modul 3. konsep dan metode seleksi
TRANSCRIPT
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Konsep &Metode
Seleksi
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8/3/2019 Modul 3. Konsep Dan Metode Seleksi
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• Pengertian seleksi• kegunaan seleksi
• syarat populasi yangdiseleksi• parameter genetik:
VariabilitasHeritabilitasKemajuan genetik
Content:
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Pengertian seleksi
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8/3/2019 Modul 3. Konsep Dan Metode Seleksi
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• Seleksi telah dilakukan sejak manusiamelakukan bididaya tanaman
• seleksi merupakan salah satuprosedur Pemuliaan Tanaman tertuauntuk perbaikan semua tanaman
• “Seleksi merupakan kegiatan untukmemisahkan individu atau kelompoktanaman dari suatu populasi tanaman “.
Pengertian seleksi
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Seleksi dapat terjadi secaraalami atau secara buatan
(yang dilakukan olehmanusia).
Seleksi alami merupakan
proses dari evolusi, dimanaindividu yang kuat akanterus hidup sedang yanglemah akan hilang.
Seleksi buatan, yaitu seleksi yangsengaja dilakukan dan terarahpada tujuan yang ditentukan.
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8/3/2019 Modul 3. Konsep Dan Metode Seleksi
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Seleksi buatan merupakan kegiatan yang meliputidua langkah penting,yaitu :• Memisahkan populasi untuk tetua-tetua
terseleksi (terpilih / yang akan digunakan) danindividu-individu tanaman yang tidakterpilih /dibuang)
• Reproduksi tetua terpilih untuk membentukpopulasi baru dengan cara :
1. Sumbangan tiap tetua terpilih keketurunannya pada generasi berikutnya.
2. Sistem persilangan/hibridisasi yangdilakukan bisa persilangan acak atau
sedarah.
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8/3/2019 Modul 3. Konsep Dan Metode Seleksi
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Pemulia dapat melakukan seleksi yangefektif bila populasi mempunyavariabilitas yang luas, maka kemajuangenetic seleksinya aka cepat tercapai.
Selain itu juga apakah karakter-karakter yang diseleksi tersebutmudah diwariskan ke generasiberikutnya, untuk mengetahuinya perlu
diketahui nilai duga heritabilitasnya.
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8/3/2019 Modul 3. Konsep Dan Metode Seleksi
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VARIATION AND ITS
USE
VARIATION AND ITS
USE
• Genetic variability
• Environmental variation• Variation caused by man• Racial variation• Mating system• Factors shaping variation• Selection
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Basis for selection Especially on the economic traits
Must determine the amount, cause and thenature of variation
The variations in tree species are generally high Strategy for survival Long life Expose to various environmental condition
Giving more opportunity for selection Basis of variation
At cell level >>>>>> Chromosomes and gene
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Causes and kinds of variability
Basically the differences among plant resulted from
i. The differing environments in which the plants aregrowing
ii. The genetic differences among plantsiii.The interaction between the plants gene types andenvironment in which they grow
P = G + E + GxE
G = geneticE= environmentGxE = interaction between G&E
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Environmental variationSoil >> Light >> H2O >> Space
Effect on plant – competition among plants.
Factors can be controlled in Silviculturalpractices
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Why is genetic variationimportant?
variation
no variation
EXTINCTION!!
globalwarming survival
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Why is genetic variationimportant?
variation
no variation
no r t h
s o u t h
nor t h
s o u t h
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Why is genetic variationimportant?
variation
no variation
divergence
NO DIVERGENCE!!
no r t h
s o u t h
nor t h
s o u t h
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Genetic variation = additive gene action + non-additive gene action
σ 2
P = σ 2
G + σ 2
E
σ 2G = σ 2GA + σ 2GNA
σ2P = σ 2GA + σ 2GNA + σ 2E
Additive gene action = cumulative effects of allgene loci influencing trait
Genetic Variability
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Non-additive divided by two
i. Dominance – interaction of specific affectsat a gene locus
ii. Epitasis – interactions among gene loci
Most characteristics of economic importancecontrolled by additive gene action
Additive variance can be used in simple
selection. e.g. wood density, bolestraightness non- additive – e.g. growth rate
Pest resistance – both additive & non- additive
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Immediate evolutionary potential of apopulation is determined by the
heritabilityheritability which is defined as theproportion of total phenotypicvariation due to additive geneticvariation or:
h2 = VA/VPh2 = VA/VP..
HeritabilityHeritability
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Broad-sense heritability (H B ) is the
proportion of the phenotypic variability
that results from genetic differencesbetween individuals:
Narrow-sense heritability (H N
or h 2) is the
proportion of total phenotypic variation due toadditive genetic differences betweenindividuals:
= V A /(V A + V D +V I + V E )
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Narrow-sense heritability (HN or h 2) is
the key measure of genetic variation thatdetermines how much evolution occursduring selection.
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