modul 3 transmission media -...

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JARINGAN KOMPUTER I

Modul Modul 33 Transmission Media Transmission Media

Abas A. Pangera: Network1-02 : Abas A. Pangera: Network1-02 : 22

A Digital Signal


Bit Rate and Bit Interval


An Analog Signal


Amplitude


Period and Frequency


Time and Frequency Domains


A Signal with a DC Component


Electromagnetic Spectrum


Design FactorsDesign Factors

BandwidthBandwidthHigher bandwidth gives higher data rateHigher bandwidth gives higher data rate

Transmission impairmentsTransmission impairmentsAttenuationAttenuation

InterferenceInterferenceNumber of receiversNumber of receivers

In guided mediaIn guided mediaMore receivers (multi-point) introduce more More receivers (multi-point) introduce more attenuationattenuation


Classes of Transmission Media


Categories of Guided Media


Transmission Characteristics of Guided Media Transmission Characteristics of Guided Media

Frequency Range

Typical Attenuation

Typical Delay

Repeater Spacing

Twisted pair (with loading)

0 to 3.5 kHz 0.2 dB/km @ 1 kHz

50 µs/km 2 km

Twisted pairs (multi-pair cables)

0 to 1 MHz 0.7 dB/km @ 1 kHz

5 µs/km 2 km

Coaxial cable 0 to 500 MHz 7 dB/km @ 10 MHz

4 µs/km 1 to 9 km

Optical fiber 186 to 370 THz

0.2 to 0.5 dB/km

5 µs/km 40 km


Twisted-Pair Cable


Twisted Pair - ApplicationsTwisted Pair - Applications

Most common mediumMost common mediumTelephone networkTelephone network

Between house and local exchange (subscriber Between house and local exchange (subscriber loop)loop)

Within buildingsWithin buildingsTo private branch exchange (PBX)To private branch exchange (PBX)

For local area networks (LAN)For local area networks (LAN)10Mbps or 100Mbps10Mbps or 100Mbps


Twisted Pair - Transmission CharacteristicsTwisted Pair - Transmission Characteristics

Analog Analog Amplifiers every 5km to 6kmAmplifiers every 5km to 6km

DigitalDigitalUse either analog or digital signalsUse either analog or digital signalsrepeater every 2km or 3kmrepeater every 2km or 3km

Limited distanceLimited distanceLimited bandwidth (1MHz)Limited bandwidth (1MHz)Limited data rate (100MHz)Limited data rate (100MHz)Susceptible to interference and noiseSusceptible to interference and noise


Shielded Twisted-Pair Cable


Unshielded Twisted PairUnshielded Twisted Pair


Unshielded Twisted Pair (2)Unshielded Twisted Pair (2)

AdvantagesAdvantagesInexpensiveInexpensiveEasy to terminateEasy to terminateWidely used, testedWidely used, testedSupports many Supports many network typesnetwork types

DisadvantagesSusceptible to interferenceProne to damage during installationDistance limitations not understood or followed


Unshielded and Shielded TPUnshielded and Shielded TP

Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)Ordinary telephone wireOrdinary telephone wireCheapestCheapestEasiest to installEasiest to installSuffers from external EM interferenceSuffers from external EM interference

Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)Metal braid or sheathing that reduces Metal braid or sheathing that reduces interferenceinterferenceMore expensiveMore expensiveHarder to handle (thick, heavy)Harder to handle (thick, heavy)


UTP CategoriesUTP Categories

Cat 3Cat 3up to 16MHzup to 16MHzVoice grade found in most officesVoice grade found in most officesTwist length of 7.5 cm to 10 cmTwist length of 7.5 cm to 10 cm

Cat 4Cat 4up to 20 MHzup to 20 MHz

Cat 5Cat 5up to 100MHzup to 100MHzCommonly pre-installed in new office buildingsCommonly pre-installed in new office buildingsTwist length 0.6 cm to 0.85 cmTwist length 0.6 cm to 0.85 cm

Cat 5E (Enhanced) –see tablesCat 5E (Enhanced) –see tablesCat 6Cat 6Cat 7Cat 7


Twisted Pair Categories and ClassesTwisted Pair Categories and Classes

Category 3 Class C

Category 5 Class D

Category 5E

Category 6 Class E

Category 7 Class F

Bandwidth 16 MHz 100 MHz 100 MHz 200 MHz 600 MHz

Cable Type UTP UTP/FTP UTP/FTP UTP/FTP SSTP

Link Cost (Cat 5 =1)

0.7 1 1.2 1.5 2.2


Coaxial Cable


• Merupakan tipe media pertama digunakan dalam jaringan

•Ada beberapa tipe (RG-6 – Cable TV, RG58/U – Thin Ethernet, RG8 – Thick Ethernet

• Paling banyak digantikan oleh twisted pair untuk jaringan

Coaxial Cable (2)


Coaxial Cable (3)

Advantages of ThinnetEasy to InstallSmall in diameterShielded to reduce EMI and RFI interference

