Punishment
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Punishment:Punishment:In-Class Study #2In-Class Study #2
Selfish Selfish PunishersPunishers
More MalesMore Males Invest More Invest More in in PunishmentPunishment
Moralistic Moralistic PunishersPunishers
More More FemalesFemales
Invest Less Invest Less in in PunishmentPunishment
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Evolution & the Evolution & the MarketplaceMarketplaceMarket:
A place where trade of resources occurs.
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Markets & Evolution:Markets & Evolution:Multiple Interactions and Supply-Multiple Interactions and Supply-
DemandDemand
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Markets & Evolution:Markets & Evolution:BarteringBartering
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Markets & Evolution:Markets & Evolution:Bartering & the Bartering & the Invisible HandInvisible Hand
Adam SmithAdam Smith
The Wealth of NationsThe Wealth of Nations
(1776)(1776)
Self-interest is Self-interest is natural.natural.Competition is good Competition is good for society.for society.
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Markets & Evolution:Markets & Evolution:Multiple Interactions and Supply-Multiple Interactions and Supply-
DemandDemand
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Markets & Evolution:Markets & Evolution:MoneyMoney
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Markets & Evolution:Markets & Evolution:InvestmentInvestment
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Markets & Evolution:Markets & Evolution:InvestmentInvestment
Investors
Borrowers
Assumed Profits
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Markets & Evolution:Markets & Evolution:InvestmentInvestment
Resources
Inflation
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Markets & Evolution:Markets & Evolution:RegulationRegulation
Credit markets don’t have natural Credit markets don’t have natural emotional controls!emotional controls!
Individual interests destroy the group Individual interests destroy the group system!system!
Social integration again…?Social integration again…?