modernism the cambridge history of...prominent scholars of mod-ernism provide analytical narratives...

Cambridge University Press978-1-107-03469-3 — The Cambridge History of Modernism

Edited by Vincent Sherry

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www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press

THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OFMODERNISM

This Cambridge History of Modernism is the first comprehensivehistory of modernism in the distinguished Cambridge Historiesseries. It identifies a distinctive temperament of “modernism”within the “modern” period, establishing the circumstances ofmodernized life as the ground and warrant for an art thatbecomes “modernist” by virtue of its demonstrably self-consciousinvolvement in this modern condition. Following this sensibilityfrom the end of the nineteenth century to the middle of thetwentieth, tracking its manifestations across pan-European andtransatlantic locations, the forty-three chapters offer a remarkablecombination of breadth and focus. Prominent scholars of mod-ernism provide analytical narratives of its literature, music, visualarts, architecture, philosophy, and science, offering circumstantialaccounts of its diverse personnel in their many settings. Thesehistorically informed readings present definitive accounts of themajor work of twentieth-century cultural history and provide anew cornerstone for the study of modernism in the currentcentury.

vincent sherry is Howard Nemerov Professor in the Human-ities and Professor of English at Washington University inSt. Louis. A prominent scholar of modernism, he is the authorofModernism and the Reinvention of Decadence (2015), The Great Warand the Language of Modernism (2003), James Joyce’s Ulysses(1995, 2005) and Ezra Pound, Wyndham Lewis, and Radical Modern-ism (1993). He has also written The Uncommon Tongue: The Poetryand Criticism of Geoffrey Hill (1987) and edited the CambridgeCompanion to the Literature of the First World War (2005).

www.cambridge.org/9781107034693www.cambridge.org



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THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF

MODERNISM

*

Edited by

VINCENT SHERRY




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description: New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2016. |Includes bibliographical references and index.

identifiers: lccn 2016011754subjects: lcsh: Modernism (Literature) | Literature, Modern–20th

century–History and criticism. | Literature, Modern–19thcentury–History and criticism. | Modernism (Aesthetics) | Modernism (Art) |

Modernism (Music) | Modern movement (Architecture) | Arts andsociety–History–20th century.

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Contents

List of Illustrations page xiList of Contributors xiiiAcknowledgements xv

Chronology xvii

Introduction: A History of “Modernism” 1vincent sherry

part i

MODERNISM IN TIMEframing essay: vincent sherry

1 . Modernist Temporality: The Science and Philosophy and Aesthetics ofTemporality from 1880 31

tim armstrong

2 . Ahead of Time: The Avant-Gardes 47jed rasula

3 . At Other Times: Modernism and the “Primitive” 64david richards

4 . The Long Turn of the Century 83vincent sherry

5 . The 1910s and the Great War 101mark morrisson

6 . On or About 1922: Annus Mirabilis and the Other 1920s 123michael levenson

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7 . The 1930s, the Second World War, and Late Modernism 142leo mellor

part i i

MODERNISM IN SPACEframing essay: vincent sherry

8 . Modernist Spaces in Science, Philosophy, the Arts,and Society 165stephen kern

9 . The New Spaces of Modernist Painting 181daniel herwitz

10 . Architectures and Public Spaces of Modernism 200miles glendinning

11 . Modernism and the Urban Imaginary 1: Spectacle and Introspection 220matthew beaumont

12 . Modernism and the Urban Imaginary 2: Nationalism, Internationalism,and Cosmopolitanism 235

david james

13 . Modernism and the New Global Imaginary: A Tale of Two Modernisms:From Latin America to Europe and Back Again 250

rubén gallo

part i i i

MODERNISM IN AND OUT OF KIND : GENRES ,COMPOS ITE GENRES , AND NEW GENRES

framing essay: vincent sherry

14 . Gesamtkunstwerk 273lutz koepnick

15 . “The condition of music”: Modernism and Music in the New TwentiethCentury 289

ronald schleifer and benjamin levy

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16 . The Modernist “Novel” 307marina mackay

17 . The Modernist Poem 326marjorie perloff

18 . The Theatre of Modernity 350ben levitas

19 . Translation 371emily o. wittman

20 . Literature Between Media 386david trotter

21 . Art and Its Others 1: The Aesthetics of Technology 404nicholas daly

22 . Art and Its Others 2: Advertisement and the Little Magazines 422amanda sigler

23 . Art and Its Others 3: Aesthetics as Politics 442andrzej gasiorek

24 . The “New Women” of Modernism 457cristanne miller

25 . “The Men of 1914” 478colleen r. lamos

26 . Modernism and the Racial Composite: The Case of America 493mark whalan

part iv

MODERNISM IN PERSON, MODERNISM INCOMMUNITY

framing essay: vincent sherry

27 . A Technique of Unsettlement: Freud, Freudianism, and the Psychologyof Modernism 515maud ellmann

