modern indian language (core mil) punjabi auto …

MODERN INDIAN LANGUAGE (CORE MIL)Punjabi Auto

gzikph ;t?^ihtBh ns/ ftjkoe gzikph

gkm Bzpo L 1 ;t?̂ ihtBh L f;XKse g~y

gkm Bzpo L 2 ‘;t?̂ ihtBh nzP’ (;zgkde, vkH wBihs f;zx

gkm Bzpo L 3 ‘fe;[ gfj y'bT[ rzmVh’ (eosko f;zx d[~rb)

gkm Bzpo L 4 “T[gBkw B/ehl e'qX th wjkB s/ f

w/b” (i;tzs f;zx B/eh)

gkm Bzpo L 5 ‘nkgD/ BK Bkba B|os’ (pbpho wkX'g[oh)

gkm Bzpo L 6 Ppd^p'X ns/ P[~X$nP[~X PpdK dh gSkD

gkm Bzpo L 7 g?ok ouBk

gkm Bzpo L 8 3H4 ftfrnkgB ouBk

Editor :- Kuldeep Kaur Pahwa (Dr.) Associate Professor (Punjabi Department) Shri Guru Tegh Bahadur Khalsa College University Campus D.U., Delhi-110007

Co-editor :- Manjeet Kaur (Dr.) Associate Professor (Punjabi Department) Guru Gobind Singh College of CommercePitam Pura, Delhi-110034

SCHOOL OF OPEN LEARNINGUNIVERSITY OF DELHI

5, Cavalry Lane, Delhi

Undergraduate Course

MODERN INDIAN LANGUAGE (CORE MIL)Punjabi Auto-biography & Functional Punjabi

gzikph ;t?^ihtBh ns/ ftjkoe gzikph

Study Material 1-8

CONTENTS

;t?̂ ihtBh L f;XKse g~y

‘;t?̂ ihtBh nzP’ (;zgkde, vkH wBihs f;zx)

‘fe;[ gfj y'bT[ rzmVh’ (eosko f;zx d[~rb)

“T[gBkw B/ehl e'qX th wjkB s/ f\wk th wjkBl o~p Bkba

w/b” (i;tzs f;zx B/eh)

‘nkgD/ BK Bkba B|os’ (pbpho wkX'g[oh)

Ppd^p'X ns/ P[~X$nP[~X PpdK dh gSkD

3H4 ftfrnkgB ouBk

Kuljit Singh Bhatia (Dr.)

Associate Professor (Retd.) (Punjabi Department)

College Desh Bandhu College (University of Delhi) Kalkaji, New Delhi

Guru Gobind Singh College of Commerce

SCHOOL OF OPEN LEARNING

UNIVERSITY OF DELHI 5, Cavalry Lane, Delhi-110007

Undergraduate Course

MODERN INDIAN LANGUAGE (CORE MIL)

Author :- Kuljit Singh Bhatia (Dr.)

Associate Professor (Retd.) (Punjabi Department) Desh Bandhu College (University of Delhi)

New Delhi-110019

1

gkm Bzpo L 1

Gkr gfjbk L f;XKse gfog/y

;t?îhtBh L f;XKse g~y! vkH e[bihs f;zx GkNhnk

nkozfGek

fgnko/ ftfdnkoEhU ` ‘ukfJ; p/;v eo?fvN f;;Nw’ (;hHphH;hHn?¤;H) d/ sfjs, fdZbh:{Bhtof;Nh tZb'A gk; ehs/ rJ/, ‘e'o’ n?¤wHnkJhHn?¤bH (gzikph, 2^;h) g/go dk f;b/p;, fJ;gqeko j? L^

1H f;XKse gfog/y

1H1 ;t?îhtBh L f;XKse gZy

1H2 ihtBh s/ ;t?îhtBh L nzso s/ ;KMK

1H3 nkX[fBe tkose d/ o{gkeko

1H4 gzikph ;t?îhtBh ;kfjs dk GftZy

1H5 ;zy/g T[¤soK tkba/ g®PB

2H wBihs f;zx (vkH) (;zgkH) 2011l ‘gzikph ;t?îhtBh nzP’, wBgqhs gqekPB,BthA fd~bh

2H1 G{fwek ftub/ ftuko

2H2 ;t?îhtBh nzPK ftu'A T[~GoD tkb/a b/ye^fpzp

2H3 gkmrs nfXn?B

2H4 P?bhrs ftP/PsktK

2H5 ;zy/g T[¤soK tkb/a gqPB

! n?;';hJ/N gq'|?;o (;/tk w[es), d/PpzX{ ekbi, ekbekih, BthA fdZbh.

2

3H ftjkoe gzikph

3H1 P[ZX^nP[ZX Ppd p"X

3H2 pj[noEe Ppd

3H3 g?ok ouBk

3H4 ftfrnkgB ouBk

fgnko/ ftfdnkoEhU ` gkmK dh fJj bVh s[jkvh gkm^g[;se ‘gzikph ;t?îhtBh nzP’ Bkba;zpzfXs j?, i' fe vkH wBihs f;zx tZb'A ;zgkfds ehsh rJh j?. fJ; dk ;kfjse o{gkeko, ‘;t?îhtBh’ j?. fJ; gkm^g[;se pko/ g[ZS/ ikD tkb/a tX/o/ gqPB ;t?îhtBh ebk, tkose^P?bh ns/tkose d/ j'o o{gkekoK pko/ j'Dr/. ;t?îhtBh d/, d{;o/ tkoseô{gkekoK Bkba, ;zpzX th jB ns/nzso th. fJjBK dh ikDekoh th s[jkBz{ fdZsh ikt/rh. gzikph ;t?îhtBh ;kfjs pko/ ftukofdnK,n;hA ;zpzfXs ouBkekoK pko/, ;zy/g ikDekoh th fdnKr/ ns/ T[jBK dhnK ouBktK dk w[bKeDg/P eoB dh e'fPP th eoKr/. fJjBK ;ko/ B[efsnK Bz{ fXnkB ftu oZyfdnK, n;hA fJ; gkm^g[;seBkba ;zpzfXs ftukoûouk Bz{ tZy'^tZyo/ gkmK dh bVh ftu tzfvnk j?. jZEb/ gkm ftu n;hA, tkosed/ ‘;kfjse o{gkekoK’ (literary genres) dhnK ftP/PsktK dk b/ykî'yk eo e/, ;t?îhtBh ebkpko/, ft;sko Bkba uouk eoKr/. fXnkB oj/ fe jkb dh xVh ;kvk w[Zy ;o'eko, fJ;/ ;kfjsô{gkekoBkba jh j?.

1H1 ;t?îhtBh L f;XKse g~y

jo ;kfjseko nkgDhnK ;kfjseôuBktK dh f;oiDk tk;s/, fe;/ Bk fe;/ ;kfjse o{g$o{gkekoBz{ u[Ddk j?, fit/A feL eftsk, ejkDh, Bktb, BkNe, fBpzX, ihtBh, ;t?îhtBh, o/yk^fuZso nkfd.;kfjs d/ fJjBK tZy'^tZyo/ o{gK$o{gkekoK dhnK, nkg' nkgDhnK ftP/PsktK j[zdhnK jB. ;t?îhtBh,w{b o{g ftu, fe;/ ;kfjseko tZb'A fbfynk, nkgDk jh ihtB^fposKs j[zdh j?. fJ; Bz{, nkswêEkiK nkg^phsh th fejk ik ;edk j?. ‘;t?îhtBh’ dh ;zy/g gfoGkPk, fJ; soQK ehsh ik ;edhj? fe ;t?îhtBh, nkgD/ ;jh o{g ftu, b/ye d/ nkgD/ ihtB Bkba ;zpzfXs T[j fposKs j?, fi;ftu nksw^fBohyD T[go pb fdZsk iKdk j? ns/ nkgD/ ihtB dh ;koEesk Bz{, tZv/o/ fgS'eV ftuoZy e/ fpnkB ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; soQK ;t?îhtBh, fiZE/ b/ye d/ fBZih ihtB^nB[Gt dk fBohyDeodh j?, T[~E/ fJj nkgD/ nkb/a^d[nkba/ d/ ;wki ns/ ;fGnkuko dk ftPb/PD th eodh j?. n;bftu ;t?îhtBh, ihtBh dk jh fJe ftP/P o{g j?. fiZE/ ihtBh ftu b/ye, fe;/ j'o ftnesh d/ihtB^fposKs Bz{ g/P eodk j?, T[~E/ ;t?îhtBh ftu b/ye, nkgD/ fB~ih ihtBûfo~so Bz{, nkgD/jh BIohJ/ s'A t/yfdnK g/P eodk j?. ihtBh, nkw s"o ’s/, fe;/ wjkB ftnesh Bkba ;zpzfXs j[zdhj? ns/ ;t?îhtBh fbyD tkbak ftnesh th, ftP/P^P\;hns dk ns/ nkw b'eK bJh gqf;ZXhdk wkbe j[zdk j?. nfijk ftnesh, ;wkie oZ[sp/ s'A wjkB ns/ ihtB d/ fe;/ \k; y/so ftu,ftP/P BkwDk ewkT[D tkbak ftnesh jh j' ;edk j?. fJ;/ bJh ihtBh^;kfjs, wjkB Xkowe nkr{nK,

3

okiBhse^ftneshnK, dkoPfBe^fuzseK, ebkekoK, ;kfjsekoK, ftfrnkBhnK d/ ihtBûfoZso Bkba;zpzX oZydk j?. ;t?îhtBh, Gkt/A e'Jh th fby ;edk j?, go gkmeK dh fdbu;gh, fe;/ nfij/ftnesh dh ;t?îhtBh Bz{ gVQD ftu jh tX/o/ j't/rh, fi; B/, nkgDh :'rsk iK gqfsGk okjhA, ihtBd/ fe;/ Bk fe;/ \/so ftu nkgDh ftP/P EK pDkJh j't/.

vkH ;[fyzdo f;zx ozXktk ‘ejkDh gzikp’ d/ nze Bzpo 73, gzBk Bzpo 18 T[go, ;t?îhtBh Bz{fJ; soQK gfoGkfPs eod/ jB L^

“;t?îhtBh, fJe fposKse o{gkeko j?, i' ihtB d/ s~E, ;~u s/ :EkoE d/ ;Gs'A BIdhe wzfBnk iKdk j?. fJj fejk iKdk j? fe fJ; ftu gq;s[s ;Zu, ihtB dk‘Bzrk^;Zu’ jz[dk j?, i' fe b/ye d/ n~yhA fv~m/ s/ j~vhA jzYkJ/ nB[Gt T[go nkXkfosj[zdk j?. ;Zu Bz{ m'; s/ gqwkfDe o{g ftu g/P eoB dh n;hw ;zGktBk, fJ; o{gkekoftu ;w'Jh j[zdh j?. fJ; d/ Bkba jh, feT[Afe, fJj ;Zu b/ye d/ ihtB^fposKs okjhA;kjwD/ nk fojk j[zdk j?, fJ; eoe/, fJjd/ nkswgoe, nkdoPhfeqs s/ BkfJestdh GktBk Bz{ T[~GkoD tkbak pD ikD dh ;zGktBk th, pokpo pDh ofjzdh j?. ;iZr;t?îhtBheko, fJ; s'A puD bJh nB/e ftXhnK$i[rsK dh tos'A eodk j?. T[jnkgD/ ;t?^gSkD d/ nwb Bz{, t;s{goe o{g ftu efjD d/, fBZih ihtB fpT[fonK$t/oftnK Bz{ tZX s'A tZX ;w{fje, ;wkie, ;ZfGnkukoe ftjkoK, toskfonK d/ gq;zrftu g/P eoe/ ‘;t?’ Bz{ ‘;w{j’ ftu'A T[rwd/$ftef;s j[zfdnK fBjkodk$gSkDdk j?.fJT[A, ;t? s/ ;w{j, nzso^;ztkdh ;zpzXK ftu pZM/ j'J/, ftnesh^ftP/P d/ ‘nkswgoe;~u’ dh EK, ihtB d/ ‘ftnkge^;~u’ Bz{ g/P eoB d/, pkfJ; pD iKd/ jB.”

‘;t?îhtBh' Bz{ fBo'b, fJ;/ eoe/ jh, ;kfjs d/ \/so ftu BjhA oZfynk ik ;edk fe fJj,fe;/ ftnesh dk fBZih ihtBûfoZso iK fposKs j[zdk j?. fJj' fijk fBok fposKs sK f;o|,fJfsjk;e wjZst jh oZydk j?. fJ; Bz{ ;kfjse pDkT[D bJh, fJfjsk;e sZEK d/ t/oftnK s'A fJbktk,e[ZM j'o r[DK dk j'Dk th Io{oh j[zdk j?. ;Zu sK fJj j? fe ;t?îhtBh, fe;/ b/ye dk ihtB^fJfsjk;j'D d/ Bkba Bkba, T[; dh u/sBk ns/ ;zt/dBk dk, fJfsjk;e ;|o th j[zdk j?. b/ye d/ ihtB dhnK,fBo'b fBZih xNBktK th, wB[ZyhîhtB d/ ;op ;KM/ ;Zu Bz{ gqrNkT[AdhnK gqshs j[zdhnK jB. fJ;/ftu jh, fJ; ;kfjseô{gkeko dh ;kfjsesk dk G/d S[fgnk j[zdk j?.

fJ; s'A fJbktk, ;w[Zu/ s"o ’s/, ;kfjse ouBktK Bkba, ;t?îhtBh dh ;KM, fJ; gZy'A th j?fe d'jK ftu jh PpdK d/ wkfXnw okjhA, noEK dk f;oiD ehsk iKdk j?. fJe T[~sw ;t?îhtBh,fe;/ ftnesh d/ fBZih ihtB^nB[Gt ftu b[Ze/ ;XkoDhfeqs wkBth^noEK Bz{ gqekPwkB eodh j?.fJjh ekoB j? fe ;t?îhtBh, fe;/ rbghôuBk tKr jh ;kBz{ gq/fos, gqGkfts ns/ T[sPkfjs theodh j?. |oe f;o| fJjh j[zdk j? fe rbgh ouBk ftu xNBktK ns/ ;fEshnK, b/ye dh ebgBk^Pesh d[nkok j'Ad ftu nkT[AdhnK jB. id'A fe ;t?îhtBh ftu, fJj ;Zuw[Zu tkgohnK xNBktKns/ ;fEshnK dh T[~gi j[zdhnK jB. fe;/ j'o ;kfjsôuBk tKr jh, ;t?îhtBh ftu g/P xNBktKns/ ;fEshnK, b/ye dh fdqPNh ns/ T[; d/ nB[Gt dk fjZ;k pD e/ jh, PpdK dk ikwk gfjBdhnKjB. gqPB fJj g?dk j[zdk j? fe ;t?îhtBheko, fJfsjk;e sZEK Bz{ fezBk e[ rkbgfBesk ftuo{gKsfos eo ;fenk j? <

4

e[ZM ;kfjs^fuzseK B/, ;kfjs ftu i[rsK ns/ ftXhnK d/ wjZst Bz{ T[ikro ehsk j?. ;kfjsôuBk, :EkoE dh fJB^fpB Mkeh g/P BjhA eodh, ;r'A fJj sK xNBktK s/ ;fEshnK Bz{, fe;/ebkswe ftXh iK i[rs okjhA g/P eodh j?. ;t?îhtBh T[go th fJj rZb, g{o/ s"o ’s/ bkr{ jz[dhj?. fJ; ftu b/ye nkgD/ Bkba tkgoh jo xNBk Bz{, fiT[A dk fsT[A g/P BjhA eodk, ;r'A nkgDhebkswe gqfsGk okjhA eZN^tZY eo e/ iK SKr e/, u'DthnK xNBktK, nB[GtK iK ;fEshnK Bz{ jhg/P eodk j?. fJjBK xNBktK Bz{ g/P eoB dk T[; dk T[d/P, fe;/ ejkDheko iK Bktbeko torkjh j[zdk j?. xNBktK d/ fposKs okjhA, wB[Zyh ns/ ;kfjse noEK Bz{, f;oiDk th j[zdk j?. fJjhekoB j? fe ;t?îhtBheko, nkgD/ fBZih ihtB^nB[Gt Bz{, ebkswe ftXhnK$i[rsK okjhA ftT[Ase/, b'VhAdk gqGkt f;oiDk ukjz[dk j?. fJjh rZb, ;t?îhtBh d/ o{gkeko dh ;kfjsesk dk, gqw[ZybZSD wzBh ik ;edh j?.

1H2 ihtBh s/ ;t?îhtBh L nzso s/ ;KM$;wkBsk

gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh, gfNnkbk d[nkok gqekPs ns/ vkH osB f;zx iZrh d[nkok ;zgkds ‘;kfj~se'P L gfoGkfPe Ppdktbh’ (1989 JhH) d/ gzBk BzPo L 535 s'A 537 ’s/ pk\{ph ;gZPN ehskfrnk j? fe ihtBh bJh ;kv/ e'ba, nzro/Ih GkPk dk Ppd ‘pkfJUrqk|h’ (Biography) w"i{d j?, i':{BkBh GkPk d/ d' PpdK L ‘pkfJU;’ (bios), Gkt, ihtB ns/ ‘rqk|';’ (graphos), Gkt, fbys d/i'V Bkba pfDnk j?. fJT[A, ihtBh iK ‘pkfJUrqk|h’ ftu, fe;/ wB[Zy d/ ihtB dk b/ykî'yk ehskfrnk j[zdk j?. id'A ‘ihtBh’ Ppd d/ nZr/ ‘;t?’ ns/ ‘pkfJUrqk|h’ d/ nZr/ ‘nkN'’ (auto) Ppd bZriKdk j?, sK T[j, ‘;t?îhtBh’ iK ‘nkN'pkfJUrqk|h’ pD iKdk j?. Gkt, id'A e'Jh b/ye, nkgDhihtBh nkg fbydk j?, sK T[; Bz{, ‘;t?îhtBh’ fejk iKdk j?. eJh t/oQK, ;t?îhtBh d/ bJh,‘nkswêEk’ iK ‘nksw^fposKs’ PpdK dh tos'A th eo bJh iKdh j?. go, ‘;t?îhtBh’ Ppd,tX/o/ gqubs j?. ;', Ikfjo j? fe id'A e'Jh b/ye, fe;/ j'o d/ ihtB^fposKs Bz{ fbydk j?, sKT[; Bz{, ‘ihtBh’ dh ;zfrnk fdZsh iKdh j?. gzikph ftu ihtBh^;kfjs fbyD dh, fJe bzwh gozgokw"i{d j?.

pZfuT[ ` s[jkBz{ fJ; rZb dk fJbw j't/rk jh fe fi; Bz{ j[D ‘fJfsjk;’ fejk iK wzfBnk iKdkj?, T[j pj[s gZSV e/, fbfynk ikD bZfrnk. fJ; s'A gfjbK, nkdoPe iK T[gd/Pkswe ihtBhnKfbyD dk o[MkD pfDnk. fi; ftu ‘sZE’ (fact) s/ ‘fwZE’ (Myth) dk ;zi'r j[zdk ;h. fJj rZb gZSws/ g{op, d'jK ftu, brGr fJe ;wkB t//yh iKdh j?. wZXekbhB gzikp ’u ‘;kyh’ iK ‘iBw;kyh’;kfjs, j'Ad ftu nkfJnk. pj[s ;ko/ GrsK, ;{|h^;zsK s/ r[o{nK^ghoK dhnK iBw;kyhnK fbyhnKrJhnK. Gkt, fJBQK nkdoP wjKg[oyK d/ ihtB^fposKs, f;oi/ ikD bZr/. Grs epho, pkpkP/\ |ohd, Grs Bkwd/t, Grs oftdk; ns/ f;Zy r[o{ ;kfjpkB dhnK ;kyhnK$iBw^;kyhnK, gzikphftu fbyhnK, nkw fwbadhnK jB. r[o{ BkBe d/t ih d/ ihtB, eoBh s/ pkDh Bz{ nkXko pDk e/fbyhnK rJhnK iBw;kyhnK dh, fJe gozgok ;kv/ e'ba w"i{d j?. GkJh r[odk; ih dh gfjbh tko(eftsk ’u)l ;'Yh fwjopkB tkbah iBw;kyhl g[oksB iBw;kyh (iK tbkfJs tkbah iBw;kyh)l GkJhpkb/ tkbah iBw;kyhl GkJh wBh f;zx tkbh iBw;kyh (‘frnkB osBktbh’)l nkfd ;kyhnK, nkfds'A fJ; ftuko dh ;fji/ jh g[PNh j' iKdh j?. fJj ;kyhnK$iBw;kyhnK, nkgD/ w{b ;[Gkn ftu

5

T[gd/Pkswe jB ns/ r[o{ BkBe d/t ih d/ nkdoPe ihtB^fpzp Bz{ T[;koD tZb o[fus jB. fJ;/‘;kfjZs e'P’ d/ ‘ihtBh’ tkba/ fJzdoki ’u, fJ; ftP/ ’s/ ft;Eko ;fjs uouk ehsh rJh j?. fJjfJzdoki (entry), vkH wfjzdo gkb e'jbh d[nkok fbfynk frnk j?. vkH e'jbh d/ efjD w[skpeL^

“r[of;ZyK dhnK ;kyhnK, GkJh wBh f;zx B/ nkgDh g[;se ‘f;ZyK dh Grswkbk’ ftufbyhnK. GkJh tho f;zx B/ ;[zdo rZd ftu, ebkwJh Yzr Bkba ‘;qh r[o{ BkBeuwseko’, ‘;qh r[o{ ebrhXo uwseko’ ns/ ‘nPN r[o{ uwseko’ nfs PoXkb{ihtBhnK fbyhnK jB. r[ofdnkb f;zx c[Zb B/ ‘vkH GkJh i'X f;zx’l jofdnkb f;zxB/ ‘dhtkB f;zx ekb/gkDh’l w[BPk f;zx d[yh B/ ‘GkJh w'jB f;zx t?d’l PwP/o f;zxnP'e B/ ‘GkJh ekBQ f;zx BkGk’l jopz; f;zx B/ ‘GkJh tho f;zx’l d[obG f;zx B/‘wk;No skok f;zx’ nkfd dhnK ihtBhnK fbyhnK jB. nieZbQ, gzikph ;kfjZsnfXn?B ftGkr, gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh, gfNnkbk tZb'A, gzikph d/ T[~x/ ;kfjZsekoK dhnKihtBhnK fbytk e/, gqekPs eotkJhnK ik ojhnK jB. fJ; gqeko dhnK brGr80 ihtBhnK gqekPs j' uZ[ehnK jB.” (gzBk L 537)

fgnko/ ftfdnkoEhT[ ` ‘ihtBh’ ns/ ‘;t?îhtBh’ ftubk gfjbk nzso, n;hA fJj t/fynk j? feihtBh dk b/ye, e'Jh j'o j[zdk j? ns/ ‘;t?îhtBh’ dk b/ye ;zpzXs ftnesh nkg j[zdk j?. id'A e'Jhj'o ftnesh, fe;/ dh ihtBh fbydk j? sK Ikfjo j? fe T[; ftu T[sBh vz{xkJh (depth) BjhAj't/rh, fizBh fe ‘;t?îhtBh’ ftu nea;o t/yh iKdh j?. feT[Afe, d{;ok ftnesh, id'A fe;/ dhihtBh fbydk j? sK T[; Bz{ fJ; rZb dk fJbw j[zdk j? fe ;zpzXs pzdk, e'Jh \k; pzdk j?. Gkt, nkwpzdk BjhA. T[; dk ;kfjs, ;wki s/ ;fGnkuko Bzz{, e'Jh Bk e'Jh tZvk :'rdkB jz[dk j?. fJjh tiQkj? fe ihtBhnK ftu, T[; ftub/ BkfJeK dk nkdoPe fpzp Bz{ T[;kfonk iKdk j?. i' fe ‘tk;sfte’(real) ihtB s'A, osk e[ tZyok jz[dk j?. fJ; d/ w[eakpb/ ftu ‘;t?îhtBh’ dk b/ye, nkgD/ tk;sfteiK :EkoEe ihtB dh g/Pekoh tZb o[fus j[zdk j?. fit/A fe gfjbK th fJe jtkb/ (reference) Bkbapk\{ph ;gZPN ehsk frnk j? fe “;t?îhtBh, fJe fposKse o{gkeko (genre) j?, i' ihtB d/ sZE,;Zu s/ :EkoE d/ ;G s'A BIdhe j[zdk j?.HHHihtB dk ‘Bzrk ;Zu’ j[zdk j?, i' fe b/ye d/ nZyhA fvZm/s/ jZvhA jzYkJ/ nB[Gt T[go nkXkos j[zdk j?.HHHftnesh ftP/P d/ ‘nkswgoe ;Zu’ dh EK, ihtB d/‘ftnkge ;Zu’ Bz{ g/P eoB d/, pkfJ; pD iKd/ jB.” fJ; ;G e[ZM pko/ ftu, fJ;/ gkm Bzpo L 1d/ 1H1, 1H3 ns/ 1H4 T[g^GkrK ftu ft;Eko ;fjs uouk ehsh rJh j?. T[; ;G e[ZM Bz{ th, fXnkBftu oZyD dh b'V j?. gzikph dh pj[ûofus b/fyek nzfwqsk gqhsw B/ th nkgDh ;t?îhtBh ‘o;hdhfNeN’ ftu pk\{ph ;gZPN ehsk j? fe ;t?îhtBh, fJe nfijk o{gkeko$ftXk j?, fi; ftu ;Zu, ns/f;o| ;Zu dh g/Pekoh j[zdh j?. fJ; ftu M{m bJh e'Jh EK BjhA j[zdh. Gkt, fJ; dh :ksok, ‘:EkoEs'A :EkoE’ sZe dh j[zdh j?. d{i/ PpdK ftu ;t?îhtBh, fJe nfijh ftXk$o{gkeko j?, fi; ftu;zpzXs b/ye B/, nkgD/ ihtB^fposKs Bz{, tZX s'A tZX :EkoEeô{g ftu g/P eoBk j[zdk j?. BkBef;zx dh ‘w/oh d[BhnK’l fgqz;hgb s/ik f;zx dh ‘nko;h’l r[op\P f;zx gqhsbVh dh ‘wzIb fd; gJh’leosko f;zx d[Zrb dh ‘fe;[ gfj y'bT[ rzmVh’l nzfwqsk gqhsw dh ‘o;hdh fNeN’l jfoGiB f;zx dh‘u'bk NkehnK tkbak’l i;tzs f;zx B/eh dh ‘e'Jh BkT[ B ikD? w/ok’l eoBihs f;zx dh ‘jkPhJ/ dhfJpkos’l pfuzs e"o dh ‘grvzvhnK’l pbpho wkX'g[oh dh ‘SKfrnk o[Zy’ nkfd ;t?îhtBhnK Bz{, fJ;fdqPNh s'A nZr/ ub e/, ft;Eko ;fjs uouk dk ftPk pDkfJnk frnk j?.

6

pZfuT[ ` ‘ihtBh’ d/ w[eakpb/ ftu, ‘;t?îhtBh’ ftu vz{xkJh, fJ; bJh tX/o/ j[zdh j?, feT[Afe,;t?îhtBh dk b/ye, nkgD/ ihtB d/ jo fBZe/^BzBQ/ t/ot/ s'A Gbh gqeko tkfe| j[zdk j?. fJ; bJh,T[j T[BQK Bz{, nk;kBh Bkba fpnkB eo ;edk j?. fJ; bJh Io{oh j? fe T[j, T[BQK ;ko/ t/oftnKBz{, eN"sh (wB|h) dh gqfefonk ’u'A bzxk e/, g/P eo/. fJ; dk wsbp fJj j? fe f;o| b'VhAd/t/ot/ jh g/P ehs/ ikD, |kbs{ iK |I{b t/ot/ eZN fdZs/ ikD. go, :kd oj/ fe fJ; dk wsbpfJj BjhA fe T[j f;o|, T[BQK t/oftnK^xNBktK Bz{ jh g/P eo/, fiBQK Bkba, T[; dk, ps"o fJe uzr/s/ nkdoPe fJB;kB dk fpzp T[;odk j?. ;r'A, T[j T[BQK t/oftnK Bz{ th g/P eo/ fiBQK Bkba T[;dk, ps"o fJe uzr/ s/ B/e fJB;kB dk fpzp, N[ZNdk j?. BjhA sK T[j ;t?îhtBh, gqGktjhD j' e/ofj ikt/rh. fit/A fe L^

1H eosko f;zx d[Zrb B/ nkgD/ fgsk d/ pko/ ’u fbfynk j? fe “foPts T[j b?Ad/ ;B,fJ; s'A T[BQK edh fJBeko BjhA ehsk.” (‘fe;[ gfj y'bT[ rzmVh’, gzBk L 31)

2H r[op\P f;zx gqhsbVh d/ efjD nB[;ko, “s/ fJe gZeh T[wo dh fJ;soh Bz{ w?A fJjefjzfdnK ;[fDnk ;h, r[op\P f;zx j? sK, nkdwhnK tork jh.” (‘wzIb fd; gJh’,gzBk L 26)

3H nzfwqsk gqhsw d/ efjD w[skpe, “;'bQtK ;kb nkfJnk^fJe niBph tKr. e'ba nke/, fJe ftZE ’s/ yb'sk fojk. w?A ed/ u[Zgukg T[jd/ tZb sZe SZvdh, T[j ed/ w[;eoke/ w/o/ tZb t/y SZvdk.” (‘o;hdh fNeN’, gzBk L 36)

4H jfoGiB f;zx d/ efjD nB[;ko, “nZvok fBt/ebk w?A, j[D th ;K, nDX'sk wz{j, y[odo/nDukj/ tkb, wz{j s/ wksk d/ w'N'^w'N' dk}, g?ohA X"Vh dh fmZph i[Zsh.” (‘u'bk NkehnKtkbk’, gzBk L 40)

5H nkgD/ fJe ;[Z|B/ dk fIeo eofdnK pfuzs e"o fbydh j?, “j{pj{ Ujh fujok, Ujhozr, Ujh o{g, Ujh pb"oh B?D, vz{xh Bhbh Mhb tor/.” (‘grvzvhnK’, gzBk L 52)

6H pbpho wkX'g[oh d/ fpnkB w[skpe, “;kok uwko^tkXk, gVQB vfj fgnk—fdB^p^fdBfJBQK dk vwke \okp j'Jh iKdk. i/ fJBQK Bz{ BT[eohnK fwb rJhnK sK ;kv/ y/sK’u ezw e"D eo{rk.” (‘SKfrnk o[Zy’, gzBk L 61)

pZfuT[ ` ;t?îhtBh ftu, T[; d/ b/ye$b/fyek B/, nkgD/ pkjoh ;Zu d/ Bkba Bkba, nzdo{Bh s"o’s/ jzYkJ/ ;Zu Bz{ th, fpnkB eoBk j[zdk j?. fJ;/ eoe/, T[; ftu, ‘ihtBh’ Bkb'A tX/o/ vz{xkJh s/;[fjodsk dh wzr, nea;o ehsh iKdh j?. fJ; ;zpzX ftu fJj th fIeo:'r j? fe ‘ihtBh’ dkBkfJe, fiZE/ e'Jh j'o fJB;kB j[zdk j?, T[~E/ ‘;t?îhtBh’ dk BkfJe iK w[y gkso, T[;dk b/ye,nkg j[zdk j?.

‘ihtBh’ s/ ‘;t?îhtBh’ ftub/ fJBQK nzsoK d/ pkti{d, fJBQK d'jK ftXktK$o{gkekoK ftu, e[ZM;KMK s/ ;wkBsktK th jB. fJ; fdqPNh s'A t/fynK gsk ubdk j? fe fJj d't/A, gzikph ;kfjs dhnKwjZstg{oB ftXktK$o{gkeko (genres) jB. fit/A fe n;hA ;G ikDd/ jh jK fe ‘eftsk’, ‘ejkDh’,‘Bktb’, ‘BkNe’ s/ ‘tkose’—;kfjs d/ gzi o{g (forms) wzB/ iKd/ jB. jo ;kfjsô{g d/ nkgD/e[ZM fBt/eb/ ns/ e[ZM fwbd/î[bd/ sZs (elements) jz[d/ jB. fit/A fe ‘ebgBk’, eftsk dk gSkDB:'r

7

sZs j?, ‘;ztkd’ (vkfJbkr), BkNe dk ns/ ‘fposKs’ Bktb s/ ejkDh dk, gSkDB:'r sZs wzfBnkiKdk j?. :kd oj/ fe fJBQK sZsK dk, fJe^d{i/ ;kfjsô{g ftu, nkdkB^gqdkB fBozso j[zdk ofjzdkj?. fJ;/ nkdkB^gqdkB ;dek, fGzB fGzB ftXktK$o{gkeko (genres) j'Ad ftu nkT[Ad/ jB. ‘ihtBh’s/ ‘;t?îhtBh’ Bz{, fJ; fdqPNh s'A, tkose d/ d' o{gkeko wzfBnk iKdk j?. fJBQK d'jK ftu ;KMiK ;wkBsk, fJ; rZb dh j? fe fJBQK d'jK ftu, fe;/ Bk fe;/ wB[Zy dk ihtB^fposKs f;ofinkiKdk j?. ‘ihtBh’ ftu fe;/ j'o ftnesh dk ns/ ‘;t?îhtBh’ ftu ;t?îhtBheko, nkgDk ihtB^fposKs f;oidk j?. d{i/ PpdK ftu, ‘ihtBh’ d/ nzsors, fe;/ j'o ftnesh iK wjKg[oy dkihtB^fpzp, nkdoPe o{g ftu f;ofink iKdk j?. mhe fJ;/ soQK ;t?îhtBh d/ nzsors, T[; dkb/ye, nkgD/ jh ihtB^ fpzp Bz{, f;oiD dh e'fPP ftu j[zdk j?. go, tZX s'A tZX :EkoEeô{gftu. d'jK ftu, ebkswe^ i[rsK (artistic devices) s/ ftXhnK dh, pokpo tos'A ehsh iKdh j?,sK i', T[BQK Bz{ ;kfjse^feosK ti'A ;theko ehsk ik ;e/.

1H3 nkX[fBe tkose d/ o{gkeko

;t?îhtBh dh s[bBk, ;fji/ jh fJ; Bkba fwbd/î[bd/ ;kfjsô{gK Bkba ehsh ik ;edh j?lfit/A ;|oBkwk, :kdK, vkfJoh, fuZmhnK, w[bkeaksK, fJeapkbhnk fpnkB nkfd. ;kfjs d/ fJjBK ;ko/o{gK ftu, ;t?îhtBh d/ sZs$nzP fwbd/ jB. T[dkjoD d/ s"o ’s/ ‘;z;woD’ (:kdK), fe;/ b/yedh f;wosh ftu tZ;hnK :kdK dk ;zrqfj j[zdk j?. b/ye, nkgD/ ihtB ftu, fijV/ nG[Zb ftneshnKBz{ fwfbnk j[zdk j?, T[j T[; dh fIzdrh dk w[ZbtkB \IkBk pD iKdhnK jB ns/ T[; d/ ;[u/s$nu/s wB ftu ;zGkbhnK iKdhnK jB. fJjBK :kdK ftu nkw s"o ’s/ b/ye, nkgD/ nkg/ Bkb'aAtX/o/, j'oBK ftneshnK d/ ekoiK, GktK, gqGktK Bz{ fuZsoD tZb o[fus j[zdk j?. id'A fe ;t?îhtBh,b/ye d/ nkgD/ ;[Gkn ns/ ufoZso Bz{ e/Ado ftu oZydh j?. fJ;/ soQK jh ‘vkfJoh’ th, ni'e/;w/A ftu, ;kfjs dk fJe ftP/P o{g wzfBnk iKdk j?. fJ; ftu b/ye nkgD/ fBskgqsh d/ nB[GtKns/ nfj;k;K Bz{ ebwpZX eodk j?. id'A e'Jh ftP/P^xNBk, b/ye Bz{ gqGkfts eodh j? sK T[j,T[; ftub/ nkgD/ ihtB^nB[Gt Bz{, vkfJoh d/ gzfBnK ftu ;[oZfyns eoB dk ekoi eodk j?.vkfJoh dh ftP/Psk fJ; rZb ftu j? fe fJj tkgo oj/ xNBkeqw pko/, |"oh gqsheow Bz{ nzfeseodh j?. fJjh ekoB j? fe pj[s tkoh, fe;/ b/ye dh vkfJoh ftu tkgo ojhnK xNBktKpko/, e'Jh pj[sk Go';/:'r iK gq"Y fpnkB BjhA j[zdk. fJj rZb ;[Gkte jh j?, feT[Ai' fe;/ th xNBkpko/ t;s{w{be iK fBogZy fBoDk, T[;/ t/ba/ BjhA eo fbnk iKdk. ;r'A, fJ; tk;s/ ;w/A dh ftZEukjhdh j?. vkfJoh d/ gzfBnK ftu, tkgo oj/ xNBkeqw dk, ihtB tork skIk fdqP, Io{o bZfGnkik ;edk j?. ;t?îhtBh dk b/ye, nkgDh vkfJoh d/ gzfBnK dk g[Bo^gkm eo e/, nkgD/ ihtBdhnK wjZstg{oB xNBktK s/ ;fEshnK Bz{, b'V nB[;ko, geV ;edk j? ns/ b'V nB[;ko, fJjBKxNBktK s/ ;fEshnK dh u'D eoe/, nkgDh ;t?îhtBh Bz{ ihtzs t/oftnK Bkba, tX/o/ PeshPkbhpDk ;edk j?.

;t?îhtBh dh s[bBk, ‘fu~mhnK’ d/ o{gkeko Bkba th ehsh ik ;edh j?. fuZmhnK, fe;/ fJeftnesh tZb'A, d{i/ tZb G/fink frnk Ppdh^;[B/jk jz[dhnK jB. PpdK ftu j'D eoe/ jh, fuZmh ftu;kfjsesk d/ r[D th ;fji/ jh nk iKd/ jB. ;kfjse^fdqPNh s'A, wjZst:'r fuZmhnK T[j jz[dhnK

8

jB, fijBK ftu b/ye fBo'b ;{uBk, p/Bsh iK nkd/P nkfd jh gq;kfos BjhA eod/. ;r'A, PpdKs/ noEK d/ wkfXnw okjhA, nkgD/ fdb ftu T[m oj/ fe;/ ftuko iK Gkt Bz{ w{oshwkB eoB tZbth o[fus j[zd/ jB. fJjh ekoB j? fe gqf;ZX ;kfjsekoK dhnK fuZmhnK, fBZih Xoksb s'A T[go T[~me/, ;kfjsesk dk doik jkf;b eo b?AdhnK jB. fJ; fdqPNh s'A Gkos d/ ;kpek gqXkB wzsoh gzfvsitkjo bkb Bfjo{ tZb'A, nkgDh Xh Bz{ fbyhnK fuZmhnK ns/ GkJh oDXho f;zx dhnK fbyhnK‘i/bQ fuZmhnK’ th wjZstg{oB jB.

‘fJeapkbhnk fbysK’ th, ;t?îhtBh d/ o{gkeko Bkba, vz{xh ;KM oZydhnK jB. |oe f;o|fJj j? fe fJeapkbhnk fbysK ftu b/ye, nkgDhnK ewI'ohnK Bz{ th gqrNkT[Adk j? ns/ nkgD/ r[BkjKdk gSsktk eoB tkbak, fJeapkbhnk fpnkB g/P eodk j?. fJ;kJh Xow ftu fJe gozgok j?, fi;nB[;ko, e'Jh ftnesh uou$froikxo ftu ik e/, god/ fgZS/ yb's/ gkdoh d/ ;kjwD/, nkgD/ r[BkjKdk fJeapkb eo ;edk j?. fJ; soQK eo e/, T[j nkgDh nzso nkswk T[go gJ/ p'M Bz{ jbek eoBdh e'fPP eodk j?. ;kfjs dk fJj o{gkeko, Gkt/A ;t?îhtBh Bkba ;KM sK oZydk j?, go fJj fe;/b/ye dh nZXh^nX{oh iK nKfPe, ;t?îhtBh jh wzBh ik ;edh j?. id'A fe ;t?îhtBh, ftnesh d/;w[Zu/ ;[Gkn s/ ufoZso dk fpzp g/P eoB tZb o[fus j[zdh j?. ftnesh tZb'A ehs/ u/s$nu/s r[BkjKdk fJeapkbhnk fpnkB g/P eoB bJh, pVh p/pkeh ns/ db/oh dh b'V j[zdh j?. fJ;/ soQK, ;t?îhtBhftu ‘Bzrk^;Zu’ dZ;D bJh th, fJ;/ soQK dh I[nZos dh b'V j[zdh j?, i' fe e'Jh ;kXkoD iK nkw rZbBjhA j[zdh. fJ; bJh, ftP/P^P\;hns dh wzr ehsh iKdh j?. ;t?îhtBh dk ezw, ;Zu Bz{ b[ekT[DkBjhA, ;r'A ;Zu Bz{ gqrNkT[Dk j?. Bzr/ ;Zu Bz{ efjD dh p/pkeh. ;t?îhtBh ftu b/ye dk, ftnesh^fuZso$ihtBûfoZso T[ikro j[zdk j?. fit/A ihtBh b/ye, fe;/ gqf;ZX iK wjkB ftnesh d/ ;w[Zu/ihtBûfoZso Bz{ nzfes eodh j?, T[;/ soQK ;t?îhtBh dk b/ye, nkgD/ ihtBûfoZso Bz{, PpdK d/wkfXnw okjhA g/P eoB dh e'fPP eodk j?. fJ; d/ e/Ado ftu b/ye dk nkgDk^nkgk j[zdk j?. T[jnkgD/ ihtB dhnK T[jBK ;kXkoD$ftP/P xNBktK ns/ ;fEshnK Bz{ ;keko eodk j?, fijVhnK T[;dhnK :kdK dk nzr pD rJhnK jB ns/ T[; Bz{ wjZstPkbh bZrdhnK jB. jZEb/ gkm ftu j[D n;hA,gzikph ftu ou/ rJ/ ;t?îhtBh ;kfjs pko/ uouk eoKr/.

1H4 gzikph ftu ;t?îhtBh ;kfjs dh gozgok s/ Gft~y

gzikph ;kfjs d/ wZXekbh fJfsjk; ftu, ihtBhnK sK pj[s fwbdhnK jB, go, ;t?îhtBhfJZek^d[Zek jh fwbadh j?. eJh wZXekbh ;kfjseko, nkgDhnK ouBktK ftu, nkgD/ fBZihîhtB pko/feXo/ feXo/ ;zy/g fNZgDhnK g/P eod/ jB iK nkgD/ ihtB dh, fe;/ fJe nZX xNBk tZb ;ze/seod/ jB. go, ;jh noEK ftu ;t?îhtBh d/ ;kfjseô{gkeko dh f;oiDk, xZN jh j'Jh j?.iBw;kyh ;kfjs ftu, r[o{ ftneshnK d/ ihtBûfoZso Bz{ PoXktkB f;ZyK tZb'A g/P ehsk frnk,i' ihtBh ;kfjs dk nzr wzBhnK ik ;edhnK jB. gzikph ftu, ;t?îhtBh ;kfjs dh gfjbhwjZst:'r ouBk, r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih ofus ‘pfusq BkNe’ Bz{ fejk ik ;edk j?. fJ; ftu,Gkt/A r[o{ ;kfjp B/, nkgD/ s'A fJbktk, j'oBK r[o{^ftneshnK d/ ihtBûfoZso ;zpzXh th ;ze/s ehs/jB, go, fJ; ouBk dk w[Zy X[ok, T[jBK dh nkgDh ihtBêjkDh j?. fJ; ftubk fJe tke j?L

“np w?A ngBh eEk pykB'”

9

fJj ‘ngBh eEk’, ;t?îhtBh dh jh b\kfJe j?. ;t?îhtBh Bz{ fjzdh ftu, nkswêEk thfejk iKdk j?. fJ; r[o{^ftnesh B/, nkgD/ gNBk Pfjo ftu, nkgDh wksk d/ roG^XkoD s'A b?e/, nkgD/ r[o{ fgsk tZb'A ehsh w[ZYbh gotfoP ns/ nkgD/ izrK$:[ZXK dk t/otk th g/P ehsk j?.fJ; s'A fJbktk, r[o{^ftnesh B/, nkgD/ g{opb/ iBw dh j/we[zN Bkba ;zpzfXs sZg^;kXBk dh ;fEshns/ gqG{ tZb'A, fJe d?th^fwPB dh gqkgsh bJh, wks^b'e ftu nkT[D dk jtkbk th fdZsk j?. ni'e/;t?îhtBh ;kfjs ftu, fJ; fe;w d/ t/oftnK Bz{, nD^fJfsjk;e nkfynk ik ;edk j?. go,‘pfusq BkNe’ Gkt/A, fBo'b ns/ P[ZX o{g ftu, ;t?îhtBh BjhA. ;r'A, r[o{^ftnesh dk o{jkBhihtBûfoZso j?. fJ; ouBk ftu, fiZE/ fes/ th fBZihîhtB Bkba ;zpzfXs t/ot/ nzfes ehs/ rJ/jB, T[jBK ftu, ;t?îhtBhw{be ouBk, r[o{^fJfsjk; dh g/Pekoh eodh j? ns/ fJ; dk ;kfjsew[Zb th nfsnzs wjZstg{oB j?. fit/A fe L^

“’pfusq BkNe’ ;qh r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih d/ BK Bkba ;zpzfXs fJe nfjw ouBk j?, i'nkswêEk dh P?bh ftu fbyh j'Jh j?. nksweEktK fbyD dh fJe pbtkB otkfJs;kwh gozgok ftu w"i{d ;h. Gkosh g"okfDe fgS'eV w[skpe fbyh, fJj nd[ZshouBk, ;kwh s/ Gkosh gozgoktK d/ ;[w/b tkbah, fJe nd[Zsh ouBk j' fBpVdh j?,fi; ftu'A r[o{ ih d/ ihtB d/ w[ZYb/ tfoQnK d/ d"okB bV/ :[ZXK d/ fBZe/^fBZe/ fpUo/gqkgs j[zd/ jB.”

(nkozfGe Ppd, ‘pfusq BkNe’, ;Nhe, i/HghH ;zrs f;zx, 1988, gzBk L 5)

‘pfusq BkNe’ d/ S/t/A nfXnkfJ ftu nkg B/, fwqs b'e ftu nkgD/ nkT[D dk ekoB (d[PNKdk BkP eoBk ns/ Xow ubkT[Dk) dZ;fdnK, efjzd/ jB L^

w?A fsqp/Dh d/ ;zrw s/ wks roG ftu nkfJnk ns/ gNB/ ftu iBw fbnk.

(‘pfusq BkNe L fJe gfou:’, i/HghH ;zrs f;zxl 1992, gzBk L 11)

n;b ftu, ni'e/ ;w/A ftu n;hA, fi; sohe/ Bkba ;t?îhtBh d/ o{gkeko dh gfoGkPk eod/jK, T[j nkgD/ P[ZX o{g ftu nkX[fBe ekb dh jh T[gi j?. fJ; o{gkeko dh gq/oBk th ;kBz{, j'oBK;kfjs o{gK$o{gkekoK tKr, gZSwh ;kfjs ;ZfGnkuko s'A gqkgs j'Jh j?. nzro/IK d/ 1849 ftu gzikpT[go epI/ wro'A, fJ; nkX[fBe ;kfjs dk w[ZY pZMdk j?. fJ; bJh, gzikph ftu ou/ rJ/ ;t?îhtBh;kfjs dh sbkP th, fgZSb/ brGr 160 e[ ;kbK d/ fJfsjk; ftu'A jh eoBh gt/rh.

nkX[fBe ekb d/ ;t?îhtBh b/yeK ftu ;G s'A gfjbk BK, fgqz;hgb s/ik f;zx dk fbnk ik ;edkj?. fJ; b/ye B/ nkgDh ;t?îhtBh ‘nko;h’ f;ob/y j/m gqekfPs ehsh. fJ; feskp dk BK, pVk;[MkT{ j?. nko;h iK PhPk, fit/A fe;/ ftnesh d/ fujo/^w'jo/ Bz{ gqshfpzps eodk j?, T[;/ soQK jh;t?îhtBh th, b/ye dk nksw^fpzp T[~GkoD tkbah ouBk wzBh ik ;edh j?. ‘nko;h’ ftu b/yeB/, nkgD/ pugB d/ fdBK s'A b? e/, gq"VQ^ntZ;Ek sZe d/ ;|o Bz{ nzfes ehsk j?. fJj ;t?îhtBh,b/ye d/ ihtB ftu tkgohnK xNBktK Bz{, fposKse^P?bh ftu g/P eodh j?. b/ye B/, nkgD/ w[ZYb/ihtB ;zxoP dh rZb eofdnK, eJh pj[s jh fdbu;g xNBktK fpnkB ehshnK jB ns/ nkgD/ xo^gfotko, ;Ze/^;zpzXhnK d/ Bkba Bkba, nkgD/ ;zgoe ftu nkJhnK T[~xhnK P\;hnsK pko/ th fbfynkj?. fJ; g[;se ftubk ‘i/bQ :ksok’ tkbak eKv, ftP/P s"o ’s/ wjZst:'r j?.

10

BkBe f;zx, gzikph dk fJe gqf;ZX Bktbeko j?, fi; d/ BktbK ftu'A L ‘fuZNk bj{’, ‘gftZsogkgh’, ‘rzrkibh ftu Pokp’, ‘fJe fwnkB d' sbtkoK’ nkfd tX/o/ uofus jB. BkBe f;zx B/nkgDh ;t?îhtBh ‘w/oh d[BhnK’ d/ f;ob/y nXhB fbyh j?. fJ; dh gqw[Zy ftP/Psk fJj j? fefJ; ftu b/ye B/, nkgD/ ihtBûfoZso dk fJfsjk;e t/otk d/D dh EK, nkgD/ ihtB ftu wjZstoZyD tkbahnK xNBktK Bz{, rbgh eEk^gqtkj d/ gq;zr ftu oZy e/ g/P ehsk j?. T[; B/ nkgD/ ;zgoeftu nkJ/ ;wekbh ;kfjsekoK pko/ th, fNZgDhnK ehshnK jB. T[; B/ nkgD/ ;kfjse doPB Bz{th, pVh o"fuesk Bkba g/P ehsk j?. fJj ;t?îhtBh ;kBz{, fGzB^fGzB ebkswe N'fNnK dk ;zrqfjikgdh j?, go sK th fJ; ftu'A, b/ye dk ihtBûfoZso ns/ :EkoE p'X, pV/ T[xVt/A o{g ftu;kjwD/ nkT[Adk j?. b/ye B/ nkgDh rbg^f;oiD dh gqfsGk Bz{, nkswêEk dh ftXh Bkba nG/deoe/ g/P ehsk j?. fJ; ;t?îhtBh dk nkgDk fBt/ebk s/ ftbZyD ;EkB ns/ wjZst, ;fji/ jh;theko ehsk ik ;edk j?.

