Modern Services of Data Modern Services of Data NetworkNetwork

Part IPart ICommunicationCommunication

Presented by:Presented by:

Dr. Mohsen KahaniDr. Mohsen Kahani

Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

kahani@um.ac.ir

http://www.um.ac.ir/~kahani

Table of ContentsTable of Contents

Ethernet and 10GBEEthernet and 10GBE Internet TelephonyInternet Telephony WiFi HotspotWiFi Hotspot xDSL TechnologyxDSL Technology Fiber To The Home (FTTH) Fiber To The Home (FTTH)

Backbone Architecture LayersBackbone Architecture Layers Network designs are made up of Network designs are made up of

three technology layers:three technology layers: The The access layeraccess layer which is the which is the

technology used in LANstechnology used in LANs The The distribution layerdistribution layer connects LANs connects LANs

togethertogether The The core layercore layer connects different connects different

backbone networks togetherbackbone networks together

Backbone TechnologiesBackbone Technologies

Fiber Fiber DistributedDistributed Data Interface (FDDI) Data Interface (FDDI)

FDDI backbone protocol was developed in FDDI backbone protocol was developed in the 1980s and popular during the 80s and the 1980s and popular during the 80s and 90s.90s.

FDDI operates at 100 Mbps over a fiber FDDI operates at 100 Mbps over a fiber optic cable. optic cable.

FDDI uses both a physical and logical ring FDDI uses both a physical and logical ring topology capable of attaching a maximum topology capable of attaching a maximum of 1000 stations over a maximum path of of 1000 stations over a maximum path of 200 km. A repeater is need every 2 km.200 km. A repeater is need every 2 km.

FDDI’s future looks limited, as it is now FDDI’s future looks limited, as it is now losing market share to Gigabit Ethernet losing market share to Gigabit Ethernet and ATM.and ATM.

FDDI Topology

FDDI’s Self-healing Rings

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) (also called cell relay) is a (also called cell relay) is a technology originally designed for technology originally designed for use in wide area networks that is use in wide area networks that is now often used in backbone now often used in backbone networks. networks.

ATM backbone switches typically ATM backbone switches typically provide point-to-point full duplex provide point-to-point full duplex circuits at 155 Mbps (total of 310 circuits at 155 Mbps (total of 310 Mbps).Mbps).

Ethernet Timeline Ethernet Timeline 

1973 Ethernet Invented 2.93 Mbps 1973 Ethernet Invented 2.93 Mbps 

1992 10 Mbps Ethernet Available 1992 10 Mbps Ethernet Available 

1994 100 Mbps Ethernet Available 1994 100 Mbps Ethernet Available 

1997 1000 Mbps Ethernet Available 1997 1000 Mbps Ethernet Available 

2002 10 Gbps Ethernet2002 10 Gbps Ethernet  

FAST ETHERNETFAST ETHERNET

Fast Ethernet refers to a set of IEEE Fast Ethernet refers to a set of IEEE 802.3 specifications that provide a low-802.3 specifications that provide a low-cost Ethernet-compatible LAN operating cost Ethernet-compatible LAN operating at 100 Mbps.at 100 Mbps.

Basic idea is to keep all the old packet Basic idea is to keep all the old packet formats and protocols, just increase the formats and protocols, just increase the speed.speed.

Specifications:Specifications: 100BASE-T4100BASE-T4: 100 Mbps over twisted : 100 Mbps over twisted

pair category 3 UTPpair category 3 UTP 100BASE-TX:100BASE-TX: for category 5 UTP, full- for category 5 UTP, full-

duplex at 100 Mbps.duplex at 100 Mbps. 100BASE-FX:100BASE-FX: for fibre, full-duplex at for fibre, full-duplex at

100 Mbps.100 Mbps.

GIGABIT ETHERNETGIGABIT ETHERNET

Fast is never fast enoughFast is never fast enough Migration of fast Ethernet to the Migration of fast Ethernet to the

desktop created bottlenecks at servers desktop created bottlenecks at servers and switches.and switches.

Gigabit Ethernet was designed to Gigabit Ethernet was designed to alleviate this congestion by providing alleviate this congestion by providing faster backbonefaster backbone technology. technology.

The strategy for Gigabit Ethernet is the The strategy for Gigabit Ethernet is the same as for fast Ethernet same as for fast Ethernet

Define a new medium, but retain the Define a new medium, but retain the same CSMA/CD protocol and frame same CSMA/CD protocol and frame format as 10 Mbps and 100 Mbps format as 10 Mbps and 100 Mbps Ethernet.Ethernet.

The transmission medium is optical The transmission medium is optical fibre over short distances. fibre over short distances.

UTP and STP are also allowed.UTP and STP are also allowed.

GIGABIT ETHERNET – CONT.GIGABIT ETHERNET – CONT.

Gigabit Ethernet Terminology Gigabit Ethernet Terminology  1000BASE-SX1000BASE-SX

Short wavelength specification for Gigabit Short wavelength specification for Gigabit over MMF up to 300 metersover MMF up to 300 meters

1000BASE-LX1000BASE-LX Long wavelength specification for Gigabit Long wavelength specification for Gigabit

over MMF up to 550 meters or SMF up to 5 over MMF up to 550 meters or SMF up to 5 KmKm

1000BASE-CX1000BASE-CX Short haul specification for Gigabit over 4 Short haul specification for Gigabit over 4

conductor coax up to 25 metersconductor coax up to 25 meters 1000BASE-T1000BASE-T

Standard that can yield 100 meter distancesStandard that can yield 100 meter distances

What’s new: 10 GbE  What’s new: 10 GbE  

Formally ratified on June 12, 2002 Formally ratified on June 12, 2002 Ongoing need for more bandwidthOngoing need for more bandwidth Designation of bandwidthDesignation of bandwidth Uses 802.3aeUses 802.3ae 40 GbE on its way40 GbE on its way

10 GE: a new Ethernet10 GE: a new Ethernet

10 GE – designed from the beginning for 10 GE – designed from the beginning for access to access to long haul networkslong haul networks 40 km maximum distance specified by the 40 km maximum distance specified by the

standard …standard … 1550nm lasers: optical amplifiers can be : optical amplifiers can be

used to increase distance over dark fibreused to increase distance over dark fibre State of the art: State of the art: 250 km demonstrated in demonstrated in

Denmark by the EU ESTA project Denmark by the EU ESTA project

The 10 GE WAN PHY The 10 GE WAN PHY 10GE introduces a 10GE introduces a

gateway from LAN to gateway from LAN to the WAN by means of the WAN by means of the WAN PHYthe WAN PHY Compatible with existing Compatible with existing

WAN infrastructureWAN infrastructure Transmission rateTransmission rate EncapsulationEncapsulation

Partial use of the Partial use of the management bits of the management bits of the SONET/SDH frameSONET/SDH frame

Today’s WAN PHY Today’s WAN PHY modules use SONET-modules use SONET-compliant optical compliant optical componentscomponents

WANWANPHY

LTE

LTE3R

3R

3R

OC192Router

10GE switch/router

LTE

RouterOC192

WANPHY

10GE switch/router

LTE

traditional

novel

Why native Ethernet long haul?Why native Ethernet long haul? More than 90% of the Internet traffic originates on an More than 90% of the Internet traffic originates on an

Ethernet LANEthernet LAN Data traffic on the LAN increases due to new Data traffic on the LAN increases due to new

applicationsapplications Ethernet services with incremental bandwidth offer Ethernet services with incremental bandwidth offer

new business opportunities to carriersnew business opportunities to carriers See IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol. 42, No. 3, March See IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol. 42, No. 3, March

2004, on additional benefits for both the enterprise and the 2004, on additional benefits for both the enterprise and the service providersservice providers

Why not native Ethernet ? Scalability, reliability, service guarantees …Scalability, reliability, service guarantees …

All of the above are active research areasAll of the above are active research areas

Native Ethernet long haul connections can be used Native Ethernet long haul connections can be used today as a today as a complementcomplement to the routed networks, to the routed networks, notnot as as a a replacementreplacement

Demo during ITU Telecom World Demo during ITU Telecom World ''0303

CiscoONS 15454Force10

E 600

Force10E 600

HPItanium-2

HPItanium-2

CiscoONS 15454

CiscoONS 15454

CiscoONS 15454

CiscoONS 15454

Ixia400T

IntelItanium-2

IntelXeon

Ixia400T

10GE WAN PHY 10GE LAN PHY OC192c

Ottawa Toronto Chicago Amsterdam Geneva

10 GE WAN PHY over an OC-192c circuit using lightpaths provided by SURFnet and CANARIE

9.24 Gbps using traffic generators

5.65 Gbps using TCP on PCs

6 Gbps using UDP on PCs

Results on the transatlantic 10 GEResults on the transatlantic 10 GE

Single stream UDP throughput Single stream TCP throughput

•Data rates are limited by the PC, even for our memory-to-memory tests•UDP uses less resources than TCP on high bandwidth-delay product networks

WAN PHY over DWDMWAN PHY over DWDM

Direct lambda access from the provider is Direct lambda access from the provider is requiredrequired

The DWDM transceiver card as “LTE”The DWDM transceiver card as “LTE”

HP Itanium-2

10 GE WAN

DWDM

DWDM

Amsterdam Geneva

Force10 E600

10GE LAN

HPItanium-2

10 GE WAN10GE LAN

Ixia400T

Ixia400T

Force10 E600 HP

Itanium-2

IntelXeon

10GBASE-T Objectives Keeping it Ethernet

Preserve the 802.3/Ethernet frame format at the MAC Client service interface

Preserve min. and max. frame size of current 802.3 Std. Support star-wired local area networks using point-to-point

links and structured cabling topologies Keeping it 10 Gigabit Ethernet

Support full duplex operation only Support a speed of 10.000 Gb/s at the MAC/PLS service

interface Compatibility with 802.3

Support Clause 28 auto-negotiation To not support 802.3ah (EFM) OAM unidirectional operation Support coexistence with 802.3af (DTE Power via Ethernet)