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28 . Newer Freewomen and Modernism 533rachel blau duplessis

29 . Russian Modernism: Kandinsky, Stravinsky, and Mayakovsky 555catriona kelly

30 . French Modernism: Gide, Proust, and Larbaud 575jean-michel rabaté

31 . Viennese Modernism: Musil, Rilke, Schoenberg 592stanley corngold

32 . The Poetics of Community: Thomas Mann, Joseph Conrad,Franz Kafka 610tobias boes

33 . Pablo Picasso, Gertrude Stein, and Guillaume Apollinaire 626willard bohn

34 . Darkening Freedom: Yeats, Joyce, Beckett 646vicki mahaffey

35 . F.T. Marinetti, Wyndham Lewis, and Tristan Tzara 663lawrence rainey

36 . Pound, Eliot, Hemingway 682ronald bush

37 . Non-Metropolitan Modernism: E.M. Forster, D.H. Lawrence, andWilliam Faulkner 700howard j. booth

38 . Virginia Woolf, Katherine Mansfield, Rebecca West 717laura marcus

39 . Marcel Duchamp, Man Ray, and Djuna Barnes 734michael north

40 . Bertolt Brecht, Sergei Eisenstein, Leni Riefenstahl 750nora m. alter

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41 . Theme and Variations in American Verse: H.D., Marianne Moore, andWallace Stevens 768robin g. schulze

42 . Letters Crossing The Color-Line: Modernist Anxiety and the Mixed-RaceFigure in the Work of Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, and William

Carlos Williams 786james smethurst

43 . Modernism and Reification: Lukács, Benjamin, Adorno 802c.d. blanton

Epilogue: Modernism after Postmodernism 820steven connor

Bibliography 835Index 885

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Illustrations

2.1 Futurists, attired: photograph of futurists in Paris in 1912. page 572.2 Imaging the inter-lingual: advertisement in Hungarian

avant-garde journal Ma. 602.3 Ahead, in reverse: cover of Die Kunstismen / Les ismes de l’art /

The Isms of Art. 613.1 Art as a system of signs: Grebo mask. 683.2 Art as a system of signs: Picasso, “Guitar.” © 2016 Estate of

Pablo Picasso/Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York. 695.1 Time in space: Duchamp, “Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2.”

© 2016 Succession Marcel Duchamp/ADAGP, Paris /Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York. 105

5.2 Vorticism at war: dazzle camouflage. 1158.1 Essential emptiness: Archipenko, “Woman Combing Her Hair.”

© 2016 Estate of Alexander Archipenko/Artists Rights Society(ARS), New York. 169

8.2 Space as solid object: Braque, “Still Life with Violin and Pitcher.”© 2016 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York/ADAGP, Paris. 170

9.1 Visual timbre, resonant space: Monet, from the “Haystack” series. 1859.2 The space of the gaze: Picasso, “Les demoiselles d’Avignon.”

© 2016 Estate of Pablo Picasso / Artists Rights Society (ARS),New York. 189

9.3 Revolutionary modernism: Rivera, mural in the Palacio Nacional. 19510.1 Aesthetic of density: Karl Marx-Hof, Vienna, designed by Karl Ehn,

1927–30. 20710.2 Socialist art-deco: Mayakovskaya Metro Station, Moscow, designed

by Alexey Dushkin, 1938. 21010.3 Scandinavian informality: Gröndal housing development, Stockholm. 213

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11.1 The collective diversity of life: Oxford Street, London, in the earlytwentieth century. 229

21.1 Commercial art, fine art: Steinlen’s poster for the Chat NoirCabaret. 406

21.2 New and old New York: Stieglitz, composed photograph ofNew York in early 1920s. 408

21.3 Impatience with nature: Jessica Dismoor, “Abstract Composition.” 41722.1 Advertising art: decoration used in both literary and advertising

sections, Rhythm, January 1913. Courtesy of the Modernist JournalsProject. 430

22.2 Cartoon in the Little Review, September 1916. Courtesy of theModernist Journals Project. 434

24.1 A new entomology: image from Life’s 1904 Gibson Calendar. 46029.1 A new literary and artistic culture: front cover vignette from

The Golden Fleece journal (Moscow, 1906). 55729.2 Visual properties of words: front cover of Novyi Lef (New Left)

no. 2, 1927, edited by Mayakovsky. 56733.1 Legendary friendships: painting by Marie Laurencin, “Apollinaire

et ses amis.” 62833.2 Framing expectations: composition by Picasso, “Still Life with

Chair Caning.” © 2016 Estate of Pablo Picasso/Artists RightsSociety (ARS), New York. 632