BkBe f;zx tKr r[op\P f;zx th, gqf;ZX gzikph b/ye j?. fJ; dh pj[sh ouBk, Gkt/A tkosens/ rbg d/ o{g ftu fwbadh j?, go fJ; B/ gzikph b/yeK ns/ p[ZXhihthnK Bz{, nkgD/ gqf;ZX o;kb/‘gqhsbVh’ okjhA gqGkfts ehsk. r[op\P f;zx dh nkgDh ;t?îhtBh, ‘w/ohnK nG[Zb :kdK’ th;t?îhtBhw{be fBpzXK dk ;zrqfj j?. b/ye B/ nkgDh ;t?îhtBh ftu, fijVk nksw^fpzp T[;kfonkj?, T[j T[; d/ gqhs^|b;|/ dh jh gqshfBZXsk eodk j?. fJj th fejk ik ;edk j? fe b/ye B/nkgD/ ftukoK ns/ nkdoPK Bz{, nkgDh ihtB^ftXh ftu XkoD eoe/, T[; dh ftjkoe g/Pekoh ehshj?. fiZE'A sZe, ;t?îhtBh dh ebk dk ;zpzX j? r[op\P f;zx dh ‘w/oh ihtB ejkDh’, nkgD/ ihtBufoZso dk fJfsjk;e fpzp T[;koD Bkba'A tX/o/, nkdoP ftu fGZfink j'fJnk, ;t?^fpzp jh g/P eodkj?. fJ; ftu nkgD/ nkg Bz{ fBogZy j' e/, nkb'ue dhnK BioK Bkba xZN t/fynk frnk j?.b/ye ;[Gkte jh, nkgD/ ihtB^nB[Gt dhnK T[jBK xNBktK Bz{ jh nzfes eodk j?, fijVhnK T[;d/ ;Ekfgs fpzp dk ;woEB eodhnK jB. T[dkjoD d/ s"o ’s/ ‘fgnko epIk BjhA gfjukD j?’dk gqhs^|b;|k, fJ; b/ye dh ;t?îhtBh dk e/Adoh X[ok j?. fJ; d/ Bkb jh T[; d/ t/yD, ikDBns/ ezw nkT[D dh brB s/ ukn th, tofDs xNBktK ftu, nkgw[jko/ gqrN jz[dk j?. fJT[A, fJjfJe nkdoP nkswêEk ejh ik ;edh j?, fi; ftu b/ye nkgD/ BkfJe^fpzp dh T[;koh eoBBz{ jh, nkgDk wB'oE pDk b?Adk j?.

gq'H g{oB f;zx B/ nkgDh ;t?îhtBh nzro/Ih ftu fbyh ;h 'On The Path of Life', fi; dkgzikph nB[tkd r[op\P f;zx B/ ehsk. f;ob/y ;h^‘fIzdrh d/ okjK ’s/’. gqf;ZX gzikph nkb'ues/ fJfsjk;eko, gqfwzdo f;zx s/ feogkb f;zx d/ PpdK ftu ejhJ/ sK L^

“fJj g[;se, ;kv/ wjKeth s/ fuzse dh nB[Gth P\;hns, gquzv ebgBk, Gkt[eskns/ nkdoP dh ;{\w wkBtsktkdh sZeDh dk fsZyk s/ fByfonk o;^g{oD ihtBfposKs j?.”

fJ; ;t?îhtBh dh ftbZyDsk fJj j? fe fJj b/ye dh ojZ;tkdh dkoPfBe^fdqPNh Bz{, T[;d/ ihtB^nB[Gt okjhA w{oshwkB eodh j?. gq'H g{oB f;zx dh eftsk ns/ T[; dh tkose ftu,i' ojZ; s/ owI dk ozr gqrN j[zdk j?, T[; dh ;t?îhtBh th T[;/ dk gqrNktk eodh j?. fJ;Bz{ gVQe/, n;hA b/ye dh pj[gZyh s/ pj[ozrh P\;hns d/ doPB eo ;ed/ jK. fBozso sbkP dk

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fijVk fpzp fJ; ftu fwbdk j?, T[j g{oB f;zx dh ;kfjseôuBk Bz{ tkuD bJh th, fJe fdPkgqdkB eodk j?. fJ; ;t?îhtBh dk c?bkT[, b/ye dh P\;hns d/ nzdob/ ;'fwnK ftu ;wkfJnkj'fJnk j?.

fJjBK w[ZYb/ ;t?îhtBh b/yeK s'A fpBK, gzikph d/ eJh j'o ;wekbhnK B/ th, ;kfjs d/ fJ;o{gkeko T[go ebw nIwkJh ehsh j?. T[dkjoD d/ s"o ’s/ nzfwqsk gqhsw dh ‘o;hdh fNeN’l nihse"o dh ‘\kBkpd'P’l dbhg e"o fNtkDk dh ‘Bzr/ g?oK dk ;|o’l pfuzs e"o dh ‘grvzvhnK’ nkfd.fJjBK ouBktK dh gqw[Zy ftP/Psk fJj j? fe fJj fJ;soh wB dh nzdobh jeaheas Bz{ fpnkB eoBdh e'fPP eodhnK jB. g[oy^gqXkB ;wki ftu, fJ;soh Bz{ nkgDh j;sh s/ j'Ad bJh fijVk ;zxoPeoBk g?Adk j?, T[; dh Mbe, fJjBK fJ;soh b/fyektK dhnK ;t?îhtBhnK ftu'A, Gbh GKs fwbiKdh j?.

nzfwqsk gqhsw dh pj[ûofus ;t?îhtBh ‘o;hdh fNeN’, fiZE/ b/fyek d/ ihtB^nB[GtK Bkbai[V/ jkdf;nK ns/ wjZst:'r xNBktK Bz{ nzfes eodh j?, T[~E/ fJj toswkB, ;wkie fttZ;Ek dh,nkb'uBkswe g[D^SkD th eodh j?. fJ; ftu b/fyek B/, nkgD/ fBZih ihtB^nB[GtK d/ nkXko’s/, wB[Zyh^foPfsnK dhnK s?jK Bz{ co'bD dk T[gokbk ehsk j?. fJ;soh^wB dh tk;sftesk dk,Go';/:'r fpzp f;oiD ftu, fJj ;t?îhtBh pj[s ;|b j'Jh j?. ‘o;hdh fNeN’, gqwkfDesk ns/S'N/ nkeko dk gqshe th j?.

nihs e"o dh ;t?îhtBh ‘\kBkpd'P’, Gkt/A T[; d/ ;wZ[u/ ihtBûfoZso d/ ;o'eko Bz{ BjhAi'Vdh, go, fJ; ftu T[j pVh p/pkeh Bkba gqufbs fttZ;Ek ftu w[jZpsh^foPfsnK dh jeaheas dknkb'uBkswe^fpzp g/P eodh j?. T[; dh tkose^P?bh pVh p/pkeh Bkba, nkgD/ fgzv/ T[go jzYkJ/;zxoP ns/ sDkT[ d/ fSDK dk ftPb/PD eodh j?. fJ;/ ftu jh fJ; ;t?îhtBh dk ftP/P wjZstj?. fJ; soQK, fJj ;t?îhtBh, nkgD/ nzdob/ nB[Gt Bz{, pkjow[yh :EkoE d/ o{po{ eodh j?.b/fyek B/ fJZE/ e/tb fJ;soh^g[oy ;zpzXK Bz{ ;wofgs xNBktK ns/ ;fEshnK Bz{ jh w{oshwkB ehskj?. fJ; bJh, fJj ;t?îhtBh, fJe^gZyh iK nKfPe ejh ik ;edh j?. fJ; ftu'A b/fyek dhP\;hns dk ;w[Zuk fpzp T[xV e/ ;kjwD/ BjhA nkT[Adk, ;r'A, T[; dh P\;hns d/ e[ZM e[ gZy jh;keko j[zd/ jB. fco th fJ; dh ;kfjse ftP/Psk s'A fJBeko BjhA ehsk ik ;edk.

dbhg e"o fNtkDk B/ th nkgDh ;t?îhtBh, ‘Bzr/ g?oK dk ;|o’ fbyh j?. fNtkDk dh gzikph;kfjs ftu gSkD, fJe rbgeko d/ s"o ’s/ j?. jkbKfe T[; dh ;t?îhtBh th, gkmeK s/ nkb'ueKdk fXnkB nkgD/ tZb fyZudh j?. fJ; g[;se ftu fNtkDk B/, nkgD/ ihtBûfoZso Bz{, rbg ns/fJfsjk; d/ ;[w/b ftu'A ftnes ehsk j?. T[j fBZih xNBktK Bz{, ejkDh iK Bktb torh o"fueskBkba fpnkB eoB ftu wkfjo j?. fJjh ekoB j? fe fJ; ;t?îhtBh Bz{ gVQfdnK, rbghôuBk j'Ddk G[b/yk g?Adk j?. fNtkDk dh ;t?îhtBh dh fJe j'o ftP/Psk fJj j? fe T[j nkgD/ fBZih ihtBnB[GtK Bz{, w[ekpbsB xZN EK d/Adh j?. T[j nkgD/ nkb/^d[nkb/ d/ wkj"b ns/ ;zgoe ftu nkJ/ftneshnK tZb tX/o/ fXnkB fdzdh j?. T[j nkgDh ;t?îhtBh ftu, nkgD/ ;ko/ gfotko ns/;kfjse dkfJo/ dk fpzp T[;koD ftu ;|b j'Jh j?. fJ; b/fyek dh tkose^P?bh pVh ;fji, ;ob,;gZPN ns/ gqGktPkbh j?. b/fyek B/ nkgD/ ihtB d/ dkoPfBe gZyK Bz{, nkgD/ fXnkB d/ e/Adoftu oZy e/, xNBktK s/ ;fEshnK dh u'D ehsh j?.

12

fJjBK ;kohnK ;wekbh b/fyektK dhnK ;t?îhtBhnK, ;kvh toswkB fttZ;Ek ftu, ‘n"os d/;Zu’ Bz{ e/Ado ftu oZydhnK jB. fJjBK ftu ;wekbh :EkoE ftu pdb oj/ wB[Zyh^foPfsnK dh;fEsh Bz{ th, fdqPNhr'uo ehsk frnk j?. ;w[Zu/ s"o ’s/ fJj n"os^wB dh nzdobh Mkeh Bz{g/P eoB tkbahnK ouBktK jB. ;kv/ ;wki s/ ;ZfGnkuko ftu, n"os dh I[pkB T[go fijVk Xow,;wki, B?fsesk ns/ Pow dk skbk bZrk j'fJnk j?l T[; Bz{ s'V e/ p/pkeh Bkba I[pkB y'bQD dh gfjbehsh j?. ;Zu sK fJj j? fe ;t?îhtBh dk fijVk gqGktPkbh ;kfjse^gqrNktk, fJjBK B/ ehskj?, T[j fBPu/ jh, fJ; o{gkeko ftu n"os dh gqshfBXsk dk b\kfJe pD frnk j?. fJjBK fJ;soh;t?îhtBhekoK s'A fpBK, fJe j'o fijVk ftP/P j;sk\o i[Vdk j?, T[j j? pfuzs e"o dk.

pfuzs e"o B/ nkgDh ;t?îhtBh dh ftXk T[go, ebw nIwkJh ehsh ns/ ‘grvzvhnK’ Bkwhg[;se dh f;oiDk ehsh. pfuzs e"o B/ fJe ;kfjseko j'D d/ pkti{d, nkgDh ;t?îhtBh,fJe ;kXkoD wB[Zy d/ s"o ’s/, nkgD/ ihtB ;zxoP Bz{ w{oshwkB eofdnK f;oih j?. fJ; soQKeoe/, T[j pDh pDkJh ;t?îhtBh gozgok s'A, nkgD/ nkg Bz{ fBy/Vdh j?. T[j fe;/ fe;w d/ g{op^fBPfus gqshwkBK, fe;/ ftP/P |b;|/$ftukoXkok Bz{ Bkb b? e/ BjhA s[odh, ;r'A, T[j fJe ;kXkoBn"os dh ;zxoP Goh ihtB^:ksok dk, t;s{w{be gqarNktk eoB tkba/ gk;/ o[fus j?. b/fyekB/ nkgDh ;t?îhtBh dk nkozG, iBw^fsEh d/ toDB Bkba ehsk j?. gfotko dh nkoEe szrh,dog/P nkT[AdhnK efmBkJhnK, gVQkJh, B"eoh, gfotkoe foPfsnK dk fIeo, T[j pk\{ph eodh j?.T[j wod^gqXkB ;wkie^gqpzX dk ;zskg G'rfdnK th, wod^pokdoh Bz{ jh fJ; dk d'Ph BjhArodkBdh, ;r'A wodK d/ uzr/$wkV/ foPfsnK Bz{ g/P eodh j?. T[j ekwh ns/ bkbuh pzfdnK dkfIeo eofdnK, fJj ;gZPN dZ;dh j? fe ni'e/ ;wki ftu th n"os dh fwjBs ns/ Poho dkP'PD j' fojk j?. T[j nkgDh ihtB^rsh Bkba fBozso s[odh j'Jh, ftP/P gqeko dh f;oiDk bJh,xNBktK dh u'D eodh j?. T[j ekb dh ;[Gkte rsh nB[;ko jh, nkgDh ihtBêEk dk fposKs;[DkT[Adh j?. T[j tkoskbkgh s/ BkNeh fposKse^ftXhnK dh tos'A eo e/, ;fEshnK d/ ;Zu Bz{o{gwkB eodh j?. fJ; rZb'A, T[j nkgD/ s'A g{opb/ ;t?îhtBhekoK s'A ftbZyD j?.

T[gobh ;koh uouk T[gozs, n;hA efj ;ed/ jK fe ;t?îhtBh, nkX[fBe tkose dh fJe fJj'fijh tzBrh j?, fi; ftu b/ye, nkgD/ ihtB Bkba ;zpzfXs u'DthnK s/ wjZstg{oB xNBktK dkb/ykî'yk eofdnK, T[jBK dh g[Bo f;oiDk eodk j?. fJ; ftu b/ye nkgDhnK fBZih, ;wkie,Xkowe, ;kfjse, okiBhse, ;K;feqse s/ ;fGnkukoe rshftXhnK Bz{, fposKse$rbgh o{g ftug/P eodk j?. i/ n;hA ‘gzikph p[ZXhihthnK’ dh rZb eohJ/ sK fJ; dk phiô{g r[o{ r'fpzd f;zxofus ‘pfusq BkNe’ s'A nkozG j' e/, BkBe f;zx, r[op\P f;zx gqhsbVh, fgqz;hgb s/ik f;zx, gq'Hg{oB f;zx, jfoGiB f;zx, i;tzs f;zx B/eh, eosko f;zx d[Zrb, ;zs f;zx ;/y'A, pboki ;kjBh,nzfwqsk gqhsw, nihs e"o, dbhg e"o fNtkDk, pfuzs e"o, dftzdo e"o sZe d/, gqw[Zy ;t?îhtBhekoKs'A fJbktk, fwbyk f;zx, dkok f;zx, Bo?D f;zx, ;'jD f;zx GeBk, noiB f;zx rVrZi, fgqz;hgbfBoziB f;zx nkfd B/ th, fJ; o{gkeko ftu ebw ubkJh j?.

B'N L fJ; gkm dh fsnkoh bJh, fiBQK wjZstg{oB ;whfynk^g[;seK s'A ;jkfJsk bJh rJh j?,T[BQK dh ft;fsqs ;{uh, fJ; gkm e/ nzs ’s/ doI ehsh rJh j?. i/eo ftfdnkoEh, fJ;ftP/ T[go j'o vz{xh ikDekoh jkf;b eoBk b'ud/ jB, T[j fJBQK g[;seK dk nfXn?Bth eoB.

13

gqPBktbh

1H5 ;zy/g T[ZsoK tkba/ gqPB

gqPB L ‘;t?îhtBh’ dh ;zy/g gfoGkPk fby'.

T[Zso L ;t?îhtBh, nkX[fBe gzikph irs dk fJe ftP/P o{gkeko j?, fi; ftu b/ye, nkgD/ ihtBdh fposKs Bz{ nkg jh fbydk j?. T[j nkgD/ ihtB dhnK gqf;ZX xNBktK, :kdK ns/nB[GtK dk toDB, fJ; soQK eodk j? fe T[; ftu, nkgDh ns/ T[; d/ ;wekbhnK dhP\;hns pko/, gkmeK Bz{ ikDekoh fwbadh j?. gkme, fJ; Bz{ gVQ e/, nkgDk ihtB fiT{DbJh, e'Jh Bk e'Jh ;/X gqkgs eo ;edk j?. nzfwqsk gqhsw B/ fJ; Bz{, ‘:EkoE s'A :EkoEsZe dk ;|o’ fejk j? ns/ pbtzs rkorh B/ ‘Bzrk ;Zu’ fejk j?. s/ik f;zx B/ nkgDh;t?îhtBh dk BK ‘nko;h’ oZy e/, fJ; Bz{ gqshekswe noE fdZs/ jB fe fJ; ftu'Ab/ye dk, nkgDk jh P\;h fpzp T[ikro j[zdk j?.

gqPB L ‘:kdK’ ns/ ‘;t?îhtBh’ dk nzso^;zpzX eh j? <

T[Zso L ‘:kdK’ Bz{ nkw s"o ’s/, ;t?îhtBh dk fJe nzP jh fejk ik ;edk j?. feT[Afe, ;t?îhtBhb/ye, nkgDhnK ;[u/s$nu/s :kdK d/ ;jko/ jh, nkgDh ;t?îhtBh fbyD dh e'fPP eodkj?. fJj b/ye dhnK nG[Zb s/ o'ue xNBktK j[zdhnK jB, fijVhnK b/ye ns/ gkme Bz{,fdb^fyZuthnK ns/ gqGktPkbh bZrdhnK jB. fJj nG[Zb :kdK jh b/ye Bz{, u'DthnKxNBktK s/ nB[GtK d/ o{g ftu, ;t?îhtBh fbyD bJh gq/fos s/ T[sPkfjs eodhnK jB.r[op\P f;zx gqhsbVh d/ PpdK ftu ejhJ/ sK “:kdK, e'Jh nkg BjhA u[DdkHHHfJjBK Bz{;kvh nkswk, fdb dhnK vz{xkJhnK ftu ;KG e/ oZydh j?.” gzikph d/ j'o b/yeK B/ thnkgDhnK :kdK Bz{, g[;se d/ o{g ftu Skfgnk j?. fJjBK ftubh ;kwZroh jh, ;t?îhtBhf;oiD bJh ezw nkT[Adh j?. i/ :kdK o;wh s"o ’s/ fbyhnK Bk j'D, sK th, T[j s[jkv/nu/s wB ftu ;KGhnK ofjzdhnK jB. ;', fejk ik ;edk j? fe fJj d't/A ;kfjse o{gkeko,v{zxh soQK nzso^;zpzXs jB.

gqPB L ‘w[bkeaksK’ dk ;t?îhtBh Bkba eh ;zpzX j? <

T[Zso L ‘w[bkeaksK’, nkw s"o ’s/ fe;/ gZsoeko tZb'A, ftnesh^ftP/P Bkba ehshnK iKdhnK jB.fJ; ftu gZsoeko tZb'A, fe;/ ftnesh^ftP/P Bz{ gqPB ehs/ iKd/ jB ns/ T[jBK d/ T[~so,;kjwD/ tkbah fXo tZb'A fdZs/ iKd/ jB. Grs f;zx Bkba w[bkeaksK, irskoihs dhnK ebkekoKBkba w[bkeaksK nkfd dk fIeo ehsk ik ;edk j?. go, fJj w[bkeaksK, f;ZX/ o{g ftu,;t?îhtBh dk fjZ;k BjhA pDdhnK. go, fJjBK dk fIeo, ;t?îhtBh b/ye tZb'A ehskik ;edk j?. ;t?îhtBh b/ye tZb'A, ;fji o{g ftu ehshnK w[bkeaksK jh, ;t?îhtBhBz{ ftP/P pDkT[AdhnK jB.

gqPB L ‘vkfJoh’, ;t?îhtBh fbyD ftu fet/A ;jkJh j' ;edh j? <

T[Zso L ‘vkfJoh’, fJe fJj' fijk ;kfjsô{gkeko j?, fi; ftu b/ye, jo o'I iK ed/êdkJhA

14

nkgD/ Bkba tkgohnK xNBktK$nB[GtK Bz{ fby b?Adk j?. fJj vkfJoh, fe;/ ihtBhiK ;t?îhtBh Bz{ fbyD ftu ;jkfJe f;ZX j' ;edh j?. pboki ;kjBh dh ‘w/oh }?oîIpksh vkfJoh’, ;kfjs dk fJe ftbZyD T[dkjoD j?. Gkt/A, vkfJoh ftu toswkB;w/A tkgohnK xNBktK$nB[GtK$iIpks Bz{ doI ehsk iKdk j?. go, ;t?îhtBh fbyDt/ba/, vkfJoh ftu nzfes xNBktK, b/ye$b/fyek dh :kd^Pesh Bz{ gquzr eoB ftu ;jkfJef;ZX j[zdhnK jB.

;jkfJe g[;se^;{uh

e[btzs e"o bKpk, vkHl Bkoh^fpzp s/ ;?ihtBh ;kfjsl 1985, fgqz; ;kfjs gqekPB, fdZbh.

okfizdo f;zx ;/y'A, vkHl P?bh ftfrnkB L fJfsjk;, f;XKs s/ ftukol 2010l dhge gpfbPoI,ibzXo.

pbpho wkX'g[oh (;zgkH)l gzikph ;t?ihtBhnK L ;kfjse w[bKeDl 2019l Bt:[r gpfbPoI, fdZbh.

fgnkok f;zx, g'qHl gzikph tkose L f;XKs, fJfsjk; s/ gqftoshnKl 2014 (gzitK n?vhPB)l fBT{p[Ze ezgBh, ibzXo.

dbhg e"o fNtkDkl J/j[ jwkok ihtDkl 2001l nko;h gpfbPoI, fdZbh.

pfuzs e"ol ihts wkNh j'fJl 2009l nko;h gpfbPoI, fdZbh.

i;tzs f;zx B/ehl w/oh ;kfjse ;?_ihtBhl 1992l gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh, gfNnkbk.

i;tzs f;zx B/ehl e'Jh BkT[A B ikD? w/okl 2000l Bt:[r gpfbPoI, fdZbh.

Xowgkb f;zrb vkH, vkH nwo e'wbl gzikph ;kfjs dk fJfsjk;l 2015l b'erhs gqekPB,uzvhrVQ.

gzikph ;kfjs dk fJfsjk; (Gkr d{ik)l 1982l GkPk ftGkr, gfNnkbk.

i/HghH ;zrs f;zxl pfusq BkNe ;Nhel 1992l f;zx pqdoI, nzfwqs;o.

;[fozdo f;zx e'jbhl gzikph ;kfjs e'Pl 1978l gpbhe/PB fpT{o'.

osB f;zx iZrhl ;kfjs e'P (gfoGkPe Ppdktbh)l 2001l gpbhe/PB fpT{o', gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh,gfNnkbk.

PKsh yzBkl nkX[fBe fjzdh dk ihtBhgoe ;kfjs:l 1973l ;hwkor gqekPB, fdZbh.

Xowuzd tkfsPl ;t?ihtBh Pk;sol 2019l g[Bhs gpbhe/PBI, wb/oe'Nbk, gzikp.

softzdo e"ol u'bk NkehnK tkbak L gkmê/Adfos nfXn?Bl 2013l n?uHe/H gqekPB, fdZbh.

15

wBihs f;zx, vkHl B/eh^ekft L fw~E^ftfrnkBe nfXn?Bl (;zgkfdek L wfjzdo e"o frZb)lebkeowh i;tzs f;zx B/eh ’u'A)l gzikph nekdwh, fdZbh.

osB f;zx iZrhl gzikph ;?ihtBh L fJe w[bKeDl GkPk ftGkr, gzikp

noftzdo gkb e"o (vkH)l nzfwqsk^gqGi's e"o (Gkr^2)l 1981, tkfo; Pkj |kT{Av/PB.

gqhsw f;zx, jfoGiB f;zx s/ j'o (;zgkdeh wzvb)l BkBe f;zx nfGBzdB rzqE, Bt:[r gpfbPoI,fdZbh, 1970

Bfozdo f;zx, vkHl ;kfjs^o{g ns/ o{gkeko, 2018, B?PBb p[e Pkg, fdZbh.

;fszdo f;zx, vkHl nkX[fBe gzikph tkose dk fJfsjk; (fibd^12)l 2006, gzikph nekdwh,fdZbh.

—0—

16

gkm Bzpo L 2

Gkr d{ik L gzikph ;t?îhtBh nzP

‘;t?îhtBh nzP’ (;zgkde, vkH wBihs f;zx)! vkH e[bihs f;zx GkNhnk

2H gkm^g[;se L ‘;t?îhtBh nzP’ (;zgkde, vkH wBihs f;zx)

nkozfGek

pZfuT[ ` s[jkv/ fJ; e"o; ftu vkH wBihs f;zx d[nkok ;zgkds ehsh rJh g[;se ‘gzikph;t?îhtBh nzP’, ps"o fJe gkm^g[;se (text book) bZrh j'Jh j?. fJ; ftu, gzikph d/ e[ZMb/yeK$b/fyektK d/ ;t?îhtBh nzP, ;zgkd (edit) eoe/, Pkfwb ehs/ rJ/ jB. fJ; gkm^g[;se d/w[ZY ftu doI ‘sseok’, fJ; gqeko j? L^

sseok

;tkrsh Ppd ^wBihs f;zx, vkH

;zgkdeh ^wBihs f;zx, vkH

1H (BkBe f;zx L “w/oh d[BhnK” ’u'A)pzd eo' bj{ Bkba X'Dk

2H (fgqzH s/ik f;zx L “nko;h” ’u'A)wfjzdok ekbi, gfNnkbk

3H (r[op\P f;zx gqhsbVh L “wzIb fd; gJh” ’u'A)T[j poes, fijVh nkJh nk|s d/ o{g ftu

4H (eosko f;zx d[Zrb L “fe;[ gfj y'bT[ rzmVh” ’u'A)fe;[ gfj y'bT[ rzmVh

5H (nzfwqsk gqhsw L “o;hd fNeN” ’u'A)w/ok ;'bQtK toQk

6H (jfoGiB f;zx, vkH L “u'bk NkehnK tkbk” ’u'A)nkg Bz{ gSkD pzd/

7H (i;tzs f;zx B/eh, vkH L “e'Jh BkT[ B ikD? w/ok” ’u'A)T[gBkw B/eh l e'qX th wjkB s/ f\wk th wjkB l o~p Bkba w/b


17

8H (eoBihs f;zx, vkH L “jkPhJ/ dh fJpkos” ’u'A)e[dos dk X'ph gbNk

9H (pfuzs e"o L “grvzvhnK” ’u'A)w[j~ps fJe jkd;k

10H (pbpho wkX'g[oh L “SKfrnk o[Zy” ’u'A)nkgD/ BK Bkba B|os

nzfsek Bzpo L 1(;zy/g ihtBrs t/ot/, ouBk^;zuko, ;ko s/ gqPBktbh)

nzfsek Bzpo L 2ftdtkBK dhnK nkb'uBkswe fNZgDhnK

2H1 G{fwek ftub/ ftuko

‘gzikph ;t?îhtBh nzP’, ;zgkde, wBihs f;zx (vkH)

;tkrsh Ppd$;zgkdeh

fgnko/ ftfdnkoEhT[ ` uouk nXhB gkm^g[;se (gzikph ;t?îhtBh nzP), vkH wBihs f;zxd[nkok ;zgkfds ehsh rJh j?, fit/A fe, g[;se d/ BK s'A jh gsk bZrdk j? fe ;zgkde B/ fJ;ftu, e[ZM gqf;ZX$uofus ;t?îhtBhekoK dhnK ;t?îhtBhnK ftu'A, o"ue ns/ wjZstg{oB nzPK Bz{,fJ; g[;se ftu Pkfwb ehsk j?. fJjBK nzPK Bz{ gVQ e/, Bk f;o| n;hA tZy' tZyo/ b/yeK dhnK;t?îhtBhnK s'A ikD{ j[zd/ jK, ;r'A gzikph ;t?îhtBh dh gozgok ns/ GftZy Bkba i[VhnK ;zGktBktKpko/ th, ;fji/ jh fJe nzdkIk bZrk ;ed/ jK. fJ; gkm^g[;se ftu ;zgkde B/, Bk f;o| tzB^;[tzBsk ns/ fBozsosk Bz{ pDkJh oZfynk j?, ;r'A gkm^g[;se ftu Pkfwb nzPK Bz{ gVQ e/,ftfdnkoEhnK$gkmeK dh o"fuesk dk th fXnkB oZfynk j?. fJjBK Bz{ gVQ e/, gkmeK$ftfdnkoEhnKd/ wB ftu fJj T[s;[esk th g?dk j[zdh j? fe ;zpzfXs b/yeK dhnK ;t?îhtBhnK Bz{, T[jBK d/ ;zg{oBo{g ftu gfVQnk ikt/.

b/yeK dhnK ;zg{oB ;t?îhtBhnK ftu'A, u'Dt/A nzPK Bz{ u[D e/, fJe BthA soshp ftu g/P eoBk,n"yk s/ fwjBs tkbak ezw j?. ;zgkde B/ tzB^;[tzB/ b/yeK dhnK fte'fbsohnK ;t?îhtBhnK ftu'A,fijV/ nzP u[D/ jB ns/ T[jBK B{z, fijVh soshp fdZsh j?, T[jBK s'A gkme$ftfdnkoEh, ;zpzfXsb/yeK d/ ihtB^nB[GtK, ftukoK, P?bhnK, u'D nkfd s'A ikD{ jz[dk j?. fJ; rZb dk th fXnkB oZfynkfrnk j? fe ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{, ;t?îhtBh d/ f;XKse gZyK pko/, frnkB j' ;e/ ns/ T[j ftjkoeskBkba i[V e/, Gkt, ;t?îhtBh d/ nzPK Bz{ gVQ e/, gzikph ;t?îhtBh gqfs fJe ftPkb fpzp th, nkgD/wB ftu pDk ;eD.

gkm^g[;se d/ ;zgkde dk fJj eEB th pVk wjZstg{oB j? fe nkgDk y'iêkoi eofdnK;fjtB jh, T[; dh o[uh ;t?îhtBh ;kfjs tZb j' rJh ;h. fJ; o{gkeko ftu'A T[; Bz{, fJe

18

ftP/P fe;w d/ nBzd dh nB[G{sh, ;[ji ns/ frnkB dh gqkgsh j[zdh j?. fJT[A, n;hA t/yd/ jK fe;t?îhtBh gVQfdnK, gkme Bz{ ;[ji^wkDB ns/ nkgDh nkb'uBkswe okfJ pDkT[D dk w"ek th fwbadkj?. fJ; ;zpzXh gkme$ftfdnkoEh, gkm^g[;se dh nzfsek Bzpo L 2 (ftdtkBK dhnK nkb'uBkswefNZgDhnK) th t/y ;ed/ jB. fit/A fe ;zgkde B/ ;zy/g o{g ftu, fJ; pko/ uouk th ehsh j? fe;t?îhtBh, nkswêEk, nkN'pkfJUrqk|h nkfd, ;wkBzso Ppd jB. ;t?îhtBh fbyD tkbak, fJ;ftu nkgDh fIzdrh ftu'A eZ[M ftP/P xNBktK, ;fEshnK, nB[GtK, w[bkeaksK, :kdK nkfd Bz{ u[Ddkj? ns/ fposKs dhnK i[rsK tos e/, T[; Bz{ g[Bo ;[oihs eodk j?. fJ; s'A Bk f;o| ;kBz{, tZy'tZyo/ b/yeK d/ ihtB fdqPNhe'DK dk gsk bZrdk j?, ;r'A ;zpzXs b/yeK dh ftukoXkok dh th ;'Mhj[zdh j?. ;[u/s s/ ;iZr gkme$ftfdnkoEh, fJjBK Bz{ gVQ e/, fJjBK s'A nkgD/ ihtB gqfs ;/X iKgq/oBk gqkgs eo e/, nkgDh fIzdrh Bz{ tX/o/ ;|bsk Bkba ihT[ ;edk j?.

;zgkde tZb'A ehsh rJh fJj fNZgDh th pVh wjZst:'r j? fe ;t?îhtBh ftu, ;t?^Pbkxk iK;t?^\[Pkwdh bJh, e'Jh EK BjhA jz[dh. fJ; ftu b/ye, nkgD/ nzsoht s/ pkjoh ;Zu Bz{, g/P eodkj?. ;zgkde B/ nkgD/ eEB dh g[PNh bJh, nzfwqsk gqhsw dh ;t?îhtBh (‘o;hdh fNeN’) ftu'AfJe T[dkjoD th fdZsh j? L^

“;t?îhtBh Bz{ nea;o fubethA uwedh fJe gk;h ;ZukJh ;wfMnk iKdk j?—;t?^Pbkxk dk j[Boh wkfXnw. go, p[fBnkdh ;ZukJh Bz{ b/ye dh nkgDh b'VwzBe/, w?A nkyDk ukjtKrh fe fJj :EkoE s'A :EkoE sZe gj[zuD dk nwb j?.HHHfJjb/ye dk nkgD/ nkg ftu, gkme Bz{ fBZih^p[bktk j[zdk j?HHH;zr^;ze'u dh dfjbhI s'Anzdotko. fJj f;o| T[d'A ;zGt j[zdk j?HHHid'A b/ye dk i/ok, T[jd/ fe;/ ;Zu Bkb'AT{Dk Bk j't/. fJjd/ ftu e'Jh M{m, wfjwkB dh BjhA, w/IpkB dh nkgDh jZse jz[dhj?. f;o|, T[oko d/ ezY/ dk :EkoE pDdk j?. T[j nwb, fJ; ;t?îhtBh ftu thj?. fJj ouBk dk nkgDk nwb j?. w?A fJ; B{z, :EkoE s'A :EkoE sZe dk ;|onkyDk ukjtKrh.”

(‘o;hdh fNeN’ L gzBk L 150^151)

fJ; eEB s'A ;gZPN j[zdk j? fe ;t?îhtBh ftu, M{m bJh e'Jh EK BjhA jz[dh. ;r'A, T[j sK,Bzr/ ;Zu Bkba jh fbyh iKdh j?. (gzikph ;t?îhtBh nzP, gzBk L 11)

nzs ftu n;hA efjDk ukj[zd/ jK fe fJ; gkm^g[;se dh ;zgkdeh ftu, ;zgkde B/ gzikph d/10 uofus b/yeK d/ ;t?îhtBh nzP g/P eo e/, gzikph ;t?îhtBh dh fJe ftPkb^Mbe fdykT[Ddh e'fPP ehsh j?. fJjh ekoB j? fe fJ; gkm^g[;se ftu ftfdnkoEhnK$gkmeK bJh, ‘fJeo;sk’dh EK ‘tzB^;[tzBsk’ ns/ o"fuesk fwbadh j?. b/yeK d/ ihtB t/oftnK, T[jBK dh ihtB P?bh, tkoseP?bh, ftukoXkok, ;wkiesk, Xkowesk, okiBhse^;{M, gfotkoe s/ ;kfjse foPfsnK pko/ Gog{oikDekoh fwbadh j?. fJj th gsk bZrdk j? fe uofus b/yeK B/, nkgDh fIzdrh ftu, fet/A tZy'tZyo/ sohfenK Bkba ;zxoP ehsk. fJT[A, n;hA t/yd/ jK fe fJj gkm^g[;se, Bk f;o| gkmeK ns/ftfdnkoEhnK dh ikDekoh ftu tkXk eodh j?, ;r'A B?fse ns/ ;kfjse$nekdfwe frnkB d/D ftuth, ;|b ejh ik ;edh j?.

19

2H2 ;t?îhtBh nzPK ftu'A T[ZGoD tkb/a b/ye^fpzp2H3 gkmrs nfXn?B2H4 P?bhrs ftP/PsktK

(1) pzd eo' bj{ Bkba X'Dk (BkBe f;zx) L gkmrs nfXn?B

(i) gkmrs nfXn?B

gkm^g[;se ‘gzikph ;t?îhtBh’ (;zgkde L vkH wBihs f;zx) ftubk ;G s'A gfjbk ;t?îhtBhnzP, gzikph d/ gqf;ZX b/ye s/ Bktbeko, BkBe f;zx dk fbfynk j'fJnk j?, i' fe T[; dh ;t?îhtBh‘w/oh d[BhnK’ ftu'A fbnk frnk j?. fJ; ouBk Bz{ BkBe f;zx B/, d/P^tzv s'A fszB ;kb pknd fbfynk;h. fJj b/ye BkBe f;zx dh, ;zt/dBk s/ ftukoXkoe gZXo Bz{ g/P eoB tkbah ouBk j?. fi; ftuT[; B/, fJB;kBhns d/ xkD gqfs, nkgDh ;zt/dBk Bz{ gqrN ehsk j?. fJj 1947 dh tzv d/ sZEK Bz{th g/P eodk j? ns/ b/ye d/ nkg jzYkJ/ ;Zu ns/ T[; Bkba i[Vh wkBf;esk Bz{ th. ;zgkde nB[;koL^

“b/ye, wB[Zysk ns/ Xow d/ BK ’s/ j[zdh, fJ; easb'rkos s'A pkI nkT[D bJh d[jkJhfdzdk j?. b/ye nB[;ko L i/ d'jK d/PK dhnK je{wsK PKsh, fgnko ns/ GkJhuko/bJh e[ZM edw u[ZeD, sK jh, fJ; ;ko/ tksktoB Bz{ pdfbnk ik ;edk j?. Bkbajh, T[j ebkekoK ns/ ;kfjsekoK Bz{ th nwB ns/ GkJhuko/ dk ;zd/P d/D bJhgq/fos eodk j?.”

(vkH wBihs f;zx (;zgkH)l gzikph ;t?îhtBh nzPl gzBk L 70)

BkBe f;zx, gzikph ;kfjs irs dk fJe nfijk BK j?, fi; B/ ;kfjs fby e/, gqf;ZXh thgqkgs ehsh ns/ fJ; Bz{ nkgDh o'Ihô'Nh dk ;kXB th pDkfJnk. nkg B/, gzikph ;kfjs ns/ftP/P eoe/, Bktb Bz{ Xkowe tbrDK ftu'A eZY e/, ;wki^;[Xko ns/ :EkoE Bkba i'fVnk. ;',BkBe f;zx Bz{, fJe :EkoEtkdh ns/ ;[Xkotkdh rbgeko th fejk ik ;edk j?. BkBe f;zx d/BktbK s/ ejkDhnK tKrz{ jh, T[; dh ;t?îhtBh th pVh gqf;ZX j'Jh ns/ gzikph irs ftu BkwDkyZfNnk. fit/A fe jo/e ;kfjseko dhnK ouBktK, nkg' nkgDhnK ftbZyDsktK okjhA gkmeK d/ fdb'^fdwk} ftu, nkgDh EK pDkT[AdhnK jB, fpbe[b T[;/ soQK jh BkBe f;zx th nkgDh g/Pekoh, P?bh,i[rsK, ftXhnK ns/ tZyo/ nzdkI ekoB, nkgDhnK fbysK ftu pkeh ;kfjsekoK Bkb'aA tZyok gSkfDnkiKdk j?. BkBe f;zx dh ;t?îhtBh ‘w/oh d[BhnK’ ftub/ nzP, ‘pzd eo' bj{ Bkba X'Dk’ ftu th,T[; dk fJj ftbZyD nzdkI ;k| fdZ;dk j?.

d/P^tzv dk dod s/ ghVk, BkBe f;zx d/ nzsoht Bz{ Mzi'Ve/, PpdK d/ o{g ftu T[~Gkodh j?.fJj' fij/ jkbks ;kjwD/ gqPB yVQk eoBk, T[; dk ;[Gkn j? ns/ T[; d/ wB dh ghVk, pko pkoghVs fXo Bkba i[Vdh, T[; Bkba ;KM gkT[Adh j?. T[; dh tZyoh P?bh, BkNehî[rsK okjhA, xZNs'A xZN PpdK ftu nkgDh rZb efjzdh j?. ;t?îhtBh nzP d/ nkozGb/ Ppd jh, T[dkjoD d/ s"o’s/ d/y/ ik ;ed/ jB L^

20

“fJe toQk, d' toQ/, fszB toQ/ j' rJ/ B/ b'eK Bz{ bj{ Bkba bj{ X'AfdnKHHH, ;?AefVnK,jIkoK, bZyK ftuHHHs/ ni/ fJj f;bf;bk U;/ s/ih Bkba ikoh j?^pzd BjhA j'fJnk.”

(gzikph ;t?îhtBh nzP, gzBk L 15)

“f|oe{ n\pko s/ f|oe{ bhvoHHHf|oe{ d?As.”

“nkyo ed she fJ; soQK bj{ Bkba bj{ X'sk ikJ/rk <”


(ii) P?bhrs ftP/Psk

fJ; soQK, BkBe f;zx jkbks Bz{ t/yfdnK, gqPB T[mkT[Adk j?. fJj gqPB jh, f|oekgq;sh gqfs,T[; dh nktkI Bz{ p[bzd eod/ jB. fJ; ftu'A jh b/ye d/ ftnefsst dk fBro gZy fdZ;dk j?.b/ye dh Ppdû'D, ;ko/ wB[Zyh^xkD dk Ppd^fu~so pDk e/, gkmeK ;kjwD/ g/P eo d/Adh j?.PpdK d/ Bkba, ftP/PDh^nr/soK dh tos'A eo e/ (fcoe{ d?As dk y{j, P?skBh BIwK, wB[Zyh PohodhnK j'bK nkfd), T[jBK Bz{ nkw s'A \k; pDk fdzdk j?. b/ye dk ;[B/jk, j'o g[Z\sk s/ gqwkfDej' iKdk j?. d/P dh tzv wro'A, pzrkb ftu th, T[j' fijh ;fEsh g?dk j[zdh j?. b/ye wkBf;e s"o’s/ p/jZd d[yh, gq/PkB j' e/, fiZE/ nkw b'ekJh d/ eaksbK nZr/ d[jkJh fdzdk j?, T[~E/ Bkba jh, nkgDhnzdobh wkBf;esk Bz{ pVh p/pkeh Bkba g/P th eodk j?. fJ; soQK eo e/, b/ye nkgD/ gksoKBz{ th, nkgD/ Bkba Bkba s'odk j?. fJT[A gkme^b/ye ;zpzX ekfJw eoBk, foPfsnK Bz{ fBGkT[Dk ns/fJB;kBh fgnko dh rZb Bz{ T[~GkoDk, T[; dh wkBttkdh ;'u dk, gqsZy gqwkD do;kT[Adk j?. fJjhT[; dh P?bhrs^ftP/Psk j?. T[dkjoD d/ s"o ’s/ fJj Ppd t/y' L^

“wB[Zysk d/ Bkw ’s/, T[jBK b'eK d/ dhB Xow d/ Bkw ’s/, s/ fBod'fPnK d/ \{B d/Bkw ’s/, w?A d[jkJh fdzdk jK fe pkI nkU, fJj pko{dh y/v y/vD s'A.”


IwhBh jeaheas Bz{, nkgDh b/yDh nzdo fpnkB eoBk, ;wkie skD/^pkD/ dh g/Pekoh eoBk,fJ; nzP Bz{, T[~u^gZXo ’s/ b? iKdk j?. nkgDh rZb Bz{ gqGktPkbh Yzr Bkba efj e/, gkmeK dk;zpzfXs ;fEshnK gqfs fXnkB e/Adfos eoB fjZs tko tko, tkeK Bz{ f;~X/^g[~m/ ekfwnK ftu fbye/, nkgDh P?bh dk gqwkD fdzdk j?. nkw b'eK d/ dod ns/ e[o;hnK T[go p?m/ B/sktK ns/f|oekgq;sh dh y/v y/vd/ b'eK Bz{ tzrkoB dh fjzws th, BkBe f;zx tork b/ye jh eo ;edk j?.T[; dh P\;hns, T[; dh gotfoP, T[; dk ;ZfGnkuko, T[; dh gzikphns, ;KMhtkbsk ns/ fJ;sohfgnko dh soIwkBh eoBk, T[; Bz{ fJe fJj' fijk ;wki^;[Xkoe ns/ eqKshekoh ;[B/jk d/Dk tkbkpDkT[Ad/ jB. fJ; ;t?îhtBh nzP d/ nzs T[go ehsh rJh r[ikfoP, b/ye dh fJB;kBhns Bz{ pukT[DbJh jz[rko/ dh wzr eodh j? ns/ gkmeK d/ nzdob/ wB Bz{ T[j, T[jh gqD b?D bJh wip{o eodhj?. fJj ;kohnK tzvhnK Bz{ oZd eodh j? ns/ wB[Zysk Bz{ pukT[D bJh nZr/ nkT[D dh rZb Bz{ gqGktPkbhpDkT[Adh j?. b/ye pko pko ebkekoK Bz{ teas ;zGkbD ns/ |oI fBGkT[D bJh efjzdk j?. b/yedh nkgDh P\;hns Bz{ gSkDB tkba/, T[; d/ nkgD/ Ppd t/y' L^

21

“ebkeko Bz{ e[dos B/ T[jh Pesh p\Ph j?, fi; Bkba, T[j i[r gbN e/ oZy ;ed/B/. d[BhnK d/ fJfsjk; ftu ebkekoK B/, T[j T[j ekoBkw/ ehs/ B/, fijV/ tZv/ tZv/SZsqgsh oki/ Bk eo ;e/.”


b/yeK s/ ebkekoK Bz{ f;~Xk ;zp'XB eoBk, T[; dh b/yDh Bz{ pVk gqGktPkbh ns/ noEtkBpDkT[Adk j?. T[; dh Ppdktbh ns/ T[od{^|ko;h gqfs w'j s/ brB, gzikph GkPk Bz{ fJjBK GkPktKBkba i'V e/, j'o nwho pDkT[Adh j?. \{p;{osh Bkba tosh Ppdktbh, feXo/ th nyodh BjhA, ;r'ApVh ;fji, ;[Gkte, otkBh tkbah bZrdh j?. BIw, Ijkbs, pdswhIh, Ibhb, iBz{B, pkI, iIpk,\bes, je{ws, }Bhws, fIjBhns, ndhp, n|IkJh nkfd nkw tos'A ftu nkT[D tkb/a PpdK Bz{tosD s'A fpBK, BkBe f;zx gqPB g?dk eoB dh i[rs tos e/, Ikbw fXo Bz{ ngokXh x/o/ ftuyVQk eodk j?.

ub' wzB bT[ fe bVkJh j' e/ oj/rh, go ;tkb sK fco T[~E/ dk T[~E/ jh ofjzdk j? fe bVkJhdk Bshik eh j't/rk < fiZs ikD s'A pknd th eh Gkos ;[Zy dh BhAdo ;"A ;e/rk < d; eo'Vw[;bwkB, Gkosh oki j/m, php/ okD/ pD e/ ofjDr/ <

fJ; soQK n;hA d/yd/ jK fe fJ; ;t?îhtBh nzP ftu, BkBe f;zx dh nkgDh P\;hns ns/P?bh, nB/eK gZXoK T[go t/yh ik ;edh j?. fJj T[; dh b/yDh Bz{ gqGktPkbh pDkT[Adh j?. fJjgkme^b/ye Bz{ fJe^d{i/ Bkba i'V e/ ;XkoDheoB dk okj ;"yk eodh j?. b/ye nkgD/ ihtB dhnKszrhnK^s[oPhnK d/ ;kjwD/ vZN e/ yb'sk fojk ns/ nkgD/ gkmeK Bz{ th fJT[A eoB dk ;[B/jkfdzdk j?. T[j nkgDk ns/ gkmeK dk j"A;bk th pDkT[Adk j? ns/ ;wki Bz{ o;sk fdykT[D tkbak thfdZ;dk j?.

(iii) b/ye dk fpzp

fJ; ;t?îhtBh nzP (‘pzd eo' bj{ Bkb X'Dk’) ftu b/ye BkBe f;zx dk fJe nkdoPtkdh^fJB;kBhns dk ;[B/jk d/D tkbak P\;h fpzp T[~Godk j?. T[j fjzd[;skB ns/ gkfe;skB, d'jKd/PK ftu'A B|os s/ easb'rkos Bz{ \sw eoBk ukjz[dk j?. b/ye fJe e'wb^fuZs ns/ y[ZbQ/ ftukoKtkbak ftnesh j?. b/ye B|os, f|oekgq;sh, B/skfroh, GVekT{ gZsoekoh fijhnK skesK d/ f\bk|p/pkeh Bkb p'bdk j?. T[j nkgDk ;[B/jk d/D bJh, fe;/ Bz{ th BjhA p\Pdk, ;r'A fJe fBogZyftukotkB d/ s"o ’s/ gfjbK, fJ; w;b/ d/ Bekokswe gZyK pko/ gqPB T[mkT[Adk j? ns/ fco nkgjh ;ekokswe ftukoK Bkba, T[jBK d/ itkp th d/Adk j?. T[j fJe uzrk p[bkok j?. T[; dh ;{M^p{Mns/ shyDû/szB p[ZXh pko/ th gsk bZrdk j?. fJe uzrk fJB;kB ns/ Xow dk n;bh g?o'eko j?.T[j nkg th u/szB j? ns/ gkmeK Bz{ th u/szB eoB dh e'fPP eodk j?. T[j fJe PKsh^d{s pDe/, d'jK w[beK sZe nkgDk ;[B/jk gjz[ukT[Dk ukjz[dk j?. T[j bj{ Bkba bj{ X'D dh IfjBhns Bz{ \sweo e/, P[ZX fJB;kBhns Bkba i[Vdk ns/ d{finK Bz{ i'Vdk j?. T[j fJe gqf;ZX ns/ PeshPkbhb/ye j'D eoe/, nkgD/ ;wekbh b/yeK$ebkekoK Bz{ f;ZXk ;zp'fXs j[zdk j? ns/ |oI fBGkT[D dh nghbeofdnK, GftZy bJh okj^d;/ok pDdk j?.

22

gqPBktbhgqPB L fJ; ;t?îhtBh nzP dk wZ[y^ftPk eh j? <

T[Zso L fJ; ;t?îhtBh nzP dk w[Zy ftPk, B|os ns/ easb'rkos dh nZr Bz{ \sw eoB ns/fJB;kBhns okjhA, PKsh dk ;[B/jk d/Dk j?.

gqPB L fJ; ;t?îhtBh nzP d/ BK pko/ uouk eo'.

T[Zso L fJ; ;t?îhtBh nzP dk BK (‘pzd eo' bj{ Bkb X'Dk’) d/ noE jB fe \{B Bkb \{B iKeasb Bkba easb eo e/, edh th PKsh gqkgs BjhA ehsh ik ;edh.

gqPB L b/ye ebkekoK Bz{ eh efjzdk j? <

T[Zso L b/ye nkgD/ ;wekbh b/yeK s/ ebkekoK Bz{, nkgDk |oI fBGk e/, PKsh dk wkj"b pDkT[DbJh efjzdk j?.

—0—

(2) ‘wfjzdok ekbi gfNnkbk’ (fgqzH s/ik f;zx) L gkmrs nfXn?B

(i) gkmrs nfXn?B

‘wfjzdok ekbi gfNnkbk’ ;t?îhtBh nzP, fgqz;hgb s/ik f;zx dh, ;t?îhtBh ‘nko;h’ ftu'Afbnk frnk j?. fit/A fe s[;hA ;ko/ ikDd/ jh j' fe ‘nko;h’ dk noE, nkgDk ne; t/yD tkbakPhPk j[zdk j?. ;', fJZE/ nko;h s'A Gkt j? fe b/ye B/, nkgDh fIzdrh d/ fpzp Bz{, PhP/ tKr ;k|^;[ZEoks/ fij' fijk T[j j?, T[j' fijk jh ftykT[D dh e'fPP ehsh j?. BkBe f;zx tKr, fgqz;hgb s/ikf;zx th, r[od[nkok ;[Xko bfjo Bkba i[V/ ns/ fJ; T[go nkgDk gqGkt gkfJnk. nkg B/, gzikps/ pzpJh ftubhnK ftfdne ns/ nekdfwe ;z;EktK ftu, nkgDk pj[s :'rdkB gkfJnk. nkg fJegqf;ZX tkose b/ye, pkDh d/ Nhekeko, e'Peko ns/ ;t?îhtBh b/ye oj/. wjkokik gfNnkbk tZb'Ankg Bz{, wfjzdok ekbi gfNnkbk dk fgqz;hgb fB:[es ehsk frnk, sK nkg B/, 4^5 ;kbK ftujh ekbi dh B[jko pdb e/ oZy fdZsh.