10GBE Applications10GBE Applications

10GBE-T Importance10GBE-T Importance Faster network link speeds provide new generation of

systems Modular switches and servers

Backplanes and switch fabrics aggregate to support multiple 10GBASE-T ports

Servers with faster I/O subsystems (i.e. PCI Express™) Low cost solutions are market stimulus

10GBASE-CX4 is a step in the right direction, but limited reach

10GBASE-T: Addresses PHY costs concerns in Enterprise market Enhances reach and conforms to structured cabling

environments Lower cabling costs

Installation practices are well-known Ease of installation Cost of termination

Comparison of 10GBE & GBEComparison of 10GBE & GBE

10GBE-T Performance10GBE-T Performance With the 4 connector model and proposed signaling:

100m on Class F (Cat 7) > 55m on Class E (Cat 6) operating beyond the specified

frequency range 100m on the new cabling being defined by cabling

standards groups (derivative of Class E/Cat 6) 20 to 60m on Class D (Cat 5e) was discussed

Requires operation beyond the specified frequency range No consensus achieved on extending the specification

Increase in system margin and/or reach are possible: – Several techniques have been presented in the SG:

Analog signal conditioning Alien noise suppression Improvements in the cabling specification

ATM vs. Switched EthernetATM vs. Switched Ethernet ATM is a switched network, but differs from ATM is a switched network, but differs from

switched Ethernet in four ways:switched Ethernet in four ways:1. ATM uses small, 1. ATM uses small, fixed-lengthfixed-length packets of 53 packets of 53

bytes (called cells). Ethernet frames are bytes (called cells). Ethernet frames are variable and can be up to about 1 kilobyte in variable and can be up to about 1 kilobyte in length.length.

2. ATM provides 2. ATM provides no error correctionno error correction on the on the user data. Switched Ethernet does error user data. Switched Ethernet does error correction.correction.

3. ATM uses 3. ATM uses virtual channelsvirtual channels instead of the instead of the fixed addresses used by traditional data link fixed addresses used by traditional data link layer protocols such as switched Ethernet.layer protocols such as switched Ethernet.

4. ATM prioritizes transmissions based on 4. ATM prioritizes transmissions based on Quality of Service (QoS)Quality of Service (QoS), while switched , while switched Ethernet does not.Ethernet does not.

Enterprise Backbone Technology TrendsEnterprise Backbone Technology Trends

Organizations are moving to Ethernet-Organizations are moving to Ethernet-based collapsed backbones with based collapsed backbones with switched LANs or VLANs.switched LANs or VLANs.

Gigabit Ethernet use is growing.Gigabit Ethernet use is growing. FDDI seems to be on its way out. FDDI seems to be on its way out. ATM, while still popular in WANs, is ATM, while still popular in WANs, is

also losing ground to Gigabit Ethernet.also losing ground to Gigabit Ethernet. Taken together, it appears that Ethernet Taken together, it appears that Ethernet

use will dominate the LAN and use will dominate the LAN and backbone.backbone.

The Ideal Backbone?The Ideal Backbone? The ideal network design is likely to include The ideal network design is likely to include

the following characteristics:the following characteristics: Combined use of layer 2 and layer 3 Ethernet Combined use of layer 2 and layer 3 Ethernet

switches.switches. The The access layeraccess layer (LANs) uses 10/100 Layer 2 (LANs) uses 10/100 Layer 2

Switches running Cat 5 or Cat 6 twisted pair Switches running Cat 5 or Cat 6 twisted pair cables (Cat 6 enables the move to 1000BaseT).cables (Cat 6 enables the move to 1000BaseT).

The The distribution layerdistribution layer uses Layer 3 Ethernet uses Layer 3 Ethernet Switches that use 1000BaseT or fiber, Cat 6 or Cat Switches that use 1000BaseT or fiber, Cat 6 or Cat 7 TP. 7 TP.

The The core layercore layer uses Layer 3 Ethernet Switches uses Layer 3 Ethernet Switches running 10GbE or 40GbE over fiber.running 10GbE or 40GbE over fiber.

Reliability is also increased in the network by Reliability is also increased in the network by using redundant switches and cabling.using redundant switches and cabling.

Internet TelephonyInternet Telephonyvs.vs.

Telephony over Telephony over InternetInternet

Telephony over InternetTelephony over Internet

Emulation of Emulation of Telephony Services Telephony Services on Interneton Internet dumb end terminals dumb end terminals

(cable modems)(cable modems) 12-digit keypad UI12-digit keypad UI transparency of transparency of

servicesservices it is important!it is important!

Primary motivationPrimary motivation cost savingscost savings non-telcos can enternon-telcos can enter

Cost savings are Cost savings are transienttransient

Whats in it for Whats in it for customerscustomers????????

Branch Office Application

Interoffice Trunking Application

                                                 

Interoffice Trunking Application

. Interoffice Trunking Application

                                                 

What is it?What is it? Use your PC as a telephoneUse your PC as a telephone MotivationMotivation

Cost -Cost - Advanced ServicesAdvanced Services

Higher fidelity voiceHigher fidelity voice 3D voice reconstruction3D voice reconstruction Integration with calendarIntegration with calendar Complex call managementComplex call management MobilityMobility Powerful voicemail systems; integrated messagingPowerful voicemail systems; integrated messaging Multiparty callsMultiparty calls Video/whiteboardVideo/whiteboard Compression, silence suppressionCompression, silence suppression

Internet TelephonyInternet Telephony

Internet TelephonyInternet Telephony Integrate telephony services Integrate telephony services

withwith webweb emailemail instant messaging and instant messaging and

presencepresence text chattext chat interactive gamesinteractive games

Interactive Communications

Web

Games

Email

Presence

IM Chat

voice video

INTERNET TELEPHONY

New ServicesNew Services

Integration causes Integration causes service service multiplicationmultiplication 20 voice services X 20 voice services X

20 web services = 20 web services = 400 integrated 400 integrated service possibilitiesservice possibilities

not all make sensenot all make sense New services = New services =

revenue revenue opportunitiesopportunities

ExamplesExamples IM Notify when busyIM Notify when busy

subscriber gets instant subscriber gets instant messages when friends messages when friends telephones (IP or POTS) telephones (IP or POTS) availableavailable

Call redirect to webCall redirect to web web page returned web page returned

instead of busy signalinstead of busy signal

Web IVRWeb IVR web page of menus, web page of menus,

final choice rings phonefinal choice rings phone

More ServicesMore Services

Shared web browsingShared web browsing talk and browse jointlytalk and browse jointly

Transfer to emailTransfer to email Caller is disconnected Caller is disconnected

and mail tool pops upand mail tool pops up Email call logsEmail call logs

Unanswered calls cause Unanswered calls cause email notificationsemail notifications

IM notifications of IM notifications of conference joinconference join On a conference On a conference

bridge, instant bridge, instant message indicates message indicates participant participant joins/leavesjoins/leaves

Web call-IDWeb call-ID web page of caller web page of caller

pops up when phone pops up when phone ringsrings

Who can get services?Who can get services? Advanced services can be Advanced services can be

offered to PSTN end systems offered to PSTN end systems too!too!

VXML consortiumVXML consortium technology for providing web technology for providing web

content on phonecontent on phone allows web services to be allows web services to be

exposedexposed

Speech to textSpeech to text email sendingemail sending web browsingweb browsing IMIM

Text to speechText to speech Instant messagesInstant messages

How to do it?How to do it? Integrated services = Integrated services =

integrated serverintegrated server SIP server/gatekeeperSIP server/gatekeeper SMTP/IMAP/POP client and SMTP/IMAP/POP client and

serverserver Presence and IM serverPresence and IM server Web accessWeb access Conference services accessConference services access

Intelligent IntegratedCommunications Server

MailServices

IM andPresence Services

DirectoryServices

ConferenceServices

WebServices

What does it have to do with ISP’s?What does it have to do with ISP’s?

IP telephony is point to pointIP telephony is point to point Looks like data to ISPLooks like data to ISP

Extra Services!Extra Services! Network QoS supportNetwork QoS support Processing ServicesProcessing Services Gateway ServicesGateway Services Database ServicesDatabase Services IN ServicesIN Services

Gateway ServicesGateway Services IP to PSTNIP to PSTN PSTN to IPPSTN to IP PSTN to PSTN, IP long PSTN to PSTN, IP long

distancedistance IP to IP, PSTN long IP to IP, PSTN long

distancedistance

PSTN GWGW

ISP NETWORK

Gateway ServicesGateway Services IP to PSTNIP to PSTN

Billing - accounts, credit Billing - accounts, credit cards, e-cashcards, e-cash

Discovery - based on cost, Discovery - based on cost, proximity, codec/protocol proximity, codec/protocol support, administratorsupport, administrator

Non-locality problem - Non-locality problem - partnerships; billing!partnerships; billing!

PSTN to IPPSTN to IP IP endpoint identificationIP endpoint identification

IP addressIP address Speech recognitionSpeech recognition alphabet keysalphabet keys telephone numberstelephone numbers

Telephone NumbersTelephone Numbers International, area code, mixed, International, area code, mixed,

10-XXX access10-XXX access

Gateway SelectionGateway Selection

Gateway ServicesGateway Services IP-PSTN-IP (access bypass)IP-PSTN-IP (access bypass)

use ISP as LECuse ISP as LEC improved voice qualityimproved voice quality

Discovery problemDiscovery problem Proximity of GW to IP addressProximity of GW to IP address Traditional routing?Traditional routing?