35.1 Born in costume: drawing by Wyndham Lewis, “The Birthof Futurism,” in the Daily Mirror on December 3, 1913. 670

35.2 Mechanical subjects: Marinetti’s self-portrait, cover of the Sketch. 67239.1 Unexpected scents: Man Ray, portrait of Duchamp as Belle

Haleine, cover of 1921 New York Dada. © Man Ray Trust/ArtistsRights Society (ARS), NY/ADAGP, Paris 2016. 739

40.1 Who owns their world? Shot of Brandenburg Gate from BertoltBrecht’s and Slatan Dudow’s 1932 film Kuhle Wampe, oder Wemgehört die Welt? 751

40.2 Visual ethnography: image of contemporary Mexicans forcedto bear the cross in Sergei Eisenstein’s 1932 film ¡Que viva Mexico! 752

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Contributors

Nora M. Alter, Temple UniversityTim Armstrong, Royal Holloway College, University of LondonMatthew Beaumont, University College LondonC.D. Blanton, University of California, BerkeleyRachel Blau DuPlessis, Temple University, EmeritaTobias Boes, University of Notre DameWillard Bohn, Illinois State University, EmeritusHoward J. Booth, University of ManchesterRonald Bush, Oxford University, EmeritusSteven Connor, Cambridge UniversityStanley Corngold, Princeton UniversityNicholas Daly, University College DublinMaud Ellmann, University of ChicagoRubén Gallo, Princeton UniversityAndrzej Gasiorek, University of BirminghamMiles Glendinning, University of EdinburghDaniel Herwitz, University of MichiganDavid James, Queen Mary, University of LondonCatriona Kelly, Oxford UniversityStephen Kern, Ohio State UniversityLutz Koepnick, Vanderbilt UniversityColleen R. Lamos, Rice UniversityMichael Levenson, University of VirginiaBen Levitas, Goldsmiths College, University of LondonBenjamin Levy, University of California, Santa BarbaraMarina MacKay, Oxford UniversityVicki Mahaffey, University of IllinoisLaura Marcus, Oxford UniversityLeo Mellor, Cambridge UniversityCristanne Miller, SUNY BuffaloMark Morrisson, Penn State UniversityMichael North, UCLAMarjorie Perloff, Stanford University, Emerita

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Jean-Michel Rabaté, University of PennsylvaniaLawrence Rainey, University of YorkJed Rasula, University of GeorgiaDavid Richards, University of Stirling, EmeritusRonald Schleifer, University of OklahomaRobin G. Schulze, University of DelawareVincent Sherry, Washington University in St. LouisAmanda Sigler, Erskine CollegeJames Smethurst, University of Massachusetts, AmherstDavid Trotter, Cambridge UniversityMark Whalan, University of OregonEmily O. Wittman, University of Alabama

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Acknowledgements

The image of the individual “modernist” striving to “make it new”: aroundand against that figure looms usually the specter of cultural institutionsworking to “keep it old.” Whatever truth there may be in this picture, thehistory of modernism encompassed in this volume could not have beenaccomplished without the extraordinary resources of a number of majorinstitutions and the exceptional dedication of individuals serving within thoseorganizations. The work of collection and preservation that occurs as themission of such institutions – the Harry Ransom Center at the University ofTexas at Austin, the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at YaleUniversity, the Modernist Journals Project at Brown University and Universityof Tulsa, to name just a few – is now part of an institutionalization ofmodernism itself as a subject of academic study. As the Modernist StudiesAssociation signals by its title, there is a sense of collective enterprise in thisendeavor nowadays, and this feeling provides a sense of energy and directionto scholars working diversely across its fields. That is the institution – at itsbest a community of interests not just shared in being the same but sharedbetween individuals – that I want to acknowledge most sincerely here. Thiscommunity, loose and even virtual as it may be, seems to me to be theeffective center as well as the true future of modernist studies. In ways littleand large, sometimes subtle and often striking, I have benefited from gifts sofar beyond the scope of mentioning specifically that I must let this generalexpression of recognition and gratitude serve, and stand.More specifically, and immediately: to the personnel of Cambridge Uni-

versity Press. Ray Ryan, as senior acquisitions editor, has been indefatigableand invaluable as always, and his assistant Caitlin Gallagher maintained theday-by-day work circulating with cordial efficiency. Managing the produc-tion, Victoria Parrin has been a true collaborator, adapting my own vision ofthe book to available possibilities. The task of copy-editing a volume of this