(ii) P?bhrs ftP/Psk

fgqz;hgb s/ik f;zx, gzikph p'bh s/ GkPk Bz{, pj[s fgnko eoB tkb/a ns/ f;Zy Xow Bkbai[V/, T[~x/ ftdtkB ;B. fIzdrh dhnK sb\ jeaheasK, nfXnkgeK dh jZbkP/oh s/ gq/oBk ;dek nkgB/, nkgDh fIzdrh ftu ns/ nekdfwe irs ftu, pV/ wknoe/ tkb/a ezw ehs/. pj[^GkPkJh frnkBoZyD tkba/, fJ; b/ye dh ;t?îhtBh, T[; dh P\;hns, ftukoXkok ns/ ;zxoP dh, j{pj{ s;thog/P eodh j?. gkm^g[;se ftubk ;t?îhtBh nzP, ‘wfjzdok ekbi gfNnkbk’ s'A gsk bZrdk j?fe nkg, d{finK dh wdd eoB tkb/a ns/ jo fe;/ Bz{ fyZV/ wZE/ ;theko eoB tkb/a ftnesh ;B.

23

b'e^fjZs ns/ ;fjisk ekoB, nkg nkgD/ Bkba ;zpzfXs ftneshnK ns/ nkgD/ gkmeK T[go, nkgDknfwZN gqGkt SZvd/ ;B. nkg dhnK ouBktK Bz{ gVQ e/ gsk bZrdk j? fe nkg, nkgDh fbyD^P?bhftu ;fji, ;ob, ;gZPN jB ns/ gkmeK dh gj[zu s'A pkjo, fpbe[b BjhA iKd/. fit/A fe L^

“n;hA s[jkBz{ b?D nkJ/ jK, ;kv/ gk; fszB EktK jBl fJe ftfdne wfjew/ dh vkfJo?eNoh,d{ih gzikph wfjew/ dh ;eZsoh s/ shih wfjzdok ekbi dk fgqz;hgb” (gzBk L 21) dk nj[dk. fJjBKftu'A e'Jh th b? bU. fJT[A, b/ye tZb'A ej/ Ppd, T[; dh nkgDh P\;hns ns/ ezw gqfs brBBz{ T[~GkoD tkba/ jB. brB s/ fwjBs ;dek T[~uhnK gqkgshnK eoB tkbak fJj b/ye, fe;/ th gZy'A,fBokPktkdh otZJhnk Bk ngDkT[D tkbak iK T[; dh jkwh GoB s'A r[o/I eoB tkbak, ;/tk GktBkBkba Gfonk j'fJnk, nkgDh rZb Bz{ ;fji s/ ;gZPN sohe/ Bkba efjD tkbak j?. fJj ;kok e[ZMj/mbhnK gzeshnK s'A pk\{ph gqwkfDs jz[dk j? L^

“go Bkba jh w?A fejk fe nrb/ fgqz;hgb Bz{ T[~ek jh Bk jNk fdZsk ikt/, ;r'A T[; Bz{ T[~funke/, vkfJo?eNo dk nj[dk fdZsk ikt/.” (gzBk L 21^22) mhe fJ;/ soQK ftfdnkoEhnK nzdo o[uhGoBk s/ T[jBK dh j"A;bk n|IkJh eo e/, T[jBK Bz{ nZr/ tZXD dh ;'u, T[whd, T[d/P Bz{ th T[~Gkodkj?. fJT[A, T[jBK B/ nkg th ;|bsk dhnK g"VhnK uVQhnK ns/ d{finK Bz{ th, fJ; gqfs u/szB ehsk.ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ ftjbV pDB s'A o'eD d/ ;kXB w[jZJhnk eokJ/ ns/ T[jBK d/ fdb'^fdwk} bJh,j[Boh ns/ ;kfjse o[MkB g?dk ehs/. nkgDh feos ftu ;wkie ;fEsh dh s;tho g/P eoBk ns/;oekoh wfjefwnK ftu fJwkBdko ns/ brB dk i' fJBkw fwbdk j?, T[; gqfs ;gZPN o{g ftufby e/, b/ye nkgDh ;obsk, ;gZPNsk s/ ;fjisk Gog{o P?bh Bz{, j'o th T[xVt/A o{g ftug/P eo ;fenk j?. fit/A fe L^

“fJsBh gq;z;k d/ j[zfdnK w?Bz{ rowh dhnK S[ZNhnK ftu B"eohT[A itkp fwb frnk.”


nzro/Ih GkPk ftu w[jkos j'D ekoB, b/ye dh ;t?^ihtBh ftu, nzro/Ih PpdK dk nk ikDk,;[Gkte j?. fJj b/ye dh gqfsGk s/ P?bh Bz{ T[GkoD ftu, ;jkJh th j[zdk j?. jw/PK ;ekokswe;'u Bz{, nkgD/ Bkb b? e/ ubDk ns/ fBozso nZr/ tZb Bz{ tZXd/ ofjDk, b/ye dh fBZih fIzdrh dhnKedoK^ehwsK dk th b\kfJe j?. b/ye dk pj[^GkPkJh frnkB, B?fsesk, pj[gZyh gqafsGk, ;\sfwjBsh j'Dk, brB, gqshpZXsk tor/ r[D, b/ye dh P\;hns Bz{ pDkT[D ftu ;jkJh j[zd/ jB. fJ;P\;h T[~usk ekoB, T[; dh tkose^P?bh tX/o/ ;fji, ;ob, ;gZPN r[DK dh XkoDh pDdh j?. Bzr/;Zu Bz{, p/pkeh Bkba gkmeK ;kjwD/ oZyDk, T[jBK Bz{ ;zs[PNsk ns/ nfj;kBwzdh dh GktBk Bkba thi'Vdk j?.

(iii) b/ye dk fpzp

;', fejk ik ;edk j? fe fJj fgqzH s/ik f;zx dh P?bh jh j?, fijVh nkg dhnK fbysK Bz{\k; pDkT[Adh j?. e[Zb fwbk e/, b/ye dk fijVk fpzp T[~Godk j?, T[j brB, fwjBsh, ;ZukJh, T[;ko{s/ fJwkBdko ftnesh tkbak pDdk j?. T[j nkgDh fIzw/tkoh Bz{, g{oh sB^d/jh s/ fPZds Bkba fBGkT[Ddk ekoi, g{ok eodk j?. Gkt/A, T[; dk fJBkw fwb/ iK eZ[M j'o th.

24

pZfuT[ ` s[jkvh gkm^g[;se ‘gzikph ;t?îhtBh nzP’ ftubk fJj nzP (‘wfjzdok ekbi,gfNnkbk’) fgqz;hgb s/ik f;zx dh ;t?îhtBh ftu'A fbnk frnk j?. fJ; ftu T[jBK B/, nkgDhfIzdrh d/ ftP/P ;w/A ftu, fwbah ftP/P ekw:kph ns/ T[; nj[d/ d/ tkg; ub/ ikD dh ejkDh Bz{,nkgD/ fbyD^nzdkI ftu g/P ehsk j?, i' fe pVk o'ue j?. fJ; dk gkm eofdnK, ;kBz{ gsk bZrdkj? fe fJj ;kfjsîrs nzdo, gzikph p'bh ns/ f;Zy Xow d/ T[~x/ ftdtkB fgqzH s/ik f;zx dh ;t?îhtBh ‘nko;h’ dk, fJe p/jsohB nzP j?. fgqzH s/ik f;zx B/ T[~u ftZfdnk jkf;b eo e/, fiZE/ekbiK ftu Xow, fJfsjk; ns/ nzro/Ih tor/ ftP/ gVQkJ/, T[~E/ ;wekbh bfjoK ftu, g{o/ I'oKBkba fjZ;k b?AfdnK, r[od[nkok ;[Xko bfjo ftu th tZvw[Zbk :'rdkB gkfJnk. nkg B/ eJh T[~unj[fdnK T[go ;/tktK fBGkJhnK, Bkba jh tkose, Nhekekoh e'P ns/ y'i d/ \/so ftu, BthA fgosgkT[D d/ Bkba Bkba, T[; Bz{ ftfrnkBe ozr th fdZsk. nkgDhnK feosK Bkba, gzikph ;kfjs s/;ZfGnkuko Bz{ gqGkfts eoB tkbak b/ye, nB/eK ;BwkBK Bkba fBtkfink frnk. fgqz;hgb s/ik f;zxdh ;t?îhtBh ;ot ;q/Pm ;t?îhtBhnK ftu'A, fJe wzBh iKdh j?.

‘wfjzdok ekbi gfNnkbk’ ftub/ nzP ftu b/ye B/, nkgDh fIzdrh d/ T[BQK fdBK dk \{p;{ostoDB ehsk j?, fiBQK fdBK ftu nkg Bz{ wfjzdok ekbi gfNnkbk dk fgqz;hgb fB:[es eoB dhfsnkoh ehsh rJh. p/jZd ;kj;h, brB tkba/ fgqzH s/ik f;zx B/, ed/ th, fe;/ ezw Bz{ jZE ftu b?e/, fgZS/ w[V e/ Bk t/fynk. ;r'A, i' th fIzw/tkoh fdZsh rJh, T[; Bz{ g{oh fJwkBdkoh ns/ fPZdsBkba g{oh T[~ukJh ’s/ gj[zukfJnk ns/ fB;fus ;w/A ftu g{ok ehsk. T[; d/ gVQ/^fby/ j'D ekoB,jw/PK jh T[; tk;s/, \k; EK pDk e/ oZyh iKdh. T[dkjoD d/ s"o ’s/, ;t?îhtBh nzP dhnK fJBQK;soK Bz{ jh t/y' L^

“pzpJh SZvD s'A gfjbK, i;fN; s/ik f;zx ih B/ w/o/ bJh, gzikph :{Bhtof;Nhftu EK pDk oZyh ;h. T[BQK B/ :{Bhtof;Nh ftu, gzikph e'P ns/ gzikph^fjzdh g[;seKfsnko eoB bJh, fJe gpbhe/PB fpT{o' pDtkfJnk ;h, fi; dk w?Bz{ ;eZsoEkfgnk frnk.”


gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh ftu nkgDhnK ;/tktK fBGkT[AfdnK, ni/ e[ZM ;wK jh phfsnk ;h. id'Ab/ye Bz{, fszB fJj' fijhnK EktK ftu'A, fe;/ fJe T[go fB:[es eoB dk |?;bk ehsk frnk.i' j'o th fIzw/tkoh tkbahnK ;B ns/ fiZE/ b/ye tor/ f;oVh, fJwkBdko ns/ nkgD/ \/so ftuw[jkos oZyD tkba/ fJB;kB$P\;hns dh b'V ;h. fJj wfjew/ ;B L fJe, ftfdne wfjew/ dkvkfJo?eNo, d{ik, gzikph wfjew/ dk ;eZso ns/ shik, wfjzdok ekbi dk fgqz;hgb. ;', b/ye B/ekbi dh fgzq;hgbfPg e/tb fJ; eo e/ u[Dh, feT[Afe gVQDk T[; dk P"e ns/ gVQkT[Dk T[jdk MZ;;h. i;fN; s/ik f;zx Bz{, fpBK dZ;/ jh b/ye B/, fJ; nj[d/ tk;s/ jK eo fdZsh. go, fJ; d/Bkba jh, T[; Bz{ nkgD/ ;G s'A f;nkD/ d';s dh BkokIrh th MZbDh gJh. fi; dk T[; Bz{, p/jZdn|;'; j'fJnk.

b/ye d/ ;kjwD/, fJe pj[s tZvh u[D"sh ;h. jkbKfe, ftfdnkoEhnK dh frDsh Gkt/A, gfjbKBkba'A d[ZrDh j' u[Zeh ;h, go fttZ;Ek fpbe[b vktKv'b ;h. ftfdnkoEhnK dk ftjbVg[Dk, T[jBKBz{ BIo nkT[Adk. T[BQK nzdo ;kfjse fuZDr bkT[D bJh, fiZE/ tZy tZy T[gokb/ ehs/, T[~E/ jh sq?GkPh

25

(fjzdh, gzikph, nzro/Ih) d/ BkNe eotkT[D d/ Bkba Bkba, ;zrhse ibf;nK dk nk:'iB theotkfJnk. Bshi/ ti'A, ftjb/ ofjzd/ ftfdnkoEhnK dh, ebkekoK ti'A wzr B/ I'o cfVnk.

fJ;/ bJh fejk iKdk j? fe gVQkJh dk P"e gkbD ns/ gVQkT[D tkbak nfXnkge, jw/PK jh T[;ko{;'u ;dek, ;wki Bz{ BthnK bhjK ’s/ s'oB d/ T[gokb/ eodk j?. fBxko tkba/ gk;/ ik oj/ ekbidh jkbs Bz{ ;[XkoD bJh, y/vK dh jkbs ;[XkoD dk th fIzwk, b/ye B/ u[Zfenk. n?wHJ/H P[o{ eotkJhrJh. phHn?~;H;hH tor/ e"o; P[o{ eotkJ/. uzr/ nfXnkgeK dh tiQk ekoB, BshfinK ftu;[Xko j'D bZrk. fJ; d/ Bkba jh, fi; ekbi dk y/vK ftu :'rdkB wB|h j' u[Zfenk ;h, T[~E/ gq'Hjop/b f;zx Bz{ p[bk e/, y/vK d/ fwnko Bz{ T[~uk u[ZeD bJh T[gokb/ ehs/. s/oQK ;kbK d/ fJfsjk;ftu id'A gfjbh tko, jkeh dh Nok|h wfjzdok ekbi Bz{ fwbah sK, b/ye dh \[Ph dk fmekDk BjhA;h. fit/A fe L “:{Bhtof;Nh N{oBkw?AN ftu, fiZE/ \kb;k ekbi jw/PK nZtb ofjzdk ;h, T[; dhEkt/A wfjzdok ekbi B/ gfjbK gfjb wZbh ns/ \kb;k ekbi d/ 26 g[nkfJzN d/ Nkeo/ ’s/, 68 g[nkfJzNgqkgs ehs/. n?Eb?fNe; ftu fJe' tko, eJh Bt/A foekov ekfJw ehs/.” (gzikph ;t?^ihtBh nzP,gzBk L 23)

fJ; gqeko b/ye tZb'A, ekbi d/ ;otgZyh ftek; ftu gkJ/ :'rdkB dh, jo gk;/ Pbkxk j'Dh;[Gkte ;h. ftZfdnk wzsoh, ftfdne ;eZso, ftfdne vkfJo?eNo d/ Bkba, fjI jkJhB?~; tZb'A th,b/ye Bz{ tXkJhnK fwbhnK. go, Bkba jh, T[; Bz{, T[; dh fwjBs ns/ brB dk fJBkw, B"eohUAitkp d/ o{g ftu fwfbnk. ekoB, gsk BjhA ;B. fejk iKdk j? fe id'A th fe;/ izrb dh eZNkJhP[o{ j[zdh j?, sK ;G s'A gfjbK fwjBsh ns/ fJwkBdko b'eK Bz{, pkjo dk o;sk fdykfJnk iKdkj?. Gkt, gfjbK f;ZX/ doZ\s jh eZN/ iKd/ jB. fjI jkJhB?~; ;qh oki gqw[Zy tZb'A fbnk frnk nfijk|?;bk, fe;/ Bz{ th ;wM ftu Bk nkfJnk. Bshi/ ti'A, b/ye dk j?okBh d/ Bkba Bkba, d[Zyh j'Dk;[Gkte ;h. fJj' fijh BkI[e ;fEsh ftu, fi; uhI B/ T[; Bz{ j"A;bk fdZsk, T[j ;h, :kdftzdotZb'A fbfynk frnk \Zs. fi; ftu T[; B/, fiZE/ b/ye d/ foNkfJo j'D s'A pknd, Bk fwbD dh wk|hwzrh, T[~E/ jh, ;oeko tZb'A b/ye Bz{ jNkT[D bJh bJ/ rJ/ |?;b/ gqfs th, T[; Bz{ p/jZd wk:{;h ;h.:kdftzdo ikDd/ ;B fe b/ye d/ ekbi d/ fgqz;hgb ;w/A ftu, ekbi B/ gVQkJh ftu jh BjhA, ;r'Ay/vK ftu th wZbK wkohnK ;B. go, Bkba jh T[; B/ b/ye Bz{ r[o{ rzqE ;kfjp d/ nzro/Ih ftu ehs/ik oj/ T[bE/ d/ ezw bJh th jZbkP/oh fdZsh. i' fe gzE dh fJe p/jZd tZvh ;/tk ;h. fJ; \Zs;dek b/ye Bz{, e[ZM Xotk; fwfbnk ns/ Bkba jh frnkB f;zx tZb'A, T[; Bz{ ofjD bJh fdZs/ rJ/wekB ekoB th, T[; dk wB PKs ;h.

;', fIzdrh dhnK nfjw ;fEshnK ftu bJ/ |?;b/ ns/ j'oBK tZb'A bJ/ |?;fbnK B/, fiZE/b/ye dh fIzdrh Bz{ nB/eK T[~u/ gZXoK ’s/ fpmkfJnk, T[~E/ jh T[; Bkba j'Jh p/fJB;k|h dk th, T[;Bz{ ekoB Bk gsk bZr ;fenk. i' th j't/, T[; d/ ;ko/ frba/^fPet/, T[; t/b/ d{o j' rJ/, id'A g?g;{;oeko B/ gzikph wfjew/ tZb'A b/ye Bz{, nfGBzdB rzqE g/P eo e/ ;BwkBs ehsk.

gqPBktbhgqPB L wfjzdok ekbi ftu, fgqz;hgb dk ukoi ;zGkbD t/b/a, e"D fgqzH s/ik f;zx s'A BkokI j' frnk

s/ feT[A <

T[Zso L wfjzdok ekbi ftu fgqz;hgb dk ukoi ;zGkbD t/b/a, b/ye d/ feogkb{ fwZso i;fN;

26

s/ik f;zx, T[BQK Bkba p/jZd BkokI j'J/. feT[Afe, i;fN; s/ik f;zx B/, b/ye tk;s/ gzikp:{Bhtof;Nh fty/, gzikph e'P ns/ gzikph^fjzdh g[;seK fsnko eoB bJh, gpbhe/PBfpT{o' pDkfJnk ;h. T[; dk ;eZso, b/ye Bz{ Ekfgnk frnk ;h. gqzs{, wfjzdok ekbi ikDpko/ b/ye B/, T[BQK Bkba fpBK ;bkj^wPtok ehs/ jh, wfjzdok ekbi dk fgqz;hgb pDBdk fBoDk b? fbnk ;h.

gqPB L fgqzH s/ik f;zx B/ wfjzdok ekbi nkT[AfdnK jh, ekbi ftu fejV/ fejV/ pdbkn fbnKd/<

T[Zso L ;G s'A gfjbK fgqzH s/ik f;zx B/ ftjbV ftfdnkoEhnK bJh, fdb'^fdwk} tkba/ j[Boh ns/;kfjse gq'rokw T[bhe/. nzro/Ih, fjzdh s/ gzikph d/ BkNe$;zrhse ib;/ eotkT[D d/ BkbaBkba, fjzdh ns/ gzikph d/, d' n?~wHJ/H e"o; y'bQ/ s/ uzr/ gq'|?;o th fB:[es ehs/. tZv/ g?wkB/’s/, b?pkoNohnK T[;kohnK. y/vK ftu fJe' ;kb ftu, uko Nok|hnK fiZshnK.

gqPB L wfjzdok ekbi d/ fgqz;hgb d/ nj[d/ s'A jNkJ/ ikD d/ pkti{d th, b/ye Bz{ fejVh rZbB/ Xotk; fdZsk <

T[Zso L b/ye Bz{ wfjzdok ekbi d/ fgqz;hgb d/ nj[d/ s'A jNkJ/ ikD s'A pknd, :kdftzdo f;zx tZb'Afby/ \Zs B/ Xotk; fdZsk. fi; ftu T[; B/, fiZE/ fJe gk;/ b/ye Bz{ Bk fwbD ’s/ n|;';Ikfjo ehsk, T[~E/ jh d{i/ gk;/ ;oeko tZb'A b/ye Bz{, fgqz;hgb d/ nj[d/ s'A jNkJ/ ikD dkd[Zy th gqrN ehsk. fJ; d/ Bkba jh b/ye tZb'A, r[o{ rzqE ;kfjp dk nzro/Ih ftu T[bEkeoB dk ezw ikoh oZyD bJh, fdZshnK P[GekwBktK B/ th, b/ye d/ fdb Bz{ s;Zbh fdZsh.b/ye nkg fbydk j? fe L “30 wkou 1956 Bz{ g?g;{ ;oeko B/, nkgD/ gzikph wfjew/tZb'A w?Bz{ nfGBzdB rzqE g/P eoe/, i' w/ok ;BwkB ehsk j?, T[; B/ nrbhnK fgSbhnK,;G e;oK eZY fdZshnK jB.”

—0—

(3) ‘T[j poes fijVh nkJh, nk|s d/ o{g ftu’ (r[op\P f;zx gqhsbVh)Lgkmrs nfXn?B

(i) gkmrs nfXn?B

“T[j poes fijVh nkJh, nk|s d/ o{g ftu”, gzikph tkose ftu fwmk; GoB tkb/ab/ye, r[op\P f;zx gqhsbVh dh ;t?^ihtBh ‘wzIb fd; gJh’ ’u'A fbnk frnk, fJe nzP j?. fi;ftu r[op\P f;zx gqhsbVh d/ wB dh t/dBk Bz{ gqekPwkB ehsk frnk j? fe fet/A fto'X ftu'A th,nkgD/ nkg Bz{ T[gikT[Dk j?. fJ; gkm ftu, T[; ;w/A dk toDB ehsk frnk j?, id'A r[op\P f;zxgqhsbVh B/, ‘gqhsbVh’ o;kbk P[o{ ehsk ;h. “phi ‘gqhsbVh’ dk, fi; B/ w/o/ BK dk Gkr pDikDk ;h. nkj ` fejVh xVh w?E'A Xfonk frnk fe T[jd/ g[zrofdnK jh, T[j e"Vk siopk w/o/fjZ;/ nkfJnk.” (gzBk L 25)

27

T[jBK jkbks ftu, nkoEe ;wZf;nktK ftu'A r[Io oj/ b/ye B/, nkgD/ nkg Bz{ f;o| ;woZEjh BjhA pDkfJnk, ;r'A nkgD/ wB$w;se ftu n?;/ ftuko g?dk ehs/ fe i/eo, d' wkorK ftu'A e'Jhu'D eoBh j't/, sK T[j w[Peb wkor dh jh u'D eo/. gqhsbVh B/ fiZE/ gq;z;k ns/ fgnko M'bhgkfJnk, T[~E/ Gzvh gquko ns/ e[|o th Bkba Bkba jh fwfbnk, fit/A fe L “t/yDk ukj[zd/ j',Gbk Bk;se fej' fijk j[zd?”HHHT[~so fwfbnk ;h “Bh r[op\P f;zx j? sK nkdwhnK tork jh.”(gzBk L 26)

‘fiZE/ ezv/ T[~E/ c[Zb’ tkbah ejkts ’s/ gqgZesk dh w[jo bkJh. fJ; d/ Bkba jh, r[op\P f;zxgqhsbVh dh M'bh ftu, ‘Bk;se’ dk f\skp th g? frnk. fJ;/ ePweP ftu BBekDk ;kfjp d/fJe frnkBh ih B/ b/ye Bz{, r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp d/ iBw T[s;t T[go, fJe b/y fbyD bJh fejk,fit/A fe L^

“frnkBh ih, w/oh b/yDh d/ J/v/ g/qwh j' rJ/, s/ T[BQK B/ fJj' wkD ns/ I'o Bkba, w/o/ e'b'aAr[o{ BkBe ;kfjp d/ iBw^T[s;t T[~s/, w/ok b/y wzfrnk.” (gzBk L 26) frnkBh ih tZb'A fdZs/ ;fsekoBz{ wZd/BIo oZyd/ j'J/ b/ye B/, T[j b/y fby fdZsk. T[; b/y dh pj[s fInkdk gq;z;k j'Jh ns/ jIkoKdh frDsh ftu T[j tzfvnk frnk. Xkowe \/so ftu, uouk ftu nkT[D ekoB, b/ye s'A j'ob/y th wzr/ ikD bZr/ ns/ wzr g{oh Bk j'D ’s/ fPekfJsK dk d"o th P[o{ j'fJnk.

pknd ftu r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih d/ iBw fdt; w"e/, frnkBh ih B/ fco, r[op\P f;zx ‘gqhsbVh’s'A b/y dh wzr ehsh. Bkba jh Xweh Go/ fJj Ppd th ej/ fe L^

“i/ w?A b/y Bk G/fink, sK J/B/ ;|/ T[j nkgD/ wk;e gZso ftu nDSg/ SZvd/Dr/.” (gzBk L 27)

ehsh j'Jh gq;z;k ns/ fdZs/ j'J/ wkD dh pd"bs b/ye Bz{, T[j b/y G/iD bJh wip{o j'Dk fgnk.b/ye B/, T[j b/y pj[s ;ko/ n\pkoK Bz{ th G/fink. j[D fJj gsk Bk bZfrnk fe n\pkoK Bz{G/iD dh r[;sk\h iK fco b/y d/ ftu, fe;/ Xkowe edo^ehws dh T[bzxDk ;h fe frnkBh ihB/ r[op\P f;zx gqhsbVh dk fto'X eoBk P[o{ eo fdZsk. b/ye Bz{, fJj th Gzpb^G{;/ ftu gk fdZskfe fJj, T[; dh Bhns ftu e'Jh |oe j? iK T[; dh PoXk ftu, go i' th j? b/ye Bz{, Bk;sej'D d/ eNfjo/ ftu yVQk eo fdZsk frnk. fit/A fe L^

“fpBK w/ok b/y gVQ/^ftuko/, r[od[nkfonK ftu w/o/ f\bk| r[ows/ gk; j'D/ P[o{ j'rJ/.” (gzBk L 27)

go, gq'H i'X f;zx, gq'H s/ik f;zx, gq'H pktk jofePB f;zx fij/ b/yeK d/ fdZs/ j"A;b/ B/, b/yed/ fdb Bz{ Xotk; fdZsk fe L^

“s[;hA feT[A J/Bh fuzsk eod/ j'^s[jkvk b/y ;'baQK nkB/ mhe ;h, w?A ;[szso ftdtkBKdk |?;bk b? fbnk j?, fJj p/Bkwh GVekjN, nkg/ \sw j' ikt/rh.” (gzBk L 28)

Gkt/A, pj[s ;kohnK Xkowe ;z;EktK B/, b/ye d/ f\bk| |stk ikoh eo fdZsk. go, Bkba dhBkba ftdtkBK tZb'A, b/ye dh gq;z;k th j[zdh ojh. go, w[Zmh Go ftdtkB, fJ; j'D tkba/ fto'X Bz{o'e Bk ;e/.

28

npd[b }|ko \kB dh fIzdkfdbh tkbah seoho Bkba b/ye ftu, fIzdrh Go rJh ns/ T[; Bz{;wM nk rJh fe fJj, T[; dk fto'X BjhA, ;r'A g[Bo iBw ;h L^

“w/ohU wkt' s/ G?D' ` pjkdoK dhnK p/tktK pDBk uzrk j?, }[bkwK dhnK tj[NhnKpDB Bkba'A.”

(gzBk L 29)

fit/A yV/ gkDh ftu o'Vk ;[ZN e/, fe;/ B/ T[; Bz{ otkBrh d/ fdZsh j't/. b/ye Bz{ fJj fto'X,j[D p[ok BjhA ;h bZr fojk, feT[Afe, T[; d/ fdb B/ wfj;{; eo fbnk ;h fe fe;/ rzd/ Bkb/a dh;|kJh eoBh j't/ sK d{o yVQ e/ BjhA ehsh ik ;edh. ;r'A, T[; ftu T[soBk jh g?Adk j?. fJ;/bJh, id'A ;t/o/ b/ye T[~fmnk sK T[j e'Jh BtK wB[Zy ;h HHH

fJ; soQK frnkBh ih B/, r[op\P f;zx gqhsbVh Bz{ fijVh d'fuZsh ftu gk fdZsk ;h. npd[b}|ko \K dh sfjoho B/, T[; Bz{ Bk f;o| d'fuZsh ftu'A eZfYnk, ;r'A, T[; ftu fJe BthA fIzdrhlfJe BthA o{j Go fdZsh. fJ; Bkba b/ye dh, fIzdrh jh pdb rJh ns/ T[j nkgD/ nkg Bz{, fJeBt/A wB[Zy d/ o{g ftu t/yD bZrk.

(ii) b/ye dk fpzp

fJ; gkm ftu'A, b/ye r[op\P f;zx gqhsbVh d/ pdbd/ jkt^Gkt d/yD Bz{ fwbad/ jB. P[o{ftu b/ye ‘gqhsbVh’ d/ P[o{nksh d"o dh rZb eodk j'fJnk, fe;/ Bt/A phi dk iBwdksk bZrdkj?, fit/A T[j efjzdk j? fe “phi ‘gqhsbVh’ dk, fi; B/, w/o/ Bkw dk Gkr pD ikDk ;h.”

fJ; gkm ftu b/ye dk, nkgD/ nzdob/ ;G Bkba i~d' ifjd eoB tkbak gZy th, ;kBz{ fdykJhfdzdk j?, fit/A T[j efjzdk j? fe L “nkoEe s/ eJh j'o soQK dhnK w[PebK d/ f\bk|, w?A u'yhPesh, nkgD/ nzdo g?dk eo bJh j?.”

b/ye dk fBvo gZy g/P j[zdk j?, id'A T[j efjzdk j? fe L “id'A ed/, d' wkorK ftu'A u'D eoBhgJh sK w?A jw/PK w[Peb wkor jh u[fDnk.”

b/ye ;ws'b pDkT[D ftu wkfjo ikgdk j?. feT[Afe, ‘gqhsbVh’ Bkba, T[; Bz{, fgnko s/ gq;z;kth pj[s fwbah ns/ fsZy/ fto'X dk ;kjwDk th eoBk fgnk. go, T[; B/ gq;z;k eoe/, wB ftujzeko ns/ fto'X ekoB, e'Jh vo g?dk BjhA ehsk.

b/ye dk ;fseko eoB tkbak ns/ wkD o~yD tkbak fpzp th, ;kv/ ;kjwD/ T[~Go e/ nkT[Adkj?. feT[Afe, id'A frnkBh ih, d[pkok T[; s'A b/y dh wzr eod/ jB, sK Gkt/A, T[; d/ pj[so[M/t/A jB, go fco th, T[j T[jBK d/ wkD ns/ jZea dh edo eodk j'fJnk, b/y fdzdk j?.

frnkBh ih d/ fto'X s'A pknd b/ye ftu, fJe ;w/A fBopbsk T[gidh j?. feT[Afe, fto'X d/;kjwD/, b/ye d/ gZy ftu, yVQD tkba/ pj[s xZN ftdtkB ;B. Gkt/A, fdb Bz{ Xotk; j?, go fcoth fuzsk jz[dh j?.

nkgD/ Bkba Bkba b/ye gfotko d/ w?ApoK Bz{ th go/PkB BjhA d/y ;edk. fJ; eoe/, nkgDh

29

wksk ih dh fuzsk ekoB, T[j fJj ikDdk j'fJnk th fe T[; dh e'Jh }bsh BjhA j?, fco th w[nk|hwzrD bJh fsnko j' iKdk j?. fit/A, “w?A nkgD/ fdb dh p/u?Bh s'A wip{o j' e/, ‘f\wk :kuBk’Bkwe b/y, gqhsbVh ftu Skg fdZsk.”

fJ; gkm ftu b/ye dk fpzp, gqGkt ep{bD tkbak th j?. feT[Afe, fBokP j'fJnk id'A, T[jnpd[b }|ko \K dh fIzdkfdbh tkbah seoho ;[Ddk j? sK T[j nkgD/ ihD dk BIohnk pdbb?Adk j?. T[j efjzdk j? fe L “gfjbh tkoh fIzdrh ftu, w?A b'eK d/ wB[Zy Bz{ t/fynk. ;G d[ZyV/G[Zb rJ/.”

fJ; gkm ftu b/ye dk fpzp db/okBk ns/ |?;bk eoB ftu gog~e th j' fBpVdk j?. feT[Afe,T[; Bz{, j[D fJj fto'X p[ok bZrD'A jZN frnk. T[; Bz{ bZfrnk fe fJj, T[; dk g[BoîBw j?. ;',b/ye B/ db/oh fdykT[D ns/ |?;bk b?D ftu, fpbe[b th d/oh BjhA ehsh. fit/A fe L^

“yzvoK dh YtkJh dk ezw BthA T[;koh s'A xZN BjhA jz[dk.”

b/ye fJe iIpksh, eqfsZr, gqGkt ep{bD tkbak, gfotkoe ns/ ;z;koe w'j tkbak, gq;z;k^g;zd,fBvo s/ BthA ;'u tkbak j' fBpVdk j?.

(iii) ‘T[j poes fijVh nkJh nk|s d/ o{g ftu’ dk P?bhrs nfXn?B

r[op\P f;zx gqhsbVh, gzikph ;kfjs irs dk fJe nfijk j;sk\o j?, fi; Bz{ PpdK dkikd{ro, ;[gfBnK dk o[wKfNe ;z;ko f;oiD tkbak, ‘fgnko epIk BjhA gSkD’ d/ |b;|/ Bz{ gq;kfoseoB tkbak nkfd, ftP/PsktK Bkba ikfDnk frnk j?. r[op\P f;zx ‘gqhs d/ |b;|/’ dk w[dZJh, gzikph;kfjs dh M'bh ftu, fJ;/ fgnko Bz{ GoB dk T[d/P b? e/, gzikph d/ ;kfjs^;z;ko ftu jkfIoj'fJnk. Bktb, ;t?îhtBh, b/y, :kdK, ejkDh^;zrqfj d/ Bkba Bkba, pkb ;kfjs fbyD dh w[jkosoZyD tkbak b/ye, gkmeK d/ fdbK ftu nkgDh w[ezwb EK pDkT[D ftu ekw:kp j'fJnk. w[PfebKBkba i{MD dh gqftosh, T[; dh ;t?îhtBh d/ nzP ‘T[j poes fijVh nkJh, nk|s d/ o{g ftu’’u'A ;k| BIo nkT[Adh j?. nkgDh rZb Bz{, p/jZd gqGktPkbh sohe/ Bkba ns/ E'VQ/ PpdK ftu efjDk,T[; dh P?bh dk \k; r[D j?. fJ;/ bJh, T[j pko pko nkgDh b/yDh ftu, gqsheK dh tos'A eodkj? ns/ T[j th fJj' fij/, fiBQK fgZS/ fJe bzpk u"Vk fJfsjk; fgnk j[zdk j?. fit/A fe, j/mK fbyhnKT[dkjoDK t/yhnK ik ;edhnK jB L^

(i) “w/oh feos B/ p'VQ pD e/, w/oh j'Ad T[~s/ Sk ikDk ;h. frnkBh ih B/ ;[szsoj' e/ w/o/ f\bk| nkgDk ijkd th s/I eo fdZsk.”HHH (gzBk L 22)

(ii) “wBwshJ/ Bk;se ns/ pkJhekN dk i?ekok T[m yb'sk.” (gzBk L 27)

T[gob/ tkeK ftu p'VQ, ijkd, Bk;se, pkJhekN, i?eko T[j gqshe jB, i' b/ye dh b/yDhBz{, gqGktPkbh pDkT[D ftu ;jkJh j[zd/ jB. b/ye nzdobk pkb^wB ns/ PpdK dk ikd{ro, eJhtko T[~Sb e/ pkjo nkT[Adk ns/ nkgDhnK eb'bK, gzfBnK T[go PpdK d/ o{g ftu T[e/o e/, tkg;gos iKdk. gfotko Bkba p/nzs fgnko, nG[Zb :kdK B/, T[; d/ ihtB Bz{ fgnko Bkba f;zfink, fi;ekoB fe;/ Bz{ T[~uh nktkI ftu p'bDk gqtkB BjhA ;h. go, nkgD/ d[Zy B{z PpdK dk ikwk pDk

30

e/ g/P eodk sK tZv/ tZv/ ethnK Bz{ th wks fdzdk. T[; dh tkose T[go th, eftsk torh otkBhSkJh ofjzdh. fit/A fe L ;{bK dh ;/i, fuzsktK dhnK ;{bK, w/o/ jZvhA fJPe, fIzdrh dh fe;/ fsZso^yzGh pZdbh T[~s/ ;{oi d/ fyZbo/ ;'B/, jZmh j[;Vh fIzdrh, fBZehnK fsZso^yzGhnK pdbhnK dh fMbfwbnkfd Ppd, T[; dh b/yDh Bz{ ekftesk d/ ozr ftu ozr fdzd/ jB.

tfjwK^GowK fto[ZX bfjo yVQh eoB tkbak b/ye, nkg^phsh ;[DkT[AfdnK th, PpdK dk nfijkikb p[Ddk j?, i' o'uesk Gog{o j'D ekoB, gkme Bz{ nkgD/ s'A wz{j Bk w'VD fdzdk ns/ gkmeT[s;[esk Bkba, nZr/ eh j'D dh ;zGktBk ns/ T[s;[esk Bkba T[; Bkba, i[V e/ p?mk ofjzdk j?.jw/PK jh B;hjs fdzdk, fIzdrh d/ nB/eK siofpnK dh iku, T[; Bz{ jowB fgnkok pDk d/Adh j?.nkgD/ nkg Bz{ uzrk ejkT[D dh nkds, T[; Bz{ d{finK Bz{ th uzrk ;wMD bJh gq/odh. fJe \{[p;{osBw{Bk t/y' L^

“t/yDk ukj[zd/ j', Gbk Bk;se fej' fijk j[zd? <”

“s/ fJe gZeh T[wo dh fJ;soh Bz{ w?A fJj efjzfdnK ;[fDnk ;h, r[op\P f;zx j?sK, nkdwhnK tork jh.”

(gzBk L 26)

j?okBh gqrN eoB tkbak fJj tke, ‘Bk;se’ Ppd dh vz{xkJh ns/ T[; gqfs, nkw b'eK dhshpo fJZSk, T[; Bz{ \k; th pDk fdzdh j?.

Xkowe tbrDK s'A d{o ofj e/, fgnko tzvD tkbak fJj b/ye, nkgDh b/yDh Bz{ e/tb ns/e/tb, fgnko tzvkT[D bJh tosD dk ukjtkB ;h. go, nkgD/ o;kb/ ‘gqhsbVh’ bJh EkfgnkT[d/P^T[wzr, T[; t/ba/ nX{ok bZrD bZrk, id'A jo gk;/ s'A T[; Bz{, r[Bkjrko ;wfMnk ikD bZrk.

nkgD/ wB dh ghV Bz{ fpnkB eoB bJh tos/ rJ/ Ppd, fe;/ th gkme d/ wB ftu, wkBthfgnko bJh rfjo/ gqGkt gkT[D ftu ;jkJh j' ;ed/ jB. T[dkjoD bJh j/mbhnK gzeshnK Bz{ t/y'L^

“o{jkBh rZbK, frnkBtkBK dk \/so j?. w?A ;'funk ;h, rZbK fdb dhnK jh fbyKrklgo, Xkowe BkwDk oZyD tkb/a fJe frnkBh ih B/, w/ok g?o T[; tZvBkwh Xosh T[~s/Xok fbnk, fi; T[~s/ s[oB dh db/oh, ni/ w/o/ ftu j? BjhA ;h.”

(gzBk L 26)

;t?^ihtBh d/ fJ; nzP ftu'A, b/ye d/ ftnefsst dk ne;, pk\{ph T[~Godk j?, id'A T[j fto'Xh;fEshnK nzdo th fe;/ Bkb T[~uk BjhA p'bdk. ;kXkoD tkeK ftu vz{xh rZb efj ikDk, r[op\Pf;zx d/ jh fIzw/ nkfJnk. T[j id'A fe;/ gkso dh ikD^gSkD eotkT[Adk sK fJj' fijk toDB eodkfe gkme Bz{, nkgDhnK nZyK ;kjwD/ T[j gkso, gqsZy yVQk BIo nkT[Adk. fit/A fe L npd[b }|ko\kB Bz{ fiZE/ T[j ‘b'eK d/ wB[Zy’ tor/ ftP/PD Bkba tZyfonkT[Adk j?, T[~E/ jh, T[; dh pkjoh ns/nzdo{Bh P\;hns d/ doPB th, nkgD/ PpdK okjhA eotkT[Adk j?. Bw{Bk t/y' L^

“b'eK torh g[Pke—;btko ewhI ftu, y[ZbQ/ w;se s/ uwehnK nZyK tkbak, bzwkMzwk szdo[;s fJB;kB, yV'sk b'eK dh p'bh ftu rZbK eo fojk ;h.”

(gzBk L 29)

31

b/ye d[nkok ihtB^siofpnK Bkba, ;wki Bz{ ;/X d/Dk jh, fJ; ;t?îhtBh dh ;|bsk tZb;ze/s eodk j?. ;kekokswe ;'u ns/ T[; Bz{ efjD dh i[rs. nkw b'eK Bz{, nkgDh tbrD ftu'Apkjo Bk ikD d/Dk th, T[; dh P?bhrs ftbZyDsk dk gqGkt gkT[D ftu ;jkJh j[zdk j?. fit/A feL^

“fijVk nkgDh fBzfdnk BjhA ;[D ;edk, B[eskuhBh BjhA ;jko ;edk, T[jd/ v'bad/fdb Bz{ P\;hns d/ w[BkfonK T[~s/ uVQB dh nkfrnk BjhA fwbdh.”

(gzBk L 29)

r[op\P f;zx gqhsbVh nkgD/ nkg Bz{ th B;hjs fdzdk ns/ BtK wB[Zy pDB d/ ;|o ’s/ ubDdh fjzws eodk j?. fJj' fijh P?bh, T[; Bz{ wZb' wZbh, gkmeK dk jowB fgnkok s/ wkBtsktkdhb/ye pDkT[D ftu ;jkJh j[zdh j?. ;t?^;zp'Xs ftXh okjhA, nkgD/ nkg Bz{ w[\kfsp j'Dk th, T[;dh P?bh dh nwhoh Bz{ gqrNkT[Adk j?l fit/A fe L^

“sz{ phs/ dh PkB Bkba fdb BjhA goukD/ j'Dr/l s?Bz{ Bt/A GftZy dhnK iBw^ghVKd/Ad/ ofjDk gt/rk. sz{ w'JhnK o;wK d/ jZv u[D e/, fIzdrh dk okj ;k| eoBkj't/rk, s/ izw/ j'J/ ftPtk;K Bz{ gzxok e/, BthA otkBh d/Dh j't/rh.”

(gzBk L 30)

fJT[A, n;hA wzBd/ jK fe fJe tkose b/ye d/ s"o ’s/ r[op\P f;zx ‘gqhsbVh’, nkgD/ fJ;;t?îhtBh nzP ftu th, nkgD/ w{b fgnko d/ iIp/ ns/ P?bh Bz{ jh ft;skodk BIo nkT[Adk j?.

T[; dh fbyD^P?bh jh, T[; dh ftbZyD gfjukD pDkT[Adh j?. fi; ekoB, T[j pkeh tkoseb/yeK Bkba'A tZyok gfjukfDnk iKdk j?.

gqPBktbhgqPB L ‘gqhsbVh’ wkf;e gZso P[o{ eoB fgZS/, r[op\P f;zx gqhsbVh dk eh T[d/P ;h <

T[Zso L ‘gqhsbVh’ wkf;e gZso P[o{ eoB bJh, r[op\P f;zx gqhsbVh dk wea;d, ;kfjs dk ;jkokb? e/, ;wki Bz{ fJe gqhs dh bVh ftu pzBQDk ns/ ;kfjsô{gh T[j p{Nk bkT[Dk ;h, fijVkj"bah j"bah p'jV pD ;e/. T[j nkgD/ fJ; wea;d ftu, g{oh soQK ;|b th j'fJnk.

gqPB L r[op\P f;zx Bz{ fe; tZb'A ns/ feT[A Gzfvnk ikD bZfrnk <

T[Zso L r[op\P f;zx gqhsbVh Bz{, BBekDk ;kfjp d/ frnkBh ih tZb'A Gzfvnk ikD bZrk, feT[AfeT[jBK B/, r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih d/ iBw T[s;t w"e/, i' b/y frnkBh ih Bz{ G/fink ;h, T[jb/y T[jBK B/ pj[s ;kohnK n\pkoK Bz{ th G/i fdZsk ;h.

gqPB L f;ZyK ns/ f;Zy ;z;EktK tZb'A pkJhekN eoB dk b/ye ’s/ eh n;o j'fJnk <

T[Zso L f;ZyK ns/ f;Zy ;z;EktK d/ pkJhekN dk, b/ye d/ wB ’s/ vz{xk n;o j'fJnk. b/ye dkfdb N[ZN u[Zfenk ;h. ;G s'A tZX d[Zy, T[; Bz{ nkgDh wksk ih dh fuzsk t/y e/ j'fJnk.fJ;/ bJh, b/ye B/ ‘gqhsbVh’ ftu w[nk|h wzrD bJh, f\wk^:kuBk b/y Skg fdZsk.

32

gqPB L b/ye dh N[ZNdh fjzws Bz{, fe; xNBk Bkba j"A;bk fwfbnk <

T[Zso L b/ye dh N[ZNdh fjzws B{z, npd[b }|ko \K dh seoho B/, pj[s fInkdk fjzws fdZsh.npd[b }|ko \K dh fIzdkfdbh tkbah seoho B/, b/ye nzdo BthA o{j c{e fdZsh ns/T[; Bz{ bZrD bZfrnk fe fJj T[; dk fto'X BjhA j' fojk, ;r'A T[; dk g[Bo iBw j'fojk j?.

gqPB L ‘T[j poes fijVh nkJh nk|s d/ o{g ftu’ gkm ftu, b/ye r[op\P f;zx ‘gqhsbVh’dk, fej' fijk fpzp T[~Godk j? <

T[Zso L fJ; gkm dk b/ye, gzikph tkose ftu fwmk; GoB tkbak, r[op\P f;zx ‘gqhsbVh’ j?.i' fe iZd'^ifjd eoB tkbak, w[PfebK d/ f\bk| bVB tkbak, fBvo s/ ;ziwh P\;hnstkbak ftnesh BIo nkT[Adk j?.

(ubdk, gkm Bzpo L 3)

—0—

33

gkm Bzpo L 3

Gkr d{ik L f;XKse gfog/y

‘fe;[ gfj y'bT[ rzmVh’ (eosko f;zx d[~rb)! vkH e[bihs f;zx GkNhnk

(4) ‘fe;[ gfj y'bT[ rzmVh’ (eosko f;zx d[~rb) L P?bhrs nfXn?B

(i) ‘fe;[ gfj y'bT[ rzmVh' dk P?bhrs nfXn?B

eosko f;zx d[Zrb, gzikph ;kfjs d/ \/so ftu fJe ikfDnk^gSkfDnk nfijk BK j?, fi; B/brGr jo ;kfjseô{g T[go, nkgDh ebw ubkJh. Bktb ns/ ejkDh, T[; dk wBGkT[Adk ;kfjseô{g j' fBpfVnk. ejkDh^;zrqfj ns/ BktbK s'A fJbktk BkNe, eftsk, o/yk^fuZso, :kdK nkfd,gzikph ;kfjs dh M'bh ftu gkT[D tkbak eosko f;zx d[Zrb, bzw/ fJefjo/ Poho dk wkbe, g'm'jkohT[g^GkPk (vkfJb?~eN) dh tos'A eoB tkbak, nkgDh ;t?îhtBh ftu fIzdrh d/ ;zxoPK Bz{ o{gwkBeodk j?. fJ;/ ftu'A fJe nzP, ‘fe;[ gfj y'bT[ rzmVh’ ftu, b/ye dh b/yDh dh ftP/Psk ns/P?bh dh gqsZy s;tho, t/yh ik ;edh j?. u'Dt/A PpdK ftu fe;/ P\;hns$;fEsh$nB[Gt nkfd dkfpnkB eo d/Dk, d[Zrb dh \k;hns j?. nkgDh fIzdrh ftub/ ;Zu Bz{ fpnkB eoBk, jo fe;/ d/tZ; dh rZb BjhA jz[dh. go d[Zrb, T[; Bzr/ ;Zu Bz{ g/P eodk j?. T[dkjoD bJh, j/mbhnK gzeshnKt/yhnK ik ;edhnK jB L^

“foPts T[j b?Ad/ jB, fJ; s'A T[BQK edh fJBeko BjhA ehsk.”

(gzBk L 31)

“gfjb/ gzB/ ’s/ bkb f;nkjh Bkba fbfynk ;h, T[; Bz{ e'Jh BjhA gVQ ;edk. fJ;s'A pknd d/ gzB/ ’s/ c/o fbfynk ;h—w?A s[jkBz{ jZE i'Vdk jK, s[;hA fJj Bk gVQ'.”

(gzBk L 33)

PpdK Bz{ p/jZd ;bhe/ ns/ d[jokT[ ftXh Bkb fJ;s/wkb eoBk, d[Zrb dh nkgDh fBt/ebh P?bhj?. T[j d[jokn dh ftXh okjhA, nkgDh rZb gqfs, gkmeK dk fXnkB fyZuD ftu, pj[s jh;|b j?. fJ; d/ Bkba jh o'uesk, T[; dh b/yDh dk wjZstg{oB nzr pDdh j?. e[ZM Bw{B/ t/y'L^fit/A xo^xo, b?Ad/^b?Ad/, fJeZbk^fJeZbk, tZy^tZy, w[V^w[V, gokJ/^gokJ/, fiT[A^fiT[A, nihp^nihp,nzr^nzr, ;[nkd^;[nkd, fgnkohnK^fgnkohnK nkfd. fJj d[jokT[ T[; dh tkose Bz{ th eftsktkbak ozr d/Adk j?.