Phone connectionPhone connection transcode for voice only?transcode for voice only? Modem - IP links-on-demandModem - IP links-on-demand

BillingBilling

PSTN-IP-PSTN (long PSTN-IP-PSTN (long distance bypass)distance bypass) Nearly identical to IP to Nearly identical to IP to

PSTN casePSTN case Selection of gateway Selection of gateway

similar to PSTN to IP casesimilar to PSTN to IP case ISP can now be a long-ISP can now be a long-

distance provider - distance provider - ITSPITSP

Gateway ArchitectureGateway Architecture

PSTN CARD

DSP CARD

ETHERNET

CPU

PC - WIN NT or UNIX

T1, ISDN, analog

Basic HW ComponentsBasic HW Components PCPC DSP cardDSP card Telephony card (Dialogic, Natural Telephony card (Dialogic, Natural

Microsystems)Microsystems) Ethernet cardEthernet card

Gateways are a SOFTWARE problemGateways are a SOFTWARE problem call control, billing, accounting, net call control, billing, accounting, net

protocols, management, etc.protocols, management, etc.

Gateway FeaturesGateway Features CodecsCodecs

GSM, G.729, G.723, Elemedia, G.728, G.726GSM, G.729, G.723, Elemedia, G.728, G.726 Authentication/authorizationAuthentication/authorization AccountingAccounting Protocol compliance - H.323, H.332, SIPProtocol compliance - H.323, H.332, SIP ManagementManagement BillingBilling

credit cards, account, debit cards, phone credit cards, account, debit cards, phone cards, SETcards, SET

$/port$/port Telephony terminationTelephony termination

analog, T1, T3, ISDN PRIanalog, T1, T3, ISDN PRI IP terminationIP termination

Ethernet, Frame Relay, T1,T3, Ethernet, Frame Relay, T1,T3, ATM/SONETATM/SONET

RoutingRouting static, database access, pollingstatic, database access, polling

IVR SystemIVR System User ProfilesUser Profiles BridgingBridging

Main VendorsMain Vendors Lucent TechnologiesLucent Technologies

Enterprise and Carrier grade Enterprise and Carrier grade gatewaysgateways

Vienna SystemsVienna Systems VocalTechVocalTech MicomMicom NetiPhoneNetiPhone NetspeakNetspeak

PhoNetPhoNet EricssonEricsson AscendAscend …….. Several HUNDRED vendors.. Several HUNDRED vendors Prediction:Prediction:

Small players will lose to big, Small players will lose to big, carrier-grade capable vendorscarrier-grade capable vendors

ITSP’sITSP’s Internet Telephony Service ProvidersInternet Telephony Service Providers

PSTN to PSTN, IP long distancePSTN to PSTN, IP long distance

Several business models:Several business models: Run gateways, resell service to service providersRun gateways, resell service to service providers Run gateways and service; perhaps partner with other Run gateways and service; perhaps partner with other

such providers, also resell service to telcos and small such providers, also resell service to telcos and small ISP’sISP’s

Run service only, lease gateways from resellersRun service only, lease gateways from resellers Run clearinghouse for settlements and billing agreements Run clearinghouse for settlements and billing agreements

(Planet Telecom)(Planet Telecom)

Database Services - User Database Services - User LocationLocation How to determine IP address of a person you How to determine IP address of a person you

wish to talk towish to talk to Dynamic IP addresses make this a very hard Dynamic IP addresses make this a very hard

problemproblem Several approachesSeveral approaches

Single databaseSingle database Email-basedEmail-based

Location service provided by your ISPLocation service provided by your ISP

User LocationUser Location Single DatabaseSingle Database

User “registers” with well-known database when User “registers” with well-known database when logging in, “unregisters” when leavinglogging in, “unregisters” when leaving

Registration binds a unique identifier (your Registration binds a unique identifier (your name) to IP addressname) to IP address

To call a person, you query database with To call a person, you query database with identifier, and get IP address backidentifier, and get IP address back

Model used by H.323 (Gatekeepers)Model used by H.323 (Gatekeepers) Initial model used by most IP telephony software - Initial model used by most IP telephony software -

each software maintains its own listingeach software maintains its own listing Can have global directories - Four11Can have global directories - Four11 Big drawback - requires central directory for whole Big drawback - requires central directory for whole

planet - scalable? Who will run it?planet - scalable? Who will run it?

Email basedEmail based Your telephone address is your email Your telephone address is your email

addressaddress You register with a directory server You register with a directory server

associated with your domainassociated with your domain Other users find your directory server in DNSOther users find your directory server in DNS Can then query directory server to get your Can then query directory server to get your

IP addressIP address Scalable, uses existing infrastructure; email Scalable, uses existing infrastructure; email

names mnemonic (usually); portability; names mnemonic (usually); portability; multiple names, single email and telephony multiple names, single email and telephony identifieridentifier

Database Services - Voicemail Database Services - Voicemail

Your PC is not connected to Internet 24 hours per dayYour PC is not connected to Internet 24 hours per day Via Location Database, ISP knows when you are an are not connected - can provide Via Location Database, ISP knows when you are an are not connected - can provide

voicemail servicevoicemail service One method:One method:

Location server directs caller to contact voicemail server; caller leaves messageLocation server directs caller to contact voicemail server; caller leaves message Location server sends you email with a URLLocation server sends you email with a URL When you log in, you click on URL - brings you to a web page on the voicemail server and gets When you log in, you click on URL - brings you to a web page on the voicemail server and gets

a Java appleta Java applet Applet lets you sort and file messages, play them out, forward, rewind, etc.Applet lets you sort and file messages, play them out, forward, rewind, etc. Big plus: Don’t even need IP telephony software for voicemail, just email!Big plus: Don’t even need IP telephony software for voicemail, just email!

IN ServicesIN Services IN = Intelligent NetworkingIN = Intelligent Networking

Existing technology which lets you create services in telephone network via direct Existing technology which lets you create services in telephone network via direct control over switchescontrol over switches

Basic idea - let IP hosts (ISP servers) set up services in telephone networkBasic idea - let IP hosts (ISP servers) set up services in telephone network ExamplesExamples

Click-to-dialClick-to-dial Click-for-faxbackClick-for-faxback Click-for-contentClick-for-content

IN ServicesIN Services Click to DialClick to Dial

Web page has link to call customer service Web page has link to call customer service department, and a form entry to fill in your department, and a form entry to fill in your phone numberphone number

Click on link - web server instructs telephone Click on link - web server instructs telephone switches to connect you to customer serviceswitches to connect you to customer service

Your phone rings, then customer serviceYour phone rings, then customer service Call billed to companyCall billed to company

Click for faxbackClick for faxback Same as above, except your phone is a fax Same as above, except your phone is a fax

machine, and customer service phone is a fax machine, and customer service phone is a fax bankbank

Gives you instant access to fax databasesGives you instant access to fax databases

Click for contentClick for content You wish to listen to an audio file You wish to listen to an audio file

over the telephoneover the telephone Click on web page, fill in form with Click on web page, fill in form with

telephone number.telephone number. Media server (either in PSTN or on Media server (either in PSTN or on

Internet) calls your telephoneInternet) calls your telephone You control playback via You control playback via

telephone tones and/or PC telephone tones and/or PC controlscontrols

How to do it all?How to do it all? Lots of protocols involvedLots of protocols involved

RTP (Real Time Protocol)RTP (Real Time Protocol) H.323 (ITU Spec for Multimedia Conferencing)H.323 (ITU Spec for Multimedia Conferencing) SIP (Session Initiation Protocol)SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) RTSP (Real Time Streaming Protocol)RTSP (Real Time Streaming Protocol) LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol)LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol)

Lots still under developmentLots still under development Gateway DiscoveryGateway Discovery IN ServicesIN Services User LocationUser Location

Skip DetailsSkip Details

RTP/RTCPRTP/RTCP RTP provides forRTP provides for

Real time transportReal time transport ResequencingResequencing Payload type identificationPayload type identification Intra and Inter media synchronizationIntra and Inter media synchronization EncryptionEncryption MulticastMulticast

Per User demultiplexing - SSRCPer User demultiplexing - SSRC

RTP does notRTP does not Provide QoSProvide QoS Require RSVPRequire RSVP

RTP is a frameworkRTP is a framework Specific payload formats defined for H.263, etc.Specific payload formats defined for H.263, etc. UDP Port numbers based on applicationUDP Port numbers based on application

Real Time Control ProtocolReal Time Control Protocol RTP port + 1RTP port + 1 Used forUsed for

QoS ReportingQoS Reporting Sender reports: packets sent, bytes sentSender reports: packets sent, bytes sent Receiver reports (per sender): loss, delay, jitter Receiver reports (per sender): loss, delay, jitter

observed; instantaneous and cumulativeobserved; instantaneous and cumulative

Media SynchronizationMedia Synchronization NTP and RTP Timestamp correlationNTP and RTP Timestamp correlation

Loose Session ControlLoose Session Control Hello, Bye messagesHello, Bye messages SDES - email, username, CNAME, etcSDES - email, username, CNAME, etc

H.323H.323 Monstrous ITU Specification for Multimedia ConferencingMonstrous ITU Specification for Multimedia Conferencing H.323 is an umbrella - many sub-specifications:H.323 is an umbrella - many sub-specifications:

H.225.0: Call control, RASH.225.0: Call control, RAS H.245: Capabilities Exchange, Indications, NotificationsH.245: Capabilities Exchange, Indications, Notifications H.332 - Large Group conferencesH.332 - Large Group conferences H.450 - Supplementary ServicesH.450 - Supplementary Services G.711, G.728, G.729, G.723.1 - speech codersG.711, G.728, G.729, G.723.1 - speech coders H.261, H.263 - video codersH.261, H.263 - video coders H.246 - Interworking between H.323 and other H.XXX standardsH.246 - Interworking between H.323 and other H.XXX standards H.235 - Security for H.323 terminalsH.235 - Security for H.323 terminals