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magnitude has been done with good humor as well as great skill byDamian Love.Where a Cambridge History assumes longevity of relevance as one of its

standard-setting aims, volumes in this series have also taken legendarily longto produce. And so it is remarkable again that it has taken scarcely five yearsto move from envisioning this volume to producing it. Speed is of course noabsolute value, but it is important that the many chapters of a work of thissize not seem to belong to significantly different critical-cultural time zones.That no corner was cut in this process magnifies my gratitude, first of all, tothose helping me at Washington University in St. Louis. The staff in theEnglish department, especially Kelly Camerer and Meredith Lane, provedthe truth of their indispensability to everything we do, and in their usualmyriad ways. To the graduate students who worked with me on this volumeI also owe an immense debt: to Aileen Waters at the beginning of the processand Sam Smith at its end and, in the long middle, as every contributor to thevolume will know, to Courtney Andree, who checked the facts on every-thing from quotations to historical sources. It is a truer history for her work.“That no corner was cut in this process”: I quote myself with the rueful

humor no doubt shared by the contributors, who bore up admirably wellunder the sometimes strenuous pleasures of editorial interactions. And soI wish to acknowledge finally the generosity which these scholars demon-strate – in taking on this work in the first place; in adapting themselves to myinitial design and offering adaptations to it from their own resources ofknowledge and judgment; and for doing it all so well. It is not customaryto inscribe formal dedications to volumes of this kind; if provision could bemade for this one, it would be given to those whose work occurs within.Acknowledgement for all works of visual art requiring it is provided with

the image and in this volume’s list of illustrations. Quotations from printmedia are being used in line with the “fair use” standard of critical, educa-tional, and interpretive purposes.

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Chronology

1845 Friedrich Engels, The Condition of the Working Class in England.Richard Wagner, Tannhäuser.

1848 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto.Revolution in France: Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte President.

1851–52 Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte stages coup d’état and the SecondEmpire begins.

1852 Karl Marx, The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoléon.1857 Gustave Flaubert, Madame Bovary.1861 Emancipation of the serfs in Russia.

Charles Baudelaire, Les fleurs du mal.1863 Edouard Manet, “Le déjeuner sur l’herbe,” “Olympia.”1866 Fyodor Dostoevsky, Crime and Punishment.1869 Leo Tolstoy, War and Peace.1870–71 Franco-Prussian War.1873 Walter Pater, The Renaissance.1874 First Impressionist Exhibition.1876 Internal combustion engine developed.

Queen Victoria named Empress of India.1877 Thomas Edison invents the phonograph.

Russo-Turkish War begins (ends in 1878).1879 Ibsen, A Doll’s House.

Anglo-Zulu War.First telephone exchanges created in London.

1880 Émile Zola, “The Experimental Novel.”1881 Murder of Russian Tsar Alexander II.1883 Georg Brandes, The Men of the Modern Breakthrough.1884 Joris-Karl Huysmans, À rebours.

Berlin Conference on Africa begins (ends in 1885).

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1886 Friedrich Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil.Stéphane Mallarmé, Poésies.Home Rule Bill for Ireland rejected by House of Lords.Britain annexes Upper Burma.Statue of Liberty opens.

1888 Vincent van Gogh, “Night Café.”1889 Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House performed in London.

British South Africa Company launched.Eiffel Tower completed.

1890 Knut Hamsun, Hunger.Auguste Villiers de l’Isle-Adam, Axël.Émile Zola, La bête humaine.Henrik Ibsen, Hedda Gabler.Hermann Bahr, Zur Kritik der Moderne.James George Frazer, The Golden Bough (vol. i).William James, Principles of Psychology.The dismissal of Bismarck.US Census Bureau declares the frontier closed.

1891 Thomas Hardy, Tess of the D’Urbervilles.Oscar Wilde, The Picture of Dorian Gray (book edition).Rudyard Kipling, The Light that Failed.First international copyright law.Franco-Russian entente.Fall of Charles Stewart Parnell in Ireland.

1892 Maurice Maeterlinck, Pelléas et Mélisande.Douglas Hyde, “On the Necessity for De-Anglicising the IrishPeople.”

1893 Sarah Grand, The Heavenly Twins.George Egerton, Keynotes.Paul Laurence Dunbar, Oak and Ivy.Stephen Crane, Maggie: A Girl of the Streets.Henry James, The Real Thing and Other Tales.Oscar Wilde, Salomé.Arthur Symons, “The Decadent Movement in Literature.”W.B. Yeats, The Celtic Twilight.Edvard Munch, “The Scream.”Théâtre de l’Œuvre founded.World Exhibition in Chicago.

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Van Gogh retrospective in Amsterdam.Formation of the Independent Labour Party in Great Britain.Second Home Rule Bill introduced by Gladstone.The four-wheel car of Karl Benz invented.Auguste and Louis Lumière invent the cinematograph.

1894 George Bernard Shaw, Arms and the Man.Claude Debussy, Prélude à l’après-midi d’un faune.The quarterly journal, the Yellow Book, launched.The conviction of Alfred Dreyfus for treason.Accession of Tsar Nicholas II.