34

eosko f;zx d[Zrb, gkmeK Bz{ Bkba b? e/ uZbD dk r[o ikDdk j?. T[BQK Bz{ ;KMhtkb pDkT[AfdnK,jo rZb efjD dh fjzws eodk j?. pugB s'A jh, ejkDhnK ns/ eftsktK gVQBk, T[; Bz{ uzrk bZrdk.fco Gkt/A, T[j u'oh eo e/ jh feT[A Bk gVQ/. fJ;/ ekoB, eJh tko T[; d/ nkgD/ xo d/ thT[; dh ;Zuh rZb T[go :ehB Bk eod/ ns/ T[; T[go M{m p'bD s/ u'oh eoB dk fJbIkw thbkT[Ad/. T[j B;hjs th fdzdk j? ns/ nkgDh ;t?îhtBh okjhA, ;wki Bz{ ;/X d/D dk ezw th eodkj?. “pZfunK Bz{ M{m BjhA p'bDk ukjhdk. u'oh BjhA eoBh ukjhdh.” (gzBk L 33) fJjBK d'jK r[BkjKeoe/, T[; Bz{ nkgD/ xotkb/ th gokJ/ gokJ/ bZrD bZrd/ jB.

pugB ftu jh r[owfs gqfs o[MkB B/ T[; Bz{, fIzdrh d/ nk\oh ;w/A ftu r[o{ rzqE ;kfjp dknzro/Ih ftu nB[tkd eoB bJh gq/fonk. i' fJe tZvw[Zbk ekoi j' fBpfVnk. nkgDh rZb Bz{ g{o/ftPtk; Bkba p'bDk, go nzdo'A nzdoh u'oh eo e/ gVQh rJh, nkgD/ ukuk ih dh vkfJoh ekoB, wBftu g?dk j'Jh sVg. t?okr ekoB, wB dk p/u?B j'Dk th, nihp fijk nfj;k; fdzdk—i' T[; dhd'^so|h iK fco ed/êd/ fto'XkGk;h GktBk Bz{ th T[ikro eodk j?. ekftesk, T[; dh ;t?îhtBhftub/ fJ; nzP Bz{, fiZE/ o'uesk gqdkB eodk j?, T[~E/ jh, T[; dh fJj P?bh, gkmeK d/ wBK ftu,fJe ;e{B ns/ nZr'A j'o ikDB dh T[s;[esk th g?dk eodh j?. ekftesk dk nzP jw/PK, T[; dhnKrbgh s/ tkose ouBktK ftu pokpo fdZ;dk j?. fJ; ;zpzXh fJj d' T[dkjoDK t/y' L^

T) “w/o/ nZr/^fgZS/, nihp^nihp ozr M[owN gk oj/ ;B. ozrK ftu'A, ozr T[~God/ nkoj/ ;B. w?A j"bk c[Zb j' fojk ;K. w/o/ ezBK ftu B}w/ rz{i oj/ ;B. rhsK ftu,rhs oZbrZv j' oj/ ;B. fJe ;z[do X[zB ftu'A, fJe j'o wBw'jDh X[zB.”

(gzBk L 34)

n) “w/ok nzr^nzr d[Zy fojk ;h, d[Zy fojk ;h s/ ;[nkd^;[nkd ;h.”

(gzBk L 35)

d[Zrb dh P?bhrs ftP/Psk, T[; dh Ppdktbh dk Gzvko, g'm'jkoh T[g^GkPk ftu w[jkos, gkmeKBz{ Bkba b? e/ ubD dk r[o, ekftesk, PpdK ns/ tkeK dk d[jokn, fit/A fe L ezwêki, fJXo^T[Xo,nKYDk^r[nKYDk, nZb/^w[jZb/, fJB^fpB, co'bk^cokbh, Sb^SbkD nkfd, T[; Bz{ nfij/ w[ekw ’s/fbnk yVQk eod/ jBl fiZE/ gj[zuDk, jo ;kfjseko d/ tZ; dh rZb BjhA j[zdh. eosko f;zx d[Zrbth, r[op\P f;zx gqhsbVh tKr, nkgDh ftbZyD P?bh ekoB, nkgDh gfjukD nkg oZydk j?.

(ii) ‘fe;[ gfj y'bT[ rzmVh’ dk gkmrs nfXn?B

‘fe;[ gfj y'bT[ rzmVh’, gzikph d/ gqf;ZX ejkDheko eosko f;zx d[Zrb dh ;t?îhtBh, ‘fe;[gfj y'bT[ rzmVh’ dk fJe nzP j?. eosko f;zx d[Zrb B/, gzikph ;kfjs ftu ;G s'A tZX ejkDhnKfbyhnK jB. fJ; nzP ftub/ gkm Bz{ gVQ e/ gsk bZrdk j? fe b/ye d/ fgsk ih, do'rk d/ nj[d/’s/ fpokiwkB ;B. go, u'oh d/ fJbIkw ftu T[jBK Bz{, fJ; ezw s'A jNk fdZsk frnk ;h. fcoth, T[j fwT{Af;gb ew/Nh d/ w?ApoK d/ ezweko eod/ ofjzd/ ;B. fit/A fe L^

“do'frnk :ko, s/o/ o;{\ Bkba cbkDh P? ;;sh fwb ik;h.” (gzBk L 31)

35

b/ye d/ fgsk Bz{ foPts b?D dh nkds Io{o ;h, go T[j u'oh BjhA eo ;ed/ ;B. fJ;M{m/ fJbIkw eoe/ b/ye dk, nkgD/ d';sK ftu ftuoBk n"yk j' frnk ;h. feT[Afe, T[; Bz{ Bw'Phdk ;kjwDk eoBk g?Adk ;h fe T[; dk fgsk u'o j?. j[D, T[j fJj th BjhA ;wMk ;edk ;h feT[j foPts b?Ad/ jBl go u'oh BjhA ;B eod/. T[j nkgD/ d';sK s'A tZyok, fJeZbk ofjD bZrk,fe i/ e'Jh gZ[S p?m/, feT[A tZYh, u'oh BjhA j[zdh < (gzBk L 32)

fJeZbk ofjD ekoB, b/ye dk P"e feskpK gVQD tZb j' frnk. feT[Afe, xo ftu b/ye d/ ukukih th, o;kb/ wzrk e/ gVQd/ ofjzd/ ;B. fJ; u/Ne B/ T[; Bz{ feskpK gVQD tkb/a gk;/ bZrk fdZskns/ b/ye B/ feskpK gVQD d/ wkwb/ ekoB j[zd/ w[ekpfbnK ftu, fJBkw th fiZs/.

“fJBkw b?D dk w?Bz{ uZ;ek nfijk fgnk fe jo r[og[op ’s/ w?A e'Jh Bk e'Jh fJBkw b? b?Adk.”(gzBk L 32). ‘w"ih’ n\pko ftu Sgh nVkT[Dh Bz{ b/ye B/, nkgDh ;wM Bkba jZb eo fbnk.xo d/ ;ko/ w?ApoK Bz{ fJj bZfrnk fe d[Zrb M{m p'b fojk j?. T[jBK Bz{ fJj bZrdk ;h fe fJ;B/, fJj jZb, fe;/ s'A u'oh ehsk j?. fJZE'A sZe fe fi; ukuk ih Bz{, b/ye nkgDk BkfJe wzBdkj?, T[; B/ th b/ye T[go PZe ehsk ns/ T[; Bz{ p[ok Gbk fejk. id'A b/ye B/ fJj jZb n\pkoftu Sgtk fdZsk ns/ ;jh th j'fJnk, sK gfotko d/ w?Apo j'o th GVe T[~m/. b/ye T[jBK Bz{ :ehBBk fdtk ;fenk fe fJj jZb, T[; B/ \[Zd bZfGnk j?. b/ye Bz{ u'oh eoB dh nkds Io{o ;h, goT[j feskpK dh u'oh eodk ;h. fJ;/ d"okB jh b/ye d/ jZE, T[; d/ uku/ dh fJe vkfJoh bZrh.T[j vkfJoh u[ok e/, xo s'A pkjo b? frnk ns/ T[; vkfJoh ftu fbfynk, fJe fJe fJBebkphnZyo gVQdk frnk. vkfJoh ftu fby/ d'jo/, fiT[A^fiT[A T[j gVQdk frnk, T[; nzdo fJe o'jGodk frnk. fco brksko, jo d{i/û"E/ fdB, b/ye T[; vkfJoh Bz{ u'oh eoe/ gVQdk ns/ fJT[A;ko/ d'jo/, T[; B/ ezm eo bJ/ ns/ fco T[j eZb^w[eZbk ;?o eodk, nkg^w[jko/ T[BQK d'jfonK ns/eftsktK Bz{ r[Dr[DkT[Adk ofjzdk. fJ;/ soQK, nkg^w[jko/ r[Dr[DkT[D d/ Bkba, eftsk dh X[B, nkg^w[jko/ b/ye d/ nzdo'A c[ZND bZrh ns/ T[; Bz{ bZfrnk fe nihp fij/ ozr T[; d/ nZr/^fgZS/ M[owNgk oj/ ;B. ozrK ’u'A ozr T[~God/ nk oj/ ;B.

id'A Pkw Bz{ b/ye xo w[fVnk ns/ fJe e'B/ ftu p?m e/ fbyDk P[o{ eo fdZsk. id'A T[j fbye/ jfNnk, sK T[; Bz{ gsk bZfrnk fe fJj sK eftsk pD rJh ;h.

‘fe;[ gfj y'bT[ rzmVh’ ftu b/ye dk fej' fijk fpzp T[ZGodk j?<

eosko f;zx d[Zrb, gzikph ;kfjs irs dk fJe nfijk j;sk\o j?, i' ;kfjs d/ jo o{gftu, nkgDh ebw ubkT[Adk j?. go, ejkDh Bkba T[; dk foPsk, p/jZd vz{xk i[Vdk j?. fJefjo/Poho dk wkbe ns/ g'm'jkoh T[g^GkPk ftu w[jkos oZyD tkbak fJj ;kfjseko, nkgDh ;t?îhtBh‘fe;[ gfj y'bT[ rzmVh’ ftu, ihtB dhnK e"VhnK ;ZukJhnK Bz{ fpnkB eodk, ed/ th fMiedk BjhA.;r'A, fJ; sohe/ Bkba g/P eodk j? fe gkme Bz{, nkgD/ Bkba jh i'V b?Adk j?. T[; dh ;t?îhtBhftubk fJe wjZstg{oB nzP, ‘fe;[ gfj y'bj[ rzmVh’ j?, i' fe s[jkvh gkm^g[;se ftu th Pkfwbj?l p/jZd gqGkfts eoB tkbak j?.

“wB[ god/;h i/ Ehn? ;G[ d/;[ gokfJnk.fe;[ gfj y'b-T[ rzmVh d{yh Gfo nkfJnk.” (;b'e wL 1)

36

r[o{ BkBe d/t ih d[nkok ofus fJe Ppd ftu'A bJh rJh fJ; pkDh^N{e Bz{, nkgDh fIzdrhd/ fpnkB bJh u[DBk, d[Zrb bJh p/jZd wkfJB/ oZydk ;h. Gkt, fi; nzdo t?okr j?. T[; dk Gktj?, dod j?, fJe sebh|^d/j ;|o j?. fJj ;kok e[ZM jh d[Zrb d/ ihtB dh rkEk Bz{, nkgD/ ftu;w/ND tkbak j?. ;Zu efjD dh fjzws th, PkfJd T[; ftu fJ;/ eoe/ jh nkJh, feT[Afe, T[; dkwB$o{j jw/PK jh r[opkDh Bkba i[fVnk fojk. nkgD/ fgsk d/ foPtsh j'D dh rZb, T[j m'e e/ nkydkj?. go, Bkba jh fJj th nkydk j? fe T[j u'o BjhA ;B. pugB s'A jh feskpK gVQD dk P"e,b/ye Bz{, fJe ;Zu/ gkme dh soQK g/P eodk j?. fi; B/, frnkB Bz{ fJeZmk eoB, gVQD ns/ T[;Bz{ nkgD/ ihtB ftu YkbD dk gqD eo fbnk ;h. fco ukj/, T[; B/ T[j feskpK u'oh eo e/ jhfeT[A Bk gVQhnK j'D. r[o{ BkBe dhnK fgnkohnK fgnkohnK rZbK gVQ e/, T[BQK Bz{ nkgD/ ;e{b ns/fco r[og[op w"e/ gVQ e/, fJBkw gqkgs eoBk. T[; dh fJ; nkds Bz{ j'o ge/ok eodk fojk. T[;nzdo fwbtosB dk Gkt, fJ; xNBk s'A th Ikfjo j[zdk j? fe T[j T[; frnkB Bz{, e/tb nkgD/sZe jh ;hfws BjhA ofjD fdzdk, ;r'A rbh w[jZb/ dhnK n"osK Bkba th, fJBQK Bz{ ;KMk eodk.

fJ;/ d/ Bkba jh, nkgD/ nkg jh n\pko ftu nkT[AdhnK nVkT[DhnK Bz{ jZb eoBk, T[jBz{ uzrkbZrdk. T[; nzdo f;ZyD dk iBz{B ns/ brB, mkmK wko fojk ;h. i' th w"ek T[; Bz{ fwbadk, T[jT[; dk g{ok |kfJdk T[mkT[Adk, Gkt/A T[; d/ xofdnK Bz{, T[; dh fJ; ekpbhns pko/ fpbe[b thgsk BjhA ;h. fJ; eoe/, ;Zuk j[zdk j'fJnk th T[; Bz{ M{mk fejk iKdk, u'o fejk iKdk. nkgD/nkg Bkba ;ztkd oukT[Adk, T[j nkgD/ nkg Bz{ jh r[Bkjrko wzBdk ns/ jZb bZGD dh e'fPP eodk.sK i', T[j nkgDh ;ZukJh dk xo tkfbnK d/ ;kjwD/ ;p{s g/P eo ;e/. fit/A fe, T[; dh wBpuBht/y' L “j/ oZpk ` w?A fet/A fe;/ Bz{ :ehB fdbktK fe w?A u'oh BjhA ehsh ;h. w?A fet/A fe;/ Bz{ nkgDk;hBk uke eo e/ fdyktK fe w?A M{m BjhA p'b fojk ;K.” (gzBk L 33)

fJ; d/ Bkba jh fJ; nzP ftu, b/ye dk fJe nfijk fpzp th T[~Godk j?, fi; ftu T[j nkgD/r[o{ ;wkB ukuk ih dh, fJe vkfJoh u'oh eo e/ gVQD s'A th r[o/I BjhA eodk. T[; ftu fbyhnKs[ZeK, d'jo/ ezm eoBk, ns/ ;Zu s'A ikD{ j'Dk. T[j ;Zu, i' e/tb T[; d/ ukuk ih d/ fdb ftud|B ;h. j[D T[; dh ghVQ, b/ye d/ fdb ftu th, nkgDk EK pDk u[Zeh ;h. gq/w Goh nkswkd/ ftokr, ftS'V/, sVg dh j{e, T[; dh oksK dh BhAd sZe T[~vk e/ b? rJh. j"bah j"bah j[D, T[BQKd'jfonK dk n;o, b/ye T[go j'Dk P[o{ j'fJnk. fJeZbk x[zwDk, nkgw[jko/ d'jfonK Bz{ r[Dr[DkT[Dk,j[D T[; Bz{ ;[nkd d/D bZrk. fJZE/ T[j fJe eth d/ ;|o s/ s[oB bJh fsnko j' fojk ;h. T[;dh d[BhnK pdb u[Zeh ;h. ebgBk, nkekP ftu T[vkohnK bk ojh ;h. rhs, T[; d/ ezBK fturz{iD bZr/. T[j nkgD/ nzdo j' oj/ fJ; pdbkT[ s'A, p/jZd j?okB ;h. fe;/ BP/ ftu wdj'P. fJZE/b/ye dk fpzp, fgnko Go/ fJPe ftu sVg oj/, T[; nkfPe tKr ;h, fi; Bz{ fJj th gsk BjhA;h fe T[; Bz{, fJPe j' frnk j?. fit/A fe L^

“w?A xo w[fVnk, nkgD/ ;[|/ dh B[Zeo ftu pfj e/, w?A ekgh ’s/ fbyDk P[o{ eo fdZsk.w/ok nzr^nzr d[Zy fojk ;h. d[Zy fojk ;h s/ ;[nkd^;[nkd ;h. i' w/o/ wB ftunk fojk ;h, i' e[ZM w/o/ j'mK ’s/ fEoe fojk ;h, w?A fbydk ik fojk ;K.”

(gzBk L 34^35)

;', fJ; nzP ftu b/ye, fJe fgnk; Bkba Gfonk, Gkt frnkB jkf;b eoB, e[ZM gVQD, e[ZMwfj;{; eoB dh dfjbhI ’s/ nk yb'sk ;h. fJ; fgnk; B/, T[; Bz{ }bs o;s/ th s'fonk, Gkt

37

u'oh th eotkJh. go, T[; dk wea;d }bs BjhA ;h. T[j fJe ;Zu/ nkPe tKr, nkgD/ ;|o ’s/ubD dh fsnkoh eo fojk ;h ns/ nB/eK n"eVK s'A pknd, T[; d/ fJ; ;|o dk nkrkI th j'fJnk.fi; s'A T[j p/jZd j?okB ;h. T[; Bz{ nkgD/ ’s/ :ehB jh BjhA j'fJnk fe T[j j[D, eth pD u[Zek;h, fi; B/ nkgDh ebgBk dh T[vkoh gfjbh t/oK Goh ;h.

gqPBktbhgqPB L eosko f;zx d[Zrb, nkgD/ ;kEhnK Bkba teas r[IkoB dh EK, fJeZfbnK ofjDk feT[A g;zd

eodk ;h <

T[Zso L eosko f;zx d[Zrb, nkgD/ d';sK Bkba teas r[IkoB dh EK, fJeZbk ofjDk g;zd eoBbZfrnk, feT[Afe, T[; d/ fgsk ih T[go, u'oh dk fJbIkw bZfrnk ;h ns/ T[j, nkgD/d';sK ftu ikD s'A Bw'Ph wzBdk ;h.

gqPB L d[Zrb d/ xo d/ ;ko/ ihn, T[; s'A feT[A BkokI ;B <

T[Zso L d[Zrb d/ xo d/ ;ko/ ihn, T[; s'A BkokI ;B, feT[Afe, fJe tko w"ih n\pko ftu'A, fJenVkT[Dh dk jZb, b/ye B/ bZG fbnk ;h. go, id'A T[; B/ ;ko/ xo tkfbnK Bz{ dZf;nk,sK T[jBK Bz{ :ehB BjhA nkfJnk. T[j ;wMd/ ;B fe b/ye B/ jZb u'oh ehsk j?. id'Ab/ye B/ jZb n\pko ftu Sgtk fdZsk sK ;ko/ xo d/ T[; Bkba BkokI j' rJ/.

gqPB L b/ye Bz{ eftsk ouD dh u/Ne feZE'A ns/ fet/A bZrh <

T[Zso L fJe tko ukuk ih dh nbwkoh ftu'A b/ye Bz{, fJe vkfJoh fwbah. T[; B/ u'ohUA, T[jvkfJoh gVQh. T[j ftu pj[s fJBebkph d'jo/ ns/ eftsktK ;B. b/ye, T[jBK d'jfonKns/ eftsktK Bz{ r[Dr[DkT[D bZfrnk. fJ;/ soQK, T[; Bz{ eftsk fbyD dh u/Ne bZr rJh.

—0—

(5) ‘w/ok ;'bQtK toQk’ (nzfwqsk gqhsw)

nzfwqsk gqhsw, gzikph dh pj[ûofus ns/ ;G s'A tZX gqf;ZXsk gqkgs eoB tkbah eftsoh,Bktbeko, ejkDheko, fBpzXeko, ;|oBkwkeko, ;feqgN b/yB, vkfJoh, :kdK nkfd fbyD tkbahb/fyek j?. fJ; dhnK ouBktK d/, d/;h s/ go/d;h GkPktK ftu, nB/eK nB[tkd j'J/. nkg B/, nkbfJzvhnk o/vhU s'A fJe nBkT{A;o d/ s"o ’s/, nkgDh ebkswe fIzdrh dk ;|o nkozG ehsk.‘BkrwDh’ Bkw dk, wjhB/tko o;kbk nkozG ehsk, fi; ftu Bt/A T[~Go oj/ b/yeK$b/fyektK Bz{ftP/P s"o ’s/ ;EkB fdZsk. nkg dh gqf;ZXh n?Bh tZX rJh fe nkg Bz{, ‘gzikp dh nktkI’ fejkikD bZrk. nkg dh ;t?îhtBh ‘o;hdh fNeN’, gzikph ftu fe;/ fJ;soh b/fyek tZb'A fbyh rJh,gfjbh ;t?îhtBh j?.” (gzikph ;t?îhtBh nzP, gzBk L 78) nkg Bz{ pj[s ;ko/ fJBkw s/ ;BwkBfwb/, go ;G s'A tZvk fJBkw$;BwkB fJj fe, nkg Bz{ gzikph d/ jh BjhA, ;r'A ;z;ko Go d/b/yeK s/ gkmeK tZb'A gfVQnk s/ ;bkfjnk frnk. brGr 86 ;kb dh T[wo, T[; B/ pVh p/pkehBkba ihth ns/ Bkba jh, nkgDh p/pke ;kfjse g/Pekoh ehsh.

38

(i) ‘w/ok ;'bQtK toQk’ dk gkmrs nfXn?Bnzfwqsk gqhsw, gzikph ;kfjs dh gqf;ZX PkfJok, tkose b/ye ns/ rbgeko j?. wK dh nDj'Ad

ns/ fgsk dh jZd'A fInkdk fj|kIs B/, T[; d/ jZE ftu pugB s'A jh ebw cVk fdZsh. gqrshtkdhbfjo nXhB, j/mb/ spe/ d/ b'eK d/ d[ZyK ns/ \k; eoe/, n"os dh fIzdrh Bz{ fpnkB eoBkl T[;B{zb'eK d/ X[o nzdo tZ;D ftu ;jkJh j'fJnk tkose, Bktb, ejkDhnK, eftsktK ns/ j'o ;kfjso{gK ftu fbyD tkbah nzfwqsk, fiZE/ nkgDh ;t?^ihtBh ftu, fIzdrh dhnK e"VhnK ;ZukJhnK Bz{g/P eodh j?, T[~E/ jh ;[szso s"o ’s/ bJ/ rJ/ nkgD/ |?;fbnK dh th jkwh Godh j?.

‘w/ok ;'bQtK toQk’, gzikph dh jowB fgnkoh PkfJok, nzfwqsk gqhsw dh ;t?^ihtBh ‘o;hdhfNeN’ dk fJe nzP j?. fi; ftu b/fyek B/, ;'bQt/A toQ/ dh nkwd Bz{, nkgD/ jh Yzr Bkb fpnkBehsk j?. ;'bQt/A toQ/ dh nkwd B/ b/fyek d/ pugB Bz{ Gzr ehsk ns/ Bkba jh, b/fyek Bz{ GftZy d/;|o bJh fsnko ehsk. b/fyek dh wK fiT{Adh BjhA ;h. f;o| T[; d/ fgsk dk jh, T[; d/ f;o’s/ jZE ;h. fJ; bJh wK dh }?ojkIoh th, b/fyek Bz{ pj[s oVedh ;h. \k; eoe/, ;'bQt/AtoQ/ d"okB. pkg bJh, wK^pkjoh Xh dh fj|kIs eoBk, fJe tZvh fIzw/tkoh ;h. fJ; bJh, T[;B/, ;'bQt/A toQ/ d/ wZd/^BIo, nzfwqsk Bz{ fe;/ th nKY^r[nKY iK ;e{b d/ w[zv/$e[Vh Bkba, tke|hnsgkT[D dh fJikIs BjhA ;h fdZsh. “nkb/ d[nkb/ d/ uzr/ wkV/ n;oK s'A pukT[D bJh, pkg Bz{ fJ;/ftu fj|kIs ikgh ;h fe w/ok e'Jh tke| Bk j't/. Bk ;e{b dh e'Jh e[Vh, Bk r[nKY dk e'JhbVek.” (gzBk L 36). fJ; bJh, ;'bQt/A toQ/ d"okB fijV/ th wkBf;e iK Pohoe gfotosB, fe;/e[Vh Bz{ wfj;{; j[zd/ jB, T[j fgsk dhnK pzfdPK j/mK jh dZp e/ ofj rJ/. ;'bQtK toQk, b/fyek d/e'b nk e/ th, niBphnK tKr jh yVQk fojk. b/fyek B/, fJj th wfj;{; ehsk fe i/eo T[; dhwK fiT{Adh j[zdh sK fJj ;'bQtK toQk, T[; bJh j'o jh j'Dk ;h. Gkt/A, b/fyek d/ xo, feskpK Bz{nfjwhns fdZsh iKdh ;h. go, xo dk wkj"b, Xkowe fposh tkbak j'D ekoB, feskpK th Xkowejh j[zdhnK ;B. “go eJh tko, stkoh\h feskpK dh f|Ik fJj' fijh th ;h, fiBQK ftu fe;/w/Bek iK T[otPh d/ nkT[D Bkba, foyhnK dh ;wkXh N[ZN iKdh ;h. ikgdk ;h fe fJj ;'bQtK toQkth, fit/A fe;/ ng;ok dk o{g ;h, i' w/o/ f;ZX/ ;kd/ pugB dh ;wkXh Gzr eoB bJh, ed/ nukBew/o/ ;kjwD/ nk yb'sk ;h.” (gzBk L 36) b/fyek Bz{ ;'bQt/A toQ/ Bkba nkgDk foPsk ;[Gkte BjhA,pbfe u'oh d/ ;ke dh soQK bZrdk ;h.

T[; u'oh d/ ;ke Bz{ S[gkJh oZyD bJh b/fyek, e'Jh BIw fby fdzdh ;h. go, Bkba dh Bkba,T[j fJj BIw gkV fdzdh, feT[Afe, T[; Bz{ f;o| Xkowe BIwK fbyD dh jh fJikIs ;h. fJ;soQK T[; dk ;'bQtK toQk, nkfJnk ns/ phs frnk. fJj b/fyek bJh j?okBh tkbah rZb ;h, feT[Afe,n;b ftu ;'bQtK toQk fIzdrh d/ o;fsnK T[go fGnkBe w'V tork j[zdk j?. b/fyek, nkgD/ fgskdh Xkowe fposh ns/ wK dh nDj'Ad eoe/, ;ziwh wkj"b ftu pVh w[Peb Bkba ;'bQt/A toQ/ Bz{ gkbadhojh. ;'bQt/A toQ/ Bkba T[; dh tke|hns T[; n;|b w[jZps torh ;h, fi; dh e;e, jw/PK bJhfes/ gJh ofj iKdh j?. “J/; toQ/ ftu ikfDnk^gSkfDnk ;G e[ZM, sB d/ eZgfVnK tKr GhVk j'iKdk j?, j'Am fIzdrh dh fgnk; Bkba, y[Pe j' iKd/ jB. n;wkB d/ sko/, fiBQK Bz{ ;gs foPhnKdh Peb ftu t/ye/, d{o'A gqDkw eodh ojh, e'b ik e/ S'jD Bz{ ihn eodk ;h.” (gzBk L 37)n;hA t/yd/ jK fe b/fyek Bz{ fJj th wfj;{; j[zdk j? fe ;'bQtK toQ/ Bkba, T[; dk wB d/ s;Ztodk foPsk j?. fJj foPsk, sk^T[wo T[; d/ Bkba jh fBfGnk.

39

b/fyek Bz{ wfj;{; j[zdk fe i/eo ;'bQt/A toQ/ Bkba fe;/ ng;ok tKr oZp B/, T[; d/ pugB dh;wkXh Gzr ehsh j? sK T[j oZp dh, fJ; rZb bJh d/Ddko j?. feT[Afe, ;'bQtK toQk, ;koh T[woT[; d/ Bkba Bkba oj/rk ns/ T[; B/ ;wkXh d/ u?B dk to BjhA, ;r'A GNeDk dh p/u?Bh dk ;okggkfJnk j?. b/fyek Bz{ wfj;{; jz[dk j? fe T[; dk ;'bQtK toQk, T[; dh T[wo d/ jo toQ/ ftu Pkfwbj?. fJj fJ; soQK Pkfwb j? fe b/fyek, T[jBK ;kohnK rZbK B{z j[D th wfj;{; eodh j?. id'A thfe;/ j'o Bkba fJ; soQK tkgodk, sK b/fyek Bz{ T[j nkgDk jh dod bZrdk j?. T[dkjoD d/ s"o’s/, b/fyek dhnK fJj s[ZeK t/y' L “w/oh jo ;'u, j[D th e[ZM e[ZM fuo fgZS'A w/o/ f;ZX/ ;kd/ fdBKdh ;wkXh Gzr eodh j? (;po ;zs'y Bkba fIzdrh dhnK }bs ehwsK Bkba ehsh j'Jh ;[bkj, T[;;wkXh tKr j[zdh j?, fijd/ ftu T[wo nekoE ubh iKdh j?) s/ w?A y[P jKl w?A ;wkXh d/ u?B dkto BjhA gkfJnk, GNeDk dh p/u?Bh dk ;okg gkfJnk j?HHHs/ w/ok ;'bQtK toQk, nZi th w/o/ jo toQ/ftu Pkfwb j?.” (gzBk L 38) fJjh nzfwqsk dh fIzdrh dk ;Zu j?, fijVk nzs sZe, T[; B/ wfj;{;ehsk s/ ihftnk.

nzfwqsk gqhsw, nkgDh fIzdrh ftub/ ;G s'A nfjw fjZ;/, i' fe fe;/ th bVeh dh fIzdrh ftuPohoe ns/ wkBf;e gZy'A, ;[gfBnK dh d[BhnK f;oidk j?, ftu nkgD/ wB dh ghVk ns/ ;wkiepzdPK Bz{ fpnkB eodh j?. BshiB, T[; dk ;'bQtK toQk, ;[gB/ p[DB ns/ wkDB dh nDj'Ad ekoB,T[; dh fIzdrh ftu, fJ; gqeko tk; eo frnk fe feXo/ th j' ojh p/fJB;k|h, T[; Bz{ nkg phshtorh wfj;{; jz[dh j?.

(ii) ‘w/ok ;'bQtK toQk’ dk P?bhrs nfXn?B

‘w/ok ;'bQtK toQk’, nzfwqsk gqhsw dh ;t?^ihtBh ‘o;hdh fNeN’ ftubk wjZstg{oB nzP j?.fJ; nzP Bz{, i/ fXnkB Bkba gfVQnk ikt/ sK gsk bZrdk j? fe nzfwqsk dh P?bh, fBro o{g ftu;kjwD/ nkT[Adh j?. T[j eJh tko rZb Bz{ g[Z\sk eoB dh e'fPP eofdnK, tkeK Bz{ pko pkod[jokT[Adh j? sK i', T[; dh ejh rZb, gkmeK d/ wB ftu xo eo ikt/. pguB s'A pknd,;'bQt/A toQ/ dk T[; dh fIzdrh ftu u'oK tKr nkT[Dk ns/ T[; dh pugB dh ;wkXh Bz{ Gzr eoBk.fJe' jh rZb dk fIeo, pko pko eoBk, T[; dh P?bhrs ftP/Psk j?. e[ZM T[dkjoDK t/y' L^

“u[Zgukg w/o/ ;[|fBnK ftu nk iKdk.”

“pugB dh ;wkXh Gzr eoB bJh, ed/ nukBe w/o/ ;kjwD/ nk yb'Adk ;h.”

“T[j xo dh ezX NZg e/ nk iKdk.”

nzfwqsk gqhsw B/ nkgD/ ;[gfBnK dh d[BhnK ftub/ ;'bQt/A toQ/ Bz{, fJe wod d/ o{g ftu fustfbnk ;h, fi; Bz{ T[j jw/PK, nkgD/ ;kjwD/ iK nk;^gk; t/ydh ns/ T[; Bz{ ikgdk, fit/A fJjfe;/ ng;ok dk o{g Xko e/, T[; d/ pugB dh ;wkXh Gzr eoB nk gjz[funk ;h. fpbe[bT[t/A, fit/A w/Bek iK T[otPh. b/fyek tZb'A nkgD/ ;'bQt/A toQ/ dh rkEk dk fpnkB eofdnK, tos/rJ/ gqshe, T[; dh P?bh Bz{ T[d'A j'o th T[xkVd/ jB, id'A fwfEjk;e gksoK dk jtkbk fdzfdnK,nkgDh rZb gkmeK d/ ;kjwD/ oZydh j?. T[; tZb'A tos/ rJ/ Ppd, nkgD/ nzdo fJe bzpk fJfsjk;$fwfEjk; ;w'Jh p?m/ jB, fit/A fe L ;wkXh, foyh, ;kfIP, ;okg, to, u'oh dk ;ke, i' T[; Bz{;wkie fttZ;Ek d/ fto[ZX yVQ/ eoB/, uzr/ bZrd/ jB. Gkt[e nB[GtK dk fpnkB, p/jZd gqGktPkbh

40

sohe/ Bkba eoBk, b/fyek Bz{ pk\{ph nkT[Adk j?. itkBh dh dfjbhI ’s/ g?o oZyfdnK, fi; o[wK;B/ jeaheah o{g Xko e/, T[; d/ ;kjwD/ yVQ/ j'Dk ;h, T[j T[; t/b/a }?ojkfIo ;h. o[wkBh soI ftufpnkB eoBk, T[; dh \k;hns j?. fi; Bz{ T[; B/ gsh Bkba'A tZy j'D s'A pknd, nk\oh ;kj sZejzYkfJnk ns/ gqrNkfJnk. T[dkjoD t/y' L^

“;'bQtK ;kb nkfJnk^fJe niBph tKr. e'ba nk e/, fJe ftZE ’s/ yb'sk fojk.w?A ed/ u[Zgukg T[jd/ tZb sZe SZvdh, T[j ed/ w[;eok e/ w/o/ tZb t/y SZvdk.”

(gzBk L 36)

nkgDh fIzdrh d/ T[sko^uVQkn Bz{ fpnkB eofdnK, T[j ;wki ftu tkgo ojhnK nwkBthxNBktK Bz{, tZv/ e?~Bt; T[go t/ydh, fBZi s'A gko ik e/, wkBtsk dh GbkJh ns/ T[; d/ d[Zy ftuPohe j' iKdh j?. fJj' fijh i[rs B/ jh, T[; Bz{ nkw b'eK d/ p/jZd BIdhe fbnKdk ns/ fJj'fij/ jkbks nzdo th, T[; dh pugB s'A dZph j'Jh pk}h ;[o, j[D p[bzdh Bkba, g{o/ j"A;b/ Bkba,T[; nzdo'A fBebDh P[o{ j' rJh.

fJ; ;t?^ihtBh nzP ftu b/fyek dh GkPk, feXo/ th gkme Bz{ n"y wfj;{; BjhA j'D fdzdh.E'VQ/ ftu th pj[sk efjDk ikDdh j?, nzfwqsk. g/uhdk s'A g/uhdk ;fEsh Bz{, ;obsk Bkba fpnkBeoBk, T[; dh \k;hns j?, fit/A fe L^

“fJjd/ o'j dk g{ok o{g w?A T[; s'A pknd eJh tko t/fynk, 1947 ftu d/P dh se;hwt/b/a th t/fynk ;h.HHHHHH c/o rtKYh d/PK d/ jwb/ t/ba/, thnsBkw dh bzph xkbDkt/b/a, u?e;b'tkehnk dh wip{oh t/ba/HHHHHH”

o[wKfNe ns/ ;zt/dBPhb GkPk ftu v[Zph, T[; dh tke^pDso jo gkme Bz{ ehb b?D dhekpbhns oZydh j?. fJ; nzP nzdo, tZy'^tZyohnK ;fEshnK nzdo T[gi/ ;tkbK dk itkp th, d{ih;fEsh nzdo d/D dh P?bh tosfdnK, nkgDh f;oiDk ftu fNe/ ofjD dh ekpbhns dk gqwkD fdzdhj?. ;'bQt/A toQ/, fe;/ th e[Vh dh fIzdrh ftu nkJ/ pdbkn Bz{, T[j fJT[A fpnkBdh j? L

“J/; toQ/ ftu ikfDnk^gfjukfDnk ;G e[ZM, sB d/ e~gfVnK tKr GhVk j' iKdk j?,j'Am fIzdrh dh fgnk; Bkba \[Pe j' iKd/ jB, n;wkB d/ sko/, fiBQK Bz{ ;gs foPhnKdh Peb ftu t/y e/ d{o'A gqDkw eodh ;h, e'ba ik e/ S'jD Bz{ ihn eodk j?.”

fco fJ;/ jh nzP ftu, T[j nkgD/ ;'bQt/A toQ/ dk nfj;kB th wzBdh j?. fi; ekoB T[; dk jotoQk, j[D ;'bQtK toQk pD frnk ;h. “f;o| pkjoh w[\bk|s Bz{ jh BjhA, w/oh T[wo d/ gzikjt/AtoQ/ dh w[\bk|s Bz{ th uhod/HHHs/ T[jdhnK ;G nbkwsK j[D th, T[;/ soQK jB. j[D th nkb/^d[nkb/dk ;G e[ZM, sB d/ eZgfVnK tKr, o{j Bz{ GhVk bZrdk j?, j'Am fIzdrh dh fgnk; Bkba y[Pe j' iKd/jB, n;wkB d/ skfonK Bz{ jZE Bkba S'jD ’s/ ihn eodk j?.” (gzBk L 38)

(iii) b/fyek dk fpzpgqPB L ‘w/ok ;'bQtK toQk’ ftu'A, b/fyek dk fej' fijk fpzp T[ZGodk j? <

nzfwqsk gqhsw, gzikph^;kfjs irs dh, fJe nfijh P\;hns ti'A ikDh iKdh j?, fi; B/pugB, wK^ftj{Dk ns/ Xkowe f\nkbK tkb/a fgsk dh fBrokBh ftu r[Ikfonk. fJ; bJh, n"os

41

d/ wB dh ;fEsh Bz{ T[j, f;o| nB[Gt jh BjhA eodh, ;r'A g{o/ pk}h ;[o ftu T[ukodh th j?.;kfjs d/ nB/eK o{gK T[go ebw ubkT[D tkbah b/fyek, nkgDh ;t?îhtBh ‘o;hdh fNeN’ nzdo;Zu d/ nzr^;zr ofjzfdnK, fIzdrh d/ nfjw gZyK s'A godk u[Zedh Po/nkw nkgDh r~b efjD dhfjzws ftykT[Adh j?. PkfJd fJj ;G, T[; d/ pugB d/ jkbks ekoB ;h, i' T[; Bz{ ;wkie pzfdPKs'A ft~E Ekg e/ yVQk eodk j?.

‘w/ok ;'bQtK toQk’, T[; dh ;t?îhtBh dk jh fJe wjZstg{oB nzP j?. fi; ftu, b/fyek dkT[~Go fojk fpzp, eJh gZXoK ’s/ t/fynk ik ;edk j?. wK dh nDj'Ad ns/ fgsk d/ Xkowe f\nkbK;dek, T[; dk ihtB Xkowe pzfdPK Bkba Gog{o ;h. T[j fiZE/ th ;wkie fB:wK nzdo e?d j[zdh,T[~E/ jh ebgBk dk ;z;ko f;oi e/, nkgDh woIh d/ ozr, T[; ftu Go b?Adh. ;wki nzdojw/PK jh Xh Bz{, pkg dhnK fBrkjK ftu gqtkfBs j'D bJh fejk iKdk j?. nzfwqsk B/ th fJjh ehsk.Gkt/A, T[; ftu T[; dh woIh }?ojkfIo ;h. fit/A fe L^

“xo ftu pkg s'A f;tkfJ, e'Jh BjhA ;h. T[j th fbykoh pkg, ihjB/ ;koh oksikrDk, fbyDk s/ c/o ;kok fdB ;"Dk. nkb/^d[nkb/ d/ uzr/^wkV/ n;oK s'A pukD bJh,pkg Bz{ fJ;/ ftu fj|kIs ikgh ;h fe w/ok e'Jh tke| Bk j't/. Bk ;e{b dh e'Jhe[Vh, Bk rtKY dk e'Jh bVek.” (gzBk L 36)

fJ;/ bJh, T[j id'A th e'Jh eftsk fbydh, sK d{i/ jh gb T[; Bz{ ckV th fdzdh. ;t?^;ztkdoukT[D tkbah b/fyek, nkgD/ ;'bQt/A toQ/ dh nkwd Bz{, oZp dh ;kfiP wzBdh j?. fi; B/, T[; d/f;ZX/^;kd/ fij/ pugB dh ;wkXh s'V fdZsh ;h. ;[gfBnK dh d[BhnK T[;koD tkbah nzfwqsk, pugBs'A jh pk}h pDdh BIohA g?Adh j?. feT[Afe, ;wkie edoKêhwsK Bkba ;wM'sk eoB Bz{ T[j, fdb'Afe;/ th ehws ’s/ fsnko BjhA ;h. fJ;/ bJh, T[j ftdo'j eodh BIohA g?Adh j?. fw;kb ti'A L^

“;po ;zs'y Bkba, fIzdrh dhnK }bs ehwsK Bkba ehsh ;[bkj, T[; ;wkXh tKr j[zdhj?, fijd/ ftu T[wo nekoEh ubh iKdh j? s/ w?A y[P jK, w?A ;wkXh d/ u?B dk toBjhA gkfJnk, GNeDk dh p/u?Bh dk ;okg gkfJnk j?HHHHHH.” (gzBk L 38)

fJ;/ soQK, T[j pk}h ;[o T[~Gkodh, n"os dh fIzdrh d/ T[; BkI[e ;w/A, Gkt ;'bQt/A toQ/ ftufe;/ d/ fgnko$fJPe Bz{ gkT[D dh ukjs Bz{, Gkt/A ;wkie ;fEshnK ftu g{ok Bk eo ;eh. go,;[gfBnK$ebgBk dk ;z;ko f;oidh, T[j ;'bQt/A toQ/ Bkba jh, T[; Bz{ jh nkgD/ ;kEh dk o{gwzBdh, ed/ T[; s'A PowkT[Adh, u[Zgukg t/ydh, fi; B/ T[; dh pugB dh ;wkXh Gzr eo fdZsh ;h.fit/A jo ng;ok, fe;/ foyh dh ;wkXh Gzr eoB nkT[Adh J/.

b/fyek B{z nkgDh jo BIw, fJe tofis \kfjP torh bZrdh. i' ;wki Bz{ gqtkB BjhA ;h,jkbKfe T[;B/ pkg e'b'aA jh ek|hJ/ôdh| dh rZb f;Zyh ;h, go Xkowe BIwK fbyD tk;s/. fiBQKBz{ T[j dfenkB{;h nkydh. nkg phsh dZ;dh, T[j fJe nZbQV tKr bZrdh, id'A ;'bQt/A toQ/ dh fJT[AgfoGkPk fdzdh j? L^

“nkb/^d[nkb/ s/ d{o^B/V/ dh jtk ftu, J/BhnK wBkjhnK s/ J/B/ fJBeko jz[d/ jBs/ J/Bh w[\kb|s fe ;kjtK ftu nZr ;[br g?Adh j?, fi; jZd sZe, fJj wB Bkbajz[dk j?, w/o/ Bkba T[; s'A fszB r[DK tZX j'fJnk.”

42

nzfwqsk d/ ;t?^ihtBh nzP ‘w/ok ;'bQtK toQk’ ftu b/fyek dk T[~Go fojk fpzp, fiZE/ fJenkfrnkekoh p/Nh, go ;wki dhnK edoK^ehwsK Bkba po w/u e/ Bk uZbD tkbah BkfJek dk j?.i' wK^ftj{Dh ns/ nkgDhnK gkpzdhnK dh fj|kIs ftu gbh ns/ ;'bQt/A toQ/ dhnK \kfjPK, T[whdKns/ ;[gfBnK dh }?ojkIoh Bz{, ;[gfBnK dk ;z;ko f;oi e/ ihT{D tkbah pk}h n"os j?. fJ;/ ekoB,T[; dk ;'bQtK toQk, T[; dh fIzdrh dk jo toQk pD frnk. fi; ftu'A, d[fBnkth o[wK; }?ojkIo;h. T[;/ o[wK; Bz{, T[; B/ nkgD/ nk\oh ;kj sZe fBGkfJnk s/ jzYkfJnk. nzfwqsk, nkgD/ fBZis'A gko ik e/, wB[~ysk d/ j' oj/ xkD bJh th pk}h ;[o T[ukodh j?. id'A T[; B/ 1947 dh tzvt/yh, f;nk;s s/ wIjp dh y/v d/yh, thnsBkw dh xkbDk, u?e;b'tkehnk dh wip{oh t/ba/, T[;dh ebw fco sgP Go/ nZyo, ekrI ’s/ T[e/oD bZrh. fJZE'A T[; d/ nzdo, fJe wkBtsk Gfonkfdb, ;zt/dBPhb wB, ;bhe/dko j'D dk gqwkD th fwbadk j?. T[; d/ nkgD/ PpdK ftu ejhJ/sK L “e'Jh p/fJB;k|h Gkt/A d[BhnK ftu fe;/ Bkba, s/ fes/ tkgo/, T[jd/ f\bk|, w/o/ ;kjtK ftunZr ;[br g?Adh j?.” (gzBk L 37)

gqPBktbhgqPB L nzfwqsk gqhsw d/ pugB d/ wkj"b pko/ ikDekoh fdT[.

T[Zso L pugB ftu b/fyek Bz{, wK dk fgnko ns/ fBZx wfj;{; BjhA ;h j'fJnk. T[; Bz{ f;o|nkgD/ fgsk dk ;kE gqkgs ;h. b/fyek Bz{ ;e{b iK rbh^r[nKY d/ fe;/ w[zv/ iK e[Vh Bkbatke|hns tXkT[D dh fJikIs BjhA ;h. xo dk wkj"b, Xkowe fposh tkbak ;h ns/b/fyek Bz{ th Xkowe BIwK jh fbyDhnK g?AdhnK ;B. eZ[b fwbk e/, b/fyek Bz{ ekch pzfdPKdk ;kjwDk eoBk g?Adk ;h.

gqPB L nkgDhnK w[ZYb/ d"o dhnK e[ZM BIwK Bz{, nzfwqsk gqhsw fbyfdnK jh feT[A gkV ;[ZNdh ;h<

T[Zso L b/fyek Bz{ ;'bQt/A toQ/ d/ gfotosB d"okB, xo dhnK pzfdPK dk ;kjwDk eoBk g?Adk ;h.fJ; bJh, T[j nkgD/ ;ziw ns/ dpkn ftu'A T[~md/ iIpks Bz{, BIw d/ o{g ftu fbyfdzdh ;h. xo dk wkj"b Xkowe fposh tkbak j'D ekoB T[; d/ fgsk ih ukjz[d/ ;B fenzfwqsk, f;o| Xkowe BIwK jh fby/. fJ;/ eoe/, nzfwqsk vo e/, T[j BIwK gkV fdzdhfe feXo/ fgsk ih, r[Z;/ Bk j' ikD.

gqPB L ‘w/ok ;'bQtK toQk nZi th w/o/ jo toQ/ ftu Pkfwb j?’ s'A b/fyek dk eh Gkt j? <

T[Zso L b/fyek Bz{ ;'bQt/A toQ/ d"okB pj[s ;kohnK pzfdPK dk ;kjwDk eoBk fgnk. fJ; bJh, T[;Bz{ fJj bZfrnk fe ;'bQtK toQk nkfJnk ns/ niBph tKr jh yVQk fojk. ;ziw ns/ dpkT[ftu th, nkgD/ T[~md/ iIpks Bz{, b/fyek B/ nkgDhnK ouBktK ftu fdqVkfJnk. Gkt/A, P[o{ftu fJj ;kjwD/ BjhA nkJhnK, go pknd ftu b/fyek Bz{ fJj wfj;{; j'fJnk fe T[jid'A th fbydh, ;'bQtK toQk T[; dh jo/e f;oiDk Bz{ nk e/ Sz{jdk. T[; Bz{ fJj wfj;{;j[zdk fe ;'bQtK toQk, T[; d/ Bkba jh uZb fojk j?. fJj T[; dh ebk^f;oiDk Bz{, jo/egZy'A gqGkfts eodk fojk j?.

—0—

43

6H (i) ‘nkg B{z gSkD pzd/’ (vkH jfoGiB f;zx) L gkmrs nfXn?B

‘nkg Bz{ gSkD pzd/’, gzikph d/ T[~x/ ftdtkB, PkfJo ns/ nkb'ue vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh;t?^ihtBh, ‘u'bk NkehnK tkbak’ ftu'A fbnk frnk, fJe nzP j?. fJ; ftu, b/ye B/ fpnkB ehskj? fe T[; d/ ihtB ftu fJeZbsk dh nkwd j'Jh ns/ T[; d/ ihtB T[go, T[; fJeZbsk d/ eh ehn;o j'J/ <

fJ; gkm d/ nkozG ftu b/ye B/, nkgD/ pugB dk jkb dZf;nk j? fe fet/A, T[j d' G?DK dkbkvbk tho ;h ns/ xo ftu, ;G dk jowB fgnkok ;h.

“e[M d/o w/ok pugB pVk P'ohbk fojk. eZb/ eko/ pkg{ dk, eZbk ekok g[Zso. dkdh,wK, d' G?DK d/ dofwnkB, fJe' fJe n"bkd BrhBk.”

(gzBk L 35)

b/ye Bz{ xo s'A pj[s bkv^fgnko fwfbnk, fi; eoe/ T[j E'VQk ftrV th frnk. go, fe;wsd/ r/V dk e'Jh BjhA gsk j[zdk fe fJj, nkgDh o|sko Bkba ubdk ofjzdk j? ns/ ;wK, pdbdkofjzdk j?. d;thA iwks ftu gVQh fJe feskp dk fIeo eofdnK b/ye efjzdk j? L^

“ckou{B, NoBI bkfJe J/ thbQ. tB w?B fJN fbcN;, n?Bndo, fJN w?N; vkT{B.:kBh fe;ws gjhJ/ tKr x[zwdh j?. fJj Bhu'A T{u, T{u'A Bhu eo fdzdh j?.”