Disadvantages of ThinnetOne break – whole network goes downMust be grounded to prevent interferenceMore expensive than twisted pairDoes not support high speed transmissionsIts baseband transmissions does not allow for integrated video and voice


Coaxial Cable ApplicationsCoaxial Cable Applications

Most versatile mediumMost versatile mediumTelevision distributionTelevision distribution

Ariel to TVAriel to TVCable TVCable TV

Long distance telephone transmissionLong distance telephone transmissionCan carry 10,000 voice calls simultaneouslyCan carry 10,000 voice calls simultaneouslyBeing replaced by fiber opticBeing replaced by fiber optic

Short distance computer systems linksShort distance computer systems linksLocal area networksLocal area networks


Coaxial Cable - Transmission Coaxial Cable - Transmission CharacteristicsCharacteristics

AnalogAnalogAmplifiers every few kmAmplifiers every few kmCloser if higher frequencyCloser if higher frequencyUp to 500MHzUp to 500MHz

DigitalDigitalRepeater every 1kmRepeater every 1kmCloser for higher data ratesCloser for higher data rates


Refraction and Reflection


Propagation Modes


Fiber Construction


Optical Fiber - BenefitsOptical Fiber - Benefits

Greater capacityGreater capacityData rates of hundreds of GbpsData rates of hundreds of Gbps

Smaller size & weightSmaller size & weightLower attenuationLower attenuationElectromagnetic isolationElectromagnetic isolationGreater repeater spacingGreater repeater spacing

10s of km at least10s of km at least


Optical Fiber - ApplicationsOptical Fiber - Applications

Long-haul trunksLong-haul trunksMetropolitan trunksMetropolitan trunksRural exchange trunksRural exchange trunksSubscriber loopsSubscriber loopsLANsLANs


Radio Communication Band


Broadcast RadioBroadcast Radio

OmnidirectionalOmnidirectionalFM radioFM radioUHF and VHF televisionUHF and VHF televisionLine of sightLine of sightSuffers from multipath interferenceSuffers from multipath interference

ReflectionsReflections


InfraredInfrared

Modulate noncoherent infrared lightModulate noncoherent infrared lightLine of sight (or reflection)Line of sight (or reflection)Blocked by wallsBlocked by wallse.g. TV remote control, IRD porte.g. TV remote control, IRD port


Wireless Transmission FrequenciesWireless Transmission Frequencies

2GHz to 40GHz2GHz to 40GHzMicrowaveMicrowaveHighly directionalHighly directionalPoint to pointPoint to pointSatelliteSatellite

30MHz to 1GHz30MHz to 1GHzOmnidirectionalOmnidirectionalBroadcast radioBroadcast radio

3 x 103 x 101111 to 2 x 10 to 2 x 101414

InfraredInfraredLocalLocal


Types of Propagation


Wireless PropagationWireless Propagation

Signal travels along three routesSignal travels along three routesGround waveGround wave

Follows contour of earthFollows contour of earthUp to 2MHzUp to 2MHzAM radioAM radio

Sky waveSky waveAmateur radio, BBC world service, Voice of AmericaAmateur radio, BBC world service, Voice of AmericaSignal reflected from ionosphere layer of upper Signal reflected from ionosphere layer of upper atmosphereatmosphere(Actually refracted)(Actually refracted)

Line of sightLine of sightAbove 30MhzAbove 30MhzMay be further than optical line of sight due to refractionMay be further than optical line of sight due to refractionMore later…More later…


Ground Wave Propagation Ground Wave Propagation


Sky Wave PropagationSky Wave Propagation


Line of Sight PropagationLine of Sight Propagation


Frequency RangeFrequency Range for VLF

Frequency Range for LF

Frequency Range for MF

Frequency Range for HF


Frequency Range for VHF


Frequency Range for UHF


Frequency Range for SHF


Frequency Range for EHF


Terrestrial Microwave


Satellite Communication


Satellite Point to Point LinkSatellite Point to Point Link


Satellite Broadcast LinkSatellite Broadcast Link


Satellite in Geosynchronous Orbit


WirelessWireless

http://www.linksys.com/products/imagelib/wpc11.jpg


KonektorKonektor

Fibre Optic

Thicknet

RJ45

T-Piece

Token Ring

http://www.fiberoptek.com/graphic/fiber-connectors2.jpg

http://www.lastar.net/web_product_photos/01846.jpg


350Mbps100mEnhanced Cat 5

100Mbps100mCat 5 UTP

10Mbps100mCat 3 UTP

10Mbps100mSTP

10Mbps185mThinnet

10bps500mThicknet

Batas Jarak


1 – 10MbpsGlobalSatellite Microwave

1 – 10Mbps1 – 50 milesTerrestrial Microwave

1 – 6MbpsSeveral milesSpread-spectrum radio

1 – 10Mbps50 – 75mSingle frequency Radio

100Mbps – 9.92Gbps2KmMultimode Fibre

100Mbps – 100Gbps3KmSingle-mode Fibre

Batas Jarak (2)

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