1895 Stephen Crane, The Red Badge of Courage, The Black Riders and OtherLines.Thomas Hardy, Jude the Obscure.H.G. Wells, The Time Machine.Oscar Wilde, The Importance of Being Earnest.Arthur Symons, London Nights.Gustav Mahler, Resurrection Symphony.The trial of Oscar Wilde.Roentgen’s discovery of X-rays.Guglielmo Marconi invents telegraphy.Invention of the motion picture.

1896 Anton Chekhov, The Seagull.Alfred Jarry, King Ubu.Oscar Wilde, The Ballad of Reading Gaol.Arthur Symons founds Savoy.First modern Olympiad, Athens.First commercial motion picture exhibition in New York.The Curies discover radium and plutonium.

1897 Anton Chekhov, Uncle Vanya.Havelock Ellis and John Addington Symonds, Sexual Inversion.Bram Stoker, Dracula.Rudyard Kipling, “Recessional.”Yellow Book ceases publication.Founding of the Austrian Secession artistic movement.Queen Victoria’s Diamond Jubilee.Basel Program for resettlement launched by First Zionist Congress.Famine in India.

1898 H.G. Wells, The War of the Worlds.

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Émile Zola, “J’Accuse.”National Gallery of British Art (Tate) opens.Moscow Arts Theatre founded.USA declares war on Spain over Cuba.First Zeppelin built.

1899 Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness.Arthur Symons, The Symbolist Movement in Literature.Kate Chopin, The Awakening.Henry James, The Awkward Age.Rudyard Kipling, “The White Man’s Burden.”Beginning of the Boer War (1899–1902).

1900 Sigmund Freud, The Interpretation of Dreams.Joseph Conrad, Lord Jim.Henri Bergson, Le Rire.Death of Oscar Wilde.Death of Friedrich Nietzsche.“Boxer Rebellion” in China.

1901 Thomas Mann, Buddenbrooks.Henri Bergson’s Laughter translated into English.August Strindberg, The Dance of Death.Nobel Prize in Literature established.Death of Queen Victoria.First wireless communication between the USA and Europe.

1902 André Gide, The Immoralist.August Strindberg, A Dream Play.John Atkinson Hobson, Imperialism.F.T. Marinetti, La conquête des étoiles.William James, Varieties of Religious Experience.Hugo von Hofmannsthal, “Lord Chandos Letter.”Isadora Duncan begins touring in Europe.Edwin Porter’s film, The Great Train Robbery, premieres.

1903 Samuel Butler, The Way of All Flesh (posthumous).George Bernard Shaw, Man and Superman.W.E.B. Du Bois, The Souls of Black Folk.E.D. Morel, The Congo Slave Trade.Georg Simmel, The Metropolis and Mental Life.Camera Work magazine founded by Alfred Stieglitz.Irish National Theatre Society founded.

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Wright brothers’ first airplane flight.Emmeline Pankhurst founds the Women’s Social andPolitical Union.

1904 Joseph Conrad, Nostromo.John Millington Synge, Riders to the Sea.Anton Chekhov, The Cherry Orchard.Opening of Abbey Theatre in Dublin.Beginning of the Russo-Japanese War (1904–05).Panama Canal opens.

1905 Oscar Wilde, De profundis (posthumous).Edith Wharton, The House of Mirth.Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism.Stefan George, Algabal.Richard Strauss, Salome.W.E.B. Du Bois initiates the “Niagara Movement.”Fauvist exhibition in Paris.First movie house opens in Philadelphia.Albert Einstein proposes special theory of relativity.The Irish nationalist party, Sinn Fein, is founded.Serious uprisings across the Russian Empire, followed by theOctober Manifesto granting civil rights (e.g., an end to preliminarycensorship).Industrial Workers of the World union organized in Chicago.

1906 Upton Sinclair, The Jungle.San Francisco earthquake.Atlanta race riots.Liberals sweep election in Britain.

1907 Henri Bergson, Creative Evolution.Joseph Conrad, The Secret Agent.Henry James, The American Scene.Henry Adams, The Education of Henry Adams.John Millington Synge, The Playboy of the Western World.Picasso, “Les demoiselles d’Avignon.”Cubist exhibition in Paris.August Strindberg founds the Intimate Theatre in Stockholm.

1908 Ford Madox Hueffer (Ford) founds the English Review.Georges Sorel, Reflections on Violence.Wilhelm Worringer, Abstraction and Empathy.

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R.A. Scott-James, Modernism and Romance.Friedrich Nietzsche, Ecce Homo (posthumous).Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso, first cubist paintings.Jacob Epstein, figures for the British Medical Association.Henry Ford produces first Model-T Ford.