H.323 ElementsH.323 Elements H.323 TerminalH.323 Terminal

PC with H.323 softwarePC with H.323 software MCUMCU

Multipoint Control UnitMultipoint Control Unit Mixes audio and videoMixes audio and video

MCMC Multipoint ControllerMultipoint Controller Performs signaling for centralized conferencesPerforms signaling for centralized conferences

MPMP Multipoint ProcessorMultipoint Processor Actual device for mixing audio and videoActual device for mixing audio and video

GatekeeperGatekeeper Controls sessionsControls sessions Performs user location and registrationPerforms user location and registration Performs admission controlPerforms admission control Reroutes signalingReroutes signaling Processes RAS (Registration, Admissions, Processes RAS (Registration, Admissions,

Status) from H.323 terminalsStatus) from H.323 terminals GatewayGateway

Interface between H.323 systems and other Interface between H.323 systems and other systems - PSTN, H.324 (PSTN multimedia), systems - PSTN, H.324 (PSTN multimedia), H.320 (ISDN multimedia), H.321 (ATM H.320 (ISDN multimedia), H.321 (ATM multimedia)multimedia)

H.323 in an ISP NetworkH.323 in an ISP Network

GATEKEEPER

GATEWAY

GATEWAY

MCU (MP and MC)

POP-IN-A-BOX

ISP IP NETWORK

DATABASESTORAGE

TO PSTN

TO PSTN

H.323 TERMINALS

Basic H.323 Call FlowBasic H.323 Call FlowTCP SYN

TCP SYN ACK

H.225 SETUP

H.225 CONNECT

TCP SYN

TCP SYN ACK

CAPABILITIES/MASTER-SLAVE

CAPABILITIES/MS-ACK/CAP-ACK

CAP-ACK/MS-ACK/OPEN AUDIO

OPEN ACK/ OPEN AUDIO

OPEN ACK

AUDIO DATA

Session Initiation ProtocolSession Initiation Protocol IETF StandardIETF Standard Lightweight multimedia session Lightweight multimedia session

initiation, call control, capabilities initiation, call control, capabilities exchange, and user locationexchange, and user location

Based on http; textual, reuses Based on http; textual, reuses authentication mechanismsauthentication mechanisms

Provides full telephony services: Provides full telephony services: call forward, transfer, 800,900 call forward, transfer, 800,900 style numbersstyle numbers

Supports personal mobilitySupports personal mobility Addressing based on email Addressing based on email

addressaddress Uses SDP (Session Description Uses SDP (Session Description

Protocol) for expressing Protocol) for expressing capabilitiescapabilities

Basic methods:Basic methods: INVITE - ask a user to join a session; INVITE - ask a user to join a session;

callee responds with accept or reject, callee responds with accept or reject, along with a slew of reason codesalong with a slew of reason codes

OPTIONS - obtain capabilities, but don’t OPTIONS - obtain capabilities, but don’t inviteinvite

CONNECTED - acknowledges acceptanceCONNECTED - acknowledges acceptance BYE - for transfers and session BYE - for transfers and session

terminationsterminations REGISTER - Allows a user to register with REGISTER - Allows a user to register with

a SIP servera SIP server

Wi-Fi HotspotWi-Fi Hotspot

A specific geographic location in A specific geographic location in which an access point provides which an access point provides public wireless broadbandpublic wireless broadband services to services to mobile visitorsmobile visitors. .

Hotspots are often located in Hotspots are often located in heavily populated places such as heavily populated places such as airportsairports, , convention centersconvention centers, , coffee shopscoffee shops, , hotelshotels, and so on, and so on

HotSpot HotSpot MotivationMotivation

an increasing trend toward an increasing trend toward being being always onalways on, , always always activeactive, and , and always always connectedconnected and delivering and delivering high-speed data and high-speed data and Internet applications to Internet applications to wireless subscriberswireless subscribers

Wireless TaxonomyWireless Taxonomy

Wireless WANs (WWAN)/Nomadic NetworksHigh power, long range

Various cellular and related technologies (GSM, GPRS, CDPD, TDMA, etc.)

Wireless LANs (WLANs)Medium power, medium range

IEEE 802.11 and similar technologies

Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs)Low power, short range

Bluetooth, HomeRF, IrDA, IEEE 802.15 technologies

PAL/HotspotService

Standards – IEEE 802Standards – IEEE 802

Bluetooth/Bluetooth/IEEE IEEE 802.15802.15

Derivation of Bluetooth 1.x spec and more meaningful Derivation of Bluetooth 1.x spec and more meaningful standards for developments relate to Bluetooth applications standards for developments relate to Bluetooth applications profiles, operates profiles, operates at 2.4 GHzat 2.4 GHz

IEEE IEEE 802.11802.11

Basic standard for WLANs which was developed in the late Basic standard for WLANs which was developed in the late 1990s supporting speeds up to 1990s supporting speeds up to 2 Mbps2 Mbps

IEEE IEEE 802.11b802.11b

Basic standard for WLANs. An extension of the IEEE 802.11 Basic standard for WLANs. An extension of the IEEE 802.11 specifications, supporting speeds of 1, 2, 5.5, and specifications, supporting speeds of 1, 2, 5.5, and 11 Mbps11 Mbps. . Operates Operates at 2.4 GHzat 2.4 GHz

IEEE IEEE 802.11a802.11a

High-speed WLAN supports 6, 12, and 24 Mbps (mandatory), 9, High-speed WLAN supports 6, 12, and 24 Mbps (mandatory), 9, 18, 36, 48, and 18, 36, 48, and 54 Mbps54 Mbps (optional), operating (optional), operating at 5 GHzat 5 GHz

Standards – IEEE 802 (cont’)Standards – IEEE 802 (cont’)

IEEE 802.11eIEEE 802.11eRevision of 802.11 MAC standards, this provides QoS Revision of 802.11 MAC standards, this provides QoS

capabilities needed for real-time applications like IP capabilities needed for real-time applications like IP telephony and voicetelephony and voice

IEEE 802.11gIEEE 802.11gA new standard for A new standard for 2.4 GHz2.4 GHz WLANs, this provides a bump WLANs, this provides a bump

in the data rate to in the data rate to 20+ Mbps20+ Mbps (aiming at 54 Mbps), but (aiming at 54 Mbps), but backward-compatible products will not arrive soonbackward-compatible products will not arrive soon

IEEE 802.11iIEEE 802.11iMired in technical debate and politics, this is critical to Mired in technical debate and politics, this is critical to

WLAN market expansion, but delays and indecisiveness WLAN market expansion, but delays and indecisiveness may make it meaningless if de facto standards emergemay make it meaningless if de facto standards emerge

IEEE 802.16IEEE 802.16Its goal is to define physical and MAC standards for fixed Its goal is to define physical and MAC standards for fixed

point-to-multipoint broadband wireless access (BWA) point-to-multipoint broadband wireless access (BWA) systemssystems

IEEE 802.1xIEEE 802.1x

Security framework for all IEEE 802 networks, this is one of framework for all IEEE 802 networks, this is one of the key components of future multivendor interoperable the key components of future multivendor interoperable wireless security systems, but implementation will not wireless security systems, but implementation will not be simplebe simple

Standards – WWAN 2G/2.5G/3GStandards – WWAN 2G/2.5G/3GTDMATDMA 2G standard used by AT&T wireless services2G standard used by AT&T wireless services

GSMGSM 2G standard which is most widely used in Europe, based on TDMA2G standard which is most widely used in Europe, based on TDMA

CDMACDMA 2G standard. It is the leading air interface in North America, patented by 2G standard. It is the leading air interface in North America, patented by QualcommQualcomm

GPRSGPRS2.5G standard for WWANs based on GSM systems deployed throughout 2.5G standard for WWANs based on GSM systems deployed throughout

Europe and in other parts of the world. GPRS is an IP-based, packet-Europe and in other parts of the world. GPRS is an IP-based, packet-data system providing theoretical peak data rates of up to 160 Kbpsdata system providing theoretical peak data rates of up to 160 Kbps

EDGEEDGE Pushes the GPRS data rate to 384 Kbps, but upgrades may be costly for Pushes the GPRS data rate to 384 Kbps, but upgrades may be costly for carrierscarriers

CDMA 2000 CDMA 2000 1x1x

2.5 G standard for WWANs, this provides more efficient voice and packet-2.5 G standard for WWANs, this provides more efficient voice and packet-switched data services with peak data rate of 153 Kbpsswitched data services with peak data rate of 153 Kbps

CDMA 2000 CDMA 2000 1xEV1xEV

Qualcomm is pushing 1xEV as an evolution of 1x technology. It uses a Qualcomm is pushing 1xEV as an evolution of 1x technology. It uses a 1.25 MHz CDMA radio channel dedicated to and optimized for packet 1.25 MHz CDMA radio channel dedicated to and optimized for packet data, and has throughputs of more than 2 Mbpsdata, and has throughputs of more than 2 Mbps

CDMA 2000 CDMA 2000 3x3x

3G standard for WWANs, this uses the same architecture as 1x. It offers 3G standard for WWANs, this uses the same architecture as 1x. It offers 384 Kbps outdoors and 2 Mbps indoors, but operators will likely need 384 Kbps outdoors and 2 Mbps indoors, but operators will likely need to wait for new spectrumto wait for new spectrum

WCDMAWCDMA3G standard similar to CDMA 2000 but uses wider 5 MHz radio channels. 3G standard similar to CDMA 2000 but uses wider 5 MHz radio channels.

It provides data rates up to 2 Mbps, but more spectrum needs to be It provides data rates up to 2 Mbps, but more spectrum needs to be allocated in some areasallocated in some areas

Technologies - WLANsTechnologies - WLANs Wireless PHYsWireless PHYs

Spread Spectrum (SS): a wideband Spread Spectrum (SS): a wideband radio frequency (RF) technique that radio frequency (RF) technique that trades off bandwidth efficiency for trades off bandwidth efficiency for reliability, integrity, and securityreliability, integrity, and security

Infrared (IR) technology: use very high Infrared (IR) technology: use very high frequencies just below visible light to frequencies just below visible light to carry data. IR cannot penetrate opaque carry data. IR cannot penetrate opaque objects. Inexpensive. Limited range.objects. Inexpensive. Limited range.