(gzBk L 41)

b/ye dk uzrk ;wK th fInkdk d/o Bk uZfbnk. T[; d/ fgsk dh w"s s'A pknd, xo dk eZbkeZbk ihn, T[; Bz{ SZv e/ ;dk bJh s[o frnk. Go/ gfotko ftu'A b/ye, fJeZbk ofj frnk.b/ye nB[;ko, T[j gfjbK ;[jDk j'D eoe/ ns/ j[D, ;G s'A GZdk j'D ekoB, ;G s'A tZyok ;h.id'A b/ye, tZv/ tZv/ ftdtkBK d/ ihtB pko/ gVQdk fe T[jBK d/ ihtB ftu pV/ c/o^pdb j'J/ ;BsK T[;Bz{ Xotk; fwbadk.

fJ; soQK, fJeZb/ j'D dk nfj;k;, fiZE/ b/ye bJh sV| g?dk eodk ;h, T[~E/, T[; Bz{ fJjf;ykT[D ftu th wdd eodk ;h fe i' eZ[M th j[zdk j?, uzr/ bJh jh j[zdk j?. feT[Afe, i/ b/yefJeZbk Bk j[zdk, sK PkfJd, T[; B/ fbyD tkba/ gk;/ BjhA ;h bZrDk. “fJj' fij/ tke, w/o/ jkb d/wfjow jB, w?Bz{ Xotk; d/Ad/ jB fe w/o/ Bkba nb'eko BjhA j'Jh, w/o/ tor/ fJbhn;, eJh jBd[BhnK ftu.” (gzBk L 41)

fJ;/ soQK, id'A b/ye dk d;thA dk Bshik nkfJnk sK T[j, gk; j'D tkfbnK dh ;{uh ftuPkfwb ;h. T[; t/b/ gk; j'Dk, pj[s tZvh rZb ;h. gk; j'D tkba/, \[P j' oj/ ;B ns/ nkgDhnK\[PhnK tzv oj/ ;B. go, b/ye d/ xo sK e'Jh th BjhA ;h, fi; d/ Bkba T[j, nkgDh fJj \[Ph;KMh eo ;edk. “gk; j'D tkfbanK dh ;{uh ftu P[wko j' e/ th w?A, T[BQK ftu Pkfwb BjhA ;h.Bshi/ tkb/ fdB th w?A, ;G s'A nZvok j' frnk.” (gzBk L 42) Gkt/A, d[BhnK dh GhV s'A tZyfonKofjDk, T[; dk |?A;bk BjhA ;h. go, jkbks B/ fJeZbg[D/ ns/ \kw'Ph Bz{, T[; dh P\;hns dk fjZ;kpDk fdZsk. b/ye nB[;ko, T[j Bk sK fe;/ ;zfBnk;h tKr, fJ; d[BhnK s'A d{o j' ;edk ns/ Bk

44

jh, fe;/ f;nkD/ d[BhnKdko tKr fJ; ftu yfuZs j' ;edk j?. d[BhnK Bkba, T[; dk \kw'P foPskpD frnk ;h ns/ fJ;/ \kw'P foPs/ ftu'A jh, T[; dh PkfJoh B/ iBw fbnk.

fJ; ;t?îhtBh nzP ftu jfoGiB f;zx, nkgDhnK ;fEshnK ns/ jkbks Bz{, fi; soQK fpnkBeodk j?, T[j ;kok e[ZM fto'XkGk;h j?. T[dkjoD d/ s"o ’s/, T[j y[Pjkb j' e/ th, pdjkb j?.nwhoh s/ }ohph dh rZb eodk j?. \[Ph s/ }wh dh rZb eodk j?. tZyo/ j'D s/ yfuZs j'D dh,rZb eodk j?. T[o{I s/ itkb dh rZb eodk j?. nkg/ jh tesk s/ nkg/ jh ;o'sk. e[obkT[Adk BjhA,jzYkT[Adk j?. fJj gzeshnK t/y' L^

“d{finK s'A tZyok, fBt/ebk j[zdk ;K. c/o f;zvo/bk dh ejkDh tKr ns/ nZXh oks,;G e[ZM pdb frnk. Bk fbpk;, Bk e?Amk, Bk w\wbh i[Zsh. nZvok^fBt/ebk, w?A j[Dth ;K. nDX'sk wz{j, y[odo/ nDtkj/ tkba, wz{j ’s/ wksk d/ w'N/ w'N/ dk}, g?ohA X"Vhdh fmZph i[Zsh iK Bzr/ g?oHHH.”

“e'Jh T[o{I g/ jofrI Bk ngB/ fJsokJ/T[o{I tkb/ e' nk\o Itkb j'sk j?.”

(gzBk L 40)

(ii) ‘nkg Bz{ gSkD pzd/’ dh ebk s/ P?bh g~y pko/ uouk

‘nkg Bz{ gSkD pzd/’ ;t?îhtBh nzP ftu b/ye B/ ebk d/ pj[s ;ko/ gZy g/P ehs/ jB. P[o{d/ ftu o'uesk g?dk eoB bJh, fJ; ;t?îhtBh nzP ftu b/ye B/ ekch nbzekoK dh tos'A ehshj?. fJ; Bkba, P[o{nksh fdbu;gh s/ T[s;[esk, pDh ofjzdh j?. “eZbk w?A, eZbk wko{Eb, d'jK fJe^d{i/ ’u'A bzxDk.”

id'A b/ye B/ nkgD/ p[o/ teas dh dk;skB P[o{ ehsh, sK th, T[; B/ pV/ t?okrwJh Yzr d/Bkba, T[; dk toDB ehsk j?. fit/A fe L^

“fijVk fJe tko frnk, w[V B/ BjhA nkfJnk, w/o/ gj[c[Nkb/ Bz{ d[gfjo pDB dkw"ek jh BjhA fwbadk.”

(gzBk L 39)

b/ye B/ nkgDh ;fEsh Bz{, gkmeK ;kjwD/ g/P eoB bJh, ekft^;soK dk th ;jkok fbnk j?.T[dkjoD d/ s"o ’s/ L^

“}whbh Pkw ftu gzSh nzRkDkfgnk bZGdk j? nkgDk nkPhnkBk.”

(gzBk L 33)

fJ; soQK, n;hA t/ydk jK fe jfoGiB f;zx, nkgDh T[; t/b/a dh wB'dPk Bz{, ekft^;soK okjhAth fpnkB eodk j?. id'A T[j nkgDhnK ouhnK eftsktK dk tesk s/ ;o'sk, nkg jh j'D dh e'fPPeodk j?, sK T[; dh fJeZbsk, j'o th vz{xh j' iKdh j?.

45

fJ; ;t?îhtBh nzP ftu, b/ye dh s[bBksweêbk dk gZy th ewkb j?. \k; eoe/, id'AT[j nkgDh gfjbK dh ns/ j[D dh ;fEsh ;gZPN eofdnK efjzdk j? L^

“g?AN gkT[D tkbak iwks ftu fJe'^fJe ftfdnkoEh, w?A ;K. ftnkj PkdhnK T[go,w/o/ rb ftu ;'B/ dk e?Amk j[zdk ;h. w?A jo EK, nkw ns/ \k; d'jK soQK d/ w"fenK’s/, d{finK s'A tZyok, fBt/ebk j[zdk ;K.”

(gzBk L 40)

pknd dh ;fEsh dh s[bBk, fJ; soQK eodk j? L^

“nZvok fBt/ebk w?A, j[D th ;K, nDX'sk wz{j, y[odo/ nDtkj/ tkba, wz{j s/ wksk d/w'N/^w'N/ dk}, g?ohA X"Vh dh fmZph i[Zsh.”

(gzBk L 40)

b/ye B/ ftdtkBK dhnK ;t?îhtBhnK ftu'A nzP b? e/, nkgD/ ihtB dk, T[jBK Bkba s[bBkswe^nfXn?B th ehsk j?. fi; s'A gsk bZrdk j? fe T[j d{;ohnK GkPktK d/ ;t?îhtBh ;kfjs pko/th, frnkB oZydk j?. fit/A fe L^

“d;thA ftu fJe feskp gVQh ;h ‘N/bI |okw |ko n?Av BhnoHHH’ ‘fJbhn;’ ejkDhdk tke j? L “ckou{B NoBI bkfJe J/ thbQ.”HHHw?A nkgD/ nkg Bz{, ejkDh dk gkso;wMD bZr fgnk.”

(gzBk 40^41)

fJ; ;t?îhtBh nzP ftu b/ye B/, ebk dk ;ekokswe gZy g/P ehsk j?. fit/A fe, id'A T[;d/ fgsk dh w"s wro'A, xo dk fJeZbk^fJeZbk ihn, T[; Bz{ ;dk bJh SZv e/ ubk frnk sK T[;dk d[BhnK Bkba foPsk th \kw'Ph tkbak j' frnk. go, b/ye B/ T[; Bz{ th ;ekokswe Yzr Bkbafbnk j?. b/ye nB[;ko, i/eo T[j fJeZbk Bk ofjzdk, sK PkfJd T[j fbyD tkba/ gk;/ Bk nkT[Adk.BshiB, jfoGiB f;zx PkfJd T[j Bk j[zdk, i' fe T[j pD ;fenk j?.

(iii) ‘nkg Bz{ gSkD pzd/’ ftu g/P, b/ye dk fpzp

‘nkg Bz{ gSkD pzd/' gzikph^;kfjs irs ftu, wjZstg{oB j;sk\o ti'A ikD/ ikD tkba/ vkHjfoGiB f;zx dh ;t?îhtBh ‘u'bk NkehnK tkbk’ ftu'A fbnk frnk, fJe wjZstg{oB nzP j?. fJenfijk nzP, fi; ftu b/ye d/ ihtB dk i' fpzp T[~Go e/, gkmeK d/ ;kjwD/ nkT[Adk j?, T[j‘N/bI |okw |ko n?Av Bhno’ g[;se ftubh ejkDh ‘fJbhn;’ d/, T[; tke T[go g{oh soQK Y[Zedkj?, i' nkydh j? L

“tB w?B fJN fb|N;, n?Bndo fJN w?N; vkT{B”

(gzBk L 41)

Gkt, fJj fe fe;ws gjhJ/ tKr x[zwdh j?, fJj Bhu'A T{u, T{u'A Bhu eo fdzdh j?.

46

pugB ftu bkv fgnko Bkba gfbnk, e[ZM ftrfVnk, P'ohb/ s/ r[bkph ozrK ftu ozfrnk,nkgfDnK d/ fJe^fJe eo e/ ftSVD s'A pknd fJeZbsk ftu fxfonk b/ye, nkgDh fJj' fijhjkbs s'A, p/jZd fBokP ;h. fgZSbMks okjhA pko pko nkgD/ toswkB ns/ nshs dhnK ;fEshnKBz{ t/ydk, go Bkba jh eftsk d/ wkfXnw Bkba i[fVnk, nkgD/ nkg Bz{ wIp{s pDkT[D d/ nkjoeodk, nkgfDnK dh sbkP eodkl T[j fIzdrh dhnK ;ZukJhnK Bz{ ikDB bJh T[s;[e ofjzdk. fe;/ejkDh dk e'Jh tke, e'Jh ekft^;so, T[; d/ fBokP wB Bz{ Xotk; fdzdh, T[j nkgDh fIzdrh pko/nkJ/ ;[ZyK^d[ZyK Bz{ rfjokJh Bkba t/ydk ns/ fe;/ th nfijh xNBk s'A T[sPkfjs j'D dh Gkb ftuofjzdk, i' T[; d/ nk;^gk; tkgodh.

jw/PK fiZsD dh gqftosh ns/ fIzdrh bJh ;ekokswe otZJhnk ngDkT[D ekoB, b/ye dk fpzp,pkewkb ns/ ;wki bJh okj dZ;D tkbak pfDnk. nkgD/ nkg Bz{ fJbhn; wzBdk, T[j Nkb;NkfJBz{ nkgDk d';s nkydk. fIzdrh d/ j{fNnK s/ gzx{fVnK ftu bzxdh fIzdrh dk P[eo eodk. nksw^;ztkd eodk. BIw o{gh foPh ;kjwD/, nkgD/ nkg dh X{Dh bk e/, T[gfBPd dh f;Zfynk rqfjDeoBk, T[;Bz{ uzrk bZrdk.

eZ[M w"e/ nfij/ th nkJ/ id'A T[; dh fJeZbsk, gquzv o{g ftu, T[; Bz{ nk e/ x/ok gkT[Adhj?. fe;/ Bkba ;kjwD/ ik e/, nkgDh \[Ph ;KMh eoB dh EK, T[j T[~E'A BZ; e/, d{o fe;/ ;[gBb'eftu ubk iKdk j?. fiZE/ T[; nzdo'A nkgDk d[Zy, ekft^;soK d/ o{g ftu c[ZN c[ZN fBebdk j?. fi;xo nzdo, T[j PfjIkfdnK tKr gkfbank frnk, fit/A fe L^

“w/ok fbpk; pj[s P'ohbk, pj[s GVehbk ;h^w\wbh e'N, edh Bhbk, edh ghbk s/edh bky/ ozr dk, iZ[sh th w\wbh. wK s/ G?DK Bkba, fe;/ ;ke^;zpzXh d/ iKdk ;KsK f;o T[go Mkbo tkbah gZr j[zdh ;h, rb ftu ekb/a rkso/ tkbah feogkB, w?A joEK, nkw ns/ \k; soQK d/ w"fenK ’s/, d{finK s'A tZyok, fBt/ebk j[zdk ;K.”

(gzBk L 40)

T[; xo ftu, nZi e'Jh th, T[; dh \[Ph dk ;KMhtkb BjhA ;h. T[j pko pko fe;ws d/pbtkB j'D dh rZb d[jokT[Adk j?. fIzdrh dhnK fJj' fijhnK sb\hnK Bz{ th gotkB eofdnK, nkgD/eth pDB dk f;jok th, fJjBK Bz{ jh fdzdk j?. T[; Bz{ ikgdk j? fe i/eo fJj Bk j[zdhnK, sKPkfJd, T[; dk eth pDBk th Bkw[wfeB ;h. nkgD/ nkg Bz{ GkJh tho f;zx d/ ‘pBcP/ d/ c[Zb’ns/ S[Zg/ ofjD dh ukj s'A tZyok oZydk. b/ye jkbks Bz{, T[; d/ tZyo/ ofjD bJh, wip{o eoBdk fIzw/tko wzBdk j?. T[; Bz{ bZrdk fe d[BhnK ed/ th nDr"fbnK Bz{, pj[sh nfjwhns BjhA fdzdh.T[j d[BhnK dhnK o"DeK T[go, e/tb T[; dk jZea wzBdk j?. i' Bk T[~u/ ns/ Bk jh pj[s Bht/A,pbfe dofwnkBh gZXo d/ j'D. T[;dk fJj' fijk fpzp T[;odk j?, fi; dh wkBf;esk, tk;sftesk,;kfjsekoh, T[; dhnK fBZih ;fEshnK ftu'A g?dk j'Jh, fi; Bz{ T[j ukjz[fdnK th pdb BjhA ;h ;edk.d[BhnK ftu ofjzfdnK th, T[j shih ;g/; dk pkfPzdk nytkT[D dh jkwh Godk j?. T[; Bz{ BjhAikgdk fe fJj Bkw, P'jos T[; dh nkgDh ewkJh j'Jh j?. fJ; soQK, jfoGiB f;zx nkgDh ;t?^ihtBh d/ fJ; nzP ftu fiZE/, fJeZbsk dk fPeko j[zdk j?, T[~E/ T[j ;kfjs Bkba i[V/ ofjD ekoB,;ekokswe ;'u dk XkoDh th pDdk j?. fJe sVg, jw/PK T[; d/ nzdo tZ;dh ofjzdh j? ns/ T[jj?, nkgfDnK dh xkN.

47

gqPBktbhgqPB L jfoGiB f;zx dh eZbh^ekoh wkBf;esk d/ fgZS/, ekoiPhb ekoBK Bz{ ;gZPN eo'.

T[Zso L pugB ftu b/ye, gfotko ftu pj[s bkvbk ;h. d' G?DK dk tho, nkgD/ pkg dk fJeZbkg[Zso. go, j"bah j"bah fgsk dh w"s s'A pknd, fJe fJe eo e/, xo d/ ;ko/ ihn, T[;s'A ftZSV rJ/ ns/ T[; d/ fjZ;/ fJeZbsk nk rJh.

gqPB L jfoGiB f;zx d/ ihtB ftu sebh|K dk d"o ed'A s/ fet/A P[o{ j'fJnk <

T[Zso L id'A jfoGiB f;x d/ fgsk dh w"s j' rJh sK T[; d/ ihtB ftu, sebh|K dk d"o P[o{j'fJnk. fgsk dh w"s s'A pknd xo dk fJeZbk fJeZbk ihn, T[; s'A ;dk bJh ftZSVfrnk ns/ T[; d/ ihtB ftu, pj[s ;kohnK sebh|K nk rJhnK.

gqPB L b/ye jfoGiB f;zx dk d[BhnK Bkba foPsk \kw'Ph tkbak feT[A pfDnk <

T[Zso L d[BhnK Bkba b/ye dk foPsk \kw'Ph tkbak pD frnk. feT[Afe, b/ye d/ fgsk dh w"s s'Apknd xo d/ ;ko/ w?Apo, fJe fJe eo e/ b/ye Bz{ ;dk bJh SZv e/ s[o rJ/. b/yefJeZbk ofj frnk ns/ \kw'P ofjD bZfrnk. nkgDh \kw'Ph Bkba jh rZbK pksK eoBbZfrnk. wro'A, fbyD bZr fgnk. T[; dk d[BhnK Bkba e'Jh tkj^tk;sk Bk fojk. fJ;bJh, T[; dk d[BhnK Bkba foPsk, \kw'Ph tkbak pD frnk. j[D \kw'Ph jh, T[; dh ;kED;h ns/ fJ; \kw'Ph s/ fJeZbsk B/ jh, T[; Bz{ fbyD tkba/ gk;/ brkfJnk.


—0—

48

gkm Bzpo L 4


“T[gBkw B/ehl e'qX th wjkB s/ f\wk th wjkBlo~p Bkba w/b” (i;tzs f;zx B/eh)

! vkH e[bihs f;zx GkNhnk

(7) ‘T[gBkw B/ehl e'qX th wjkB s/ f\wk th wjkBl o~p Bkba w/b’ (i;tzs f;zx B/eh) L gkmrs nfXn?B

(i) gkmrs nfXn?B

i;tzs f;zx B/eh B/ gzikph eftsk, ;t?îhtBh, tkose (fBpzX, b/y) ns/ wB'^fufes;k d/\/so ftu, fijVhnK wZbK wkohnK jB, T[jBK dk e'Jh ;kBh BjhA. wB'ftfrnkBe ;kfJz; Bz{, ;kfjsBkba ;[w/b ;eDk, f;o| ns/ f;o| i;tzs f;zx B/eh d/ jZE jh nkfJnk j?. B/eh nd[Zsh j?l T[;dk e'Jh ;kBh BjhA. T[; dk ;kfjs^w[jKdok th tZyok j? ns/ ekft^GkPk th. nkg B/ T[u/oh ftfdnkbJh, wB'ftfrnkB Bz{ u[fDnk. ;kfjs, wB'ftfrnkB, Xow, fszBK \/soK ftu, T[; B/ pVh ;zihdrhBkba ezw ehsk j?. nkgDh fIzdrh ftu T[j, eJh T[~u nj[fdnK T[go ekoiPhb oj/. nfXnkgBdk ekoi th ehsk, go ;koh fIzdrh f;ZyDk Bk SZfvnk. nkg tZb'A fbyh ;t?îhtBh ‘e'Jh BkT[AB ikD? w/ok’ Bz{, nkX[fBe ;w/A dh gfjbh, gzikph ekft ;t?îhtBh j'D dk wkD gqkgs j?. eftsk,tkose, Xow, ftfrnkB, doPB, wB'fufes;k nkfd y/soK dk ftnkge frnkB ns/ u/szBsk d/ wkbe;B, i;tzs f;zx B/eh.

i;tzs f;zx B/eh dh, fi; ;t?îhtBh ftu'A jZEbk nzP fbnk frnk j?, T[; pko/, nkgDh ;t?îhtBh d/ w[Zy pzd ftu, eth dk nkswêEB j? fe, “fJ; ;t?îhtBh ftu fJfsjk;e ;Zu dh BjhA,;r'A Gkt[e ;Zu dh g/Pekoh ehsh rJh j?.” (‘e'Jh BkT[A B ikD? w/ok’, gzBk L 11) fJ;/ w[Zy pzdftu T[j efjzd/ jB fe L^

“;t?ihtBh fJe' ekft^ftT[As Bkb BjhA fbyh ik ;edh. fJj ed/ fposKs j' iKdhj?, ed/ eEktkuB. ed/ toDB eodh j? s/ edh o{ge okjhA ;ztkd oukT[Adh j?. edhgqtuB eodh j? s/ edh BkNeh Yzr n\fsnko eo b?Adh j?. jo ;{os, tk;sfteth jz[dh j? s/ ekbgfBe th. fJT[A, fJj fJfsjk;e d;skt/I xZN jz[dh j?, ;kfjsed;skt/I tX/o/.”

(‘e'Jh BkT[A B ikD? w/ok’, gzBk L 17)


49

fgnko/ ftfdnkoEhT[ ` s[jkvh gkm^g[;se (‘gzikph ;t?^ihtBh nzP’) ftubk vkH i;tzs f;zxB/eh dk fbfynk ;t?^ihtBh nzP ns/ T[; dk f;ob/y th, fszB fjZf;nK ftu tzfvnk j'fJnk j?.(i) T[gBkw B/eh (ii) eq'X th wjkB s/ f\wk th wjkB (iii) oZp Bkba w/b. gfjb/ fjZ;/ ftub/ye B/, nkgD/ T[gBkw pko/ uouk ehsh j? fe fJj T[gBkw feT[A s/ fet/A oZfynk frnk < shi/fjZ;/ ftu dZf;nk j? fe ‘oZp’ fet/A wB[Zy d/ o{g ftu jh ;kBz{ nukBe, ;fji/, fpBK fe;/ e'fPPs'A fwb iKdk j?. fszBK fjZf;nK ftu'A fJe fJe T[dkjoD b? e/ ;wMD dh e'fPP eod/ jK L^

(i) B/eh eh j? <

HHH HHH

B/eh j[zdh eh j? <

HHH HHH

‘B/eh ` B/eh ` B/eh `’ S/V gkJh w/o/ d';sK,

fyZbh w/oh oZi e/ T[vkJh w/o/ d';sK.

HHH HHH

“sz{ th T[gBkw ‘B/eh’ Bkw Bkb i'V b?,

bzfenK d/ jkf;nK dh w[jko fJzM w'V b?.”

U;/ fdB'A fJzM w/ok ‘B/eh’ T[gBkw j'fJnk,

fdB' fdB J/; dk n?bkB Po/ nkw j'fJnk.

(gzB/ L 45^46)

(ii) n"r[DK s'A o[Zmk P?d r[DK s/ gshik gkt/,

P?s ebw tkbVk ebkw T[~s/ ohM gkt/.

HHH HHH

uoBK s/ fvZrk w/ok ;h; T[jBK uk fbnk

j' e/ p\fPzd w?Bz{ rb/ Bkb bk fbnk.

(gzB/ L 47^48)

(iii) “GZm gJ/ g?;/ i/ Bk ezw nkJ/ b'V s/.

tos bJhA ;zrhA Bk, d'fuZsh ’u B gJhA sz{,

id'A s/o/ e'b j'J/, w?Bz{ w'V dJhA sz{.

HHH HHH

50

sd'A w?A gSksk fe T[j oZp Bkba w/b ;h,d/D nkDk, b?D nkDk, d't/A T[jd/ y/b ;h.”

(gzB/ L 48^50)

nkw s"o ’s/ ;t?îhtBhnK, tkose ftu jh fbyhnK iKdhnK jB. go, fJ; ;t?îhtBh Bz{b/ye B/, eftsk d/ wkfXnw okjhA fbfynk j?. i' fe fJe nfsnzs efmB ekoi j?. jkbKfe vkHi;tzs f;zx B/eh B/ fJe ;t?îhtBh tkose d/ o{g ftu th fbyh j?, ‘w/oh ;kfjse ;?ihtBh’ d/Bkw Bkba. jZEbh ekft ;t?îhtBh d/ w[Zy pzd ftu b/ye B/, fJ; ekftô{g ns/ fJ; d/ ekft^Pk;soh nk:kwK pko/, gzikph d/ gqf;ZX nkb'ue vkH nso f;zx Bkba ;ztkd th oukfJnk j?.

gzikph ;kfjs d/ wZXekb ftu, r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih B/ ‘pfusq BkNe’ ekftô{g ftu fbfynk,fi; Bz{ ;t?îhtBh dh ;zfrnk, fdZsh ik ;edh j?. fJ; gZy'A d/fynK fejk ik ;edk j? fe vkHB/eh dh ;t?îhtBh ‘e'Jh BkT[A B ikD/ w/ok’, nkX[fBeêkb dh gfjbh, gzikph ekft ;t?îhtBh j?.fJ; ;t?îhtBh Bz{ b/ye B/, uko GkrK ftu tzv e/, jo/e Gkr Bz{ gfjbh, d{ih, shih s/ u"Eh g[;sedk BK fdZsk j?. jo/e g[;se dh nkg' nkgDh, tZy' tZyoh T[EkBek s/ nzfsek th fbyh j?. fJT[Aeo e/, T[j ftP/, o{g ns/ wkfXnw, fszBK gZyK s'A pDh pDkJh gozgok s'A N[ZNdk ns/ nkgDh ftbZyDekft^f;oiDk eodk j?. T[j efjzdk j? fe “w/o/ gk; sK f;de s/ XzBtkd Bkb rV[Zu fJe fIzdrhj?. fiZE/ fes/ w/o/ ek;/ ftu \?oks gJh j?, w?A sK T[; dh, pks gkT[D dh e'fPP ehsh j?. fJj\?oks, Gkt/A ftfdnk dh j?, Gkt/A fgnko dh, Gkt/A :ksok dh j?, Gkt/A ojZ; dh, jo jkbw/o/ nzdo'A, P[eokB/ d/ Gkt irKdh nkJh j?, s/ w?A pko pko nkgD/ wB ftu efjzdk nkfJnk jKL^

“ej[ BkBe ;fG s/oh tfvnkJhe'Jh BkT[A B ikD? w/ok.”

(‘e'Jh BkT[A B ikD/ w/ok’, gzB/ L 11^12)

fJT[A, n;hA t/yd/ jK fe jZEbk ;t?îhtBh nzP, fi; w{b ekft ;t?îhtBh ftZu'A fbnk frnkj?, T[; dk Bkw th b/ye B/, r[opkDh dh fJe s[Ze s'A gq/fos j' e/ jh oZfynk j?. n;hA d/yd/ jKfe vkH B/eh T[go u/s$nu/s o{g ftu, r[opkDh dk vz{xk gqGkt j?. B/eh nB[;ko, jo ;t?îhtBhs'A wkBf;e fJwkBdkoh dh nk; j[zdh j?. go, ekft ;t?îhtBh ftu fJj fJwkBdkoh, xNBkth s"\b/s'A tX/o/, Gkt[e XkoDktK Bkba ;zpzXs j'Dh bkIwh j' iKdh j?. fJj ed/ fposKse j' iKdh j?, ed/eEktkue. ed/ toDB eodh j? s/ ed/ o{geK okjhA ;ztkd oukT[Adh j?. edh gqtuB eodh j? s/ed/, BkNeh Yzr n\fsnko eo b?Adh j?. tk;sfte th j[zdh j? ns/ ekbgfBe th. fJj fJfsjk;ed;skt/I xZN j[zdh j?, ;kfjse d;skt/I tX/o/. (e'Jh BkT[A B ikD/ w/ok, gzBk L 17). fJT[A,fJfsjk;e s/ ;kfjse$Gkte ;Zu dh g/Pekoh eofdnK b/ye, nkgD/ fJ; ;t?îhtBh nzP ftu,nkgD/ T[gBkw ‘B/eh’l eq'X, f\wk s/ oZp dhnK fJekJhnK Bz{, ekftô{gKsfos eodk j?.

(ii) ekft^P?bh

i;tzs f;zx B/eh dh gqw[Zy ekftî[rs, PpdK dh f;oiDk eo e/, ;ztkd oukT[Dk j?. T[j fezs{,gozs{, ;z;/, gqPB g?dk eofdnK, nkgDh ftfrnkBe^;'u Bz{, ekftô{gKsfos eodk j?. T[; dh

51

;t?îhtBh ftu fgnko d/ Bkba Bkba, dkoPfBe$ojZ;wJh$nfXnkswe gqrNktk th j?. T[j fJjBK;ko/ gZyK Bz{, ekft^fpzpK ns/ gqsheK okjhA o{gKsfos eodk j?. T[; ftu, ;fji th j? s/ ;[ji th.T[j gqsheK s/ fpzpK okjhA, nkgDh ekft^f;oiDk eodk j?. fJT[A, bZrdk j?, fit/A T[j fJe ftPkbgqrhs dh f;oiDk eo fojk j't/. T[j ;zebgh th j?, gqrhse th. Gkt/A fJj fto'XkGk; ikgdk j?,go, ;Zu j?. B/eh, fJ; efmB ekoi Bz{, wB'ftfrnkBh^f;oie j'D ekoB pDh ;fjisk Bkba, ;|bskg{ote fBGkn ;fenk j?. T[j nkgD/ nB[GtK Bz{, nkgDh wkBf;e^ntZ;Ek pkDh bzxk e/ s/ T[;ftu Us^g's j' e/ jh, f;oiDk dk fjZ;k pDkT[Adk j?. fJjh ekoB j? fe n;hA i;tzs f;zx B/ehdh fJ; ekft ;t?îhtBh Bz{, fJe ftbZyD nzdkI ftu fbyh j'Jh ouBk efjzd/ jK.

(iii) b/ye^fpzp‘T[gBkw B/ehl eq'X th wjkB s/ f\wk th wjkBl o~p Bkba w/b’ Bkwh ;t?îhtBh^nzP ftu,

B/eh, fJe nd[Zsh P\;hns tkba/ fJB;kB d/ s"o ’s/ T[~Godk j?. T[; B/ gkm^g[;se ftu Pkfwb,d{;o/ ;t?îhtBh b/yeK Bkba'A, tZyo/ nzdkI ftu Gkt ekftô{g ftu, nkgDh ;t?îhtBh dh f;oiDkehsh j?. i/ T[; d/ ;fjgkmh, T[; Bz{ “B/eh B/eh” efj e/ S/Vd/ jB sK T[j nfXnkge d/ efjD’s/, fJ;/ Bz{ nkgDk T[gBkw pDk b?Adk j?. i/ nfXnkge BkokI j' iKdk j? sK nzro/Ih s'A gzikphekft^nB[tkd eoe/, T[; dh BkokIrh d{o eo e/, fgnko s/ fBZx gqkgs eodk j?. nkgDh wkfJewdd eoB tkba/ pI[or Bz{, T[j oZp dk o{g jh wzBdk j?. T[j nkgDh ehsh f;oiDk, nkgD/ ;wekbhnkb'ue vkH nso f;zx Bz{ fdyk e/, T[jBK dh ;bkj b? e/, gqekfPs eokT[Adk j?. T[j nkgD/ ;ko/ezwK bJh, oZp dk P[eor[Iko j[zdk j?. T[j pVh fJwkBdkoh Bkba, nkgDh fIzdrh ihT{Adk j?. nkgD/;ko/ ekoi, rzGhosk ns/ fwjBs Bkba eodk j?. T[j nkgD/ pI[orK, tZfvnK, nfXnkgeK dh g{ohfJZIs th eodk j?. T[j fe;/ gqfs th Bekokswe ;'u BjhA oZydk, ;r'A ;kfonK s'A fgnko, w[jZpsns/ fJZIs gqkgs eodk j?. B/eh, fJe eth jh BjhA, ;r'A wB'ftfrnkBh, soe^ftfrnkBh, dkoPfBe,Xow Bkba i[fVnk j'fJnk fJB;kB th j?.

gqPBktbhgqPB L vkH i;tzs f;zx B/eh d/ Bkw Bkba, ‘B/eh’ T[gBkw fet/A i[fVnk <

T[Zso L ;t?îhtBh nzP d/ gfjb/ Gkr ftu fJj dZf;nk frnk j? fe fJe fdB, b/ye (i;tzsf;zx) B/ ftfdnkoEhêkb d/ d"okB, nkgD/ nfXnkge Bz{ g[ZfSnk fe B/eh eh j[zdh j? <ns/ fJ; Bz{, nkgD/ ftjko ftu fet/A Ykfbnk ik ;edk j? < sK T[; d/ ;fjgkmhnK Bz{,T[; tZb'A ehsk frnk fJj ;tkb jh, |I{b bZrk ns/ T[jBK B/, B/eh B/eh efj e/, T[;Bz{ S/VDk s/ T[; dk wIke T[vkT[Dk P[o{ eo fdZsk. id'A T[j, fJ; s'A szr nk frnk, sKT[; d/ nfXnkge B/ jh, T[; Bz{ ;bkj fdZsh fe T[j nkgD/ BK d/ Bkba, ‘B/eh’ T[gBkwi'V bt/. fJ; soQK b/ye i;tzs f;zx d/ BK Bkba ‘B/eh’ T[gBkw th i[V frnk ns/ T[ji;tzs f;zx ‘B/eh’ pD frnk.

gqPB L vkH B/eh dk w[Zy nfXnkge, T[; Bkba BkokI feT[A j'fJnk ns/ B/eh B/ T[; Bz{ fet/AwBkfJnk<

52

T[Zso L ;e{b d/ w[Zy nfXnkge B/, ‘b/ye’ Bz{ bkfJpq/oh dk ezw ;zGkbD dh fIzw/tkoh fdZsh, i' fe,T[; B/ mhe soQK Bkba Bk fBGkJh. sK nfXnkge, T[; Bkba BkokI j' frnk. fJe tkonfXnkge B/, ebk; ftu fijVh nzro/Ih BIw gVQkJh ;h, T[;/ dk tZXhnk gzikph nB[tkdeo e/ B/eh B/, nfXnkge dh BkokIrh Bz{ d{o ehsk. nfXnkge B/ T[; Bz{, nkgD/ rb/Bkba bZrk fbnk.

gqPB L fJwfsjkB P[o{ j'D s'A gfjbK, B/eh Bz{ fejVh ;wZf;nk nkJh ns/ T[; dk jZb fet/AfBefbnk<

T[Zso L i;tzs f;zx B/e e'ba, fJwfsjkB d/D bJh |h; i'r/ g?;/ BjhA ;B. T[j bkuko s/ p/pZ;;h. nukBe fJe pkp/ B/, T[; Bz{ e[ZM g?;/, ps"o nwkBs nkgD/ e'b oZyD bJh fdZs/.d' jIko o[gJ/, T[j nDikD pkpk cVk frnk, fi; Bkba T[; B/, nkgDh |h; Goh. T[juzr/ BzpoK s'A gk; j' frnk. vkeNo th bZr frnk. fJe ;kb s'A tZX dk ;wK fBeb frnk,sK fJe fdB, nukBe T[jh pkpk fdZf;nk. T[; B/ pkp/ d/ g?;/ w'V/ ns/ T[; d/ g?ohA jZEth bkfJnk. pkpk ubk frnk sK T[; Bz{ bZrk, fit/A T[; dk w/b oZp Bkba j'fJnk, fi;B/ go/PkBh s/ bkukoh d/ ;w/A, T[; dh wdd ehsh ;h.

—0—

(8) ‘e[dos dk X'ph gbNk’ (vkH eoBihs f;zx) L gkmrs nfXn?B

vkH eoBihs f;zx dh fbyh ;t?îhtBh ‘jkPhJ/ dh fJpkos’ ftu'A, fJj ;t?îhtBh nzP(‘e[dos dk X'ph gbNk’) fbnk frnk j?. nkgDh fJ; ;t?îhtBh ftu, nkgDh fposKse^P?bh bJhb/ye B/, T[sw^g[oy dh EK, nfBn^g[oy dh P?bh feT[A u[Dh < fJ; bJh b/ye B/, nkgDh g[;sed/ w[Zy pzd (nkgD/ tZb'A) ftu fJT[A fejk j? fe L^

“w?A nkgD/ nshs Bz{, pkjow[yh j' e/ t/yDk ukfjnk j?. fJ;/ bJh, nfBn^g[oy ftufbyD bZfrnK, nkgD/ nshs ftu rtkuk BjhA, ;r'A, T[; Bkba, fJe ftZE Ekg ;eDbJh :sBPhb fojk jK.HHHT[~sw^g[oy dh P?bh ftu, nzsow[yh j' ikD dk \sokofjzdk j?.”

id'A pzdk nzsow[yh s/ pkjow[yh j'D dh ftZE fwNk b?Adk j? sK T[j fBogZy j' e/, wZX^wkoru[D b?Adk j?. fJ; soQK eo e/, eoBihs nkgDh ;t?îhtBh Bz{ fBogZy j' e/, fJe ftZE ’s/ ofje/, fbyD ftu ;|b jz[dk j?. fJjh ekoB j? fe eoBihs dh ;t?îhtBh fbyD dh ebk ns/ P?bh,ftbZyD j' fBpVdh j?. n;b ftu, fJT[A eoBk jh, ;t?îhtBh fbyDêbk dk fJe ftP/P r[D^bZSD j?.

eosko f;zx d[Zrb d/ PpdK ftu ejhJ/ sK fBZi dh ikDekoh Bz{, ebk ftu YkbD dk BK, ;t?îhtBh j?. ;t?îhtBh, nkgD/ nkg Bz{, nkg/ s'A pkjo eZYD dk pjkBk j?. ;t?îhtBh fby oj/;kfjseko dk fenk;, T[jd/ nkb/^d[nkb/, T[jd/ teas d/ fJfsjk; ftu ftu'brh eodk gqshs jz[dkj?.HHHw/oh iku/, vkeNo eoBihs f;zx dh fJj ouBk, T[; dk T[gokbk j?. nkgD/ nkg Bz{, nkg/

53

s'A ftsq/e eo e/ t/yD dk s/ fJ; ftu, T[j nfsnzs ;|b j'fJnk j?. fJ; eoe/, T[; dk nkgDhejkDh Bz{ I[pkBh Bk efje/, nkgD/ ftu d/ nzdo{Bh nkg/ s'A efjbktD dk Yzr L fJ; ouBk dhfBt/ebh B[jko, ‘nfBn g[oy’ (third person) fJetuB dh tos'A j?.

‘e[dos dk X'ph gbNk’, gzikph d/ gqf;ZX ;zgkde, nB[tkde, tkoseeko, eth, ;kfjseko,eoBihs f;zx (vkH) dh ;t?îhtBh ‘jkPhJ/ dh fJpkos’ ftu'A fbnk frnk, ;t?îhtBh nzP j?.fJ; ftu b/ye B/, T[; ePweP Bz{ fpnkB ehsk j?, id'A T[j pj[s e'fPP eoB d/ pktI{d th,d;thA iwks dk fJwfsjkB BjhA d/ ;fenk.

T[; d/ ;kjwD/ ;tkb fJj th ;h fe i/eo T[j fJwfsjkB ftu Pkfwb Bk j'fJnk sK T[; dkfJe ;kb wkfonk ikt/rk. fJt/A jh j'fJnk ns/ fco T[; d/ fszB ;kb, fJ;/ ntZ;Ek ftu jh bzxrJ/. b/ye B/, T[; ;w/A Bz{ fpnkB ehsk j?, id'A d/P ftu, fjzd^gke tzv s'A fpbe[b gfjbK, sDkntkbak wkj"b pD frnk ;h. feT[Afe, fJj ;wK, |otoh 1947 dk ;h. b'e ;fjw/ j'J/, fJ; ePwePftu ;B fe d/P dk fejVk fjZ;k, gkfe;skB ftu ikt/rk ns/ fejVk, fjzd';skB ftu oj/rk. ;ko/b'e, nkg' nkgD/ nzdkI/ bZrk oj/ ;B, ftP/P eo e/ bkj"o pko/.

“e'Jh efjzdk, bkj"o fjzd[;skB ftu oj/rk, e'Jh efjzdk, gkfe;skB ftu ubk ikt/rk.”

|otoh 1947 ftu b/ye, nkgD/ d;thA d/ fJwfjskB dh fsnkoh bJh, nkgD/ BkBe/ fgzv i?s'wzvh ubk frnk. fJe wkou Bz{ g/go j'Dk ;h. fszB fdB gfjbK, dzr/^|;kd dhnK \poK nkT[DbZrhnK. b/ye d/ S'N/ BkBk ih, ;N/PB ’s/ p[fezr ebZoe ;B. T[jBK B/ dZf;nk fe dzfrnK dhnK\poK, nkT[DhnK P[o{ j' rJhnK jB ns/ e'Jh th rZvh e;{o Pfjo tZb BjhA ik ojh. b/ye, soBskoB Pfjo d/ r[o{ noiB d/t jkJh ;e{b ftu gVQdk ;h. T[~E/ jh T[; B/, fJwfsjkB ftu p?mDk;h. b/ye d/ ;kjwD/ j[D fJj ;tkb ;h fe soB skoB, fet/A g[Zfink ikt/ <

T[; B{z fJj dZf;nk frnk ;h fe nzfwqs;o s'A e;{o d/ o;s/, bkj"o ikD tkbahnK rZvhnK the;{o BjhA gj[zu ojhnK. ;r'A, y/weoB d/ ;N/PB s'A jh, tkg; nzfwqs;o gos ojhnK jB.j[D b/ye dh go/PkBh s/ ;wZf;nk j'o th vz{xh j' rJh. T[; B/ |?;bk ehsk fe T[j y/weoB Io{ogj[zu/rk ns/ T[~E'A rZvh okjhA, soB skoB nk ikt/rk. 28 |otoh Bz{ BkBe/ gfotko d/ o'eD d/pktI{d th, ;fjw tkba/ wkj"b ftu, T[j ;t/o dk g?db uZfbnk, Pkw Bz{ y/weow gj[zu frnk. EektNBkba u{o, gb/N|kow d/ p?Au T[go p?m frnk. rZvh nkJh sK T[j fNeN b? e/, rZvh ftu uVQ frnk.id'A rZvh soB skoB gj[zuh sK r{VQk jB/ok j' u[Zfenk ;h. id'A T[j rZvh s'A T[~so e/, ;Ve tZbBz{ j'D bZrk, sK d' |"ihnK B/ T[; Bz{ o'e fbnk. T[BQK fejk L^

“feXo Gkr/ ik oj/ j', nKy/ pzd eo e/. tkg; ub/ ikU.”

“eh rZb < feT[A fgZS/ w[V iktK <”

“d/y BjhA oj/ eof|T{ brk j{nk j?, Pfjo w/A. e'Jh BIo nksk j?, nkB/îkB/ tkbak <”

b/ye Bz{ ;wM Bk nkJh fe T[j j[D eh eo/ < T[j ;N/PB wk;No e'ba frnk. T[; B/ fejkfe j[D sK T[j eof|T{ s'A pknd jh ik ;edk j?.

“xo sK ekek, j[D sz{ eof|T{ jZND wro'A jh gjz[u ;ed?A.”

54

fJXo^T[Xo gsk eoB s'A wro'A gsk bZrk fe fJe ;p^fJz;g?eNo dh fvT{Nh j?, ;N/PBd/ nzdo. go, T[j ;t/o/ jh fwb/rk. pVh w[Peb Bkba b/ye B/, s[od/^fcod/ B/ oks eZNh. id'A;t/o/, b/ye B/ ;p^fJz;g?eNo Bz{ fwb e/ dZf;nk fe T[j jo jkbs ftu, nkgDk fJwfsjkB d/Dkukj[zdk j?. ;p^fJz;g?eNo B/ fejk fe Pfjo d/ nzdo f;o| T[jh ik ;edk j?, fi; e'b gk;j't/. T[; B/, d' N{e nkgDh wip{oh dZ;h. w;bB L^

“bZr/ eof|T{ ftu, n?;/ pzd/ Bz{, fi; e'b gk; BjhA, Pfjo ftu ikD dh fJikIs BjhA.”

j[D n?;k e'Jh th t;hbk BjhA pD fojk ;h, fi; Bkba eoBihs, fJwfsjkB d/D bJh gj[zu;edk. id'A ;N/PB wk;No d/ ewo/ dhnK xVhnK B/ B"A tik fdZs/ sK T[; Bz{ fJzM bZfrnk fefit/A, fe;ws B/ T[; Bz{, X'ph gNek wko fdZsk j?. j[D T[j, ed/ th w?Nfoe d/ fJwfsjkB ftuBjhA p?m ;edk. feT[Afe, gfjbk gouk nzro/Ih dk ;h, nzro/Ih ’u'A c/bQ dk wsbp ;h, c/bQ. e[dosB/ n?;k X'ph gbNk wkfonk fe fszB ;kb, j'P Bk nk ;eh.

(ii) ‘e[dos dk X'ph gbNk’ ftu'A T[ZGodk b/ye dk fpzp

‘e[dos dk X'ph gbNk’ ;t?^ihtBh nzP ftub/, eoBihs (b/ye) d/ tZy tZy fpzp, ;kv/ ;kjwD/nkT[Ad/ jB. nzP d/ P[o{ ftu jh, b/ye d/ fJwfsjkB pko/ uouk j?. ;', fJ; s'A gsk bZrdkj? fe b/ye, fJe gVQD^fbyD tkbak ns/ gVQkJh ftu fdbu;gh b?D tkbak ftnesh j?. fJ;/fdbu;gh eoe/ jh, T[j nkgD/ fJwfsjkBK dh fsnkoh eoB bJh, ftP/P s"o ’s/, nkgD/BkBe/ fgzv i?s' wzvh iKdk j?. “eoBihs fe;/ Io{oh xo/b{ ezw bJh iK PkfJd xo/b{ Mw/fbnKs'A oZsk e[ bKG/ ik e/, nkgD/ d;thA d/ fJwfsjkB dh fsnkoh eoB bJh, i?s'A wzvh frnk j'fJnk;h.” (gzBk L 51) b/ye dk w'j ns/ fgnko tkbak fpzp ;kv/ ;kjwD/ nkT[Adk j?, id'A fJjgsk bZrdk j? fe T[j nkgD/ S'N/ BkBk ih d/, S'N/ g[Zs ns/ ;G s'A S'Nh Xh dk jkDh j? ns/ T[jBKBkba, T[; dk pVk fgnko j?. “T[j fJeZm/ yKd/^ghAd/, ob e/ y/vd/ ns/ fJeZm/ p?m e/ gVQd/.”(gzBk L 51)

fJ; ;ko/ nzP ftu b/ye dk db/oh Gfonk fpzp th, ;kv/ ;kjwD/ nkT[Adk j/. id'A T[; Bz{fJj gsk bZrdk j? fe e'Jh th rZvh, e;{o Pfjo ftu BjhA ik ojh, sK T[j, db/oh Bkba g?dbs[odk j'fJnk, y/weoB gj[zudk j?. vo tkba/ wkj"b ftu, soB skoB bJh rZvh ’s/ uVQdk j? ns/soB skoB gj[zu iKdk j?. “eoBihs d/ ;kjwD/ j[D fJj ;tkb ;h fe soB skoB fet/A gjz[funkikt/.” (gzBk L 52) fJ; ;ko nzP ftu'A b/ye dk gVQkJh gqfs w'j pko/ th gsk bZrdk j?. feT[Afe,T[j fe;/ th jkbs ftu, nkgDk fJwfsjkB BjhA ;h SZvDk ukj[zdk. “nzsK dh EektN d/ pkti{dth, j[D eoBihs Bz{ fJj :ehB j' frnk ;h fe T[j j'o YkJh xzN/ sZe, nkgD/ xo gj[zuikt/rk ns/ ;t/o/ nkgD/ fJwfsjkBK ftu p?m ;e/rk.” (gzBk L 52) ;', n;hA efj ;ed/ jK eoBihsf;zx fJe w'j Gfonk, db/o, f;nkDk, iIpksh, gVQB^fbyD Bkba brkT[ o~yD tkbak ftneshj?. jZEbh fbys ftu T[; B/, pV/ tXhnk Yzr Bkba, nkgD/ jh tZy' tZyo/ o{gK Bz{, nB:^g[oy (thirdperson) ftu oZy e/ g/P ehsk j?.

55

(iii) ‘e[dos dk X'ph gbNk’ dk P?bhrs nfXn?B

vkH eoBihs f;zx, gzikph^;kfjs dk fJe ikfDnk^gSkfDnk Bkw j?. fi; B/, vz{xh brB ;dekfrnkBh, n?|HJ/H (nzro/Ih) ns/ fco phHJ/H sZe dh ftZfdnk jkf;b ehsh. ps"o nB[tkde ezw P[o{eoB s'A fJbktk, T[; Bz{, wk;e' ftu ik e/ th ezw eoB dk w"ek fwfbank. jo b/ye dh, nkgDhfJe ftbZyDsk j[zdh j?, fi; ;dek T[j nkgDh \k; EK pDkT[Adk j?. T[; B/ eftsk, nkb'uBk, Xkoweb/yK d/ Bkba Bkba, tZvh frDsh ftu gZSwh fuzseK dhnK feosK dk, gzikph ftu nB[tkd ehsk.nkgDh ;t?îhtBh ‘jkPhJ/ dh fJpkos’ dh tZyosk ekoB fInkdk gSkfDnk frnk. fe;/ th ;t?îhtBh dh fJj gfjbh Pos j[zdh j? fe fJj ‘T[~sw g[oy’ T[j ftu fbyh iKdh j?. go, eoBihsnfijk b/ye j?, fi; B/ nkgDh ;t?îhtBh ‘T[~sw g[oy’ (first person) dh pikfJ, nB:^g[oy(third person) ftu fbyh. fJj T[; dh P?bh dh ftP/Psk th j? ns/ tZyosk th.

b/ye nkgDh ;t?îhtBh ftu fiZE/, ejkDh torh otkBh Bkba, gkmeK d/ fdbK nzdo T[soDdh skes oZydk j?, T[~E/ jh T[j nkgD/ gkme Bz{, nkgD/ s'A d{o th BjhA ikD fdzdk.

“e'Jh efjzdk bkj"o fjzd[;skB ftu oj/rk, e'Jh efjzdk gkfe;skB ftu ubk ikJ/rk.feT[Afe, d/P d/ N[ZeV/ f|oe{ nkXko T[~s/ j' oj/ ;B. fi; Bz{, ‘d' e"wK dk f;XKs’dk BK fdZsk frnk ;h.”

(gzBk L 51)

fJ; d/ Bkba jh b/ye, fJ; nzP ftu, S'N/ S'N/ tkeK dh tos'A eodk, ed/ ed/ nfij/ tketh tosdk j?, i' p/jZd bzp/ j[zd/ jB. Gkt, S'N/ S'N/ tkeK Bz{ i'V e/, eJh tko fJe tZvk tkepDkT[AfdnK, g{oh ;fEsh dk toDB eo fdzdk j?. T[j feXo/ th ouBk dh rsh Bz{, mfjokn ftuBjhA nkT[D fdzdk. ;r'A, T[j g{oh otkBh Bkba rZb nZr/ tZXdh. fJ;/ gqeko, T[j pko pko gzikphnykDK$w[jktfonK dh tos'A eofdnK, GkPk B{z j'o g[Z\sk sohe/ Bkba tosdk j?, fit/A fe L^

^ “Bk e'Jh pzdk Bk pzd/ dh iks”

^ “bZsK g;ko e/ p?mDk”

^ “m'Aek bZr ikDk”

^ “Xosh ftu roe ikDk”

^ “bz{ ezv/ yVQ/ j'Dk”

^ “nZehA gbkjhA jZE wkoBk”

^ “X'ph gbNk wkoBk” ns/ “;'so ;[Ze ikDk”.

fJT[A, fJBQK nykDK s/ w[jktfonK dh tos'A eodk j'fJnk, T[j ed/ th ouBk dh GkPk Bz{, nkwb'eK dh gj[zu s'A d{o BjhA eodk. ;r'A, gkmeK Bz{ fJj, nkgDh nkgDh fijh bZrdh j?.

56

b/ye dk nB[tkd eoB dk siopk j'D ekoB, T[j p/jZd ;bhe/ Bkba Ppdktbh tosdk, ;fjiBkba rZb eodk, ns/ feXo/ th, ekjb BIo BjhA nkT[Adh. T[; d/ gVQD dk ukn, pko pko ouBkftu d[jokfJnk ikDk ns/ soshp ftu fpnkB eoBk, T[; dh P?bhrs ftP/Psk j?. ;G s'A nfjwfJj j? fe fJj d[jokn, fes/ th p'ohns wfj;{; BjhA j'D fdzdk. ;fEshnK ns/ xNBktK dk toDBiK fposKse g/Pekoh eofdnK, T[j g{oh soQK ;[u/s j?. jo fJe uhI, ;fEsh dh S'Nh s'A S'NhfJekJh Bz{ th fpnkB eoBk, T[; dh \{p;{osh j?. fit/A fe, gqfeosh$tksktoD$fdqP nkfd dk toDBeofdnK, T[; dh P?bh dh gqgZesk t/yh ik ;edh j?. fit/A fe L^

“;N/PB d/ g'ou dhnK g"VhnK T[so e/, ;kjwD/ pVh y[ZbQh EK ;h. fi; d/ yZp/gk;/, bzwk ;kok p[fezr nkf|; ns/ T[; dhnK fyZVehnK tkba/ gk;/ Bkba bZrdk, fJebzwk u"Vk w[;kf|o\kBk ;h. ;Zi/ gk;/, o/bt/ d/ ;Nk|ê[nkNoI ns/ ;kjwD/ dkDkwzvh ns/ izfvnkbk r[o{ Bz{ iKdh ;Ve Bz{ i'VD tkbak gZek N'Nk, fi; T[~s/ o/bt/;N/PB d/ nzdo nkT[DîkD tkbak |kNe ;h. ;N/PB dk fJj |kNe pzd ;h ns/ ;Vetkb/a gk;/, d' |"ih yVQ/ ;B.”