1909 Gertrude Stein, Three Lives.Ezra Pound, Personae.William Carlos Williams, Poems.F.T. Marinetti, “The Founding and Manifesto of Futurism.”Arthur Schoenberg, Five Orchestral Pieces.Frank Lloyd Wright, Robie House.Sergei Pavlovich Diaghilev produces Les Ballets Russes in Paris.National Association for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) founded.Suffragist Marion Wallace Dunlop begins first hunger strike; force-feeding begins in British prisons.

1910 E.M. Forster, Howards End.Rainer Maria Rilke, The Notebooks of Malte Laurids Brigge.First Post-Impressionist Exhibition in London.Igor Stravinsky, The Firebird.Marinetti delivers “Futurist Speech to the English” in London.W.E.B. Du Bois founds The Crisis.Antoni Gaudí, Casa Vila, Barcelona.Death of Leo Tolstoy.Death of Edward VII, accession of George V.Great Migration of African Americans begins.Mexican Revolution begins.

1911 Franz Boas, The Mind of Primitive Man.Frederick W. Taylor, The Principles of Scientific Management.Hans Vaihinger, Die Philosophie des Als Ob.The Freewoman founded by Dora Marsden, under the patronage ofHarriet Shaw Weaver.Der Blaue Reiter group forms in Munich.First English translation of Nietzsche’s The Complete Workspublished.The Copyright Act of 1911 extends copyright to fifty years afterauthor’s death.Roald Amundsen reaches the South Pole.

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First flight across the USA.1912 Claude McKay, Songs of Jamaica and Constab Ballads.

George Bernard Shaw, Pygmalion.Wassily Kandinsky, Über das Geistige in der Kunst.May Sinclair’s Feminism published by the Women’s SuffrageLeague.F.T. Marinetti, “Technical Manifesto of Futurist Literature.”Russian avant-garde manifesto A Slap in the Face of Public Tastepublished.Marcel Duchamp, “Nude Descending a Staircase.”Wyndham Lewis, “Kermesse.”Poetry (Chicago) magazine founded.Second Post-Impressionist Exhibition in London.Sinking of the Titanic.Beginning of the Balkan Wars (1912–13).

1913 D.H. Lawrence, Sons and Lovers.Thomas Mann, Death in Venice.Robert Frost, A Boy’s Will.Marcel Proust, Swann’s Way.Blaise Cendrars, Prose du Transsibérien et de la petite Jehanne deFrance.Guillaume Apollinaire, Alcools and Les peintres cubists.Igor Stravinsky, Le sacre du printemps.Jacob Epstein, “Rock-Drill.”The New York Armory Show.Omega Workshops established by members ofBloomsbury Group.The Freewoman becomes The New Freewoman.Russian Futurist Manifesto published.Rabindrinath Tagore awarded Nobel Prize.Suffragette demonstrations in London.Niels Bohr proposes his Atomic Model.

1914 James Joyce, Dubliners.Robert Frost, North of Boston.Gertrude Stein, Tender Buttons.Ezra Pound (ed.), Des Imagistes.Blast magazine founded (first issue).Miguel de Unamuno, Mist.

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Mina Loy, “Aphorisms on Futurism” and “Feminist Manifesto.”The Egoist magazine founded (formerly The Freewoman/The NewFreewoman).Little Review founded.Margaret Sanger coins the term “birth control.”Outbreak of the First World War.

1915 Virginia Woolf, The Voyage Out.D.H. Lawrence, The Rainbow.Ford Madox Ford, The Good Soldier.T.S. Eliot’s “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock” published inPoetry (Chicago).Djuna Barnes, The Book of Repulsive Women.Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Herland.Amy Lowell (ed.), Some Imagist Poets (first annual).Ezra Pound, Cathay.Dorothy Richardson, Pointed Roofs (vol. i of Pilgrimage).Vladimir Mayakovsky, A Cloud in Trousers.Kazemir Malevich, “The Black Square.”Franz Kafka, The Metamorphosis.D.W. Griffith, The Birth of a Nation.Others magazine founded.Second (and final) issue of Blast published.Armenian genocide.Battle of Gallipoli.First transcontinental telephone call connects New York to SanFrancisco.

1916 H.D., Sea Garden.James Joyce, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man.W.B. Yeats, “Easter, 1916” (composed; published in 1921).Guillaume Apollinaire, Le poète assassiné.Henri Barbusse, Under Fire.D.W. Griffith, Intolerance.First Dada performances at the Cabaret Voltaire, Zurich.Albert Einstein, General Theory of Relativity.Margaret Sanger opens the first birth control clinic in New York.Easter Rising in Dublin.First Battle of the Somme.

1917 T.S. Eliot, Prufrock and Other Observations.

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Mina Loy, Love Songs to Joannes.Guillaume Apollinaire, The Breasts of Tiresias.Amy Lowell, Tendencies in Modern American Poetry.May Sinclair, Tree of Heaven.Leonard and Virginia Woolf found Hogarth Press.Carl Jung, The Unconscious.Sigmund Freud, Introduction to Psychoanalysis.V.I. Lenin, Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism.Marcel Duchamp, “Fountain.”Revolution in Russia.USA enters First World War.Ernest Rutherford splits atom.