CSMA/CACSMA/CA Designed to solve hidden node situation Designed to solve hidden node situation

in wireless communication to prevent in wireless communication to prevent packet collisionpacket collision

Technologies – WPANsTechnologies – WPANs

BluetoothBluetooth A low-cost, low-power, short-range A low-cost, low-power, short-range

radio link for mobile devices and radio link for mobile devices and WAN/LAN APs. It offers fast and WAN/LAN APs. It offers fast and reliable digital transmission of both reliable digital transmission of both voice and data over the globally voice and data over the globally available 2.4 GHz ISM bandavailable 2.4 GHz ISM band

The raw throughput is The raw throughput is 1 Mbps1 Mbps, and the , and the actual data rate is 728 Kbpsactual data rate is 728 Kbps

Technologies - WWANsTechnologies - WWANs

Up to now, WWAN architectures have Up to now, WWAN architectures have focused on focused on voice servicesvoice services or at most low- or at most low-speed circuit-mode data. The plans for the speed circuit-mode data. The plans for the future are to add higher-speed data services. future are to add higher-speed data services. Hotspot networks continue to be best served Hotspot networks continue to be best served by WLANs and WPANs for the next two to by WLANs and WPANs for the next two to three years rather than WWANsthree years rather than WWANs

Major cellular architectures include TDMA, Major cellular architectures include TDMA, cdmaOne, GSM/GPRS. cdmaOne, GSM/GPRS.

CDMA2000 and W-CDMA have limited CDMA2000 and W-CDMA have limited support for data services support for data services

Business Users Must Haves

To be able to Send/Receive and Store messages seamlessly from any device.

Access all available electronic data related to their work from

most devices.

Central Network Based Address Book

Access and Schedule Business and Personal related Appointments, Events, Reminders…

PC, Mac,

Web station

WAP, i-Mode, PDAWAP, i-Mode, PDA

iTV

TabletPC

In-flight & Car Entertainment

Internet Kiosk

Wireless Internet – From a Business PerspectiveWireless Internet – From a Business Perspective

enterprise

What does the enterprise need ?What does the enterprise need ?

Collaborative Wireless Applications that Increase Collaborative Wireless Applications that Increase Personal Productivity and which are:Personal Productivity and which are:

Secure and ReliableSecure and Reliable

Easy to Deploy & MaintainEasy to Deploy & Maintain

Modular to Allow for changes in size and Modular to Allow for changes in size and technologytechnology

Anywhere, Anyhow, Anytime AccessAnywhere, Anyhow, Anytime Access

Low TCO and Affordable AccessLow TCO and Affordable Access

LAN WiFI

PC TabletPC

Laptop

PDA

Appliances

PC

PC

PC

PC

Operators Network EnvironmentOperators Network Environment

WiFi hotspots

TelcoxSP

WiFI

PC TabletPC

Bluetooth

Game console

Broadband

Phone

PDA

Laptop

Internet

Phone

Broadband

What are the Opportunities for Carriers ?What are the Opportunities for Carriers ?

Offer Collaborative Wireless Internet Solutions Offer Collaborative Wireless Internet Solutions to the Enterprise market thus allowing them to :to the Enterprise market thus allowing them to :

Increase ARPUIncrease ARPU Whether billed directly or via cross billing, business users Whether billed directly or via cross billing, business users

will be forced to connect to your services, thus increasing will be forced to connect to your services, thus increasing your revenues.your revenues.

Increase Customer LoyaltyIncrease Customer Loyalty As data becomes centric, the companies will be less apt to As data becomes centric, the companies will be less apt to

change the storage locationchange the storage location Operators can target individual business users by being Operators can target individual business users by being

taking a “complete provider approach” especially for taking a “complete provider approach” especially for address book and calendar and file storage.address book and calendar and file storage.

Operator Business ModelsOperator Business Models Packaging Models, Packaging Models, subscription basedsubscription based

Internet Access bundleInternet Access bundle One broadband connectionOne broadband connection One WiFi WLAN router One WiFi WLAN router

Collaborative Messaging ApplicationsCollaborative Messaging Applications EmailEmail Address bookAddress book CalendarCalendar File storageFile storage

Optional Interface Customizations to Large Optional Interface Customizations to Large EnterprisesEnterprises

Operator Business ModelsOperator Business Models Pay-per-use ModelsPay-per-use Models

Internet AccessInternet Access WiFi hotspot prepaid hoursWiFi hotspot prepaid hours GPRS connections with billed upon kb transfer GPRS connections with billed upon kb transfer

in/outin/out Voice access on per minute usageVoice access on per minute usage

Messaging ApplicationsMessaging Applications Email, address book, calendar, file storage Email, address book, calendar, file storage

applications are availableapplications are available SMS/MMS bundleSMS/MMS bundle

Digital Subscriber LineDigital Subscriber LineTechnologiesTechnologies

(DSL)(DSL)

Definition of Terms UsedDefinition of Terms Used DSL stands for Digital Subscriber DSL stands for Digital Subscriber

LineLine High Speed DataHigh Speed Data Subscriber LineSubscriber Line Upstream & DownstreamUpstream & Downstream Symmetric and AsymmetricSymmetric and Asymmetric No Dial Ups necessaryNo Dial Ups necessary

Exchange Userdownstream

upstream

Types of DSL Technologies Types of DSL Technologies

Asymmetric DSL (ADSL)Asymmetric DSL (ADSL) ADSL LightADSL Light Rate-Adaptive DSL (RADSL)Rate-Adaptive DSL (RADSL) ADSL 2ADSL 2 ADSL 2+ADSL 2+

High bit rate DSL (HDSL)High bit rate DSL (HDSL) Symmetric DSL (SDSL)Symmetric DSL (SDSL) Single-pair high speed DSL (SHDSL/HDSL2)Single-pair high speed DSL (SHDSL/HDSL2)

Very High Data Rate DSL (VDSL)Very High Data Rate DSL (VDSL) Other DSL Technologies: IDSL & VoDSLOther DSL Technologies: IDSL & VoDSL

ADSLADSL

Fast Broadband connectionFast Broadband connection Always OnAlways On AsymmetricAsymmetric Dedicated ChannelDedicated Channel Typical Data Rates in Australia today are : Typical Data Rates in Australia today are :

1.5 Mbits/s downstream & 512 kbits/s upstream1.5 Mbits/s downstream & 512 kbits/s upstream Typical Reach: up to Typical Reach: up to 3 km3 km

Coexists with POTS (Plain Old Telephone Coexists with POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service)Service)

ITU-T Recommendation G992.1ITU-T Recommendation G992.1

Equipment Used in ADSLEquipment Used in ADSL

Transmission LineTransmission Line DSLAM (ATU-C)DSLAM (ATU-C)

DSL Modem (ATU-R)DSL Modem (ATU-R) SplitterSplitter

DSL Modem Computer

Telephone

PSTN

Splitter Splitter

Twisted Pair

Exchange Customer Premises

DSLAM

PSTN

ADSL LimitationsADSL Limitations

Frequency ResponseFrequency Response CrosstalkCrosstalk Other Limitation to ADSL Services Other Limitation to ADSL Services

are:are: Bridge TapsBridge Taps Loading CoilsLoading Coils Cable JointsCable Joints RIMS RIMS Pair GainPair Gain

ADSL Line Coding & ModulationADSL Line Coding & Modulation

What is line CodingWhat is line Coding Line coding techniques used with ADSL:Line coding techniques used with ADSL:

DMTDMT:: (DMT) Discreet Multitone Modulation(DMT) Discreet Multitone Modulation The transmission of several narrow sub-channels.The transmission of several narrow sub-channels. Divides signals into 247 separate channels at 4 kHz.Divides signals into 247 separate channels at 4 kHz.

QAM/CAPQAM/CAP: : (QAM) Quadrature Amplitude and Phase Modulation(QAM) Quadrature Amplitude and Phase Modulation Combines two different types of Combines two different types of

modulation; modulation; amplitude and and phase.. (CAP) Carrierless Amplitude and Phase Modulation.(CAP) Carrierless Amplitude and Phase Modulation. Similar to QAM, divides signals into three distinct bands.Similar to QAM, divides signals into three distinct bands.