(gzBk L 53)

ft;sko Bkba ehs/ fdqP^toDB Bz{ gVQfdnK, gkme Bz{, ;G e[ZM j{pj{ BIo nkT[D bZrdk j?.fJe fJe uhI, nkgD/ ;kjwD/ gJh BIo nkT[Adh j?. b/ye B/ fJj' fijhnK ftbZyDsktK ;dek jh,nkgDh ;t?îhtBh Bz{, nkw b'eK d/ pj[s BIdhe b? e/ ikD ftu, ekw:kph jkf;b ehsh ns/ fJj'fijh P?bh jh, fe;/ th feos dh, ;G s'A tZvh gqkgsh nkyh ik ;edh j?. fJe nykD Bz{, fJ;nzP dk f;ob/y d/Dk th, b/ye dh P?bh ns/ T[; dh tZyosk tZb ;ze/s eodk j?. ;', eoBihsfJe ftbZyD, o'ue ;kwZroh tkbah ns/ ;fjisk Gog{o P?bh tosD tkbak, f;oeZY j;sk\o j?. fi;B/, gzikph^;kfjs irs ftu, nkgDh fJe tZyoh gSkD pDkJh j?.

gqPBktbhgqPB L eoBihs, nkgD/ fJwfjskBK d/ B/V/, nkgD/ BkBe/ fgzv feT[A ubk frnk <

T[Zso L b/ye, nkgD/ fJwfsjkBK d/ B/V/, nkgD/ BkBe/ fgzv i?s' wzvh fJ; bJh ubk frnk;h, feT[Afe, T[; d/ S'N/ BkBk ih, o/bt/ ;N/PB ’s/ ebZoe ;B. T[BQK dh Xh^g[Z[s, b/yed/ jkDh ;B. T[jBK Bkba b/ye dk r{VQk fgnko ;h. T[j fJeZm/ p?m e/, tZXhnk yKd/^ghAd/s/ gVQd/ ;B. fJ; bJh fJwfsjkB dh fsnkoh bJh b/ye, nkgD/ BkBe/ fgzv ufbnkfrnk.

gqPB L eoBihs, nkgD/ d;thA d/ fJwfsjkBK ftu feT[A BjhA p?m ;fenk <

T[Zso L b/ye, nkgD/ d;thA d/ fJwfsjkBK ftu BjhA p?m ;fenk, feT[Afe, pVh iZd'îfjdeoe/, T[j rZvh okjhA soB skoB gj[zfunk. go, Pfjo ftu eof|T{ bZfrnk j'fJnk ;hns/ f;o|, T[;/ pzd/ Bz{ ikD dh nkfrnk ;h, fi; e'ba gk; j't/. ;', b/ye Bz{ T[; ;e{bsZe ikD dh nkfrnk th Bk fwbah, fiZE/ T[; B/ fJwfsjkB d/Dk ;h. T[j nkgD/ gohfynkê/Ado sZe Bk gj[zu ;fenk. Gkt/A, fJ; tk;s/, T[; B/ pVh ;\s iZd'îfjd ehsh ;h.

57

gqPB L soB skoB Pfjo ftu eof|T{ feT[A bZfrnk j'fJnk ;h <

T[Zso L soB skoB Pfjo ftu eof|T{ bZfrnk j'fJnk ;h, feT[Afe, 1947 Bz{ id'A nkIkdh fwbDs'A gfjbK fJj \poK nk rJhnK ;B fe Xow d/ nXko ’s/ w[be d/ d' N[ZeV/ j'Dr/ Lgkfe;skB ns/ fjzd';skB. fJ;/ bJh, f|oe{ sDkn tZX frnk. fjzd{^w[;fbw dzfrnK dhnK\poK nkT[D bZrhnK. nfij/ jkbks d/ wZd/BIo jh, soB skoB Pfjo ftu eof|T{ bZfrnkj'fJnk ;h.

—0—

(9) ‘w[j~ps fJe jkd;k’ (pfuzs e"o) L gkmrs nfXn?B

(i) gkmrs nfXn?B

‘gzikph ;t?îhtBh nzP’ Bkwh gkm^g[;se ftu Pkfwb ‘w[jZps fJe jkd;k’, pfuzs e"o dh;t?îhtBh ‘grvzvhnK’ ftu'A fbnk frnk j?. pfuzs e"o, gzikph^;kfjs dh fJe fJj' fijh b/fyekj?, fi; Bz{ nkgD/ gfotko s'A sK fgnko fwfbank. go, ftnkj s'A wro'A, fIzdrh ftu nkJhnKsebh|K s/ d[ZyK d/ jVQ B/ th, T[; Bz{ ed/ jkoB Bk fdZsk. gVQkJh dh nfjwhns Bz{ ;wMfdnK,T[; B/ nkgDh ftfdne ns/ feZs/ Bkba ;zpzXs gVQkJh, ftnkj s'A fgZS'A jh gqkgs ehsh. pfuzs B/eftsk, ejkDh, Bktb, tkose, ;t?îhtBh, pkb^;kfjs nkfd ftu, pj[s ;kohnK feskpK, gzikphirs Bz{ fdZshnK. T[j nkgDh ;t?îhtBh ‘grvzvhnK’ ftu, nkgD/ ihtB^;zxoP Bz{ g/P eofdnKgkmeK Bz{ iIpksh s"o ’s/ th nkgD/ Bkba i'VD ftu, nfsnzs ;|b j'Jh j?. T[j fJ;soh dh ghVkBz{ pVh uzrh soQK ;wMdh j?. go, nkgDh f;oiDk ftu n"os^wod d/ foPfsnK Bkba i[Vh wkBf;eskBz{, jw/PK e/Ado ftu oZydh j?. T[; dhnK feosK B{z, fdZbh ns/ d/P d/ j'o okiK s'A fpBK,ftd/PK ftu th, pV/ wkD^;BwkD fwba/. T[; d/ ;zxoPwJh ihtB ftu'A jh fJe dk;skB ‘w[jZpsfJe jkd;k’ j?, fi; Bz{ gkm^g[;se ‘gzikph ;t?îhtBh nzP’ ftu Pkfwb ehsk frnk j?. fJj fJe\{p;{os ns/ PeshPkbh fbys j?, fi; ftu Bk f;o|, T[; dh nkgDhnK fBZih, ;r'A ;w[Zuh fJ;sohiksh dhnK GktBktK dh g/Pekoh j'Jh j?. ;', fejk ik ;edk j? fe ‘w[jZps fJe jkd;k’, gzikphdh p/pke b/fyek, pfuzs e"o dh ;t?îhtBh ‘grvzvhnK’ dk fJe wjZstg{oB nzP$gkm j?. fJ; gkmftu b/fyek B/, nkgD/ wB d/ jkt^Gkt, pV/ p/pke sohe/ Bkba g/P ehs/ jB. fJe x'V/ ’s/ ;tkopKek okie[wko, T[; Bz{ pko pko ;[ZgB/ ftu fdykJh fdzdk j?. fJj ;[ZgBk, T[; Bz{ jo o'I fdykJhfdzdk j?. gkm ftu pfuzs e"o d/, fJ; pko/ ej/ PpdK Bz{ gVQ'. fiBQK ftu T[j, fJT[A fpnkB eodhj? fe L^

“shih u"Eh tko c/o w?Bz{ fJe nihp ;[|Bk nkfJnk. w?A eh d/ydh jK fe fJe pKekokie[wko, x'V/ T[~s/ ;tko, vokT[D/ izrb Bz{ uhodk, tkj'^dkjh w/o/ tZb GZidk nkfojk j?.”

(gzBk L 56)

58

oks tkb/a ;[ZgfBnK dk j{pj{, fdB t/ba/ fJe gZsoeko, w?Bz{ fwbD nkfJnk. T[; d/ B?D^BeP,;[ZgB/ tkb/ okie[wko Bkba fpbe[b w/b yKd/ ;B. T[j b/fyek d/ e'ba d|so ftu, ejkDh d/ nB[tkddh fJikIs wzrD nkfJnk ;h L^

“j{pj{ Ujh fujok, Ujh ozr, Ujh o{g, Ujh pb"oh B?D, vz{xh Bhbh Mhb tor/.”

(gzBk L 52)

j[D b/fyek Bz{, T[j ;[ZgB/ tkbak okie[wko bZrD bZrk. Gkt/A fe, T[; dk Bkw feqPB ;h. gob/fyek, T[; Bz{ okie[wko efj e/ jh ;zp'XB eodh ;h. T[j okie[wko, b/fyek s'A T[; dh ejkDh,fjzdh ftu nB[tkd eoB dh fJikIs wzrD nkfJnk ;h. fJT[A, fJj pko pko nB[tkd eoB d/pjkB/, pfuzs d/ d|so ns/ fco xo nkT[D bZrk L^

“pfuzs ih, w?A nkg eh ejkBh Ybs/^gqSkt/A, fjzdh w/A nB[tkd eoB/ eh fJikIs wKrB/nkfJnk jz{.HHHT[; B/ w/o/ B?DK ftu, feXo/ vz{x/ T[sofdnK w?Bz{ g[ZfSnk ;h.”

(gzBk L 52)

f;bf;bk, fJ;/ soQK ubdk fojk. T[j okie[wko, ejkDh nB[tkd eoB dh fJikIs wzrD nkT[Adkofjzdk. b/fyek, j[D T[; Bz{, okie[wko ih dh EK, ‘oki’ efj e/ p[bkT[D bZr g?Adh j?. feT[Afe,okie[wko T[o| feqPB Bz{, fJ; o;wh ;zp'XB s'A fJsokI ;h L^

“fJj okie[wko ih, okie[wko ih, Gbk s[;hA eh bkJh oZyd/ j' < f;o| ‘oki’ feT[ABjhA p[bkT[Ad/.”

(gzBk L 56)

b/fyek th nzdo' nzdohA, oki tZb fyZuh ik u[Zeh ;h. fJe fdB oki, b/fyek d/ xo, fJenX{oh ejkDh b? e/ nkfJnk. T[;/ t/b/a b/fyek d/ gsh d/t xo nkJ/. b/fyek B/, oki Bz{ gsh BkbafwbkfJnk. go, T[; d/ gsh Bz{, oki dk fJ; soQK xo nkT[Dk, uzrk BjhA ;h bZfrnk. fJ; dhg/Pekoh, pfuzs fJT[A eodh j? L^

“w/o/ gsh^d/t ed/, x{o^x{o e/ oki tZb d/yD, ed/ w/o/ tZb. gbK ftu jh fJes{|kB T[~m yVk j'fJnk.HHH “w?A ;G ikDdK jK, s[jkBz{ tZv/ b/yeK Bz{HHH\podko, i/nZr/ Bz{ ed/ th, fe;/ B/ fJ; d/bQh nzdo g?o XfonkHHH.”

(gzB/ 58^59)

b/fyek d/ gsh d/ r[Z;/ Bz{ d/y e/, oki u[Zgukg T[~E'A ubk frnk. fco ed/ Bk nkfJnk. go,b/fyek d/ wB nzdo, T[j ;dk tZf;nk fojk. b/fyek d/ nzdo, fJe ePweP uZbdh ofjzdh j? feT[j oki Bz{, feT[A BjhA fwb ;edh < fgnko eoBk, e'Jh r[Bkj sK BjhA. fJ; soQK, b/fyek d/nzdo p?mh gq/fwek ns/ (gsh dh) gsBh Bkba MrVk eodh ojhl w'B'bkr d/ o{g ftu. ;z;ekoK dhpZXh ns/ gozgok Bkba i[Vh, T[j jko wzB b?Adh j?.

59

fJe fdB, T[; B/ o/vhT[ s'A pj[s wBj{; \po ;[Dh, oki dh w"s pko/. fJ; \po Bkba, T[;d/ wB dh GNeDk, GKpV pD rJh. T[; t/ba/ sK T[j pj[s d[Zyh j'Jh, go wro'A, b/fyek Bz{ bZfrnkfe oki wfonk BjhA, ;r'A T[; nzdo fiT{Adk j?. T[; B/, nkgDh fJ; sVg Bz{ fpnkB eodh, fJeBIw th fbyhl pebw \[d L i' j[D sZe T[; B/ ;KGh j'Jh j? ns/ PkfJd fJj th BjhA gsk,b/fyek fJ; w[jZps d/ jkd;/ Bz{, ed'A sZe ;KG e/ oZy/. PkfJd ;koh fIzdrh, T[j T[; Bz{ nkgD/nzdo'A Bk eZY ;e/. feT[Afe, T[; d/ nzdo dh gq/fwek, tX/o/ PeshPkbh pD rJh. fJ;/ Bz{ b/fyek‘w[jZps fJe jkd;k’ dk Bkw d/Adh j?. fJj nukBe, b/fyek dh fIzdrh ftu tkgfonk ns/jw/PK bJh xo eo frnk. fJ;/ soQK, fJj ‘oki’ nukBe jh d[BhnK Bz{ SZv e/ s[o frnk j?. go,pfuzs d/ wB ftu'A Bk fBeb ;fenk.

(ii) b/fyek dk fpzpgqPB L ‘w[j~ps fJe jkd;k’ ftu b/fyek dk fej' fijk fpzp T[ZGodk j?<

fJ; ;t?^ihtBh nzP ftu b/fyek B/, nkgD/ nkg Bz{ pj[s ;ko/ o{gK ftu o{gwkB ehsk j?.fJ; ;t?^ihtBh nzP Bz{ gVQ e/ gsk bZrdk j? fe b/fyek, fJe y[~bQ/ v[~b/ wkj"b ftu ofjD tkbahP\;hns j?. T[; dk jo/e uhI, jkbks Bz{ t/yD dk BIohnk th pVk y[ZbQfdbh tkbak j? L^

“w/o/ d|so dk wkj"b, ekbi iK :{Bhtof;Nh tork j' u[Zfenk ;h.”

(gzBk L 56)

b/fyek, jo soQK d/ n;o Bz{ ep{bD tkbah j?. feT[Afe, xo Gkt/A, pzfdPK ;B, go, d|so dkwkj"b y[ZbQk ;h ns/ b/fyek T[go, fJ; dk n;o ;k| fdykJh fdzdk j? L^

“n?;/ jh p/brkw ns/ nZbQV fij/ w";w ftu, w?Bz{ th fJe ;Z[|Bk fBZs fdykJhd/D bZfrnk.”

(gzBk L 56)

b/fyek, fJe iIpksh n"os d/ o{g ftu th g/P j'Jh j?. feT[Afe, ;[Z|B/ dk n;o ep{bdhj'Jh, T[j th nkgD/ ;[Z|B/ p[DB bZrdh j?. fJT[A, w[jZps fJe jkd;/ d/ o{g ftu, T[; Bkb th tkgoiKdh j? L^

“T[; dh w'jDh w{os ns/ ekb/a f;nkj e[zvbK tkb/a x[zrokb/ tkbK Bz{ d/y, w?A T[; tZbpktoh j'Jh sZe ojh j[zdh jK.”

(gzBk L 56^57)

fJT[A, T[j nkgD/ ;[Z|fBnK d/ okie[wko Bz{, :EkoE o{g ftu t/y e/, T[; gqfs w'fjs j[zdh j?.nzs Bz{, T[; tZb fyZuh iKdh j?. b/fyek dk jk;/ wIke ftu ftuoD tkbak o{g th g/P j[zdk j?,id'A T[j, fwbD nkJ/ b/ye okie[wko Bz{ efjzdh j? L^

“ukj' sK, w/ohnK fJe s'A tZX ejkDhnK th nB[tkd eo ;ed/ j'. w?A w[;eVhnKjZ;fdnK T[~so fdZsk ;h.”

(gzBk L 57)

60

b/fyek dk nkT[ Grs eoB tkbak ns/ wfjwkB fBtkIh dk o{g th gorN j[zdk j?. Gkt/A, T[;d/ xo, fJj ;G eoB dh fJikIs BjhA ;h. go, fco th, T[; B/ xo nkJ/ b/ye Bz{, pj[s fJZIsfdZsh ns/ fgnko Bkba nkgD/ xo fpmkfJnk. T[j nkgD/ tZb'A, nkgD/ pko/ nkg jh efjzdh j? feL^

“T[d'A w/o/ xo d/ p{j/ J/BQK ebwK tkfbnK bJh w{b'A jh pzd ;B. go, w?A oki bJh,fpBK fe;/ vo ns/ G?n s'A, d't/A p{j/ y'bQ, T[; Bz{ pV/ nkdo ;fseko Bkba nzdofpmkfJnk.”

(gzBk L 58)

b/fyek dk, gshtosk Xow fBGkT[D tkbak o{g th g/P j[zdk j?. Gkt/A, T[j oki Bz{ fdb'A ukjz[dh;h. go, id'A T[; d/ gsh B/ oki d/ ;kjwD/ jh, T[; Bz{ ns/ oki Bz{ p[ok^Gbk fejk sK T[;B/, ;G e[ZM vod/^vod/ ;fjD eo fbnk. jkbKfe, fJj vo pkjobk ;h. nzdo'A sK T[j oki dhjh ;h ns/ T[;/ dh ojh. fit/A fe L^

“oki B/ u[Zg^ukg eZ[M ;[fDnk s/ c/o fpBK e[ZM p'fbnK, o'Djkek fijk j[zdk, ;kv/xo'A T[m e/ ;dk bJh ubk frnkHHH. T[; d/ ub/ ikD fgZS'A, w?A nzdo'A e[zvk pzd eoe/, XkjK wko^wko e/ o'Jh.”

(gzBk L 59)

b/fyek d/ nzdo, p}ktsh ;[o T[gidh th o{gwkB jz[dh j?. feT[Afe, ed/ ed/ T[j ;'udh j?fe T[; B/ e[ZM th }bs BjhA ehsk. ;r'A, T[; B/ sK gq/w ehsk j? ns/ gq/w eoBk, e'Jh r[Bkj BjhA.fit/A fe L^

“w?A feT[A oki Bz{ BjhA fwb ;edhHHH< fgnko eoBk e'Jh r[Bkj BjhA j?.”

(gzBk L 53)

b/fyek, dtzd tkbak ihtB pshs eodh j?. feT[Afe, T[; nzdo, oki dh gq/fwek ns/ gsh dhgsBh ftueko, jw/PK jh MrVk uZbdk ofjzdk j?. n\ho, gsh dh gsBh, nkgD/ soe Bkba fiZsiKdh j? L^

“uzr/ xoK dhnK pj{^p/NhnK, nkgD/ \ktzd s'A fpBK, j'o fe;/ tZb BjhA t/ydhnK.”

(gzBk L 59)

b/fyek dk fJPe dk iIpk, pVk gqpb j?. feT[Afe, T[; B/ ed/ th oki Bz{, fdb'A BjhA G[bkfJnkns/ nukBe fJe fdB, id'A oki dh w"s dh \po, T[; B/ o/vhT[ s'A ;[Dh sK T[j ftnke[b j' T[~mh.nkgD/ fJ; iIp/ Bz{ gqrNkT[AfdnK T[j efjzdh j? L^

“;Zu ikfDU, oki wfonk BjhA ;h. ;r'A, T[j sK w/o/ nzdo g{oh soQK fiT{Adk j'frnk ;h. T[; d/ ftS'V/ ftu w/o/ fpojk dh e[Zy, io\/I j' T[~mh. s/ vokT[DhnKoksK nzdo, w/oh ebw, bzw/ ;w/A sZe bj{ d/ jzM{ e/odh, gsk BjhA eh eh MohNdhojh.”

(gzBk L 60)

61

fJT[A, fJ; ;t?îhtBh nzP ’u'A b/fyek dk, t?okrwJh o{g th T[d'A o{gwkB jz[dk j?. \k;eoe/, id'A T[j nkgD/ dod Bz{, fJe BIw d/ o{g ftu, Ppdh ikwk gfjBkT[Adh j? ns/ T[; dodBz{, ;koh T[wo sZe, ;hB/ Bkba bZrk e/ oZydh j?. n;hA efj ;ed/ jK fe b/fyek, p/pke o{g ftu;kv/ ;kjwD/ nkT[Adh j?. fi; B/, nkgD/ fJj ;ko/ b[et/A o{g, pVh db/oh, p/pkeh s/ ;k|r'Jh Bkba,gkmeK d/ ;kjwD/ g/P ehs/ jB. go, w[jZps d/ wkwb/ ftu, T[; dh ;koh p/pkeh, Xoh XokJh ofjiKdh j?. T[j fJe gozgoe gshtosk gsBh tKr jh, nkgDh w[jZps Bz{, nkgD/ nzdo ;w/N e/ofj iKdh j?.

(iii) ‘w[j~ps fJe jkd;k’ dh P?bhrs ftP/Pskpfuzs e"o, gzikph ;kfjsîrs dh fJe nfijh P\;hns j?, fi; d/ g?dk j'D ’s/, T[; dh

wK Bz{ nB/eK dZ[yK dk ;kjwDk eoBk fgnk. fJ; bJh, T[j jw/PK nkgD/ nkg Bz{, nkgDh wK d/d[ZyK dk ekoB wzBdh j?. feT[Afe, T[; dh dkdh th, T[; Bz{ gZEo nky e/ g[ekodh. T[; s'A pkndg?dk j'J/, T[; d/ fszB GoktK ekoB, T[j nkgDh dkdh dh bkvbh th pDh. f;Zy fgsk ns/ fjzd{wK d/ bkv^fgnko ;dek, jw/PK uzrh fIzdrh pshs ehsh. gzqs{, ftnkj s'A pknd, T[; d/ gsh d/Pokphêpkph j'D pko/ gsk bZrDk ns/ ;j[fonK dh g{oh fIzw/tkoh, T[; d/ f;o ’s/ nkT[Dk nkfd;G e[ZM, T[; dh gb gb gohfynk b?Adk d/fynk iKdk j?. fIzdrh d/ pj[s ;ko/ ;pe, T[; B/ pj[sibdh ns/ gZeh soQK f;Zy bJ/. BshiB, jZEK ftu nkJh ebw B/, fiZE/ T[~u ftZfdnk, T[; dh M'bhgkJh, T[~E/ jh n"os dh jo ghV, T[; d/ :EkoE Bz{, fgzv/ T[go jzYkT[D dk ;Zu, T[; dhnK fbysKftu nkT[D bZfrnk. \k; eo e/, T[; dh ;t?îhtBh ‘grvzvhnK’ ftu. T[;/ ftu'A bJ/ fJe nzP‘w[jZps fJe jkd;k’ ftu, T[; dh fbys dh tZyosk ns/ P?bhrs ftP/Psk Bz{ goyDk, fJZE/ ;kvkp[fBnkdh ekoi j?. fJe fJfsjk;e d;skt/I pDB dh ;woZEk oZyD tkbah T[; dh ;t?îhtBh‘grvzvhnK’, b/fyek dh, fIzdrh d/ jo T[; ;[Zy^dZ[y dh p/pke g/Pekoh eodh j?, fi; Bz{ fpnkBeoB bJh, p/jZd fjzws ns/ j"A;bk b'VhAdk j?. ;t?îhtBh dk gfjbk B[eask jh fJj j? fe ‘;Zu’ns/ e/tb ‘;Zu’.

‘w[jZps fJe jkd;k’ ftu th, b/fyek dk p/pkeh Bkba nkgDh w[jZps dk fJIjko eoBk ns/T[; w[jZps bJh sV|Dk T[; dh P?bh ftu ;k| Mbedk, fdZ;dk j?. fJT[A fBvosk, fi; dk w{bf;XKs j' fBpVdk j?.

fJ; ;t?îhtBh nzP okjhA b/fyek, nkgDh f;ZXh^;kdh, fBoT[u/u ns/ fdbu;g P?bh eoe/,gkmeK Bz{, nkgDh nkgDh bZrdh j?. jo T[wo dh n"os, T[; Bz{ nkgDk ;wMdh j?. \k; eoe/T[d'A, id'A T[j ejkDh tKr nkgDh rZb eodh, ;Z[|fBnK dh d[BhnK ftu ofjD tkbah, fe;/ goh tKrihtB Bz{ wkDdh j?. fJ; ;G e[ZM dk ;kXkoBhfeqs o{g th, gkmeK Bz{, nkgD/ Bkba i'Vdk iKdk j?.

‘w[jZps fJe jkd;k’, Gkt p/jZd \{p;{os nfj;k;, i' T[; d/ ihtB ftu ozr GoB bJhnkfJnk. go, fto'XkGk;h Ppd tos e/, T[; B/ gkme nzdo, nZr'A ikDB dh fJZSk g?dk eoBk th,T[; dh P?bh dk, ftP/P r[D^bZSD j' fBpVdk j?. T[j fwfEjk; ftu'A feqPB$r'ghnK Bkba Bksk i'Vdhj'Jh, gq/w dh gftZsosk pko/ gqwkD fdzdh ns/ nkgDh w[jZps Bz{ th, fJ;/ gftZsosk Bkba bpo/I wzBdhj?. fJ; ftuko dh g[PNh bJh, fJj T[dkjoD t/yh ik ;edh j? L^

62

“okie[wko ` fJj sK j{^p^j{ T[jh bZrdk j?, i' r'ghnK ftu fxfonk j'fJnk ;h.go, w?A sK okXk BjhAHHH. s/ Bk jh oki e[wkoh.”

(gzBk L 56)

gkso dk fXnkB eodh j'Jh T[j, T[;dk fusoD p/jZd gqGktPkbh Yzr Bkba eodh j?. go,Bkba jh fIzdrh dhnK e[ZM nNZb ;ZukJhnK pko/ th, gkmeK Bz{ ikD{ eotkT[Adh j'Jh, T[BQK d/ frnkBftu tkXk th eodh j?. T[j pj[sh t/oK, gkmeK Bz{ f;ZXk ;zp'XB eofdnK, T[jBK Bkba rZbpks tkbakwkj"b f;oi b?Adh j?. fit/A fe L^

“wkj"b pzd/ Bz{ Io{o gqGkfts eodk j?.” (gzBk L 56)

“;Zu ikfDU, oki wfonk BjhA ;hHHH.” (gzBk L 60)

“;Z[|B/, pzd/ Bz{ G?n^Ghs th eod/ jB ns/ j;kT[Ad/^o[nkT[Ad/ th jB.”

(gzBk L 57)

fJ; d/ Bkba jh u[;s tke^pDso, o'uesk ns/ otkBh th, T[; dh tkose^P?bh Bz{ ekch gqGkftseodh j?. \k; eoe/, id'A T[; B/ nkgDh wB dh ;fEsh, \k; eo e/, ;[gBwJh ;'u nzdo gJ/okie[wko Bkba ikD^gSkD eotkT[Dh j[zdh j?, sK T[; d/ toDB s'A, T[j okie[wko Bz{ gkme d/ ;kjwD/fbnk yVQk eodh j?. fJT[A, T[j T[; ftu ekfte^nzP Go fdzdh j?. fit/A fe L^

“Ujh ozr, Ujh o{g, Ujh pb"oh B?D, vz{xh Bhbh Mhb tor/, Ujh e[zvbK tkba/f;nkj ekba/ tkbaHHH.”

w?A T[; d/ B?DK tZb BhM Bkba sZfenkHHHok;bhbk tkbak—< iK izrb Bz{ uho e/nkT[Adk okie[wko—< w?A sK oki e[wkoh BjhA ;h s/ Bk jh okXk iK o[ewDhHHH.”

(gzBk L 56)

;[Z|fBnK dh pks gkT[AfdnK, jeaheas pD ikD dh T[; dh ejkDh, gkmeK Bz{ th Bkba jh, fe;/‘;[ZgB b'e’ s'A, :EkoE ftu fbnk e/ yVQk eo fdzdh j?. p/jZd Gkt[e ns/ iIpksh. gsh d/ fgnkos'A ftj{Dh, oki Bkba ;Zuk fgnko eodh, T[j nk\o wod^gqXkB ;wki nzdo, T[; fgnko s'A d{osK j'Jh, go ed/ th T[; Bz{, fdb'A d{o Bk eo ;eh. fJ; ;fEsh dk toDB, T[; B/ pk\{ph ehskj?, i' fe T[; dh gqGktPkbh P?bh dk gqwkD j?. fit/A fe L^

“id'A w?A ukj d/ eZg, ;kfonK bJh fbnk e/ w/I T[~s/ oZy/, sK w?A nkgD/ gshd/ eo'X Bkba bkb ;[o\ j'J/ fujo/ Bz{ d/y, fit/A X[o nzdo'A ezp rJh. w?Bz{ bZfrnk,fit/A xo dh ;koh dh ;koh SZs, p; j[D/ ;kv/ ;kfonK T[~s/ fvZrh fe fvZrh.”

(gzBk L 59)

p/pkeh, fBvosk, fJwkBdkoh, fwjBs ns/ fdnkBsdkoh dh fw;kb b/fyek, PpdK dk nfijkskDk^pkDk p[Ddh j? fe e'Jh th gkme, T[; dh fJ; ;t?^ihtBh s'A p/w[y j' e/, T[; Bz{ SZv e/ ikDdk j"A;bk BjhA eo ;edk. fgnko dh gqwkfDesk bJh T[j feqPB, okXk ns/ pkDh d/ jtkb/ fdzdh.

63

;t?^;ztkd dh i[rs tosdh, T[j oki dh gq/fwek ns/ gsh dh gsBh Bkba, ihn Go e/ bVdh.Ppdktbh dh nwhoh dk g?wkBk t/y' L^

“fgnko e'Jh r[Bkj BjhA, ;fseko j?. fJe fJpkds j?, fJe g{ik j?. fgnko fe;/dk, fe;/ T[~s/ e'Jh epIk sK BjhA, f;o| gfjukD jh sK j?. fpBK fgnko s'A Gbk,e'Jh fet/A ihT{ ;edk j? < fgnko s'A fpBK fiT{Dk sK T[t/A jh j'fJnk, fit/A o{js'A fpBK ebp{s.”

(gzBk L 59)

fJBQK ;soK ftu T[j pkDh d/ Bkba Bkba, r[op\P f;zx gqhsbVh d/ f;ZXKs (“fgnko epIk BjhAgfjukD j?”) Bz{ :kd eodh j?, T[~E/ jh tkfo; Pkj Bkba th nkgDk Bksk i'Vdh j?.

;zg{oB P\;hns dh ifNbsk Bz{, ;wZ[usk ftu g/P eodk, T[; dk fJj ;t?îhtBh nzP, fiZE/Bkoh dh ;fEsh dk fpnkB eodk j?, T[~E/ jh pkjob/ fposKsK s'A pZu e/, ;ogN wzfIb tZb ubd/ofjDk, T[; dh P?bh dh T[~usk Bz{ do;kT[Adk j?. PpdK ftubh ekftesk, dod, t?okr, fe;/ thgkme dhnK nZyK Bz{ frbak eo ;edk j?. fJjh b/fyek dh fiZs j? fe fi; nZr tor/ ;Zu s'A, joe'Jh vodk j?, T[; dk fpnkB, T[; B/ g{oh fBvosk Bkba eo e/, nkgDh w[jZps Bz{ nwo eo fdZsk,fit/A fe L^

“;Zu ikfDU, oki wfonk BjhA ;h, ;r'A, T[j sK w/o/ nzdo g{oh soQK ihT{Adk j' frnk;h. T[; d/ ftS'V/ ftu, w/oh fpojk dh e[Zy Io\/I j' T[~mh.”

(gzBk L 60)

fJT[A, n;hA t/yd/ jK fe pfuzs, ifNb ;fEshnK Bz{ th, pVh ;obsk Bkba fpnkBdh ns/ gkmeKBz{ f;ZXk ;zp'XB eofdnK, nkgD/ gkmeK Bz{, nkgD/ fbfys^;z;ko Bkba i'V e/ oZydh j?.

gqPBktbh

gqPB L pfuzs e"o Bz{, fej' fijk ;[ZgBk nkT[Adk j? ns/ fJ; ;[Z|B/ dk, T[; dh fIzdrh Bkba eh;zpzX j? <

T[Zso L pfuzs e"o Bz{ fJe ;Z[|Bk nkT[Adk j? fe fJe okie[wko, x'V/ T[~s/ ;tko j' e/, vokT[D/izrb Bz{ uhodk, tkj' dkjh T[; tZb GZfink nk fojk j?. fJe fdB T[jh ;[Z|B/ tkb/a okie[wkodh soQK dk fJe b/ye, pfuzs dh ejkDh nB[tkd eoB dh fJikIs wzrD bJh nkfJnk.sK b/fyek Bz{, T[j j{pj{, nkgD/ tkb/a okie[wko tork bZfrnk. fJjh ekoB j? fe nB[tkdefeqPB Bz{ gfjbK, T[j 'okie[wko ih' ns/ fco f;o| ‘oki’ efj e/ p[bkT[Adh j?. fJT[A, T[;dk b/fyek Bkba, ngDZs dk foPsk pD iKdk j?.

gqPB L b/fyek B/ ‘oki’ Bkba fwbDkî[bDk, feT[A pzd eo fdZsk <

T[Zso L b/fyek B/ ‘oki’ Bkba fwbDkî[bDk, fJ; bJh pzd eo fdZsk, feT[Afe, fJe fdB oki, fJenX{oh ejkDh b? e/ b/fyek Bz{, T[; d/ xo fwbD bJh nkfJnk, sK T[;/ ;w/A, b/fyek d/

64

gsh^d/t th xo nk rJ/. id'A b/fyek B/, nkgD/ gsh Bkba oki Bz{ fwbkfJnk sK b/fyekdk gsh pj[s r[Z;/ j'fJnk ns/ T[; B/ b/fyek Bz{, oki d/ ;kjwD/ jh p[ok Gbk fejk. okith gsh^d/t d/ r[Z;/ Bz{ t/yd/ j'J/, T[~E'A T[~m e/ ubk frnk. T[; fdB s'A pknd, oki ns/b/fyek ed/ th BjhA fwb/.

gqPB L ‘oki’ dh w"s dh \po ;[D e/, pfuzs d/ fdb ’s/ eh phsh <

T[Zso L ‘oki’ dh w"s dh \po ;[D e/, pfuzs pj[s ftnke[b j' T[~mh. T[; Bz{ oki dh jo rZb:kd nkT[D bZrh. b/fyek Bz{ fJj wfj;{; j'D bZrk fe oki wfonk BjhA, ;r'A T[; d/ nzdod[pkok fiT{Adk j' u[Zek j?. fJ;/ ekoB, T[j nkgD/ wB d/ GktK Bz{ gqrNkT[D bJh, fJeeftsk fbydh j? ns/ T[; Bz{ w[jZps d/ o{g ftu, jw/PK fIzdk oZyD bJh, nkgD/ e'ba ;zGkbe/ oZy b?Adh j?.


—0—

65

gkm Bzpo L 5


‘nkgD/ BK Bkba B|os’ (pbpho wkX'g[oh)! vkH e[bihs f;zx GkNhnk

(10) ‘nkgD/ BK Bkb B|os’ dk gkmrs nfXn?B

(i) gkmrs nfXn?Bpbpho wkX'g[oh, gzikph^;kfjs d/ y/so ftu, jkPhnkrs fXoK d/ d[ZyK, sebh|K Bz{, nkgDh

ebw okjhA, o{gwkB eoB tkbak f;ow"o j;sk\o j?. pugB s'A jh dfbs ihtB dhnK e"VhnKê;?bhnK xNBktK Bkba, b/ye dk ;kjwDk j'Dk P[o{ j' frnk ;h. gVQkJh dh brB ns/ fwjBs ;dek,T[; B/ fiZE/, T[~uhnK gZdthnK gqkgs ehshnK ns/ nkgDhnK ;/tktK gqdkB ehshnK, T[~E/ jh eftsktK,b/yK ns/ nB[tkdêkoiK T[go th, ebw nIwkJh. ;t?îhtBh s'A fpBK T[; B/, nkgDk ;|oBkwkth fbfynk j?.

pbpho wkX'g[oh, nkgDh ;t?îhtBh ‘SKfrnk o[Zy’ ;dek, uofus b/yeK dh Pq/Dh ftu Pkfwbj'D tkbak, gzikph ;kfjseko pfDnk. T[; dh ;t?îhtBh Bz{, nke;c'ov :{Bhtof;Nh tZb'A th gqekPsehsk frnk. fJj feos, dfbs :EkoE Bz{ o{gwkB eofdnK, T[; Bkba i[V/ eJh e"V/ê;?b/ nB[GtKBz{ fpnkB eodh j?. ‘nkgD/ BK Bkb B|os’, ‘SKfrnk o[Zy’ ;t?îhtBh ftubk, fJe wjZstg{oBnfXnkfJ j?. fi; ftu b/ye Bz{, dfbs ihtB Bkba i[V/ j'D ekoB, gb gb Bht/A j'D d/ nfj;k;Bkba i{MDk g?Adk j?. fit/A fe, T[; dh iks ;zpzXh T[uko/ rJ/, p'bK Bz{ jh bT[ L^

ukj u{jVh, ukj ufwnkohukj Bhu'A eh Bhug{oB pqjw gko E/i/ ukj Bk j[zdh phu.

(gzBk L 61)

b/ye Bz{, ;wkie doi/pzdh gqfs jw/PK jh frbQk fojk. feT[Afe, fJ; ekoB, dfbs iksh Bz{g?o g?o ’s/ BhtK ftykfJnk iKdk j?. T[~uîkshnK tZb'A jw/PK jh, nkgD/ nkg Bz{, okfinK pokpo;wMfdnK, BhftnK Bz{, }[bkwK$B"eoK$dk;K tKr ezw eoB bJh fejk iKdk j?. fJZE/ jh p; BjhA,T[BQK Bz{, fJj th fuzsk ofjzdh j? fe i/eo, fJj dfbs b'e gVQ^fby ikDr/, sK T[BQK d/ y/sK s/xoK ftu ezw eoB tkbak e'Jh BjhA ofjDk. b/ye fJ; ;fEsh Bz{ fJT[A fpnkB eodk j? L^


66

“;kok uwko^tkXk, gVQB vfj fgnk fdB^p^fdB fJBQK dk vwke \okp j'Jh iKdk.i/ fJBQK Bz{ BT[eohnK fwb rJhnK sK ;kv/ y/sK ’u ezw e"D eo{rk `”

(gzBk L 61)

fJ; gqeko, id'A y/sK ftu ezw eoB frnK p{MV tZb'A, b"Y/ t/ba/ dh fdZsh ukj, ed/ T[BQK d/;kjwD/ nkT[Adh, sK w/jfDnK ekoB b/ye dk wB, sZsh ukj, T[; d/ wz{j ’s/ wkoB Bz{ eodk. go,GkJhJ/ tZb'A u[Zgûkg ezw eoB bJh fdZsh fjdkfJs ekoB, T[j \kw'P ofjzdk. T[go'A nkgD/ gfotkoftu, w?ApoK dh tZX ojh frDsh ekoB th, b/ye go/PkB ofjzdk. T[; dh fBrkj, Gkt/A feskp T[goj[zdh, go fXnkB jw/PK, pkg{ dhnK fIzw/tkohnK tZb jh ofjzdk. T[j eJh tko, nkgDh wK Bz{, ;k|b|IK ftu efj th fdzdk fe w?Bz{ j'o G?D^Gok BjhA ukjhdk. go, T[; dh wK, fJ; Bz{ oZp dh dksnky e/, u[Zg eok fdzdh. tZv/ NZpo dk fJe' e'mVh nzdo ;"Dk, fiZE/ po;ksK nzdo jz[w;, tZN^x[ZNs/ f;nkbaK Bz{ gzi^;Zs gP{ j'o pZM/ j[zd/, xo ftu jo t/ba/, GhV jh GhV jz[dh.

b/ye B/ nkgDh ewkJh Bkba, id'A N/pb b?Ag fbnKdk sK tZyo/ ewo/ dh nDj'Ad ekoB, T[jgfjbK fBokP j'fJnk. go, fco T[; B/, fJ; dk th jZb bZG fbnk. ekbi dh gVQkJh eofdnK,T[j nzro/Ih, fjzdh, gzikph s'A fJbktk, j'o feskpK th gVQdk. gVQD ns/ j'o pj[s e[ZM f;ZyD dhbrB, b/ye nzdo fdB' fdB tZXdh ik ojh ;h. fJ; d"okB, w'rk ftu j'J/ r'bheKv B/, fiZE/ ekbiKdh gVQkJh ftu o[ektN gk fdZsh, T[~E/ jh, ftfdnkoEh iZE/pzdhnK dhnK ;orowhnK th P[o{ j'rJhnK. fJ;/ d"okB, e[ZM fdB pknd, id'A b/ye d';sK Bkba ekbi ikD bZrk, sK fco, GkJhJ/ d/ej/ p'b :kd nkJ/. b/ye jw/PK fJjh ;'udk fe GkJhnk pko pko, T[; Bz{ u/sktBhnK feT[A fdzdkofjzdk j?. nkgDh g{oh ;t?îhtBh ftu b/ye pko pko, nshs tZb Mkedk, ed/ ed/ T[~E/ jh tk;eo b?Adk j?. ekbi iKfdnK th T[; d/ wB T[go, pugB dhnK :kdK ns/ T[; Bkba i[V/ e"V/ê;?b/nB[GtK B/, rfjoh fBPkBd/jh eo fdZsh ;h. id'A skJhA sko' B/, T[; dh wK Bz{ fJj fejk fe “r[ZvBz{ SZ[Nh eok e/, ;kv/ y{j jZeD xZbd/ w/ok ntsko ;e{b ub/ ikT{rk.” (gzBk L 64) ns/ fco y{jfjZed/ b/ye Bz{ j/mK T[soB bJh fejk. feT[Afe, T[; d/ skJ/ B/ y{j s'A gkDh ghDk ;h ns/ T[;d/ jZE, fes/ gkDh Bz{ Bk bZr ikD, fJ; bJh, T[; Bz{ d{o j'D bJh fejk frnk. pko pko j[zdhfJj' fijh Ibkbs ekoB, b/ye r[Z;/ Bkba Go iKdk.

jkbks, brksko ftZrV oj/ ;B. ftfdnkoEh B/sk, fJBebkp fIzdkpkd d/ Bkno/ bkT[Ad/, d{finKBz{ th Bkba uZbD bJh nkyd/. fJ; d/ Bkba jh fJe j'o uhI, i' b/ye Bz{ ;G s'A tZX Bkg;zd ;h,T[j ;h, T[; dk BK—‘pbpho uzd’. T[j nkgD/ BK d/ gfjb/ fjZ;/ s'A sK y[P ;h. ‘pbpho’, fi;dk Gkt ;h fe;/ j'o bJh tzrko^bbeko s/ w'Nh rZb, fe Iks dk ebze Bk Mbedk. T[; Bz{ nkgD/BK dk d{ik Gkr, ‘uzd’ fjzd{ nk;Ek Bkba i[fVnk ikgdk. fi; ftu'A jhDêwhD dh d[orzX nkT[Adh.T[j nkgDh fJ; PP'gzi ns/ r[Z;/ Bz{ HHH dk e?bzvo g?oK j/m wX'b e/ PKs eodk sK GkJhnk nkydk,“fJj ekok eh ehsk ew{s dhJ/ wko/ < J/dK eh |oe g? ikT{ `” (gzBk L 65) fco T[j fwfEjk;d/ jtkb/ Bkba, ed/ fJj wzBD Bz{ fsnko Bk j[zdk fe n;hA fjzd{ nK, nkgD/ Bkba j[zdhnK fInkdshnKgqfs, ed/ ed/ GkJhnk th pj[s r[Z;/ ftu nk iKdk ns/ T[j fJ; ;G ek;/ s'A S[Nekok gkT[D bJh,;G Bz{ jzGbk wkoB dh ;bkj fdzdk. fJ;/ d"okB, ekbi d/ fdBK ftu fJe fdB, ekbi s'A nkT[AfdnK

67

pZ; ftu, b/ye d/ d';s B/, fJe e[Vh d/ g?o ’s/ g?o oZfynk. e[Vh tZb'A r[Z;k eoB ’s/, T[; d/d';s B/ ;k| wBQK eo fdZsk. go, pknd ftu, pZ; s'A T[soB s'A pknd, wzB th fbnk fe fJjjoes, T[;/ B/ ehsh ;h. fJj xNBk, b/ye d/ fIjB ftu d/o oks sZe xz[wdh ojh ns/ T[j ;'udkfojk fe e[Vh d/ gZy pko/, fe;/ B/ e'Jh rZb feT[A Bk ehsh. fJe fdB, r[od[nko/ dh e[Zbh ftup?m e/ T[jB/, id'A pZ; tkbh xNBk pko/ fbyDk P[o{ ehsk sK ekftô{g ftu fbyhnK ;soK ftu,T[; B/ e[Vh dk gZy g{fonk. fJj T[j ;wK ;h id'A T[; d/ pugB ftu jh ekft^phi c[ZN fgnk;h. fJj eftsk, id'A ekbi d/ w?rIhB ‘skfoek wzvb’ ftu SgD dh rZb j'Jh, sK fco s'A, T[;dk BK fJe tZvk ;tkb pD e/ yVQk j' frnk. T[jh BK, fi; Bkba T[; Bz{ nzsK dh B|os ;h ns/T[j jo ehws ’s/, nkgDk fJj BK pdbDk ukj[zdk ;h.

(ii) b/ye dk fpzp

gqPB L ‘nkgD/ BK Bkb B|os’ ftu'A b/ye dk fej' fijk fpzp g/P j[zdk j? <

‘nkgD/ BK Bkb B|os’, gzikph^;kfjs irs d/ gqf;ZX ;kfjseko, pbpho wkX'g[oh dh ;t?îhtBh ‘SKfrnk o[Zy’ ftubk, fJe wjZstg{oB nzP j?. b/ye, jkPhnkrs$dfbs fXoK dhnK n"eVKd/ :EkoE Bz{ g/P eoB tkbah P\;hns j?. fJ; nzP ftu'A b/ye dk i' fpzp, ;G s'A tZX T[~Godkj?, T[j Gkosh ;wkie fttZ;Ek nB[;ko j'Jh ikshrs doi/pzdh gqfs, nkgDh BkokIrh gqrN eoBtkbak ;zt/dBPhb fJB;kB j?. T[; nB[;ko, fJj doi/pzdh, dfbs b'eK Bz{ nkgD/ fPezi/ ftu c;ke/ oZydh j?. fi; ftu T[~u^tor Bz{, e'Jh th p[o/ s'A p[ok ezw eoB dh fJikIs j?. go, T[;dh e'Jh ;Ik BjhA j?. fjzd{^;wki dhnK gyzvh, dzGh ukbK Bz{ iVQ'A g[ZN e/ ;[ZND dh rZb, b/ye jhBjhA, T[; d/ GkJhJ/ d/ fdb ftu th pko pko nkT[Adh j?. b/ye nfs }ohph dh jkbs j'D d/pktI{d th, gVQD gqfs g{oh soQK ;wofgs j?. feT[Afe, T[j BjhA ukjz[dk fe nBgVQ ofj e/, T[jth ;koh T[wo, T[~uîksh tkfbnK d/ y/sK ns/ xoK ftu wId{oh eodk fco/. T[j ekbi'A, e/tbnkgDh GkPk ftu jh frnkB jkf;b BjhA eodk, ;r'A tZy tZy GkPktK ftu fgnk frnkB, T[; Bz{nkgD/ t~b fy~udk j?. b/ye d/ nkgD/ Ppd t/y' L^

“gVQD bJh gzikph, fjzdh, nzro/Ih dhnK n\pkoK. nbwkohnK ftu pzd fgnk nEkjfrnkB. ;'udK, fdBK ftu jh fJj w/o/ bj{ ftu oZu^fwZu ikt/. nZr/ tZXD bJh;wkfie toskok s/ fgZSbk pj[s e[ZM GZ[bD dh e'fPP eoK.”

(gzBk L 63)

b/ye, fiZE/ nkgD/ fgsk dhnK fIzw/tkohnK gqfs g{oh soQK ;[u/s j?, T[~E/ T[j nkg th, T[;d/ w'Y/ Bkba w'Yk i'V e/ yVQk j[zdk j?. T[j tZX oj/ NZpo gqfs, nkgDh wK Bz{ ;k| ;k| b|IK ftueJh tko nkydk fe w?Bz{ e'Jh j'o G?D^Gok BjhA ukjhdk. go, T[; dh wK ns/ GkJhnk, T[; dhfJ; rZb Bz{ pj[sh nfjwhns BjhA fdzd/. fJ; d/ Bkba jh, T[j nkgD/ GkJhJ/ dhnK rZbK gqfs thg{oh soQK ;[u/s ofjzdk j?, id'A T[j ekbi ftu iZNK d/ w[zfvnK tZb'A pDkJhnK ftfdnkoEhîZE/pzdhnKs'A d{o ofjD dh rZb nkydk. T[~u iksh dhnK ejhnK, fsZyhnK rZbK gqfs nkgDk o'j Ikfjo eodk.

68

\k; eoe/, id'A e'Jh, T[; Bkba Iks eoe/ ftseok eodk ;h. fit/A fe, skJh sko' dk T[; Bz{ fJjefjDk fe L

“r[Zv Bz{ S[ZNh eok e/, ;kv/ y{j jZeD xZb d/, w/ok ntsko ;e{b ub/ ikT{rk.”

“r[Zv, iok e[ G[zi/ T[sohA, s/o/ skJ/ bJh gkDh ghD bJh GoBk. sz{ sK nkV’u'A Jh gh bwhA.”

(gzBk L 64)

fJj' fijhnK rZbK ;[D e/ T[; d/ wB ftubk r[~;k, gquzv o{g Xko b?Adk j?. go, T[j wBw;'; e/ ofj iKdk. fJe T[dkjoD t/y' L^

“fJj rZb w/o/ fdb ftu ;{b tKr y[ZG rJh. w/ohnK GohnK nZyK dk gkDh,T[BQK nzdo jh iIp j' frnk ;h, fit/A w'ohnK tkbahnK fNzvK dk y{j ftu fvZrdkgkDh.”

“w?A p/t;h ftu, T[ib/ GftZy dh T[vhe ftu fezBk fuo G[zi/ p?mk fojk.”