1918 Rebecca West, The Return of the Soldier.Tristan Tzara, Dada Manifesto 1918.Edith Wharton, The Marne.Wyndham Lewis, Tarr.Van Wyck Brooks, “On Creating a Usable Past.”Guillaume Apollinaire, Calligrammes.Lytton Strachey, Eminent Victorians.Gerard Manley Hopkins, Poems (posthumous).Little Review begins serialization of Ulysses.Aleksandr Blok, The Twelve.May Sinclair is the first to use the term “stream of consciousness”in relation to literary studies.First Dada evening in Berlin.First World War Armistice.Votes for women aged thirty and over in Britain.Proclamation of Weimar Republic and Czechoslovak, Yugoslav,and Polish states.Influenza epidemic.

1919 T.S. Eliot, “Tradition and the Individual Talent.”Sherwood Anderson, Winesburg, Ohio.John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace.Bauhaus founded at Weimar by Walter Gropius.Treaty of Versailles.League of Nations created.Prohibition Act passed by US Congress.Founding of American Communist Party.

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Amritsar Massacre in India.Division of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.Turkish War of Independence/Greco-Turkish War begins (endsin 1922).

1920 D.H. Lawrence, Women in Love.George Bernard Shaw, Heartbreak House.Ezra Pound, Hugh Selwyn Mauberley.F. Scott Fitzgerald, This Side of Paradise.Jessie Weston, From Ritual to Romance.Edith Wharton, The Age of Innocence.Wilfred Owen, Poems.Katherine Mansfield, Bliss and Other Stories.Sinclair Lewis, Main Street.Eugene O’Neill, The Emperor Jones.Georg Lukács, Theory of the Novel.Dial magazine founded.Sigmund Freud, Beyond the Pleasure Principle.Paul Klee, “Angelus Novus.”Robert Wiene, The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari.American women gain suffrage.

1921 Luigi Pirandello, Six Characters in Search of an Author.John Dos Passos, Three Soldiers.Marianne Moore, Poems.Anna Akhmatova, Anno Domini 1921.Arnold Schoenberg develops twelve-tone method of musicalcomposition.Marcel Duchamp and Man Ray, New York Dada magazine founded.Pablo Picasso, “Three Musicians.”Charlie Chaplin, The Kid.D.W. Griffith, Orphans of the Storm.Little Review drawn into obscenity trial over publication of Ulysses.Irish Free State founded.Non-Cooperation Movement starts in India.Alice Paul founds National Woman’s Party in USA.

1922 T.S. Eliot, The Waste Land.James Joyce, Ulysses.Virginia Woolf, Jacob’s Room.Edith Sitwell, Façade.

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Sinclair Lewis, Babbit.F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Beautiful and the Damned.Claude McKay, Harlem Shadows.Eugene O’Neill, The Hairy Ape.James Weldon Johnson (ed.), The Book of American Negro Poetry.Osip Mandelstam, Tristia.e.e. cummings, The Enormous Room.Bertolt Brecht, Drums in the Night.Rainer Maria Rilke, Sonnets to Orpheus.Ludwig Wittgenstein, Tractatus logico-philosophicus.Boris Pasternak, My Sister Life.Fritz Lang, Dr. Mabuse.Friedrich Murnau, Nosferatu.Founding of Criterion.Death of Marcel Proust.Founding of the British Broadcasting Company (BBC).Opening of Tutankhamen’s tomb in Egypt.Benito Mussolini assumes power in Italy.USSR established.Irish Civil War begins (ends in 1923).

1923 Mina Loy, Lunar Baedeker, Anglo-Mongrels and the Rose.Wallace Stevens, Harmonium.Rainer Maria Rilke, The Duino Elegies.Vladimir Mayakovsky, About That.Jean Toomer, Cane.William Carlos Williams, Spring and All.Jean Cocteau, Thomas l’imposteur.Italo Svevo, Zeno’s Conscience.Le Corbusier, Towards a New Architecture.W.B. Yeats awarded the Nobel Prize.Proclamation of the Turkish Republic.Collapse of German currency.

1924 Marianne Moore, Observations.E.M. Forster, A Passage to India.Thomas Mann, The Magic Mountain.André Breton, Surrealist Manifesto.T.E. Hulme, Speculations (posthumous).Death of Franz Kafka.

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First Labour government elected in Britain.British Empire exhibition in London.Death of V.I. Lenin.