ADSL Frequency GraphADSL Frequency Graph

ADSL ApplicationsADSL Applications Internet based applicationsInternet based applications

Online ShoppingOnline Shopping EmailEmail Streaming VideoStreaming Video MP3 (music files)MP3 (music files) E-commerceE-commerce Fast file transferFast file transfer Video on DemandVideo on Demand

Other forms of ADSLOther forms of ADSL

ADSL LightADSL Light Also known as G.Light and Universal ADSLAlso known as G.Light and Universal ADSL SplitterlessSplitterless Lower Outlay CostsLower Outlay Costs Lower Data RatesLower Data Rates ITU-T Recommendation G.992.2ITU-T Recommendation G.992.2

DSL Modem Computer

Telephone

PSTN

Splitter Splitter

Twisted Pair

Exchange Customer Premises

DSLAM

Other forms of ADSL cont…Other forms of ADSL cont…

Rate Adaptive DSLRate Adaptive DSL Essentially the same as ADSLEssentially the same as ADSL Rate Adaptive ModemRate Adaptive Modem Data rates similar to ADSLData rates similar to ADSL Non-standardNon-standard

Other forms of ADSL cont…Other forms of ADSL cont…

ADSL 2ADSL 2 Improves Data Rate and ReachImproves Data Rate and Reach Enhanced capabilitiesEnhanced capabilities Power managementPower management Seamless Rate Adaption (SRA)Seamless Rate Adaption (SRA) ITU-T Recommendation G.992.3ITU-T Recommendation G.992.3

ADSL 2+ADSL 2+ Double the Downstream BandwidthDouble the Downstream Bandwidth

HDSLHDSL

History & T1/E1History & T1/E1 First DSL Technology First DSL Technology

DevelopedDeveloped Largely InstalledLargely Installed Symmetric Symmetric

TransmissionTransmission 2 & 3 Pairs2 & 3 Pairs

Data RatesData Rates Capable distance Capable distance

from exchangefrom exchange Does not support Does not support

POTSPOTS ITU-T ITU-T

Recommendation Recommendation G.991.1 G.991.1 also known as G.hdslalso known as G.hdsl

Equipment Used in HDSLEquipment Used in HDSL

E1 configurationE1 configuration Digital Cross Connect (DCS)Digital Cross Connect (DCS) Transmission LineTransmission Line Customer Premises Equipment (CPE)Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) Mapping InterfaceMapping Interface HDSL Transmission Unit (HTU)HDSL Transmission Unit (HTU)

CPEDCS

HTU-RHTU - CMa

ppin

g

Inte

rfa

ce

Ma

ppin

g

Inte

rfa

ce

Exchange Customer

Features of HDSLFeatures of HDSL

Existing E1 needed line conditioningExisting E1 needed line conditioning No need of repeaters for HDSLNo need of repeaters for HDSL Greater ReachGreater Reach Data RatesData Rates

HDSL Line Coding & ModulationHDSL Line Coding & Modulation

2B1Q (4-PAM): 2 binary 1 quaternary2B1Q (4-PAM): 2 binary 1 quaternary Simple Modulation schemeSimple Modulation scheme An amplitude and phase modulation An amplitude and phase modulation

schemescheme Reduces the frequency spectrum by Reduces the frequency spectrum by

halfhalf

CAPCAP

HDSL ApplicationsHDSL Applications

Designed for Business usersDesigned for Business users Symmetric nature - same upstream Symmetric nature - same upstream

and downstream data ratesand downstream data rates Examples of ApplicationsExamples of Applications

Video Conferencing & Distance Learning.Video Conferencing & Distance Learning. LAN/LAN interconnectLAN/LAN interconnect Web hostingWeb hosting

Other forms of HDSLOther forms of HDSL

Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL):Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL): SymmetricSymmetric One copper pairOne copper pair Range of speedsRange of speeds

Uses 2B1Q Uses 2B1Q codingcoding

Phased outPhased out ProprietaryProprietary

SDSL Data RateSDSL Data Rate Maximum Distance (km)Maximum Distance (km)

128 kbit/s128 kbit/s 6.71 6.71

256 kbit/s256 kbit/s 6.566.56

384 kbit/s384 kbit/s 4.424.42

768 kbit/s768 kbit/s 3.973.97

1.024 Mbit/s1.024 Mbit/s 3.513.51

Other forms of HDSL cont…Other forms of HDSL cont…

Single-pair high-speed DSL (SHDSL):Single-pair high-speed DSL (SHDSL): Known as G.shdsl with ITU–T and HDSL2 Known as G.shdsl with ITU–T and HDSL2

with ANSIwith ANSI Single pair of wiresSingle pair of wires Distance ranges between 1.8 km to 6.5 kmDistance ranges between 1.8 km to 6.5 km Data Rates between 192 kbit/s to 2312 kbit/s Data Rates between 192 kbit/s to 2312 kbit/s

(and growing)(and growing) Why SHDSL?Why SHDSL? Does not coexist with POTSDoes not coexist with POTS

VDSLVDSL Very fast DSL resembling ADSLVery fast DSL resembling ADSL Asymmetric and SymmetricAsymmetric and Symmetric Faster Data RatesFaster Data Rates Short distance from exchangeShort distance from exchange Provides for POTS and DSLProvides for POTS and DSL Uses Fibre in the loop network topologyUses Fibre in the loop network topology ITU-T Recommendation G.993.1ITU-T Recommendation G.993.1

VDSL EquipmentVDSL Equipment Transmission LineTransmission Line VDSL ModemVDSL Modem

Service ModuleService Module SplitterSplitter

User

ONUVTU-C

(VTU-O)

VTU - R

PSTN

Splitter Splitter

Service Module

VDSL Limitations & Line VDSL Limitations & Line CodingCoding LimitationsLimitations

Distance Distance Crosstalk & Crosstalk &

InterferenceInterference

Line CodingLine Coding The same as ADSLThe same as ADSL

Two consortiumsTwo consortiums Coalition - Coalition -

QAM/CAPQAM/CAP Alliance - DMTAlliance - DMT

VDSL Data Rates & DistanceVDSL Data Rates & Distance

Symmetric/AsymmetricSymmetric/Asymmetric Loop Range (m)Loop Range (m) Downstream (Mbps)Downstream (Mbps) Upstream (Mbps)Upstream (Mbps)

AsymmetricAsymmetric 10001000 2626 33

AsymmetricAsymmetric 300300 5252 66

SymmetricSymmetric 10001000 1313 1313

SymmetricSymmetric 300300 2626 2626

VDSL Frequency GraphVDSL Frequency Graph

Frequency (MHz)

DS – DownstreamUS – UpstreamOpt – Optional (either upstream or downstream)

Am

plitu

de

0

Voice Opt DS1 DS2US1 US2

12.004 ~8~5~30.1380.025

VDSL ApplicationsVDSL Applications

Services that rely on fast data rates will Services that rely on fast data rates will benefit from VDSLbenefit from VDSL Fast Internet browsingFast Internet browsing Video on demandVideo on demand Remote Learning applicationsRemote Learning applications TelehealthTelehealth High Quality TeleconferencingHigh Quality Teleconferencing Audio downloadsAudio downloads The only DSL service capable of the convergence The only DSL service capable of the convergence

of telephony, data and videoof telephony, data and video

Current and Emerging DSL TechnologiesCurrent and Emerging DSL Technologies

IDSL (ISDN DSL)IDSL (ISDN DSL) Uses the data network and bypasses exchange switchUses the data network and bypasses exchange switch Data rates are the same as ISDN: 144 kbit/s at a distance up to Data rates are the same as ISDN: 144 kbit/s at a distance up to

5.5 km5.5 km Benefits of IDSL: Benefits of IDSL:

Always onAlways on Flat rate rather than a per call rateFlat rate rather than a per call rate

VoDSL (Voice over DSL)VoDSL (Voice over DSL) Supports Voice and DataSupports Voice and Data Supports multiple voice calls over single DSL circuitSupports multiple voice calls over single DSL circuit Dynamic BandwidthDynamic Bandwidth All transmissions are digital All transmissions are digital

Comparison of xDSL Comparison of xDSL TechnologiesTechnologies

xDSLxDSL Modulation Modulation MethodMethod

Symmetric or Symmetric or AsymmetricAsymmetric

POTS POTS SupportSupport

# of # of Twisted Twisted

PairsPairs

Maximum Maximum ReachReach

(km)(km)

Maximum Maximum Bitrate Bitrate

DownstreaDownstreamm

Maximum Maximum Bitrate Bitrate

UpstreamUpstream

ADSLADSL QAM/CAP QAM/CAP or DMTor DMT

AsymmetricAsymmetric YesYes 11 5.55.5 6 Mbit/s6 Mbit/s 640 kbit/s640 kbit/s

ADSL ADSL lightlight

QAM/CAP QAM/CAP or DMTor DMT

AsymmetricAsymmetric YesYes 11 5.55.5 1.5 Mbit/s1.5 Mbit/s 512 kbit/s512 kbit/s

HDSLHDSL 2B1Q2B1Q SymmetricSymmetric NoNo 1, 2, 31, 2, 3 3.63.6 2 Mbit/s2 Mbit/s 2 Mbit/s2 Mbit/s

SDSLSDSL 2B1Q2B1Q SymmetricSymmetric NoNo 11 6.56.5 2.3 Mbit/s2.3 Mbit/s 2.3 Mbit/s2.3 Mbit/s

SHDSLSHDSL PAMPAM SymmetricSymmetric NoNo 1, 21, 2 6.56.5 4 Mbit/s4 Mbit/s 4 Mbit/s4 Mbit/s

IDSLIDSL 2B1Q2B1Q SymmetricSymmetric NoNo 11 5.55.5 144 kbit/s144 kbit/s 144 kbit/s144 kbit/s

VDSLVDSL QAM/CAP QAM/CAP or DMTor DMT

Asymmetric Asymmetric or or

SymmetricSymmetric

YesYes 11 11 52 Mbit/s52 Mbit/s 6 Mbit/s6 Mbit/s

Comparison of xDSL Comparison of xDSL TechnologiesTechnologies

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

VDSL

IDSL

SHDSL

SDSL

HDSL

ADSL light

ADSL

Distance from Exchange (km)

Fiber To The Home Fiber To The Home (FTTH)(FTTH)

What is FTTH?What is FTTH? Copper

Fiber

24 kbps - 1.5 MbpsOld networks, optimized for voice

CO/HE

19 Mbps - 1 Gbps +Optical networks, optimized for voice, video and data

CO/HE//

CO/HE//

//

Note: network may be aerial or underground

What is FTTH?What is FTTH? ““An OAN in which the ONU is on or within the An OAN in which the ONU is on or within the

customer’s premise. Although the first installed customer’s premise. Although the first installed capacity of a FTTH network varies, the upgrade capacity of a FTTH network varies, the upgrade capacity of a FTTH network exceeds all other capacity of a FTTH network exceeds all other transmission media.”transmission media.” OAN: OAN: Optical Access NetworkOptical Access Network ONU: ONU: Optical Network UnitOptical Network Unit OLT:OLT: Optical Line TerminationOptical Line Termination

CO/HE//

ONUOLT

Source: www.ftthcouncil.org

OAN

FTTH ComponentsFTTH Components

CO/HE

Optical fiber and lasers

Architecture (Electronics)- PON?- Active node?- Hybrid?