(gzBk L 64)

fJ; d/ Bkba jh, b/ye nkgD/ nkg Bz{ fjzd{ wzBD s'A fJBekoh jz[dk ns/ nkgD/ BK d/ d{i/fjZ;/ Bz{, jw/PK bJh jNk d/Dk ukjz[dk j?, i' fe fjzd{^nk;Ek Bkba i[fVnk j'fJnk wfj;{; jz[dk. fJ;fjzd{ nk;Ek s'A w[Beo j[zfdnK okw tZb'A PzG{e foPh d/ easb dh fiZE/ rZb eodk j?, T[~E/ jh, nkohnkb'eK tZb'A fJZE'A d/ n;bh pkfPzfdnK Bz{ }[bkw pDk e/, nkgD/ nkg Bz{ ;q/Pm efjbkT[D ;zpzXh th,gkmeK Bkba ;KM gkT[Adk j?. nkgD/ ftukoK ;zpzXh, T[; Bz{ j'o th s;Zbh T[d'A fwbdh j?, id'A T[;dk GkJhnk th fJj' fijh ;wkie ftt~;Ek Bz{ iVQ'A g[~N e/, T[bNk d/D dh r~b eodk ns/ fJ;pko/, ;kfonK Bz{ fwb e/ jzGbk wkoB bJh nkydk j?. fejk ik ;edk j? fe b/ye, nkgD/ GkJhJ/s'A th ekch jZd sZe gqGkt rqfjD eodk j?.

b/ye dk fJe j'o fpzp, i' fJ; nzP ftu'A T[~Godk j?, T[j fJj j? fe T[; nzdo p/fJB;k|hdk fPeko j'Jh fXo bJh nkgDh r~b efjD dh fjzws j?. ekbi d/ ;bkBk g/goK d/ d"okB, id'AfJe fdB pZ; ftu b/ye d/ d';s iwksh w[zv/ B/, fJe e[Vh d/ g?o ’s/ g?o oZfynk ns/ e[Vh tZb'AfJsokI eoB ’s/, T[; w[zv/ B/ ;k| fJBeko eo fdZsk. go, pZ;'A T[sofdnK jh T[; d/ d';s dkfJj efjDk fe L^

“Xow Bk, jbehnK fpZbhnK nZyK, s's/ dh u[zM tork fsZyk BZe, r'ok fujok, r'bam'vh s/ \{p;{os fdZy tkbh, T[; e[Vh Bz{ d/fynK G[Zy bfjzdh ;h.”

(gzBk L 66)

fJj p'b, b/ye d/ fdb ftu T[; bVeh gqfs jwdodh d/ Gkt g?dk eod/ jB. nkg ;wkinzdo nB/eK p/fJZIshnK Bz{ podkPs eoB ekoB, T[j T[; e[Vh dh wkBf;e ;fEsh Bz{ Gbh GKswfj;{; eo ;edk ;h. nkgD/ fJ;/ nfj;k; Bz{ PpdK ftu fpnkB eodk, i'Vdk^s'Vdk,

69

fbydk^fwNkT[Adk T[j eth pDB d/ ;|o ’s/ gfjbk edw o~ydk j?. go, Bkba jh T[; d/ wBftu, nkgD/ nkg B{z pdbD dh soehp uZbdh ofjzdh. feT[Afe, j[D T[; dh nkgD/ BK Bkba B|os,f;\oK ’s/ gjz[u u[Zeh ;h.

;', pbpho wkX'g[oh dk, fJ; ;t?^ihtBh nzP ftu'A i' fpzp T[~Godk j?, T[j fJe nkfrnkekohg[~so, gVQkJh fbykJh gqfs u/szB, ;wkie doI/pzdh s'A g{oh soQK Bk\[P ns/ ghVs p/fJB;k|hfXo d/ j~ea dh r~b eoB tkbak j?. fi; fXo dh gqshfBXsk eoB d/ pktI{d T[j ;ekokswe;'u tkbka ns/ d{finK Bz{ ;/X d/D tkbak j' fBpVdk j?.

(iii) P?bhrs nfXn?B

fJe j'o rZb, fijVh fJ; fbys ns/ fJ; d/ b/ye Bz{ ftP/P pDkT[Adh j?, T[j fJj j? feb/ye dh GkPk, pVh f;oiDPhb j?. e[ZM T[dkjoDK t/y' L^

0 ;'uK bfdnk ftuko

0 wB dk w'ebk nkekP gb ftu ;[zrV frnk

0 ;j/ d/ ezBK tor/ B'N

0 nzdo jh nzdo fGnkBe jkd;k tkgo e/ ofj iKdk

0 fdb s/ N'ek ubdk

0 w/ok wB GkJhJ/ pko/ ;'u bkN tKr ezp iKdk

0 oZp dh dks Bz{ e'Jh feZdK XZe/ wko/ `

0 xo ftu GhV^fBoh f;o ghV

0 nbwkohnK ftu fgnk nEkj frnkB—w/o/ bj{ ftu ou^fwu ikt/.

0 w?A p'M w[es j' frnk.

0 iks dk ebze Bk Sbedk

0 jhD^ewhB dh d[orzX u[|/o/ c?bdh wfj;{; jz[dh

0 w/ok wz{j fpsb/ tskT{A tork j' iKdk.

0 T[dk;h dk jbek fijk gfjok

0 ekft^phi wB ftu nuBu/s c[ZN fgnk

0 wB B/ g?b gkJh-yzG c?bkJ/.

(gzBk L 61 s'A 67)

gqPBktbhgqPB L pbpho wkX'g[oh Bz{, nkgD/ BK Bkba B|os feT[A ;h <

T[Zso L nkgD/ BK Bkba B|os dk ekoB, pbpho wkX'g[oh bJh fJj ;h fe T[; Bz{, nkgD/ BK dk

70

gfjbk fjZ;k ‘pbpho’ dk Gkt^noE uzrk bZrdk ns/ fJj f;Zyh nB[;ko ikgdk. fgZSbkfjZ;k ‘uzd’, T[; Bz{ fjzd{ nk;Ek Bkba i[fVnk wfj;{; jz[dk. T[jh fjzd{ nk;Ek, fi; B/jkPhnrs b'eK Bz{, nkgD/ fPezi/ ftu eZf;nk j'fJnk ;h. fi; ftu'A jhDêwhB dh d[orzXu[|/o/ |?bdh wfj;{; j[zdh.

gqPB L dfbs ihtB Bkba ;pzXs j'D eoe/, wkX'g[oh Bz{ fejVhnK fejVhnK w[PebK dk ;kjwDkeoBk g?Adk <

T[Zso L ;G s'A gfjbK, id'A y/sK ftu ezw eoB frnK Bz{, b"Y/ t/b/a dh ukj fdZsh iKdh sK ‘ukju{jVh, ukj ufwnkoh’ tor/ fsZy/ p'b, T[; Bz{ ;[DB/ g?Ad/. d{ik, id'A skJh sko' Skjt/b/a GZsk b? e/ nkJh B/, T[; Bz{ y{j dh rkXh s'A T[soB bJh fejk, feT[Afe T[; d/ skJ/B/ gkDh ghDk ;h. sh;ok, b/ye dh wK ns/ dkdh ;D/ po;ksK ftu, fgZSbh e'mVh ftud; ihnK Bz{ ;"Dk g?Adk, fiZE/ nzsK dh j[zw;, tZN^x[ZN ns/ gzi^;Zs gP{ th pZM/ j[zd/, fJeGhV fijh j[zdh.

gqPB L T[j fejVh xNBk ;h, fi; B/, wkX'g[oh d/ wB ftu eftsk d/ phi p'J/ <

T[Zso L ;bkBk g/goK d/ d"okB fJe fdB pZ; ftu nkT[AfdnK, T[; d/ d';s B/ id'A ikD^p[ZMe/, fe;/ e[Vh d/ g?o ’s/ g?o oZfynk ;h. go, T[; d/ g[ZSD ’s/, T[; w[zv/ B/ ;k| wBQKeo fdZsk. go, pZ; s'A T[soB ’s/ nkgDh rZb wzBh th. sK b/ye B/, nkgDh gfjbh f;oiheftsk ftu, T[; e[Vh dk gZy g{fonk. fJ;/ xNBk B/, T[; d/ wB ftu eftsk d/ phip' fdZs/ ;B.

—0—

;zy/g ihtBrs t/ot/fgnko/ ftfdnkoEhT[ `

j[D sZe n;hA gkm^g[;se ‘;t?îhtBh nzP’ ftub/ 10 b/yeK d/ ;t?îhtBh nzPK dk gkmrsnfXn?B ns/ T[jBK ftu g/P j'Jh b/yeK dh tkose^P?bh dk nfXn?B^ftPb/PD th eo fbnk j?.gkmK ftu'A T[~GoD tkba/ b/ye^fpzpK dh uouk th j' u[Zeh j?. go feT[Afe, fJj ;kok e[ZM, nzP wksojh j?, fJ; bJh n;hA, gkm^g[;se d/ nzs T[go fdZsh nzfsek L 1 ftub/ b/yeK d/ ihtBrst/ot/ th, fiT[A d/ fsT[A doI eo oj/ jK. sK i', s[;hA b/yeK d/ ;zy/g ihtB^t/oftnK Bz{ th ikD;e' ns/ T[jBK Bz{ gkm Bkba i'V e/, nzso^;zpzXs th eo ;e'. fJ; gkm g[;se d/ ;zgkde vkHwBihs f;zx B/, fJj ;ko/ t/ot/, pVh fwjBs s/ brB Bkba fJeZm/ ehs/ jB. vkH ;kfjp B/ fJjBKb/yeK ns/ T[jBK d/ ouBk^;z;ko ns/ j'o gqkgshnK pko/ t/ot/ th fdZs/ jB. ;zgkde B/ gkm^g[;seftu Pkfwb gkmK d/ ;zy/g ;ko th fdZs/ jB. fJj ;koh ;kwZroh, s[jkvh gkm^g[;se dh nzfsek^1ns/ nzfsek^2 ftu fdZsh rJh j?l ftfdnkoEhnK bJh fJwfsjkBK ftu ezw nkT[D tkbah tZvw[bht;s{ j?. fJj ;kok w?No gVQ e/, s[jkvk fdb eo/rk fe s[;hA fJjBK uofus b/yeK ns/ T[jBK

71

dhnK g[;seK pko/, j'o th ikDekoh gqkgs eo'. fJ; soQK eo e/ jh s[;hA, ;zpzXs ftP/ ftu w[jkosjkf;b eo ;ed/ j'. fJ;/ nk; Bkba n;hA, ;zpzXs b/yeK d/ ihtBrs^t/ot/, s[jkv/ Bkba ;KM/ eooj/ jK. T[whd eod/ jK fe tX/o/ u/szB ns/ bkfJe ftfdnkoEh, fJ; s'A bkG T[mk ;eDr/. n;hAfJe tko fco ;zgkde d/ XzBtkdh jK ns/ ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ fJj rZb, o/yKfes eo e/ efj oj/jK fe T[j b/yeK d/ ihtB^t/ot/ th fXnkB Bkba gVQD ns/ fJjBK Bz{ fJwfsjkB dh fsnkoh bJh,:kd th eoB, sK i' s[;hA gkmK Bz{ tX/o/ ;wMdkoh Bkba, nkgD/ B'N; pDkT[AfdnK tos ;e'.

1H ihtBts t/otk L BkBe f;zx“BkBe f;zx, gzikph^;kfjs irs d/ fJe nfij/ Bktbeko jB, fiBQK d/ gqt/P Bkba, gzikph

d/ Bktbhîrs ftu fJe Bt/A :[Zr dk nkozG j[zdk j?. nkg dk iBw fgzv jwhd, sfj;hb dkdB\K, fIbQk fijbw (gkfe;skB) fty/, ;qh pjkdo uzd d/ xo 4 i[bkJh 1897 JhH ftu j'fJnk.ni/ nkg S'Nh T[wo d/ pkb jh ;B fe nkg d/ fgsk ih, nekb ubkDk eo rJ/. fJ; ekoB,nkg Bz{ gzithA iwks ftu jh nkgDh gVQkJh SZvDh gJh. nkg d/ ihtB T[~s/, r[od[nkok ;qh r[o{f;zx ;Gk, fgPkto d/ rzqEh, frnkBh pkr f;zx ih dk vz{xk gqGkt fgnk. frnkBh ih dh ;zrsB/, nkg dhnK G?VhnK nkdsK S[vk e/, nkg ih d/ nzdo eqKshekoh spdhbh fbnKdh. frnkBh ihdh gq/oBk ;dek jh nkg B/, ;zB 1922 ftu ‘r[o{ e/ pkr’ d/ w'ou/ ftu frq|skoh fdZsh. i/bQ ftunkg Bz{, w[BPh gq/w uzd d/ BktbK Bz{ gVQD dk w"ek fwfbnk ns/ nkg d/ nzdo th Bktb fbyDdh gq/oBk ikros j'Jh. fJZE/ jh nkg B/, nkgD/ w[ZYb/ Bktb ‘nZX^fyVh ebh’ Bktb fbfynk, i'g[fb; tZb'A Ips eo fbnk frnk. wro'A, fJjh Bktb nkg B/ ‘nZX^fyfVnk c[Zb’ BK j/m gqekPseotkfJnk frnk. i/bQ s'A fojk j' e/ nkg B/, nkgDk gfjbk w"fbe Bktb ‘wso/Jh wK’ gqekPseotkfJnk. nkgD/ BktbK Bz{ iB^;kXkoB she gj[zukT[D bJh, T[BQK B/ fJ; Bz{ Xkowe x/o/ ’u'A eZYe/, :EkoEtkdh o{g fdZsk. nkgD/ Bktbhîrs Bz{ BkBe f;zx B/, Pfjoh wZXtor s/ j/mb/ tordh g/Pekoh okjhA fte;s ehsk. ;', Ikfjo j? fe T[BQK B/, gzikph Bktb Bz{, nfXnkswtkd Bkb'As'V e/, Xosh Bkba i'fVnk. nkg B/ seohpB uko doiB BktbK Bkba, gzikph^;kfjs irs dky/so ftPkb ehsk. Bktb s'A fJbktk, nkg dhnK ejkDhnK nkX[fBe ejkDhêbk dhnK \{p;{osfw;kbK jB. gzikph tkose d/ y/so ftu nkg dh ;t?îhtBh ‘w/oh d[BhnK’ th, \k; wjZst oZyDtkbah ouBk j?. 26 d;zpo ;zB 1971 Bz{ nkg B/, fJ; Poho o{gh u'b/ Bz{ fsnkr fdZsk.”

2H ihtBrs t/otk L fgqzH s/ik f;zx“gzikph p'bh, rZd ns/ f;Zy Xow d/ T[~x/ ftdtkB, fgqzH s/ik f;zx dk iBw 2 i{B, ;zB 1894

ftu oktbfgzvh d/ fgzv nfvnkb/ fty/, ;H Gbkeo f;zx d/ xo j'fJnk. ;zB 1908 ftu nkgB/, jkJh ;e{b dh gVQkJh gqkgs eoB bJh, \kb;k ekbi ftu dk\bk fbnk. d;thA iwks, nkg B/tIh|/ Bkba gk; ehsh ns/ nZr/ gVQD d/ nkP/ s'A oktbfgzvh d/ rkovB ekbi ftu dk\bk fbnk. fJZE'Ankg B/ 1914 JhH ftu phHJ/H ns/ fco 1916 ftu n?wHJ/H dh fvroh jkf;b ehsh. gVQkJh \sw eoBpknd nkg B/, gq'|?;oh Bz{ feZs/ ti'A ngDkfJnk ns/ \kb;k ekbi, nzfwqs;o fty/ nzro/Ih,fJfsjk; ns/ Xow ;zpzXh ftP/ Bz{ gVQkT[D bZr gJ/. ;wekbh bfjoK ftu nkg B/, g{oh fPZds Bkba

72

fjZ;k fbnk ns/ r[od[nkok ;[Xko bfjo ftu vz{xk :'rdkB gkfJnk. fJe bzwk ;wK nkg B/, Pq'wDhr[od[nkok gqpzXe ew/Nh d/ w?Apo ti'A ekoieko ;zGkfbnk ns/ nekbh w'ofunK bJh :'r nrtkJhth ehsh. fJ; ekoB nkg Bz{, fJe ;kb dh i/bQ th eZNDh gJh. ;zB 1945 ftu nkg B/ \kb;kekbi w[zpJh d/ fgqz;hgb dk gd ;zGkfbnk ns/ nkgDh ekpbhns ;dek, xkN/ ftu ub oj/ ekbidh ekfJnk ebg eo fdZsh. ;zB 1948 ftu nkg Bz{, gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh d/ gpbhe/PB fpT{o' dkw'Yh ;eZso fB:[es ehsk frnk. brGr ;zB 1948 s'A b? e/, ;zB 1952 sZe nkg wfjzdok ekbi,gfNnkbk ftu ps"o fgqz;hgb bZr/ oj/ ns/ Bkba jh nkg B/, g?g;{ ;oeko d/ gzikph ftGkr d/ gfjb/vkfJo?eNo j'D dk wkD th gqkgs ehsk. fgqzH s/ik f;zx B/ tkose, Nhekekoh ns/ y'i d/ y/so ftuBthA fgos gkJh ns/ fJ; Bz{ ftfrnkBe ozr fdZsk. fJe bzwk ;wK nkg B/, nkgDhnK feosK okjhAgzikph ;kfjs, ;fGnkuko ns/ ;wkie jbfenK Bz{ gqGkfts ehsk. nkg dh ;t?îhtBh ‘nko;h’,gzikph dhnK ;q/Pm ;t?îhtBhnK ftu'A fJe j?. nkg dhnK ;/tktK ;dek nkg Bz{ tZy tZy ;z;EktKtZb'A ;BwkfBs ehsk frnk. GkPk ftGkr, gfNnkbk B/ nkg Bz{, nfGBzdB rzqE G/AN ehsk ns/ ;zB1956 d/ d"okB gzikp ;oeko tZb'A nkg Bz{, ‘Pq'wDh ;kfjseko’ dk doIk fdZsk frnk. 10 iBtoh1958 Bz{ nkg fJ; G"fse ;z;ko Bz{ jw/PK bJh nbftdk efj rJ/.”

3H ihtBrs t/otk L r[op\P f;zx gqhsbVh“gzikph^tkose ftu skIrh ns/ ;fji gqhs dk |b;|k GoB tkba/ ;kfjseko, r[op\P f;zx

gqhsbVh dk iBw 20 ngq?b 1895 JhH Bz{ f;nkbe'N fty/, ;H gP'ok f;zx d/ xo j'fJnk. nkg B/d;thA iwks sZe dh f;Zfynk, fJZE/ fgzv ftu'A jh gqkgs ehsh ns/ nr/o/ gVQD bJh n?~cH;hH ekbi,bkj"o ftu dk\bk b? fbnk. ;zB 1917 ftu fJziBhnfozr ekbi, o[Veh s'A Uto;hnoh gk; eoB s'Apknd, nkg B/ nwohek dh fwPhrB :{Bhtof;Nh s'A f;tb fJzihBhnfozr dh fvroh gqkgs ehsh.e[ZM ;kb nkg, Gkosh o/bt/ d/ ftGkr ftu, ps"o fJzihBhno bZr/ oj/. ;zB 1933 ftu nkg B/‘gqhsbVh’ BK dk wkf;e g~so ikoh ehsk, i' wro'A ik e/, nkg dh gfjukD pD frnk. nzfwqs;odh Xosh ’s/ nkg B/ gqhs Bro t;kfJnk ns/ fIzdrh d/ nk\oh ;kjK sZe fJZE/ jh oj/. nkg B/gzikph^tkose Bz{ fbPek g[Pek e/, T[; Bz{ ozrhBsk gqdkB ehsh. nkg B/, fJe ;{MtkB b/ye tKrnfijk nkdoPe GkJhukok ;Ekgs eoB dk ;[|Bk d/fynk fi; ftu ;G dh fIzdrh, fgnko ns/ ;[ZyBkba Goh j't/. nkg dhnK fbysK ftu, \k; s"o ’s/, fJe f;XKs g/P ehsk frnk fe ‘fgnko epIkBjhA gfjukD j?’. nkg dh ;t?îhtBh fszB GkrK ftu gqkgs j[zdh j? L “w/oh ihtB ejkDh'(1959), ‘wzfIb fd; gJh’ (1964), ‘w/oh ihtB ejkDh’ i' 1978 ftu nkg d/ nekb ubkD/wro'A gqekPs j'Jh. ;t?îhtBh ftu nkg B/, fpBK fe;/ ;zr^;ze'u d/, nkgD/ ihtB dhnK gqw[ZyxNBktK Bz{ fpnfBnk. 20 nr;s, 1977 Bz{ nkg ubkDk eo rJ/.”

4H ihtBrs t/otk L eosko f;zx d[~rb“eosko f;zx d[Zrb, gzikph^;kfjs d/ y/so ftu, nfijh pj[gZyh P\;hns dk wkbe j?, fi;

B/ ;kfjs d/ brGr jo o{g ftu, nkgD/ ftbZyD j;sk\o nzfes ehs/. d[Zrb dk iBw, pkpk ihtBf;zx d/ xo, 1 wkou ;zB 1917 Bz{ fgzv Xfwnkb, fIbQk oktbfgzvh fty/ j'fJnk. nkg B/ nkgDh

73

w[ZYbh ftfdnk, fJ;/ fgzv s'A jh gqkgs ehsh ns/ fBZeh T[wo/ jh ejkDhnK fbyD dk P"Ae gkb fbnk.phHJ/H nkg B/ rkovB ekbi, oktbfgzvh s'A gk; ehsh ns/ ekbi d/ w?rfIB bJh ejkDhnK fbyd/oj/. fJ; s'A pknd nkg B/, ;zB 1940 ftu n?~cH;hH ekbi, bkj"o s'A n?ZwHJ/H (nzro/Ih) dkfJwfsjkB gk; ehsk ns/ nkg Bz{ nkb fJzvhnk o/vhT[ dh B"eoh bJh u[D fbnk frnk. fJZE'A nkgvkfJo?eNo d/ nj[d/ s'A ;/tk^w[es (foNkfJo) j'J/. fJ; s'A pknd nkg B/ B?PBb p[~e No~;Nd/ vkfJo?eNo ns/ gb?fBzr efwPB ftu ‘n?vtkJhIo fJBckow/PB’ d/ s"o ’s/ th ezw ehsk.d[Zrb B/ Gkt/A, ;kfjs d/ brGr jo o{gK T[~s/ jZE nIwkJh ehsh. gozs{, ejkDh^f;oiDk, nkgdk wB^GkT[Adk \/so fojk. gzikph ftu PkfJd jh nkg s'A tZX ejkDhnK, fe;/ j'o ejkDheko B/fbyhnK j'D. nkg B/ ouBksweêkoiK dk ;|o, ‘;t/o ;ko’ ejkDh^;zrqfj s'A P[o{ j'fJnk, i' ihtBd/ nzfsw ;w/A she, fBozso ikoh j?. nkg B/, thj d/ eohp ejkDh^;zrqfjnK Bkba, gzikph ;kfjsdk \/so ftPkb ehsk j?. gzikph ejkDh ftu nkg B/, BthnK bhjK gkJhnK ns/ fJ; Bz{ T[;koDdk ekoi ehsk. ejkDhnK s'A fJbktk nkg B/, d; d/ eohp Bktb, eftsk dhnK d' ;?AuhnK, S/BkNe ns/ gzikj d/ eohp fJeKrh BkNeK dh ouBk ehsh. nkg dh tZv nkekoh ;t?îhtBh ‘fe;gfj y'bT[ rzmVh’, nkg dh ihtB^:ksok d/ ;zxoPK Bz{ o{gwkB eodh j?. 26 iBtoh 2012 Bz{ nkg,94 tfoQnK dh T[wo G'r e/, nekb ubkDk eo rJ/.”

5H ihtBrs t/otk L nzfwqsk gqhsw“gzikph dh T[~xh, jowB fgnkoh PkfJok ns/ rbgeko, nzfwqsk gqhsw dk iBw 31 nr;s ;zB

1919 Bz{ frnkBh eosko f;zx fjsekoh d/ xo, r[ioKtkbk Pfjo (gkfe;skB) ftu j'fJnk. pugBftu nzfwqsk Bz{, nzfwqs e"o BK Bkba ikfDnk iKdk ;h. S'N/ j[zfdnK s'A jh nkg B/, eftsk ’s/ jZEnIwkT[Dk P[o{ eo fdZsk. ;zB 1947 sZe nkg B/, bkj"o o/vhT[ bJh rhsK ns/ o{geK dh ouBk ehsh.d/P^tzv s'A pknd, nkg gfjbK d/jokd{B s/ fco fd~bh nk tZ;/. fJZE/ nk e/, nzfwqsk B/ nkb fJzvhnko/vhT[, fdZbh ftu ps"o nBkT{A;o ns/ ;efogN okJhNo d/ ekoi ehsk. fdZbh s'A jh nkg B/,‘BkrwDh’ BK dk ;kfjse gZso eZfYnk ns/ bzwk ;wK fJ; dh ;zgkdeh dk ekoi^Gko ;zGkfbnk.nkg d/ fgsk B/ nkg Bz{, eftsk fbyD dh gq/oBk fdZsh ns/ nkgD/ w[ZYb/ d"o dhnK eftsktK Bz{, nkg‘oDihs Brkok’ gZfsqek ftu SgtkT[Ad/ oj/. j"bh j"bh nkg dh gqfsGk B/, fBozso ftek; ehsk ns/ihtB gqfs T[; d/ fdqPNhe'D ftu, pdbkn nkfJnk. gqfsGktkB eftsoh j'D d/ Bkba Bkba, nkg d/BK Bkb ‘gzikp dh nktkI’ tor/ ftP/PD i[V rJ/. gqrshtkdh bfjo d/ nXhB nkg B/, ;wki d/fBZub/ spe/ d/ d[ZyK ns/ s;hfjnK Bz{ nkgDhnK eftsktK okjhA fpnkB ehsk. d/P^tzv ;w/A fbyhnKnkg dhnK eftsktK dh j{e, fJsBh fsZyh ;h fe T[BQK B/ gkme tor T[~s/ vz{xk gqGkt gkfJnk. nkgB/ nkgDhnK ouBktK okjhA, fg~soeh ;wki ftu Bkoh dh sqk;fde ;fEsh Bz{ pk\{ph fu~sfonk.nkg pj[^gZyh P\;hns d/ XkoDh ;B. nkg B/ eftsk s'A fJbktk Bktb, ejkDh, fBpzX ns/;|oBkw/ nkfd ;kfjsô{gK ftu th nkgD/ ftbZyD j;sk\o nzfes ehs/. nkg dh ;t?îhtBh‘o;hdh fNeN’ gzikph ftu fe;/ fJ;soh b/fyek t~b'A fbyh rJh gfjbh ;t?îhtBh j?. fJ; ftunkg B/ fpBK fe;/ Pow iK vo d/, nkgD/ fBZih ihtB dhnK gosK co'b e/, gkmeK ;kjwD/ oZyhnK.gzikph^;kfjs \/so ftu nkg, ;G s'A gfjbK, frnkBghm g[o;eko gqkgs eoB tkbah b/fyek pD/.;zB 2005 d/ d"okB nkg, fJ; wks^b'e Bz{ nbftdk efje/, ;dhth ftS'Vk d/ rJ/.”

74

6H ihtBrs t/otk L jfoGiB f;zx“T[~x/ ftdtkB, PkfJo ns/ nkbu'e, vkH jfoGiB f;zx iBw, ;qH rzvk f;zx d/ xo, 18 nr;s,

;zB 1920 ftu, bwfvzr (nk;kw) fty/ j'fJnk. ni/ nkg fJe v/Y ;kb d/ jh ;B fe nkg d/fgsk, nekb ubkDk eo rJ/. nkg dh wK dk ;kfJnk th, nkg T[~s/ pj[sk ;wK Bk fojk. j"bhj"bh nkg d/ xo d/ ;ko/ ihn, fJe fJe eoe/ nkg s'A ftSVd/ ub/ rJ/. fJ; Goh g{oh d[BhnKftu fJe wK^pkg ns/ G?D^GoktK s'A ftj{Dk pugB, fit/A o[b frnk. nkg dh fIzdrh ftu fJeftr'uk ns/ \kw'Ph B/ xo eo fbnk. n"y/ g?AfvnK B{z gko eofdnK th nkg B/, nkgDh gVQkJhfBozso ikoh oZyh. nkg B/ nkgDh gqkfJwoh f;Zfynk vhHphH (fv;fNqe p'ov) s'A ehsh ns/ fwvbsZe dh ftfdnk gqkgs eoB bJh vhHJ/HthH fwvb ;e{b fJSo/ ftu dk\bk b? fbnk. nkg pugBs'A jh j'Djko ftfdnkoEh ;B. d;thA, nkg B/ uzr/ BzpoK Bkb gk; ehsh. go, fJ; \[Ph Bz{ ;KfMnKeoB bJh, nkg d/ e'b e'Jh BjhA ;h. fJeZb ftu g?dk j'Jh T[dk;h ftu'A, nkg dh PkfJohB/ iBw fbnk. ;zB 1948 ftu nkg B/ n?~wHJ/H (fjzdh) c;N fvthIB Bkba ns/ fco n?~wHJ/H(nzro/Ih) ;?ezv fvthIB Bkb gk; ehsh ns/ fdZbh :{Bhtof;Nh d/ ;qh r[o{ s/} pjkdo \kb;k ekbi,ftu ps"o nfXnkge fB:[es j' rJ/. fJ; s'A T[gozs nkg B/, nkgDh vz{xh brB ;dek, fjzdhftu ghn?~uHvhH dh fvroh jkf;b ehsh ns/ fdZbh :{Bhtof;Nh d/ nkX[fBe GkPktK ftGkr ’u ps"ogzikph gq'|?;o fB:[es j'J/. nkgDh fBrokBh j/m nkg B/, eJh P'Xêkoi w[ezwb eotkJ/. nkgd[nkok ;Ekgs ehsk frnk ‘fd~bh ;whfynk ;e{b’ ;whfynk d/ \/so dh fJe wjZstg{oB xNBk;kps j'Jh. nkg dh ;t?îhtBh ‘u'bk NkehnK tkbk’, ;t?îhtBh d/ \/so ftu, \k; wjZssk oZyDtkbah g[;se j?. fJ; ftu nkg B/, nkgDhnK gqkgshnK, ngqkgshnK ns/ ;zxoPK dh dk;skB Bz{,\{p;{os nzdkI ftu fpnkB ehsk j?. ;kfjs ftu nkg dhnK T[u/ohnK gqkgshnK ;dek, nkg Bz{tZy tZy ;z;EktK d[nkok ;BwkfBs ehsk frnk. nkg Bz{, okPNo dk ;G s'A T[u/ok ;BwkB, ‘;o;tshg[o;eko’ th gqkgs j'fJnk. nkg B/ 21H10H2002 Bz{ fJ; ;z;ko Bz{ jw/PK tk;s/ nbftdk efj fdZsk.”

7H ihtBrs t/otk L i;tzs f;zx B/eh“nkX[fBe gzikph^;kfjs d/ \/so ftu vkH i;tzs f;zx B/eh, fJe ftbZyD w[jKdo/ tkba/ eth

jB. nkg gzikph^;kfjs d/ Bkba Bkba, wB'fufes;k d/ th wkfjo ;B. vkH i;tzs f;zx B/eh dkiBw 27 nr;s 1925 JhH ftu ;qH joh r[bkp f;zx ns/ wksk ;qhwsh ;hsktzsh d/ xo, fgzv w[ohd,fIbQk fijbw fty/ j'fJnk. ftfdnk d/ y/so ftu nkg, jw/PK jo iwks ftu nZtb oj/. w[~YbhvkeNoh ftfdnk gqkgs eoB s'A pknd nkg B/, wB'ftfrnkB d/ y/so Bz{, fe~s/ ti'A u[fDnkns/ fJ; ftu ftP/Prsk jkf;b ehsh. ;zB 1946^49 s~e nkg, nkb fJzvhnk f;~y ;N{v?ANc?vo/PB d/ whs^gqXkB pD/ oj/. ;zB 1955 ftu w?vheb ekbi, nzfwqs;o ftu ;jkfJenfXnkge d/ s"o ’s/ fB:[es j' rJ/. fJ; s'A pknd nkg B/, Gkosh wB'fufes;e ;';kfJNhd/ iBob ;e~so dk nj[dk ;zGkfbnk. vkH B/eh ftPt ;[n;E ;z;Ek (W.H.O.) ftu eJh ;kbKshe, ps"o ;bkjeko ekoi eod/ oj/ ns/ nkg Bz{ ghHihHnkJhH uzvhrVQ d/ vkfJo?eNo s/ wB?P:{Bhtof;Nh (nk;Nq/bhnk) d/ nfEsh gq'|?;o j'D dk wkD th gqkgs j'fJnk. nkg dhnK ouBktKftu wB'ftfrnkB, wB'fufes;k, oj~;tkd, r[owfs doPB, frnkB ftfrnkB ns/ fJfsjk;^

75

fwfEjk; dk Gog{o Gzvko j?. nkg dh ;t?îhtBh ‘e'Jh BkT[A B ikD? w/ok’, nkX[fBe ;fwnKd/ d"okB, gzikph dh gfjbh ekftô{g ftu fbyh ;t?îhtBh j?. nkg dhnK fufes;k ;/tktK ;dek,;zB 1989 ftu nkg Bz{, ‘;ot'sw ftnt;kJh n?tkov’ Bkb ;BwkfBnk frnk j'o th p/nzs wkD^;BwkB s/ n?tkov jkf;b j'J/. ;zB 2016 ’u nkg, fJ; BkPwkB ;z;ko Bz{ ;dhth s"o ’s/ nbftdkefj rJ/.”

8H ihtBrs t/otk L vkH eoBihs f;zx“vkH eoBihs f;zx dk iBw, 12 ngq?b, 1930 JhH ftu nkgD/ BkBe/ xo, bkj"o fIbQ/ dh

e;{o sfj;hb ftu, e;pk gZNh fty/ j'fJnk. nkg dk iZdh fgzv, e'N w[jzwd \K, sfj;hbsoBskoB, fIbQk nzfwqs;o j?. fJZE/ nkg dk pugB r[Ifonk. nkg B/, nkgDh gqkfJwoh dhgVQkJh, fgzv d/ jh ;oekoh ;e{b ftu ;zgzB ehsh. fJ; s'A pknd, soBskoB ;qh r[o{ noiBd/t \kb;k jkJh ;e{b ftu dk\bk fbnk. gVQkJh ftu vz{xh brB j'D d/ ekoB, nkg B/ ;zB 1950ftu frnkBh s/ fco n?|HJ/H (nzro/Ih), eoB s'A pknd phHJ/H gk; ehsh. xo d/ szr jkbksd/ ekoB, e[ZM ;wK nkg B/ wIw/ekoh dk ezw th ehsk. fco ;zB 1951 ftu b/ye Bz{ n?~wHphH jkJh;e{b izfvnkbk r[o{ ftu, frnkBh (gzikph nfXnkge) dh nkoIh B"eoh fwb rJh. e[ZM ;wKnkg B/, soBskoB ftu ‘ebkeko ;Gk’ d/ ;eZso dk nj[dk th ;zGkfbnk. eJh ;e{bK ns/ ekbiKftu nfXnkgehêkoi eoB s'A pknd nkg B/, fd~bh fty/ ;fEs o{;h d{sktk; ftu ps"onB[tkde d/ ekoi P[o{ ehsk. Bkba jh, nkg B/ gzikp :{Bhtof;Nh, uzvhrVQ s'A vkeNo/N dhfvroh th jkf;b ehsh. nkg Bz{ wk;e' fty/ ezw eoB dk w"ek th fwfbank. vkH eoBihs B/ g[PfeB,fbU Nkb;NkJ/, d';s't;eh, nk;sq't;eh ns/ u?\'t tor/ wjkB fuzseK dhnK ouBktK Bz{, o{;hGkPk s'A gzikph ftu T[bEkT[D dk ekoi ehsk. nkg dh ;t?îhtBh ‘jkPhJ/ dh fJpkos’ fJeftbZyD GKs dh ;t?îhtBh j?, fi; ftu nkg B/, nkgDh ihtBêjkDh Bz{ T[sw g[oy ftu fpnkBBk eoe/, nB: g[oy P?bh ftu fpnkB ehsk j?. gzikph^;kfjs dhnK ;/tktK ;dek nkg Bz{,;zB 1994 ftu gzikph nekdwh, fd~bh t~b'A nB[tkde d/ s"o ’s/ ns/ ;zB 1997 ftu ;kfjse/Ado, nzfwqs;o t~b'A eth ti'A ;BwkfBnk frnk.”

9H ihtBrs t/otk L pfuzs e"o“pfuzs e"o dk iBw, 8 |otoh, 1940 ftu fgzv GV', fIbQk ;zro{o fty/, ;qh jopz; f;zx ns/

wksk Bzd e"o d/ xo j'fJnk. nkg B/ n?~wHfcb sZe dh ftfdnk gqkgs ehsh ns/ fJe T[~uk w[ekwjkf;b ehsk. nZi eZb nkg nkJhHJ/HnkoHnkJhH ftu N?eBheb n;f;N?AN d/ nj[d/ s'A ;/tk^w[esj' e/, ;wki^;/tk d/ ekoiK ftu o[ZM/ j'J/ jB. pfuzs e"o j[ohA pj[^gZyh P\;hns d/ XkoDh jB.nkg B/ ;kfjs d/ tZy tZy o{gK L ejkDh, pkb ;kfjs, Bktb, eftsk, ;|oBkwk ns/ ;t?îhtBhT[~s/ jZE^nIwkjh ehsh. nkg Bz{ gzikph gkme tor s'A, uzrk j[zrkok fwfbank. \k; s"o ’s/, nkgdh ;t?îhtBh ‘grvzvhnK’ bJh nkg Bz{, tZy tZy ;z;EktK tZb'A ;BwkBs th ehsk frnk. ‘grvzvhnK’;t?îhtBh, n"eVK, szrhnK ns/ s;hfjnK ftu r[Iko/, nkg d/ ;zxoPwJh ihtB Bz{ o{gwkB eodhj?. nkg B/ gzikph ;kfjs Bz{, ftbZyD GKs dhnK ejkDhnK fdZshnK. fJ;soh^t/dBk Bz{ ;wMD ns/

76

fpnkB eoB d/ Bkba Bkba nkg B/, n"os^wod iK gsh^gsBh d/ pDd/^ftrVd/ foPfsnK ftu'A T[gihwkBf;esk Bz{ ebkswe o{gKsoD fdZsk j?. gzikph ;kfjs \/so ftu, T[~uhnK g[bKxK g[ZND ’s/ nkgBz{ d/;K^ftd/PK ftu tZy tZy ;z;EktK tZb'A ;BwkBs ehsk frnk. ;zB 1983 ftu gzikph nekdwh,fdZbh tZb'A, 1991 ftu, fJzv'ê?B/vhnB ro[Zg tZb'A ns/ fJ;/ ;kb :{HghHn?~bH, :{Bhtof;Nh nk|nwohek tZb'A, nkg dhnK ;kfjse xkbDktK bJh nkg Bz{ ;BwkfBnk frnk.”

10H ihtBrs t/otk L pbpho wkX'g[oh“pbpho wkX'g[oh, gzikph^;kfjs y/so dk nfijk b/ye j?, fi; B/ nkgD/ gquzv dfbsîhtB

Bz{ o{gwkB eodh, ;G s'A gfjbh ;t?îhtBh, gzikph^;kfjs dh M'bh ftu gkJh. nkg dk iBw,fJe dfbs gfotko ftu 24 i[bkJh, 1955 ftu mke[odk; ns/ B;hp e"o d/ xo j'fJnk. pugBftu jh dfbs ihtB dhnK e"VhnKê;?bhnK xNBktK Bkba, nkg dk ;kjwDk j'Dk P[o{ j' frnk.n"eVK Go/ wkj"b ftu th b/ye B/, nkgDh gVQkJh ikoh oZyh ns/ nkgDh vz{xh brB ;dek, ;zB1976 ftu n?ZcH;hHnkJhH ftu n|;o b~r frnk. fJ; s'A pknd nkgDh eoVh fwjBs Bkba nkgB/, :{HghHn?Z;H;hH dk fJwfsjkB gk; ehsk ns/ ;zB 1983 ftu Gkos ;oeko d/ ibzXo ;fEs‘g~so ;{uBk ftGkr’ ftu ebk; N{ BkB rI/fNv n|;o d/ s"o ’s/ fB:[es j'J/. ;zB 1987 ftunkg rI/fNv n|;o pD rJ/ ns/ nkg dh pdbh, fdZbh eo fdZsh rJh. bzwk ;wK nkg, fd~bhfty/ ;oekoh gou/ ‘:'iBk’ d/, ;jkfJe ;zgkde oj/. nkg B/ eftsktK, b/yK ns/ nB[tkdêkoiK ftu th jZE^nIwkJh ehsh. nkg dh dfbs :EkoE Bz{ o{gwkB eodh ;t?îhtBh ‘SKfrnko[~y’ Bz{ gzikph gkme tor tb'A GotK j[zrkok gqkgs j'fJnk ns/ nkg Bz{, eJh ;z;EktK tZb'A ;BwkBsth ehsk frnk. j[D fJj ;t?îhtBh nzro/Ih GkPk ftu th T[gbpX j?, fi; Bz{ fJe ftd/Ph gqekPBndko/ B/ Skfgnk j?. ;/tk^w[es j'D wro'A, j[D nkg, fdZbh d/ ‘gzikph GtB’ ftu, vkfJo?eNo d/nj[d/ ’s/ ekoiPhb jB.”

—0—

77

gkm Bzpo L 6

Gkr shik L ftjkoe gzikph

Ppd^p'X ns/ P[~X$nP[~X PpdK dh gSkD! vkH e[bihs f;zx GkNhnk

Ppd fe; Bz{ efjzd/ jB <Ppd, X[BhnK Bz{ i'V e/ pDdk j?. T[dkjoD d/ s"o ’s/ $w$ s/ $o$, gzikph dhnK d' tZy tZy

X[BhnK jB. fJj d't/A X[BhnK, gzikph GkPk dh g?Ash nZyoh T, n, JHHftu Pkfwb jB. i/eo fJjBKd' X[BhnK $w$ ns/ $o$ Bz{ fJeZmk wOo (wo) eo fdZsk ikt/, sK $wo$ Ppd pD iKdk j?. go,i/eo X[Bh $w$ Bkba j'Vk $ '$ i'V e/ X[Bh $o$ i'Vh ikt/, sK fJ; i'V ftu'A $w'o$ Ppd pD iKdkj?. d'jK PpdK, $wo$ s/ $w'o$ d/ noEK ftu, IwhB n;wkB dk |oe j?. fJ; dk f;ZNk fJjfBefbnk fe X[BhnK d/ i'V^s'V, fe;/ th GkPk dh p[fBnkdh Pos jB. fJ; i'V^s'V s'A fpBK,Bk Ppd xV/ ik ;ed/ jB ns/ Bk jh fJe^d{i/ s'A, tZyo/ ehs/ ik ;ed/ jB. tZy tZy X[BhnKd/, tZy tZy i'VK ftu, PpdK dh bVh fsnko j[zdh iKdh j? ns/ fJj bVh jh, T[; GkPk dk Ppd^Gzvko nytKdh j?. fJj X[Bh^;zrqfj, ;koEe j'Dk ukjhdk j?. Gkt, fJj fe X[Bh^;zrqfj, g{op gqubsT[dkjoD iK o{g^ftXh d/ nB[;ko j't/. X[BhnK $w$O$ '$O$o$ s'A $w'o$ Ppd i'V b?Dk, g{op gqubss/ gqtkfBs j?. go, X[BhnK $w$N$O$ /$O$o$ s'A $wN/o$ Ppd sK Io{o pD frnk, go fJj gzikphdk e'Jh th Ppd BjhA. Bk fJj gzikph ftu g{op gqubs gqtkfBs j? ns/ Bk jh, fJ; d/ e'JhnoE jB. fJ; bJh, fJ; X[Bh^;zrqfj Bz{, gzikph dk Ppd BjhA wzfBnk ik ;edk. f;ZNk fJjfBefbnk fe Ppd, fe;/ th GkPk ftu gqubs s/ gqtkfBs X[BhnK d/, ;kope i'V Bz{ jh nkfynkik ;edk j?. fJ; GkPkJh ;koEesk d/ gqufbs$gqtkfBs j'D d/ ekoB, BjhA ;wMkJ/ ik ;ed/. gzikphftu fi; ;[zdo gzSh Bz{ n;hA, $w'o$ efj fdZsk ns/ ;z;feqs ftu $w:{o$ nkfynk frnkl feT[A <fJ; d/ fJfsjk;e iK ftfrnkBe ekoB BjhA ;wMkJ/ ik ;ed/.

3H1 Ppd^i'VK dh ;w~f;nk (P[~X^nP[~X Ppd p'X)

nkw wBZ[yK d/ wB ftu ‘GkPk’ pko/ fJjh rZb p?mh j[zdh j? fe fJj, fJe fbysh^o{g j?. ‘GkPk’dk fXnkB nkT[AfdnK ;ko, T[jBK d/ wB ftu nfijh s;tho nk ikt/rh, fi; ftu, fe;/ ;|/ T[goe[ZM Sfgnk$fbfynk j't/. T[j GkPk Bz{, fBPfus gqpzX ftu pZMh, fJe gqDkbh wzBh p?m/ j[zd/ jB.T[j G[Zb iKd/ jB fe ‘fbys’ sK, X[BhnK Bz{ foekov eoB dk fJe otkfJsh Yzr j?. GkPk sK w{bo{g ftu, p'bh dh fbys j? ns/ p'bh, nkw b'eK dh tos'A okjhA, fBozso pdbD r'uoh j[zdh j?.nkw b'eK dh tos'A ftu p'bh brksko, go j"bh j"bh, pdbdh ofjzdh j?.


78

p'bh dhnK X[BhnK$nktkIK ;kv/$wz{j okjhA g?dk j[zdhnK ns/ fBebdhnK jB. BZe, rb/ s/ wz{jftu'A, ;kv/ :sB Bkba jtk fBebdh$tVdh j?. fJ; jtk Bz{ BZe, rb/ s/ wz{j ftubhnK wk;g/PhnK,ekp{ eo e/ o'edhnK$obKdhnK jB. id'A fJj fefonk pko pko d[jokJh iKdh j?, sK fJ; ftu,Xhwh Xhwh spdhbh e[dosh s/ ;zGt j?. fJe jh wB[Zy d/ pugB, i[nkBh s/ p[Ykg/ t/b/ dhnK GkPkJh^X[BhnK dh s[bBk eo e/ d/y' sK nzso ;gZPN j' ikJ/rk. s[;hA fJe jh Ppd pko pko T[uko', jotko ;{\w nzso tkgo/rk. feT[Afe, Pohoe gZm/, fpbe[b fJe' fijh rsh BjhA d[jok ;ed/. fJ;soQK, jo ftnesh brksko s/ nu/s jh nkgDh p'bh ftu jbeh spdhbh g?dk eodk ofjzdk j?.p'bh ftu ;wo{gsk$fJe;kosk, BK dh e'Jh uhI BjhA jz[dh. Bk e/tb fJe ephb/ dh p'bh jh, d{;o/ephb/ e'b'A tZyoh j[zdh j?, ;r'A, fJe' jh ephb/ nzdo d/ tZy tZy ftneshnK dh p'bh d/ T[uko ftuth, G/d t/fynk ik ;edk j?.

fJj uouk sK, ‘T[uko^gfotosB’ pko/ ;h. j[D g[oksB gzikph ftu'A T[dkjoDK g/P eod/ jK,sK i', nkgD/ eEB dh g[PNh eo ;ehJ/. r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp d/ ihtB pko/ fbyhnK ;kyhnK ftu'A,fJe ;kyh, r[o{ ih d/ ftnkj pko/ j?, i' fe 18thA ;dh s'A e[ZM ;wK gfjbK dh j? L^

“sp id r[o{ pkpk ih po;K s/ofj ek j'fJnk] sp r[o{ pkp/ BkBe ih eh e[VwkJhtNkfbnj[ w{b/ u'D/ G/ih.HHHpqjwD[ nkfJ tuB[ fdZsk.”

T[go'es T[dkjoD ftu'A j/m fby/ PpdK d/ i'VK pko/ fXnkB fdT[ L^

s/ofj, tNkfbnj[, pqjwD[, nkfJ.

fJj Ppdî'V g[okD/ jB ns/ nZi dh gzikph ftu n;hA, fJjBK d/ i'V fJ; gqeko eod/jK L^

s/oQK, pNkfbT[A, pqkjwD, nkJ/. fJ; spdhbh dk ekoB, ;w/A ftu g?dk j'J/ T[ukoG/d jh jB.

efj ;ed/ jK fe fe;/ th GkPk dk ‘T[uko^gqpzX’ T[; d/ Ppdî'VK Bz{ gqGkfts eodk j? ns/fJj T[uko^gqpzX, ;dk gftosBPhb j?.

i/ T[uko^gqpzX gfotosBPhb j? sK fJ;/ nB[;ko, Ppdî'V th ;fji/ jh gfotosBPhb jB.fJ;/ bJh jh fgZSb/ eZ[M ;kbK ftu nekdwe s/ ftPt^ftfdnkfbnK d/ gZXo ’s/, gzikph Ppdî'VKdk w;bk, rzGho ftuko nXhB ub fojk j? ns/ i/ fJ; pko/ fe;/ ftfdnkoEh d/ wB ftu pj[sft;Eko Bkba ikDekoh b?D dh fJZSk j't/ sK T[jBz{ n;hA gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh, gfNnkbk dh Sgh g[;se“gzikph Ppd o{g s/ Ppdî'V e'P” gVQD dk ;[Mkn d/Ad/ jK, fJ; d/ ;zgkde vkH joehosf;zx jB.