1925 Virginia Woolf, Mrs. Dalloway.Gertrude Stein, The Making of Americans.Willa Cather, The Professor’s House.Alain Locke (ed.), The New Negro.W.B. Yeats, A Vision.F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby.Theodore Dreiser, An American Tragedy.Ezra Pound, A Draft of XVI. Cantos.Ernest Hemingway, In Our Time.Franz Kafka, The Trial (posthumous).Alfred North Whitehead, Science and the Modern World.Dmitri Shostakovich, First Symphony.Sergei Eisenstein, Battleship Potemkin.Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf.Scopes trial, Tennessee.Mussolini declares himself dictator of Italy.

1926 Langston Hughes, The Weary Blues.Ernest Hemingway, The Sun Also Rises.Ezra Pound, Personae.Hugh MacDiarmid, A Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle.Sylvia Townsend Warner, Lolly Willowes.Vita Sackville-West, Passenger to Teheran.Franz Kafka, The Castle (posthumous).William Faulkner, Soldiers’ Pay.T.E. Lawrence, The Seven Pillars of Wisdom.Jean Cocteau, La Rappel à l’ordre.Oswald Spengler, Decline of the West (English translation; originalDer Untergang des Abendlandes first published in two vols., 1918and 1923).Marina Tsvetaeva, Poem of the Mountain.General Strike in Britain.

1927 Virginia Woolf, To the Lighthouse.Ernest Hemingway, Men without Women.Marcel Proust, Le temps retrouvé (posthumous).Wyndham Lewis, Time and Western Man.

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James Weldon Johnson, God’s Trombones.Laura Riding and Robert Graves, A Survey of Modernist Poetry.E.M. Forster, Aspects of the Novel.transition magazine founded.First issue of film journal Close Up.Martin Heidegger, Being and Time.Sigmund Freud, The Future of an Illusion.Walter Benjamin begins The Arcades Project.Jacob Epstein, “Madonna and Child” (sculpture).Al Jolson, The Jazz Singer.Fritz Lang, Metropolis.Charles Lindbergh flies The Spirit of St. Louis from New Yorkto Paris.

1928 W.B. Yeats, The Tower.D.H. Lawrence, Lady Chatterley’s Lover.Virginia Woolf, Orlando.Bertolt Brecht, The Threepenny Opera.James Joyce, Anna Livia Plurabelle.Aldous Huxley, Point Counter Point.Radclyffe Hall, The Well of Loneliness.Federico García Lorca, The Gypsy Ballads.Claude McKay, Home to Harlem.Sergei Eisenstein, October.Enfranchisement of women over twenty-one in Britain.Television broadcasts commence in USA.

1929 Robert Bridges, The Testament of Beauty.Robert Graves, Good-bye to All That.William Faulkner, The Sound and the Fury.Ernest Hemingway, A Farewell to Arms.Claude McKay, Banjo.Erich Maria Remarque, All Quiet on the Western Front (Englishtranslation).Nella Larsen, Passing.Jean Rhys, Quartet.Elizabeth Bowen, The Last September.Virginia Woolf, A Room of One’s Own.Joan Riviere, “Womanliness as a Masquerade.”Thomas Mann awarded the Nobel Prize.

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Second Surrealist Manifesto.Museum of Modern Art in New York opens.Wall Street Crash; Great Depression begins.

1930 W.H. Auden, Poems.Hart Crane, The Bridge.Evelyn Waugh, Vile Bodies.Robert Musil, The Man Without Qualities (vol. i).F.R. Leavis, “Mass Civilisation and Minority Culture.”William Empson, Seven Types of Ambiguity.Sigmund Freud, Civilization and Its Discontents.Death of D.H. Lawrence.Suicide of Vladimir Mayakovsky.

1931 e.e. cummings, Viva.William Faulkner, Sanctuary.Tristan Tzara, L’homme approximatif.EdmundWilson, Axel’s Castle: A Study in the Imaginative Literature of1870–1930.Samuel Beckett, Proust.Benito Mussolini and Giovacchino Forzano, Napoleon: The HundredDays.Salvador Dalí, “The Persistence of Memory.”Fritz Lang, M.Britain abandons the gold standard.

1932 W.H. Auden, The Orators.Louis-Ferdinand Céline, Voyage au bout de la nuit.John Dos Passos, 1919, vol. I of U.S.A. trilogy.Elizabeth Bowen, To the North.Aldous Huxley, Brave New World.William Faulkner, Light in August.Joseph Roth, The Radetzky March (translated into English in 1995).Ernest Hemingway, Death in the Afternoon.Langston Hughes, The Dream Keeper.Louis Zukofsky (ed.), An “Objectivists” Anthology.F.R. Leavis, New Bearings in English Poetry.Q.D. Leavis, Fiction and the Reading Public.Scrutiny magazine founded.John Galsworthy awarded the Nobel Prize.Bertolt Brecht, The Mother premieres in Berlin.

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