Transport- ATM?- Ethernet?

Philosophy- Retail- Wholesale

Technical considerations

//

Why FTTH?Why FTTH? Enormous information carrying capacityEnormous information carrying capacity

Easily upgradeableEasily upgradeable

Ease of installationEase of installation

Allows fully symmetric servicesAllows fully symmetric services Reduced operations and maintenance costs Reduced operations and maintenance costs Benefits of optical fiber:Benefits of optical fiber:

Very long distancesVery long distances Strong, flexible, and reliableStrong, flexible, and reliable Allows small diameter and light weight cablesAllows small diameter and light weight cables Secure Secure Immune to electromagnetic interference (EMI)Immune to electromagnetic interference (EMI)

Why FTTH? - more capacity*Why FTTH? - more capacity*

* Typical system capability for 100 m link

0

50

100

150

200

Gb

ps

Twisted Pair Co-ax Multimode Single-mode

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

kilo

mete

rs

Twisted Pair Co-axial Multimode Single-mode

Why FTTH? - longer distances*Why FTTH? - longer distances*

* Typical distance for 1 Gbps system capability

Why FTTH? - fiber versus copperWhy FTTH? - fiber versus copper

A single copper pair is capableA single copper pair is capableof carrying 6 phone callsof carrying 6 phone calls

A single fiber pair is capable ofA single fiber pair is capable ofcarrying carrying overover 2.5 million2.5 millionsimultaneous phone callssimultaneous phone calls(64 channels at 2.5 Gb/s)(64 channels at 2.5 Gb/s)

A fiber optic cable with the sameA fiber optic cable with the sameinformation carrying capacity information carrying capacity (bandwidth) as a comparable (bandwidth) as a comparable copper cable is less than 1% of copper cable is less than 1% of both the size and weightboth the size and weight

A single copper pair is capableA single copper pair is capableof carrying 6 phone callsof carrying 6 phone calls

A single fiber pair is capable ofA single fiber pair is capable ofcarrying carrying overover 2.5 million2.5 millionsimultaneous phone callssimultaneous phone calls(64 channels at 2.5 Gb/s)(64 channels at 2.5 Gb/s)

A fiber optic cable with the sameA fiber optic cable with the sameinformation carrying capacity information carrying capacity (bandwidth) as a comparable (bandwidth) as a comparable copper cable is less than 1% of copper cable is less than 1% of both the size and weightboth the size and weight

Why FTTH? - fiber versus copperWhy FTTH? - fiber versus copper

GlassGlass Uses lightUses light TransparentTransparent Dielectric material-Dielectric material-

nonconductivenonconductive EMI immuneEMI immune

Low thermal expansionLow thermal expansion Brittle, rigid materialBrittle, rigid material Chemically stableChemically stable

CopperCopper Uses electricityUses electricity OpaqueOpaque Electrically conductive Electrically conductive

materialmaterial Susceptible to EMISusceptible to EMI

High thermal expansionHigh thermal expansion Ductile materialDuctile material Subject to corrosion and Subject to corrosion and

galvanic reactionsgalvanic reactions

//

CoreCore Carries the light signalsCarries the light signals Silica and a dopantSilica and a dopant

CladdingCladding Keeps the light in the coreKeeps the light in the core Pure SilicaPure Silica

CoatingCoating Protects the glassProtects the glass Acrylate (plastic)Acrylate (plastic)

CoreCore Carries the light signalsCarries the light signals Silica and a dopantSilica and a dopant

CladdingCladding Keeps the light in the coreKeeps the light in the core Pure SilicaPure Silica

CoatingCoating Protects the glassProtects the glass Acrylate (plastic)Acrylate (plastic)

How do optical fibers work?How do optical fibers work?

Len Ray

CORE

CLADDING

COATING

245 μm 125 μm 8 - 62.5 μm

How do optical fibers work?How do optical fibers work?

Optical fibers work on the principle Optical fibers work on the principle of total internal reflectionof total internal reflection

Light waves (“modes”) are reflected Light waves (“modes”) are reflected and guided down the length of an and guided down the length of an optical fiberoptical fiber

CORE

CLADDING

Types of lasers usedTypes of lasers used There are two laser technologies that are used for There are two laser technologies that are used for

nearly all single mode communications applicationsnearly all single mode communications applications Fabry-Perot (F-P) lasersFabry-Perot (F-P) lasers

Lower in cost, lower in powerLower in cost, lower in power Poorer wavelength stabilityPoorer wavelength stability

Distributed Feedback (DFB) lasersDistributed Feedback (DFB) lasers Higher cost, higher powerHigher cost, higher power Excellent wavelength stabilityExcellent wavelength stability Excellent temperature stabilityExcellent temperature stability

Internally modulatedInternally modulated Good for moderate powers and distancesGood for moderate powers and distances

Externally modulatedExternally modulated Ultimate today for quality in broadcast applicationsUltimate today for quality in broadcast applications

Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VCSELs)Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VCSELs) Coming technology, promises lowest costsComing technology, promises lowest costs

Types of lasers usedTypes of lasers used Wavelengths used for Single Mode Fiber Wavelengths used for Single Mode Fiber

(long distances) communications(long distances) communications 1310 nm1310 nm

Usually lowest cost lasersUsually lowest cost lasers Used for shorter broadcast runs and short to moderate Used for shorter broadcast runs and short to moderate

data runsdata runs

1550 nm1550 nm Can be amplified with relatively low-cost erbium doped Can be amplified with relatively low-cost erbium doped

fiber amplifiers (EDFAs)fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) Lasers are fabricated on a number of different wavelengths Lasers are fabricated on a number of different wavelengths

(about 1535 – 1600 nm) for wave division multiplexing (about 1535 – 1600 nm) for wave division multiplexing (WDM) applications(WDM) applications

Slightly lower fiber loss at 1550 nmSlightly lower fiber loss at 1550 nm

1490 nm1490 nm Increasingly popular for downstream data in 3Increasingly popular for downstream data in 3 systems. systems.

Cannot be amplified as easilyCannot be amplified as easily Somewhat higher device costSomewhat higher device cost

Single and Dual Fiber SystemsSingle and Dual Fiber Systems

Single FiberSingle Fiber Downstream broadcast* on 1550 nmDownstream broadcast* on 1550 nm Upstream data on 1310 nmUpstream data on 1310 nm Downstream data on either 1310 or 1490 nm* Downstream data on either 1310 or 1490 nm*

depending on systemdepending on system AdvantagesAdvantages

Less fiber deployedLess fiber deployed Fewer optical passives (taps or splitters)Fewer optical passives (taps or splitters) Fewer labor-intensive connectionsFewer labor-intensive connections

* Downstream data can be carried at 1550 nm if not used for broadcast

Single and Dual Fiber SystemsSingle and Dual Fiber Systems

Dual FiberDual Fiber Various plans, usually one fiber will be used Various plans, usually one fiber will be used

for downstream and one for upstream, or one for downstream and one for upstream, or one will be used for broadcast and one for data. will be used for broadcast and one for data. Sometimes one will be used for specialized Sometimes one will be used for specialized services, such as returning RF-modulated services, such as returning RF-modulated data from set top terminalsdata from set top terminals

AdvantagesAdvantages Simplifies terminal passive componentsSimplifies terminal passive components Somewhat lower signal lossSomewhat lower signal loss

ArchitecturesArchitectures Passive Optical Networks (PONs)Passive Optical Networks (PONs)

Shares fiber optic strands for a portion of the Shares fiber optic strands for a portion of the networks distributionnetworks distribution

Uses optical splitters to separate and aggregate the Uses optical splitters to separate and aggregate the signalsignal

Power required only at the endsPower required only at the ends

Active NodeActive Node Subscribers have a dedicated fiber optic strandSubscribers have a dedicated fiber optic strand Many use active (powered) nodes to manage signal Many use active (powered) nodes to manage signal

distributiondistribution

Hybrid PONsHybrid PONs Literal combination of an Active and a PON Literal combination of an Active and a PON

architecturearchitecture

Skip DetailsSkip Details

Architectures – PON (A-. E- or G-)Architectures – PON (A-. E- or G-)

//

//

//

//

//

////

//ONU

OLT

Optical splitter

1x16 (1x2, 1x8)

1x32 (1x4, 1x8)

Usually 10-20 km

Architectures – PON (2) (A-. E- or G-)Architectures – PON (2) (A-. E- or G-)

//

//

//

//

//

////

//

1550 nm broadcast (if used)

1490* nm data

1310 nm data

* Data may be transmitted at 1550 nm if not used for video

ONU

OLT

Architectures – Active NodeArchitectures – Active Node

//

//

//

//

////

//ONU

Processing (powered)

Up to 70 km Up to 10 km

OLT

Architectures – Active Node (2)Architectures – Active Node (2)

//

//

//

//

////

//

1550 nm broadcast (if used)

Data, 1310 or 1550 nm (depending on

distance) on separate fibers

OLT

ONU

Architectures – Hybrid PONArchitectures – Hybrid PON

//

//

//

//

////

//ONU

OLT

Processing (powered)

Up to 70 km

//

//

Up to 10 km

Optical splitter

Optical splitter

Architectures – Hybrid PON (2)Architectures – Hybrid PON (2)

//

//

//

//

////

//

//

//

1550 nm broadcast

Data, 1310 or 1550 nm (depending on distance)

on separate fibers

Single fiber, 1550 broadcast, 1310 bidirectional data

OLT

ONU

Technical considerationsTechnical considerations DataData

How much per home?How much per home? How well can you share the channel?How well can you share the channel? Security – how do you protect the subscriber’s Security – how do you protect the subscriber’s

data?data? What kind of QoS parameters do you specify?What kind of QoS parameters do you specify? Compatible business services?Compatible business services?

SLAsSLAs T1T1

Support for voice?Support for voice? Support for video?Support for video?

BroadcastBroadcast IPTVIPTV

Technical considerationsTechnical considerations

DataData How much per home?How much per home? How well can you share the channel?How well can you share the channel? Security – how do you protect the Security – how do you protect the

subscriber’s data?subscriber’s data? What kind of QoS parameters do you What kind of QoS parameters do you

specify?specify?

Technical considerations - Speed

Data requirementsData requirements Competition: ADSL, cable modem ~0.5 to ~1.5 Mb/s Competition: ADSL, cable modem ~0.5 to ~1.5 Mb/s

shared, asymmetricalshared, asymmetrical FTTH ~10 to 30 Mb/s non-shared or several 100 Mb/s FTTH ~10 to 30 Mb/s non-shared or several 100 Mb/s

shared, symmetricalshared, symmetrical SDTV video takes 2-4 Mb/s today at IP levelSDTV video takes 2-4 Mb/s today at IP level HDTV takes maybe 5 times STDV requirementHDTV takes maybe 5 times STDV requirement Pictures can run 1 MB compressedPictures can run 1 MB compressed 5.1 channel streaming audio would run ~380 kb/s5.1 channel streaming audio would run ~380 kb/s

Technical considerations - Speed

Service

Required Data Rate

VoIP

Streaming audio

Picture in 15 seconds SDTV

HDTV

FTTH

DSL or cable modem

Technology Minutes Hours Days

Modem 56 kb/s

2

ISDN 128 kb/s

20

12

DSL 1 Mb/s 2.5

Cable 2.5 Mb/s

1

45

FTTH 0.4

Estimated minimum time to acquire BraveheartAugust 17, 2001:MGM, Paramount Pictures, Sony Pictures, Warner Brothers, and Universal Studios unveiled plans for a joint venture that would allow computer users to download rental copies of feature films over the Internet.

December 9, 2002:“Hollywood's Latest Flop”

Fortune Magazine“The files are huge. At 952 Megabytes, Braveheart took just less than five hours to download using our DSL Line at home… in the same time we could have made 20 round trips to our neighborhood Blockbuster”

Technical considerations – Speed

SecuritySecurity Data is shared in the downstream direction in most Data is shared in the downstream direction in most

systemssystems Your Gateway filters out all packets not intended for youYour Gateway filters out all packets not intended for you But there is fear that someone will snoop on your dataBut there is fear that someone will snoop on your data FSAN has a low-complexity, low-security encryption FSAN has a low-complexity, low-security encryption

schemescheme 802.3ah has formed a committee to study security802.3ah has formed a committee to study security Manufacturers have taken their own tacks on security, Manufacturers have taken their own tacks on security,

from none to robustfrom none to robust

Technical considerations

Data Flow and Security - Downstream

//

//

//

//

////

//

Tom Dick

Harry

T D H

T D

HBox on side of home separates out only the data bound for that subscriber. But the fear is that someone will fool his box into giving data intended for another subscriber. Solution is to encrypt the data.

Time division multiplex (TDM) – each subscriber’s data gets its turn.

Data Flow and Security - Upstream

//

//

//

//

////

//

Tom Dick

Harry

T D H

HDue to the physics of the network, Harry’s data flows upstream but does not come to Tom’s box, so Tom cannot see Harry’s data

Time division multiple access (TDMA) – similar to downstream, with gap for

laser start/stop

Data Flow and QoS

//

//

//

//

////

//

Tom Dick

Harry

T D H

T D

H

If Dick has paid for more bandwidth, he gets more

If Tom’s packets need higher priority (e.g., telephone), they go first

Telephony Considerations

Depending on whether the FTTH system is based on ATM or Ethernet, the basis of the phone technology is either conventional switched circuit or the newer VoIP

Conventional Switched-circuit Telephone

. . . . . .

During conversation, line is continually tied up in both directions To other class 4

and 5 switchesBob

Ted

Carol

Alice

Donald

Concentrator (DLC) Switch

Switched Circuit Telephony

Example VoIP System

To PSTNTelephone packets

Other data packets

During conversation, line is shared with other data packets on each side of the router

One Form of Voice on Internet Protocol (VoIP)

Customer Gateway

Customer Gateway

Media Gateway

Router (switch)

Customer Gateway

Customer Gateway

Customer Gateway

Bob

Ted

Carol

Alice

Donald

Data

Data

Data

Data

Data

Softswitch

Video

Video is a popular service, which is a good basis for any new entrant FTTH provider. There is one way to provide video on cable and satellite (broadcast) and one way to provide video on DSL (IPTV). There are two ways to provide video on FTTH (broadcast and IPTV). The market place can sort out the use of each, to the benefit of the subscriber. We will describe the differences.

Can send video several different ways on FTTHCan send video several different ways on FTTH Broadcast (cable TV standards)Broadcast (cable TV standards)

AnalogAnalog DigitalDigital Cable TV good engineering practice is 47-48 dB C/NCable TV good engineering practice is 47-48 dB C/N

FTTH can achieve 48-51 dB C/NFTTH can achieve 48-51 dB C/N Benefit from high volume and plethora of applications of cable boxesBenefit from high volume and plethora of applications of cable boxes RF return support for STTsRF return support for STTs

IPTV – TV transmitted over Internet ProtocolIPTV – TV transmitted over Internet Protocol Feasible, and some people are doing it in place of broadcastFeasible, and some people are doing it in place of broadcast Bandwidth hog, but statistics can work for youBandwidth hog, but statistics can work for you

Interesting hybrid model awaits hybrid STTs, but can Interesting hybrid model awaits hybrid STTs, but can give the best of both worldsgive the best of both worlds

Technical considerations - Video

Skip DetailsSkip Details

Ways of transmitting video

Baseband analog video

Modulated analog video

Other channels

Digital compressed video...101101001...

Ch 2 55.25Ch 3 61.25

etc.

Analog optical

transmitter

OR

. . .Other

data sources

Digital optical network

Digital optical

transceiver

syncblack

white

MPEG-2 transport

stream

Broadcast optical network

Encoder

Analog RF modulator

Digital RF modulator

Place MPEG packets in IP packets

L2/L3 Switch

Ways of transmitting video – wave division muxing

Analog (Broadcast)

optical transmitter

Digital optical

transceiver

Always 1550 nm

Several wavelength plans:1. 1310 nm bidirectional2. 1490 nm downstream,

1310 nm upstreamDigital optical

transceiver

Voice (typ POTS)

Data (typ 10/100Base-T), includes IPTV

Video to TVs and STTs

Analog optical

receiverRF

Diplexer

Headend, Central Office,OLT

Home terminal, NID, Gateway, ONT

Optical network

1550 nm

1310 and possibly 1490 nm

RF return from STTsWave

division multiplexer

(WDM)

Wave division

multiplexer (WDM)

AGC H

L

A/D & proc

Proc

Ways of transmitting video – broadcast headend

. .

. Analog channels

Digital channels

To distribution plant

...

Frequency

Amplitude

Ch 2

Ch 3

Linear (broadcast, analog) optical transmitter

Earth station

Spectrum diagram:

Analog channels Digital

channels

IRD

Analog RF modulator,

stereo, scrambler

Analog RF modulator,

stereo, scrambler

Transcoder, digital RF

modulator, upconverter

Transcoder, digital RF

modulator, upconverter

RF return signals

VOD server

IRT

IRD

Ways of transmitting video – broadcast subscriber

Analog (broadcast, linear) optical

receiver, one per endpoint

Set top terminal

Select channel by selecting frequency

Optics in

(Not required for analog-only service)

(opt. RF Return)

. .

.

Tuner Demod Descrambing Subscriber's TV

Ways of transmitting video – IPTV headend

. . .

. . .

Analog channels

Digital channels

To groups of subscribers

Digital (binary) optical transceiver (part of router)

. . . . . .

Downstream data

H D H D

IRD

IRD

IRT

IRT

Encoder

Encoder

Transcoder

Transcoder

VOD server

Other data sources

Pac

ket-

s wi t

ched

net

wo

rk

Ways of transmitting video – IPTV subscriber

Digital (binary) optical transceiver, one per

endpoint

FTTH interface

Other applications

IP Set top terminal

Select "channel" by requesting to join a multicast group, or requesting a stream from a VOD server

. . .

Optics in

Select data packets for subscriber

Packet request and selection

Decoding

H D H

In-home routing

Subscriber's TV

Ways of transmitting video – IPTV unicast (VOD)

Router A(headend)

Router B

Router C(network)

Router D(NID)

Router E

Program request

Program stream

In-home routing

In-home routing

In-home routing

Subscriber's TVSet top terminal

In-home routing

VOD server

. .

.

Router A(headend)

Router B

Router C(network)

Router D(NID)

Router EProgram packets

1 multicast video program

Larry's STT and TV

Moe's STT and TV

Curley's TVSTT

In-home routing

In-home routing

In-home routing

In-home routing

Encoder

Transcoder

Ways of transmitting video – IPTV unicast (VOD)

Ways of transmitting video – IPTV multicast.

.

.

Router A(headend)

Router B

Router C(network)

Router D(NID)

Router E

?

?

?

?

Program packets

Program requests

1 video program

Larry's STT and TV

Moe's STT and TV

Curley's TVSTT

In-home routing

In-home routing

In-home routing

In-home routing

Encoder

Transcoder

Ways of transmitting video – IPTV multicast.

.

.

Router A(headend)

Router B

Router C(network)

Router D(NID)

Router E

?

?

?

?

Program packets

Program requests

1 video program

Larry's STT and TV

Moe's STT and TV

Curley's TVSTT

In-home routing

In-home routing

In-home routing

In-home routing

Encoder

Transcoder

ENDEND