T[uko^gqpzX d/ gfotosBPhb j'D pko/ ehsh uouk s'A pknd, ‘r[ow[yh fbgh’ pko/ ftuko eoBhIo{oh j?. fi; okjhA, gzikph p'bh Bz{ Gkos ’u fbfynk iKdk j?, Ppdî'VK ftu T[skfonk iKdkj?. Ppdî'VK pko/ efmBkJh s/ ;wZf;nk yVQh j[zdh j?, feT[Afe, fbgh dh ;hwk s/ X[BhnK dh n;hwsk

79

dk go;go foPsk, ;Ekgs eoBk j[zdk j?, s/ fJZE/ jh, Ppd^i'V fwb e/ X[BhnK Bz{ otkfJsh;koEesk gqdkB eod/ jB.

r[ow[yh fbgh, Gkosh gfotko dhnK fbghnK tKr, ‘pqkjwh’ ftu'A fte;s j'Jh j?. fJj;G fbghnK, yZfpT[A ;Zi/ Bz{, fbyhnK iKdhnK jB. jo X[Bh bJh, tZyok fuzBQ jz[dk j?. fijBK Bz{gozgokrs ftnziBK s/ ;oK ftu tzfvnk j'fJnk j?. go, fJjBK ;oK Bz{ nzfes eoBk, e'Jh;ob BjhA. ;r'A, fJj \k;h r[zMbdko j?. fw;kb d/ s"o ’s/, ‘okDh’ Ppd ftu ‘nk’ s/ ‘Dh’ dhX[Bh tk;s/ s/ ‘ezBk’ s/ ‘fpjkoh’ nkJ/ jB, go ‘o’ s/ ‘D’ X[BhnK d/ fuzBQ g{o/ fby/ rJ/ jB. fJ;soQK, n;hA d/yd/ jK fe ;kvh r[ow[yh fbgh ftu, ftnziB s'A fgS'A nkT[D tkbak gfjbk ;o, br(wksok) ftu pdb iKdk j?. fit/A 'okDh' ftu 'o' s'A pknd ‘nk’ dk ;o s/ ‘D’ s'A ‘Jh’ dk ;onkfJnk j?.

vkH joehos f;zx nB[;ko, fJ; fB:w ekoB, ni'eh gzikph ftu, eJh Bt/A w;b/ g?dk j'rJ/ jB. T[jBK B/, nZi dh gzikph ;kjwD/ g?dk j'Jh BthA ;wZf;nk tZb fXnkB d[nkfJnk j?. n;hAT[jBK d[nkok T[mkJ/ B[eas/ dh, j'o ftnkfynk eod/ jK. fJj ;wZf;nk j?, fBozso tZX ojhnKBt/A PpdK Bz{ rqfjD eoB s/ xVD dhnK b'VK pko/. ;kfjs^f;ZXKs ns/ ftjkoe^nkb'uBk Bz{ jh b?bT[. nZi frnkB^ftfrnkB d/ tZy tZy nB[Pk;BK dh nfXn?B^ftXh dh Ppdktbh Bz{, ;kfjs s/ftjkoe nkb'uBk dhnK tZy tZy gZXoK$gosK fBy/VD s/ gfoGkPB bJh, ;z;ko dhnK ;G fte;sGkPktK ftu pVh s/Ih Bkba ngDkfJnk ik fojk j?. doPB ns/ wB'ftfrnkB d/ GkPkJh e'P ftu'AnB/eK PpdK Bz{, nZi dh gzikph^nkb'uBk bJh ngDkT[D dh ;wZf;nk th, T[;/ soQK ikoh j?. d{i/ftfPnK G[r'b, fJfsjk;, okiBhsh Pk;sq, wkBt^ftfrnkB nkfd eJh nfij/ ftP/ j'o th jB fiBQKdhnK g[;seK Bz{ gzikph ftu nB[tkd eoB bJh Bt/A Ppd^Gzvko dh b'V j?. fi; GkPk ftu'A T[jPpd bJ/ ikDr/, T[; GkPk d/ T[uko^gqpzX Bz{, gzikph d/ T[uko^gqpzX Bkba fet/A i'fVnk ikt/ s/ Ppdi'VK dh g?dk j'Jh fJ; BthA ;wZf;nk dk ;wkXkB, fet/A ehsk ikt/ < fJ; ;wZf;nk tZb, vkH joehosf;zx B/ fXnkB d[nk e/ ns/ d{i/ gk;/, gzikph Ppd^i'VK d/ otkfJsh gqpzX Bz{ b? e/, gzikph Ppdi'VK pko/ g?dk j'Jh fJ; BthA ;wZf;nk Bz{ T[xkVD dh e'fPP ehsh j?. T[j efjzd/ jB fe GkPkdhnK b'VK nB[;ko, ‘fJe JhPtotkd’, ‘T[so nfXeko’ nkfd Bt/A Ppd ngDkJ/ rJ/ jB. fJjBKd/ fJj i'V, r[ow[yh d/ T[go'es fB:w d/ gZy'A nP[ZX jB, fJehPtotkd, T[sokfXeko. fJj o{ggzikph T[ukoD d/ nB[e{b BjhA. r[ow[yh ftu ;zi[rs ftnziB fbyD dk, e'Jh s;Zbhp\P Yzr BjhA.fJ;/ soQK, ‘eqw’ s/ ‘eow’, ;z;feqs w{b d/ d' tZy tZy Ppd jB, fJjBK ftu'A d{i/ d/ w{b o{g Bz{,r[ow[yh ftu fbyD dk e'Jh Yzr BjhA ngDkfJnk frnk. f;jkoh, fi; ftnziB s'A gfjbK brkJhiKdh j?, T[ukoh, T[; s'A fgS'A iKdh j?.

Ppd ‘fsb’ ftu, f;jkoh ‘s’ s'A gfjbK brkJh rJh j? go, T[ukoD ftu ‘s’ gfjbK P[o{ jz[dkj?. ‘fsb’ dk P[ZX o{g ‘sfJb’ j?, noEks ‘fJ’ T[ukoD ftu, ‘s’ s'A fgZS'A nKdh j?, go fbysftu n;hA f;jkoh Bz{ ‘s’ s'A gfjbK nzfes eod/ jK, i' }bs j?. fJj B[e;, T[~soh Gkos dhnKbrGr ;kohnK fbghnK ftu j?. fJ; uouk Bz{ nr/ s'od/ j'J/ vkH joehos f;zx fbyd/ jB fefgZSbhnK fszBK, u"Aj ;dhnK ftu, gzikph dk T[ukoD th e[ZM pdfbnk j?. ‘Pfjo’, ‘gfjo’ nkfdPpdK dk g[okDk T[ukoD, ‘Pjo’, ‘gjo’ ;h, nZi th w[bskBh, MKrh nkfd ftu fJjBK dk T[ukoD

80

‘Pjo’, ‘gjo’ iK ‘Pkjo’ ‘gkjo’ j?. go, e/Adoh gzikph ftu nfij/ PpdK dk T[ukoD, pdb u[Zfenkj?. fJ; ekoB, Ppdî'VK pko/ Bt/A w;b/ yVQ/ j' rJ/ jB. gzikph dhnK BthnK tZX ojhnKfIzw/tkohnK d/ ekoB, fJj Ppd i'VK dk w;bk, j'o th rzGho ftukoûouk dh wzr eodk j?.

jo fte;s s/ ftek;Phb GkPk, P[ZX, ;gZPN s/ ;[uZih sK jh j' ;edh j?, i/ T[; dh fbysftu tos/ ikD tkb/a Ppdî'V, fJe;ko j'D. fJ; d/ Bkba, T[jBK dh pDso ftfrnkBe fB:wKT[~s/ nkXkos j't/. go, gzikph ouBktK ftu tos/ ikD tkb/a$tos/ ik oj/ i'V, ni/ fJ; Nhu/ s'Apj[s fgZS/ jB. fJe' jh b/ye dhnK fbysK ftu, fJe' Ppd d/ eJh eJh i'V tos/ fwbd/ jB.eJh b/ye, PpdK Bz{ mhe T[;/ soQK fbyDk T[fus ;wMd/ jB, fit/A fJj Ppd T[jBK dh nkgDhT[g^p'bh dh nkw p'bukb ftu T[uko/ iKd/ jB. fJ; dh T[dkjoD, wkbt/ d/ b/ye r[ofdnkb f;zx,i;tzs f;zx eztb nkfd jB, fiBQK d/ BktbK ftu T[go'es eEB dhnK nB/eK T[dkjoDK bZGhnKik ;edhnK jB L ‘nkgdk’, ‘fiw/A’ nkfd. eJh j'o ftdtkB Ppd d/ ss;wô{g nB[;ko, Ppdi'VK T[go pb fdzd/ jB. T[j PpdK d/ i'V, T[jBK d/ w{b (;z;feqs, |ko;h$noph iK nzro/Ihtkba/) o{g nB[;ko pDkT[Ad/ jB. pj[s ;ko/ Ppd nfij/ th jB, fiBQK pko/ T[ukoD d/ ‘w{b o{g’tkbak e'Jh MrVk BjhA, fco th fJjBK d/ i'VK ftu fJe;kosk BjhA fwbadh. ‘fJj’, ‘T[j’, ‘fijVk’,‘fejVk’, ‘;j[ok’, ‘wj[ok’, ‘d/j’, ‘c/j’, ‘ekBQ’, ‘;kBQ’, ‘;kwQD/’, ‘c/bQ’ nkfd j'o eJh Ppd nfij/jBl fiBQK d/ fJe s'A tZX Ppdî'V gqubs jB. fJjBK ftu jkbhA sZe th, gqwkfDe fJe;koskBjhA nk ;eh.

vkH joehos f;zx d[nkok ;zgkfds s/ gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh, gfNnkbk d[nkok gqekPs e'P,;kjwD/ nkfJnk j?, fi; dk f;ob/y j? L ‘gzikph Ppdô{g s/ Ppdî'V e'P’.

Ppdî'VK pko/ ftuko eoB tkbahnK ew/NhnK B/, eZ[M T[~xhnK Ppd^Pq/DhnK d/ i'VK ;zpzXh,j/m fby/ nB[;ko |?;b/ ehs/ L^

“1H Pfjo, gfjo, ofj, pfj, efjDk, ;fjDk, ofjDk, rfjDk nkfd, jkj/ Bz{ f;jkoh bk e/fby/ ikD.

2H frnk, fbnk, fojk, fejk, fijk nkfd PpdK ftu gfjb/ nZyo Bz{ f;jkoh bkJh ikt/.

3H ‘jkj/’ tkbahnK e[ZM Pq/DhnK d/ i'V, fJT[A ;theko ehs/ rJ/ L^

(e) fejVk, fijVk, ftjVk, fwjDk, fcjDk nkfd.

(y) E/j, o/j, b/j, y/j, c/j nkfd.

|?;bk ehsk frnk fe i/ 'jkjk', nfij/ PpdK d/ nzs ftu nkt/, sK ‘jkj/’ s'A gfjb/toB Bz{ ‘bK’ bkJh ikt/ (E/j, o/j, ;B/j). go, i/ ‘jkjk’ ftukb/ nkt/, sK‘jkj/’ s'A gfjbK ftnziB Bz{ ‘f;jkoh’ brkJh ikt/ L ftjVk, fijVk nkfd.

go, ‘fJj’ d/ i'V, f;jkoh Bkba mhe wzB bJ/ rJ/. feT[Afe, fJj gqubs j' u[Ze/ jB.

(r) ‘wj[ok’, ‘;j[ok’, ‘pj[sk’ nkfd jkj/ Bz{ n"AeV bk e/ P[ZX j?.

(x) p'jb, E'jo, w'jbh, S'jo nkfd jkj/ s'A gfjb/ nZyo Bz{ j"Vk bk e/ fbfynk ikt/.

81

4H skbth ‘b’ dh X[Bh ;kXkoD ‘b’ Bkba'A tZyoh j?. fJj bb/ d/ g?o ftu fpzdh bk e/, nzfesehsh ikt/l ekbak, gkbak, Bkba, e'ba nkfd ftu—Bkba jh f;|koP ehsh rJh fe r[ow[yhfbgh dh nzfsw gzesh ftu P, \, }, I, | d/ Bkba, ba th Pkfwb ehsk ikt/.

5H noph ftu ‘e’ tk;s/ d' X[BhnK jB—‘j’ tk;s/ th d' X[BhnK jB^ns/ ‘r’ tk;s/ th,d' jh X[BhnK jB. fJjBK Bz{ gzikph ftu th tyfonkT[D dh b'V j?. noEks, e, r,i d/ g?o ftu, fpzdh gkD dh b'V j?. fJzM ea;w, eabw, ea[dos, }w, }ohp, }bs,jZea, jkIo, jI{o, P[ZX i'V jB. fJjBK ftu \, }, | s/ g?oK ftu fpzdh gkJh ikt/—eZe/ EZb/ fpzdh gkD dh b'V BjhA. feT[Afe ‘e’, d'jK ntkIK bJh, gzikph ftu ;KMk gqubsj?. fJ; soQK ‘b’ d/ g?ohA fpzdh dk fuzBQ th gqtkfBs Bk j' ;fenk.

6H ;z;feqs dk ‘:’ gzikph ‘i’ pD u[Zek j?. fJ; bJh, ‘:P’ dh pikJ/, ‘iZ;’ fbyDk mhej't/rk L^

;ziw, ;zi[rs, ;zi'r, fti'r, i[r, ;{oi, ekoi nkfd.

7H eJh jkbsK ftu ;z;feqs ‘:’ gzikph ftu fpbe[b T[~v frnk j? iK ;o ftu pdb frnkj?, T[; ;{os ftu Ppdî'V eoB t/b/a, gzikph o{g jh mhe wzfBnk ikt/. T[gk:/ dh EKs/ T[gkn mhe j?. fJ;/ soQK nkohnk, fBoG?, gob', Gkosh, wZX, w[Zb, okPNoh, fti/ mhePpdî'V jB. dfJnk, fpnki, tgko nkfd.

8H fJ;/ soQK, fiBQK PpdK d/ gzikphô{g ftu ;z;feqs d/ w{b, ‘t’ dk T[ukoD ‘p’ ftu pdbiKdk j?, T[jBK dk gzikphô{g jh mhe j?. fw;kb—;op, g{op (fdPk bJh) g{ot(;w/A bJh), p;zs, pzio, pD, po;h.

9H nzro/Ih PpdK Set, Jet, Net nkfd ftu nkfJnk ;o ‘e’ gzikph ftu d[bktK Bkba,nZXe bk e/ nzfes ehsk ikt/ L ;?~N, i?~N, B?~N.

10H ezw, ezB, uzw, izR, EzwQh, bzwk nkfd ftu Bkf;eh ftnziB s'A gfjbK, fNZgh bkJhikt/, nZXe mhe BjhA. fpzdh T[~E/ bkJh ikt/, fiZE/ ftnkeoB nB[;ko, fJ; dh b'V j?.

(i) fiBQK, T[jBK, ftnziBK, wktK, i/bQK, wzB/A (sz{ wzB/A) nkfd ftu nk\oh br ezBk, bKnkfd Bz{ fpzdh br/rh.

(ii) bzwk, ;z[Rk, wzBk, fizBk, fezBk, wzB/ (T[j wzB/) nk\oh br Bz{ fpzdh BjhA br/rh,Gkt/A fJj T[ukoD ftu w"i{d j?.

(iii) BhtK, BtK, ;t/A (T[j ;t/A) nkfd ftu, tkt/ fgZS'A fpzdh bZr ;edh j?.

11H bzw/o/ PpdK (nkekP, gkskb ftu) d/ nkozfGe d'j T[uko^yzvK ftu, i/ d't/A ;o dhnKbrK (nkOek), (gkOsk) j'D, sK fJjBK ftu fJe T[ukoî'V S[fNnk fdZsk ikt/rk. fJ;nkXko ’s/ fJj i'V, P[ZX wzB/ rJ/ jB L^

82

nekP, ntkI, eBz{B, ubke, gikwk, gskb, pIko, pdkw, sIkp, gPkp, t;ky, g[Pke,r[dkw, P[ehB, ;[rks nkfd.

go, ;kfjse^GkPk ftu ngDkJ/ ikD tkba/ nfij/ Ppd, w{b o{g d/ B/V/ oZy/ ikDr/. fw;kbd/ s"o ’s/ ;z;feqs w{b d/ e[ZM PpdK dk nkozGe ‘nk’ i' ‘n’ ftu pdb fdZsk ikt/, sKnoE jh pdb iKd/ jB. nfij/ PpdK dk w{b ‘nk’ ekfJw oZfynk ikt/rk. fit/A L nkuko,nkXko, nkt/P nkfd d/ i'V, ezBk bk e/ dhox ;o Bkba jh mhe jB.

12H eJhnK PpdK d/ T[ukoD ftu ;zXh gqubs j' u[Zeh j?. nfij/ PpdK dk ;zXh tkbak o{g,mhe wzfBnk frnk. PpdKP, PpdkoE, Ppdktbh, j;sk\o, ebkswe, gqkDk:kw, :'rk;B,fBokdo nkfd.

13H gzikph ftu ob, b, V s/ D d/ fgZS'A, D BjhA T[ukfonk iKdk. fJ; nkXko ’s/ gqubsT[ukoD tkbak o{g jh mhe j? ns/ PoB, ;XkoB, ;zg{oB, ekoB, uoB, g{oB, ftnkeoBnkfd P[ZX i'V wzB/ rJ/ jB.

go, Ppd ‘oD’ gzikph ftu gqubs j?, fJ; dk fJj' o{g mhe wzfBnk frnk j?—oDihs,oDXho, oDpho nkfd, ;wk;h Ppd^o{gK ftu nkfJnk ‘oD’ th, P[ZX ;theko ehskfrnk j?.

14H ;z;feqs ftnkeoB nB[;ko pDB tkb/a ftP/PBK d/ nzfsw T[uko^yzv ftu ‘fJ’ (f;jkoh)br/rh. go, ftXh f;o| T[jBK ftP/PDK ftu j't/rh, fiBQK d/ gqubs T[ukoD ftu, fJjw"i{d j? L^

(e) ftXh s'A fpBK-fJfsjkf;e, ;gskfje, ;wkfie, ftfrnkfBe nkfd.

(y) ftXh Bkba—nKsfoe, nkofEe, Pkpfde, jkofde, d?fBe, Xkofwe, p"fXe nkfd.

15H gzikph ftu tos/ ikD tkba/ ;z;feqs nr/soK dk w{b o{g ekfJw oZfynk ikDk ukjhdk j?.j/m fby/ Ppd i'V mhe jB L^

(T) ‘nB[’—Bkba—nB[;ko, nB[e{b, nB[Gt, nB[wkB nkfd.

(n) ‘nfs’—Bkba—nfso;, nfsfoes, nfsnzs.

(J) ‘nfX’—Bkba—nfXeko, nfXBkfJe, nfXfB:w nkfd.

(;) ‘gfo’—Bkba—gfoDkw, gfogkNh, gfoGkPk nkfd.

(j) ‘gq’—Bkba—gqsZy, gqPk;e, gq;z;k, gq;kd, gqwkD, gqPKs, gqPB, gq;koD, gqf;ZXnkfd.

(e) ‘;z’—Bkba—;zpzX, ;zg{oB, ;zs[fbs nkfd.

16H fJjBK, T[jBK, fJjBz{, T[jBz{ nkfd fwnkoh gzikph o{g jB, fJ; bJh, fJjBK d/ fJj i'VP[ZX jB. fJBQK, T[BQK, fJBz{, T[Bz{, }bs i'V jB.

83

17H fJ;/ soQK, T[E/, T[go-P[ZX Ppd i'V jB. fJZE/, T[~E/, fJXo, T[Xo T[g^GkPkJh o{g jB.

18H noph, |ko;h w{b d/ eJhnK PpdK d/ nkozG ftu bZrh f;jkoh, fbysh GkPk ftu Io{ohj?—f;|koP, fj;kp, feskp nkfd mhe Ppdî'V jB.

19H noph^|ko;h w{b d/ fiBQK PpdK d/, nzfsw ftnziB s'A gfjbK f;jkoh nkT[Adh j?. T[jT[ukoD ftu \sw j' u[Zeh j?. nfij/ PpdK dk T[ukoD tkbak o{g (fpBK f;jkoh s'A) P[ZXPpdî'V ;theko ehsk frnk j?.

;kps, ;kbw, jkIo, eksb, \kjP, \kso, \koi, \kb;, Ikjo, pkjo, wkbe, \kdwnkfd.

20H fiBQK PpdK d/ w{b o{g ftu, ftukb/ f;jkoh iK n"AeV nkT[Adk ;h-go, gzikph T[ukoD ftufJj jq;t (S'Nk) ;o ekfJw BjhA fojk, T[jBK dk gzikphô{g mhe j?.

w{b o{g P[~X gzikph o{g

efmB emB

wzfdo wzdo

tfDi tDi

us[o uso

mke[o mkeo

pjkd[o pjkdo

iZfNb iNb

yfDi yDi

go, Ppd ‘G{fwek’ ftu f;jkoh tkbak o{g mhe j?, feT[Afe, fJj nkgD/ T[ukoD s/ fbysftu pj[s gqubs j' u[Zek j?.

21H |ko;h d/ ‘ew’ s/ ‘p/’ nr/so ti'A, BKt d/ Bkba i'V e/ fby/ ikD L

ewIks, p/nk;, p/nzs nkfd.

22H ‘nksw’ s/ ‘;?’ th nr/so d/ o{g ftu i[Vt/A fby/ ikD L

nksw^jZfsnk, nkswôZfynk, ;?wkD, ;?oZfynk nkfd.

23H |ko;h ‘\kBk’ ns/ ;z;feqs ‘eko’ s/ ‘Pkbk’ (gzikph o{g Pkbk) fgS/so ti'A BKt d/ Bkbai'V e/ fby/ ikD L

r[;b\kBk, ejkDheko, ebkeko, rT{Pkbk, XowPkbk nkfd.

84

24H frDsh p"Xe ftP/PD, id'A nr/so tKr tos/ ikD, BKt d/ Bkba i'V e/ fby/ ikD LfJe;ko, fJeikB, d[tZbh, d[pkok, fss[Zek, ;ZsbVk, pkokf;zrk, pkokdoh, d'rbk nkfd.

25H uko d/ noEK tkbak nr/so ‘u[’ ns/ d' d/ noEK tkbk ‘d[’ n"AeV Bkba fbfynk ikt/ Lu[e'D, u[rkm, u[so|h, d[pkok, u[okjk, d[nkpk, d[Bkbh, d[gfjo, d[pkok, d[tZbh, d[Pkbknkfd.

26H ;z;feqs ‘s’ dk gzikph o{g ‘st’ mhe ;wfMnk frnk j?. fJ; bJh wjZst, ftnefsst,n;fsst mhe Ppdî'V jB.

27H ‘BK’, ‘Bk’ s/ ‘BKj’ dh tos'A j/m fby/ nB[;ko mhe j? L^

(e) BK (Bkw) ‘s/ok BK eh j? <’

(y) Bk, fit/A ‘s{z Bk ik.’

(r) BKj, fit/A ‘T[; B/ BKj eo fdZsh.’

28H j/m fby/ c[Neb Ppdî'VK tZb th fXnkB fdZsk ikt/—fJj mhe Ppdî'V jB L^

(e) ;tZ:k, dtZ:k, fdnkb{.

(y) nkfd, nfs, okfJ, fBnkfJPk;so, gqfs:'rsk.

(r) fjwkbk, G'iBkbk, wzsokbk.

(x) pknd, tkfJdk, nkjbk, Ppdî'V fwnkoh gzikph nB[;ko j'D/ ukjhd/ jB.

T[g^GkPkJh PpdK nB[;ko BjhA. T[g^GkPkJh Ppdî'V, T[j jh bJ/ ikD, i' gqubs j'u[Ze/ jB.”

nzs ftu nkgD/ ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ fJjh efjDk ukj[zd/ jK fe T[j Ppdî'VK dh ;wZf;nk Bz{,uzrh soQK ;wMD bJh ‘gzikph Ppdô{g s/ Ppdî'V e'P’, i' vkH joehos f;zx d[nkok ;zgkfdsehsk frnk j?, Bz{ fXnkB Bkba d/yD. fe;/ th Ppdî'V dh ;wZf;nk dk jb eoB bJh, fJj e'Ppj[s bkj/tzd j?. fJ; s'A fJbktk |ko;h, noph, ;z;feqs, f;zXh d/ ss;w Ppd, i' gzikph ftu,\k; eoe/, r[owfs ;kfjs ftu tos/ rJ/ jB, T[jBK d/ ;jh Ppdî'VK bJh wjkB e'P ‘r[o PpdosBkeo’, eosk GkJh ekjB f;zx BkGk Bz{ tkuD. T[; ftu, T^V sZe f;bf;b/tko, jo Ppddk w{b, Ppdî'V s/ noE th fdZs/ rJ/ jB.

g[;seK

p{Nk f;zx pokVl gzikph ftnkeoD L f;XKs s/ ftjkol 2012l u/sBk gqekPB, b[fXnkDk.

GkJh ekjB f;zx BkGk, wjkB e'P L r[oPpd osBkeo, GkPk ftGkr, gzikp.

joehos f;zxl gzikph Ppdô{g s/ Ppdî'V e'P, gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh, gfNnkbk.

85

vkH jopz; f;zx XhwkBl ftjkoe gzikph GkPk ns/ ftnkeoB (Gkr gfjbk)l 2009, wBgqhsgqekPB, fdZbh.

Bfozdo f;zx d[Zrbl gzikph ftnkeoD s/ ouBktbhl 2009l fBT{ p[e ezgBh, ibzXo.

vkH wfjzdo e"o frZbl ftjkoe gzikphl gzikph nekdwh, fdZbh.

vkH okfizdo f;zx bKpk (;zgkH)l y'i gfsqek^Bzpo L 41 (wkou 1995, GkPk ns/ ftnkeoDftP/P nze, gpbhe/PB fpUo'l gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh, gfNnkbk.

3H2 pj[noEe Ppd

fgnko/ ftfdnkoEhT[ ` fit/A fe s[;hA ;ko/ ikDd/ jh j' fe fe;/ th GkPk dk Ppd^;zrqfj, eJh;dhnK dk ewkfJnk fto;k jz[dk j?. fiT[A fiT[A ;wK phsdk iKdk j?, fsT[A fsT[A fJjBK PpdK d/noEK ftu gfotosB th j[zd/ ofjzd/ jB. eJh tkoh ;w/A, ;fEsh ns/ p'bD tkb/a dh GktBk eoe/th, PpdK d/ noE pDd/$pdbd/ ofjzd/ jB. fJ;/ soQK, eJh tkoh Ppd sK pj[s/ jz[d/ jB, go,T[jBK dk noE fJe jh j[zdk j?. fit/A fe L wBk eoBk, BKj eoBk, fJBeko eoBk nkfd. fJj;wkBkoEe Ppd jB. fJ;/ soQK, eJh tkoh fJe' Ppd fJe s'A tZX noEK ftu tofsnk iKdk j?—fJjh pj[nkoEe Ppd jB. gzikph ftu fJj' fij/ PpdK dh frDsh, pj[s fInkdk j?. ;', pj[noEePpdK d/ tZy' tZyo/ noEK sZe gjz[uD bJh Io{oh j? fe nfij/ PpdK dh tos'A eofdnK, tke d/Gkt^noE ns/ ;fEsh^nB[;koh noE jh T[~xV e/ ;kjwD/ nkT[D.

pj[^noEe Ppd T[j jz[dk j?, fi; d/ w{b noE, fJe s'A tZX j'D (Bk fe w[jkto/ ftu nke/, eJh eJh noE fdzdk j't/)l fit/A^‘xVh’ fJe pj[^noEe Ppd j?, feT[Afe fJ; d/ w{b noE(S'Nk xVk, t/bak dZ;D tkbak :zso s/ ;Zm gbK dk ;wK nkfd) eJh jB. go—‘xVk’, ‘ezxk’ pj[^noEe Ppd BjhA, jkbKfe w[jkto/ ftu nk e/, fJjBK d/ j'o th eJh noE fBeb nkT[Ad/ jBlfit/A L fEzXk xVk (fi; T[go e'Jh n;o Bk j't/), ezxk j'Dk^pj[s B[e;kB j'Dk.

j[D e[ZM e[ pj[noEe Ppd, tkeK ftu tos e/ dZ;/ iKd/ jB L^

T[;skd L vkH jfoGiB f;zx, gzikph d/ T[;skd (nfXnkge) jB. PzNh n?Bk T[;skd (ubke)fBeb/rk ed/ ;'funk th BjhA ;h. w/ok T[;skd sK, T[;skdK dk T[;skd j?.

T[sokU L gjkVK d/ T[sokU tkba/ gk;/ w/ok ;e{b j?. w?A fIzdrh d/ T[sokU^uVkU d/y/ jB.

T[so L x'V/ s'A T[so gT[. pZu/ dh iokp T[so rJh j?. sz{ e'm/ s'A T[so nk. w"i{ dk w'YkT[so frnk j?. T[; dh nZy ftu w'shnk fpzd T[so nkfJnk j?. izR, pkr ftu T[sohj'Jh j?. dfonk, j[D T[so frnk j?. foZS, gjkV s'A T[so fojk j?. wid{o dk fujok,T[sfonk j'fJnk j?. pkg{ dk p[\ko, T[so frnk j?. ;kvh rZb ;[D e/, T[; dk r[Z;kT[so frnk.

86

T[Zso L T[Zso (fdPk) tZb wz{j eo. j[D w/oh rZb dk T[Zso (itkp) d/. B?A;h S/sh j/mK T[Zso(T[soBk) nkt'.

T[Zuk L gjkV T[Zuk j?. sz{ T[Zuk Bk p'b. ;{oi T[Zuk uVQ nkfJnk j?. T[Zuh iks tkba/ nfGwkBhjz[d/ jB. Io{oh BjhA fe iks dk T[Zuk, r[DK eoe/ th T[Zuk j't/.

T[Zm L fBZs nzfwqs t/b/ T[Zm' (ikr'). gkDh ftu p[bp[b/ T[Zmd/ ofjzd/ jB. e"wK, J/e/ BkbaT[~mdhnK B/. T[; dk w[zvk, uzrk BjhA T[Zfmnk. T[j wdof;T[A, T[Zm nkfJnk j?.

T[mk L fgsk ih dh pKj ’s/ T[mk, T[fmnk j?. w'jB Bz{, IwhB s'A T[mk. p/ph Bz{ Bhdo'A T[mkbt'.

T[bNh L T[; B/ so ykXh sK T[jBz{ T[bNh nk rJh. T[bNh rZb Bk eo. iZNh, T[bNh T[jBz{ wkoBBz{ gJh.

T[Zb{ L T[Zb { okshA ikrdk j?. sz{ sK fBok T[Zb{ dk gZmk jh fBefbnk.

nzp L nzp pVk uzrk cb j?. e'fJb nzp ’s/ p?mh j?. nzp dh SK mzYh j[zdh j?. w/o/ g?o nzprJ/ jB.

n~e L n~e dk p{Nk, dtkJh d/ ezw nkT[Adk j?. s/ohnK rZbK ;[D ;[D e/, w?A n~e frnkjK.

nzr L Poho d/ ;ko/ nzr (fjZ;/) ;k| oZy'. T[; d/ ;ko/ nzr^;ke (;zpzXh) pV/ uzr/ jB.bkrh nkg' nkgD/ nzr (bkr) b? rJ/ jB. ;qh r[o{ rzqE ;kfjp d/ 1430 nzr(gzB/) jB.

n~r/ L I'o Bkba d"V, s/ ;kfonK s'A n~r/ bzx ik. n~r/ nk e/ nkgDk fJBkw b? bt'. tZfvnKd/ n~r/ Bk p?m. n~r/ ;[ekb ;h, j[D pVk ekb g? frnk j? s/ n~r/ i' j't/rk, ;' t/fynkikt/rk.

noe L w/oh noe d[Zydh j?. it?D s/ r'Ad dk noe gh bt'.

nkBk L w/oh rZb, ;'bQK nkB / ;Zu j?. t?ohnK B/ T[jd/ nkB / eZY e/, T[jBz{ nzBQk eo fdZsk.

;o L ;oK dk gkDh, n?Bk ;k| BjhA j[zdk. nepo B/, fus"V dk febQk ;o eo fbnk. s?Bz{;o sK nkT[Adh e'Jh BjhA, fco skP feT[A y/vdk j?A < ;oeV/ dh ;o Bz{ nZr S/sh bZrdhj?. sz{ w/ok ezw, ;o eo fdZsk j?.

f;o L T[; dk f;o pVk tZvk j?. ezw t/ba/ f;o eo'. T[; d/ f;o eoIk pj[s j?.

f;~Nk L pkio/ dk f;~Nk w'Nk jz[dk j?. p[o/ ezwK dk f;~Nk, p[ok jh jz[dk j?.

f;~ek L gzi o[gJ/ dk f;~ek d/Dk. ;Zu dk f;~ek jo EK ubdk j?. uKdh ftu f;~ek fwfbnk j'fJnkj?.

87

;{Jh L ;{Jh ftu Xkrk gk. ;kvh rK ni/ BjhA ;{Jh. xVh dh tZvh ;{Jh, S'Nh Bkba'A s/Iubdh j?.

;{nk L ;{nk b? e/ p'ohnK ;hT[A d/. Bfjo dk ;{nk ;kv/ fgzv e'b'aA bzxdk j?. pZuk ;{J/ s/ dkVQkeZY p?mk j?. ;kvh rK dk sh;ok ;{nk j?.

;/e L gZEo tkb/a e'fJb/ dk ;/e pj[s s/I j[zdk j?. ;ZN tkbh EK ;/e (Ne'o) eohJ/, sKnokw nk iKdk j?. j[D p'fbnk sK gk;/ ;/e d/tKrk. ;Zu ;[D e/, s?Bz{ ;/e feT[AbZrdk j? <

j~; L pj[s Bk j~;. T[; d/ rb ftu uKdh dk j~; (rfjDk) j?. w[zvk e'm/ s'A fvZrk sK T[;dk j~; (w'Y/ Bz{ Sksh Bkba i'VD tkbh jZvh) N[ZN frnk.

jko L okDh d/ rb ftu w'shnK dk jko j?. UVe fBg'bhnB jko frnk. w[zv/ B/ ;ko/gjkV/, s's/ jko (tKC{) oZN bJ/. T[j woB jko j'fJnk fgnk j?l nkfd.

jkb L fpwko dk j[D eh jkb J/ < n|;o dk jkb IpkBh ;[DkU. \kb;k ekbi dk jkb ewokpVk tZvk j?. |eho Bz{ jkb g? frnk.

e;{o L sz{ pVk Gkoh e;{o ehsk j?, s/ok e;{o wk| BjhA j' ;edk. e;{o (gkfe;skB dk fJePfjo) dh w/Eh s/ i[Zsh d't/A wPj{o jB.

e~ek L e~ek fby. T[jBz{ sK e~ek (e[M) th BjhA nkTA[dk. ;kjp d/ tkbaK dk ozr e~ek j?. nzfwqsSZe e/ gzi e~e/ (e/;, ezxk, eVk, feqgkB s/ eSfjok) oZyD/ g?Ad/ jB.

ekN L fJ; e'N dh ekN, uzrh BjhA. s/oh rZb B/ e'Jh ekN (n;o), BjhA ehsh. T[; dh sBykjftu'A jo wjhB/ ekN jz[dh j?.

ekb L ekrI dk ekb g? frnk j?. ekb (w"s) s'A e'Jh pZu BjhA ;edk. jo ekb(;w/A) ftu, ftZfdnk ;jkJh j[zdh j?. fefonk d/ fszB ekb jz[d/ jB—G{s, toswkBs/ GftZys.

ejh L sz{ rZb sK ;Zuh ejh j?. ejh fbnk e/ N'nk g[ZN bt'.

ezvk L g?o ftu ezvk u[ZG frnk j?. p'oh ezv/ ’s/ oZy e/ s'b'. w?A T[;dk ezvk jh eZYd/D?.

ebh L r[bkp dh ebh fyZV rJh j?. GKv/ ebh eoB tkbk nkfJnk j?. wekB Bz{ ebh eotkbt'.

e"vh L thok e"vh (fJe g?;/ s'A th xZN) dk s/ Gkph YkJh bZy dh. :'rh dh sVkrh e"vhnKBkba fPzrkoh j'Jh j?.

eko L u"frod jwko/ okw eko (Uok) d[Zy bZr? Bk GkJh. jZE eko (ezw) tZb fdb :ko tZb.r[o{dtko/ eko^;/tk j' ojh j?.

88

e'N L e'N gk b?. nkg dk e'NkB e'N (bZyK^eo'VK) XzBtkd j?. |"i e'N (feb/Q) ftu'A fBebe/ pkjo nk rJh.

yzv L ;koh fgqEth B"A yzvK (fjZf;nK) ftu tzvh j'Jh j?. fJe feb' yzv (uhBh) fezB/dh j?<

y~Nh L s/oh bZ;h sK y~Nh fBebh. nZi d[ekB dh fezBh y~Nh (ewkJh) j'Jh.

\kso L T[BQK izR dh pVh \kso (;/tk) ehsh. n;hA s[jkvh \kso (tk;s/) xo p?m/ oj/.

\kok L fJ; y{j dk gkDh \kok (b{Dk) j?. \ko/ ftu'A rkioK eZY b?. w[zv/ Bz{ yko/ fpmkt'.

\ko L X'ph \ko (;'Y/) Bkb eZgV/ X'Ad/ jB. T[j ;kv/ Bkb ykjwykj \ko (d[PwDh, Jhoyk)oZydk j?. c[ZbK Bkb \ko th j[zd/ jB.

r'b L r/Ad r'b jz[dh j?. c[ZNpkb r'b ftu'A bzx frnk s/ ;kv/ f;o r'b j' frnk. r'b w'brZb Bk efonk eo.

r'bk L b'j/ dk r'bk pVk Gkok jz[dk j?. Xkr/ dk r'bk fpbe[b r'b BjhA pfDnk. T[; shthA d/g/N ftu r'bk (r?; dk) j?. fJ; ;Ve dk r'bk pVk u"Vk j?. s'g dk r'bk, pj[s tZvkjz[dk j?. T[; p'oh ftu nksPpkIh d/ fszB ;" r'b/ jB. sz{ sK jo fe;/ dk r'bk (dk;)pfDnk j'fJnk j?A.

r/V L sz{ Bbek r/Vl w?A jZE X' btK. s[;hA o'Nh pDkT[ w?A fgzv dk r/V (ueo) bk e/ nkT[AdkjK.

x"b L yzv x"b (fwbk) e/ Pops fsnko eo fdT[. nZi fgzv ftu x"b (e[Psh$epZvh) j'Dkj?. x"b^x[wkJh nkgD/ pZu/ s'A.

x'Vk L x'Vk fJe ;wMdko ikBto j?. pzd{e dk x'Vk Bk dpk. Psozi ftu x'V/ dh ukb pVhg/udko j[zdh j?.

u~e L w[zv/ B/ T[jBz{ u~e wkfonk. Bfjoh fJbke/ ftu eJh u~e tZi rJ/ jB. x[fwnko fNzrKu~e s'A bkj^bkj e/ X[Zg/ oZyh iKdk j?. y{j dk u~e tjkT[D t/b/ r[V tzvd/ jB. w[zv/Bz{ u~e (u[Ze) b?. wzrfsnK dh uko/ u~e ikrho j?.

u~gk L fJj cZNk ;Zs u~g/ (jZE) u"Vk j?. p/Vh u~g/ (uZg{) fpBK gko BjhA bzxdh. u~gk (u[EkJh)e[ o'Nh j'o d/t' ih.

ikbk L dhtk ikb/ ftu oZy. ezXK s'A wZeVh dk ikbk bkj d/. SZgV d/ gkDh T[~s/ ikbk pZMfrnk j?. T[; dh nZy ftZu ikbk nk frnk j?.

MV L nZi MV (pkoP) j?. e[ZM jZE'A th MkV (fBekb). o[ZyK d/ gZs/ MV rJ/ jB.

89

fN~eh L f;nkjh dh fJe fN~eh dtks ftu gk. ni/ ;{oi dh fN~eh BjhA fBebh. |eho Bz{ d'fN~ehnK fwb ikD, sK oZi iKdk j?. fN~eh dh gb/N 80 o[gJ/ dh j?.

mzYk L fJ; y{j dk gkDh pVk mzYk j?. T[j w[zvk ezw eoB ftu pVk mzYk (;[;s) j?. T[j;[GkT[ dk mzYk (Bow) j?. mzY/ mzY/ (;t/o/) ezw pj[sk jz[dk j?.

vzr L T[; B/ fJe' vzr (t/ba/) o'Nh ykXh. ;Zg B/ nfijk vzr wkfonk j? fe gbK ftu T[jdhikB fBeb rJh.

vzvh L fJ; sZeVh dh vzvh ftu ekD j?. fJj vzvh (eZuk okj) f;ZXh fgzv Bz{ iKdh j?. tkew[Ze ikJ/ sK nZr/ vzvh (.) Io{o brkU. shthnK ezBK ftu vzvhnK (rfjDk) gkT[AdhnKjB. fJ; |b dh vzvh pVh e"Vh j?.

vzv L vzv Bk gk. vzv eZfYnk eo. T[jBz{ pokdoh tZb'A fJj vzv (i[owkBk) bZrk fe ;" o[gJhnk,Xow;kbk iwQK eokt/.

uVQ L x'V/ ’s/ uVQ. T[j gjkV g[o uVQ BjhA ;edk. ;{oi uVQ (fBeb) nkfJnk j?. nZidfonk pj[s uVQ frnk j?. p/Vh ftu uVQ. S'fbnK dk Gk e[M uVQ (tZX) frnk j?.g'Eh s/ fibd uVQ rJh j?. T[; dk w'Yk uVQ frnk j?. izR uVQh sK \{p tki/ tikJ/rJ/. p'oh Gkoh j?, sZeVh s/ BjhA uVQ ;edh. ncrkB eJh tkoh ;kv/ d/P g[o uVQnkJ?. B; uVQ ikJ/ sK wkbP eo'.

u"eh L eVkj gq;kd u"eh (;N{b) s/ oZy fdU. g[fb; dh u"eh (g';N) ’s/ fog'oN fbytk nkU.w;{b dh u"eh ’s/ w;{b d/Dk g?Adk j?. okrhnK dh u"eh pV/ gq/w Bkba ehosB eo ojhj?. u"eh gfjo/ s'A fpBK, okyh BjhA j' ;edh, fJe u"ehdko oZy bU.

S/V L fe;/ Bz{ n?t/A Bk S/V. T[; B/ wkb^vzro ;t/o/ jh S/V fdZsk. ezw S/V (P[o{ eoBk)nkg/ gow/Po g{ok eo/rk. vkeNo B/ c'V/ Bz{ S/fVnk, sK ftu'A gke fBebh. fjNboB/, n?t/A jh izr S/V fdZsh.

ikB L ikB ;G Bz{ fgnkoh j?. fJ; ;kb b'eK dk ikB wkb dk pVk B[e;kB j'fJnk j?. s{zsK w/oh ikB (fgnkok) j?A. fJ; eZgV/ ftu ikB j? BjhA.

izdok L p{jk pzd eo e/ izdok bk fdU. feo;kD izdo/ Bkba g?bh ftu tZNK gk fojk j?.

Ykb L f;gkjh d/ fJe jZE ftu Ykb (tko pukD tkbak) s/ d{i/ ftu, sbtko j?. f;Zek Ykb(fgxbk) e/ SZok pDkfJnk iKdk j?. gzikp d/ dfonk dZ;d/ jB fe fJ; d/P dh YkbdZyD^gZSw tZb j?.

sko L fpibh dh sko Bz{ jZE Bk bk. r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp B/ irs Bz{ sko (gko bZrk) fdZsk.sko^sko ;{so i[V/, sK ezw g{ok j' frnk.

E[~e L ;b/N ’s/ E[~e Bk gk. |oP s/ Bk E[~e. j[D r[Z;k E[~e th fdT[ ih.

90

dko{ L nZyK ftu dko{ (dtkJh) gk. dko{ (Pokp) ghD tkba/ ;dk \[nko j[zd/ jB. f;gkjh dko{^f;Zek (foPts) b? e/ s[o fgnk.

X'sh L s/V X'sh pzBQ b?. X'ph B/ w/oh ukdo X'sh. wKj dh X'sh dkba uzrh j[zdh j?.

Bkbh L ;|kJh eowukoh Bkbh ;k| eodk j?. eDe pj[sh Bkbh Bkb jh phih iKdh j?. fJjpzd{e, fJe BjhA, d' Bkbh j?.

g~ek L fJj |b g~ek j?. fJ; eZgV/ dk ozr g~ek j?. T[; dk fB;uk g~ek j?. ;kvk e'mk g~ekj?. fJj w[zvk pVk g~ek (j[fPnko) j?. vkeNo g~ek c'Vk uhod/ jB, eZuk BjhA. fJjXkrk g~ek j?. w/ok fJokdk g~ek j?. g~eh ;bkj eo. NKrk g~eh ;Ve g[o s/I ubdkj?. fJj B"eoh g~eh j?. nzp ni/ g~ek (ykD bJh fsnko) BjhA.

c[~b L r[bkp dk |[~b pVk \{p;{os j[zdk j?. T[; dk g/N |[~b (nkco) frnk j?. T[; shthA d/f;o g[o ;'B/ d/ |[~b jB. fJj wfjz d/ wZE/ g[o |[~b j?. fjzd{ b'e w[od/ d/ |[~b rzrkftu gkT[Ad/ jB. cNeVh |[~b j' rJh j?. T[; d/ w;{V/ |[~b (;[Zi) rJ/ jB. w/ok sK;kj jh |[~b frnk.

fp~bk L fp~bk, fpZbh Bkba'A tZvk jz[dk j?. T[j nZyK s'A fp~bk (ozr) j?. wkBhNo dh pKj g[o fp~bkbZrk j'fJnk j?.

Go L gkDh Go fbnk. i[owkBk Go d/. T[; dk I\w j[D Go frnk j?.

w[o~pk L n"fbnK dk w[o~pk b? nk. n?sehA n;K fJ; w[o~p/ ftu egkj phiDh j?. w[o~pk PebdhnK uko/ pkjhnK pokpo s/ uko/ e'B/ f;ZX/ j[zd/ jB.

:~ek L :~ek (:ksk:ks dk ;kXB) b? nk. gkB dk :~ek (fJZek) ;[ZN, d[Zeh BjhA. :~ek :Ze(S/sh^S/sh) w/ok ezw eo d/.

ok; L sz{ tgko ftu fezBh e[ ok; (gz{ih) bkJh j?. s/oh w/oh ok; fwbdh j?. nZi oks Bz{ok; XkohJ/ ok; gkT[Dr/. w?Bz{ T[;/ vkeNo dh dtkJh jh ok; (wkce) nkT[Adh j?.

bJh L w[zv/ bJh d[ZX fbnk. sz{ n?sehA s{Vh fezBh e[ bJh (\ohdh) j? < T[; B/ ;koh g'Eh gVQbJh j?.

t~N L t~N wko e/ gkDh o'e d/. oZ;h t~N bJh j?. oZ;h Bz{ pj[s t~N Bk ukVQ. ;"dk t/u e/e[ZM t~N (ewkT[Dk) b?.

B'N L fJ; gkm dh fsnkoh bJh, fiBQK wjZstg{oB ;whfynk^g[;seK s'A ;jkfJsk bJh rJh j?,T[BQK dh ft;fsqs ;{uh, fJ; gkm Bzpo L 8 d/ nzs ’s/ doi ehsh rJh j?. i/eo ftfdnkoEh,fJ; ftP/ T[go j'o vz{xh ikDekoh jkf;b eoBk b'ud/ jB, T[j fJBQK g[;seK dk nfXn?Bth eoB.

91

gqPBktbhgqPB 1H gzikph Ppd^i'VK dh w{b ;wZf;nk eh j? <

gqPB 2H gzikph Ppd^i'VK pko/, vkH joehos f;zx d/ ftukoK Bz{ uouk dk ftPk pDkT[.

gqPB 3H j/m fby/ w{b PpdK d/, P[ZX gzikph o{g fby' L^

w{b Ppd L^

efmB, wzfdo, tfDi, us[o, mke[o, pjkd[o, iZfNb, yfDi

gqPB 4H gzikph d/ pj[noEe PpdK d/ f;XKse gZy Bz{ uouk dk ftPk pDkT[.

gqPB 5H j/m fby/ PpdK Bz{ d' d' tkeK ftu fJzM tos' fe T[BQK d/, fJe s'A tZX noE ;gZPNj' ikD L^

T[~so, f;ZNk, nzp, ;{nk, jko, fNZeh, vzv, Bkbh, uVQ, c[Zb, fpbk, ikB, tZN.

—0—

92

gkm Bzpo L 7


g?ok ouBk! vkH e[bihs f;zx GkNhnk

3H3 (T) g?ok ouBk‘g?ok ouBk’, fJe pVh ;ziwPhb ebk j?. Gkt, fJe jh g?o/ ftu ;zpzXs ftP/ Bkba fJB;k|

eoBk. fJe g?ok, brGr d; e[ tkeK dk j[zdk j?. nkw s"o ’s/ gfjbk tke jh, g?o/ d/ ftP/ tZbfJPkok eoB tkbak jz[dk j?. g?o/ ftu e'Jh th tke$Ppd tkX{ BjhA j'Dk ukjhdk. pkjoh pDso s/p[Dso, rz[dthA j'Dh ukjhdh j?. fe;/ fe;w dh fYZbh rZb BjhA j'Dh ukjhdh. fe;/ ;[rfms gq;sktBkba'A th rzGhosk Bkba ‘g?ok ouBk’ d/ ftP/ dk fBGkn j'Dk ukjhdk j?. fJZE/ n;hA T[dkjoD d/ s"o’s/ e[ZM g?ok^ouBktK, T[jBK d/ f;ob/yK ;w/s, d/ oj/ jK, sK i' s[;hA, fJ; w;b/ dh rzGhosk Bz{pk\{ph ;wM ;e' L^

1H w'pkfJb |'B d/ bkG s/ jkBhnKw'pkfJb |'B fJe S'Nk fijk :zso j?. fJ; Bz{ ;"fynK jh, fJe EK s'A d{ih EK, fbikfJnk

ik ;edk j?. gbe MgefdnK jh n;hA, d[BhnK d/ fe;/ fjZ;/ ftu ofjzd/ pzd/ Bkba, rZbpkseo ;ed/ jK. w'pkfJb |'B jo t/ba/ ;kvh ;/tk bJh jkIo j?. b'eK bJh, fJj b'V pD frnkj? ns/ ihtB^gZXo dk gqshe th. rZvh ubKfdnK, gVQfdnK, g{ik gkm eofdnK, ;"AfdnK fJj;kBz{, gq/PkB th eodk j?. ebk; ftu GkPD d/AfdnK s/ ;[DfdnK, w'pkfJb dh s/I xzNh, ;kfonKdh fJekrosk Gzr eo d/Adh j?. ;wki fto'Xh nB;oK tZb'A, i[ow eo e/, nkg;h skbw/b okjhA,g[fb; Bz{ X'yk d/ e/, B"A d' frnkoQK j' ikD ftu th, w'pkfJb |'B ;jkfJe j[zdk j?. w'pkfJbsK T[jh j?, tosD tkba/ ’s/ fBoGo j[zdk j? fe T[j fJ; dh :'r tos'A eo/ iK e[tos'A. wzdo, w;fid,r[od[nko/, PwPkBxkN torhnK EktK T[go, fJ;dk tZiDk pVh p/j{drh dh jkbs g?dk eofdzdk j?.

2H BfPnK dk ;/tBBfPnK dk ;/tB, wB[Zyh^fIzdrh s/ ;fGnkuko Bz{ spkj eo fojk j?. BP/ eoB tkbak ;'udk

j? fe T[j fIzdrh dk ;jh nkBzd b? fojk j?. n;b ftu, BP/ uzr/ Gb/ pzd/ Bz{, fBezwk pDk fdzd/jB. Pokp, n|hw, uo;, rKik, ;w?e, fuZNk ns/ j'o eJh soQK d/ BPhb/ gdkoE, tosD tkfbanK


93

dh frDsh fdB^p^fdB tZXdh ik ojh j?. S'N/ pZu/ ns/ ftfdnkoEh th tZfvnK dh t/yk^t/yh fJjBPhb/ gdkoE tos oj/ jB. ;oeko Bz{ ukjhdk j? fe T[j b'eK Bz{, fJ; pko/ u/szB eo/. ftP/Ps"o ’s/ S'N/ pZfunK ns/ ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{, fJ; s'A pukT[D dh b'V j?. ;kBz{ nkg, gfotko ns/;wki Bz{ fJ; gqfs u/szB ofjD dh b'V j?. nZieZbQ pj[s }ohp ns/ pj[s jh S'Nh T[wo d/w[zv/, eJh ;;shnK dtkJhnK Bz{ th BfPnK tKr tos oj/ jB. fJT[A, BP/ ;kvh fIzdrh Bz{, spkjs/ popkd eo oj/ jB.

3H nB[Pk;BnB[Pk;B dk noE j?-fB:wK nB[;ko fIzdrh ihT{Dk. nB[Pk;B, wBZ[yh^fIzdrh ftu ;|bsk

gqkgsh bJh w{b wzso j?. nB[Pk;B Bkba, wB[Zy dhnK ;kohnK PeshnK e/Adfos j' iKdhnK jB.fpBK nB[Pk;B s'A ;wK pVk p/eko j' iKdk j?. gqfeosh B/ wB[Zy Bz{, fJj nkIkdh fdZsh j? fe i/T[j ukj/ sK nB[Pk;B ftu ofj e/, nkgDh fIzdrh ;ztko bt/. i/ T[j ukj/ sK nB[Pk;BjhD j'e/, nkgDh fIzdrh ftrkV bt/. nkgDh fIzdrh Bz{ nB[Pk;B ftu oZy e/ jh, n;hA nkgDh, gfotkons/ ;wki dh GbkJh eo ;ed/ jK. nB[Pk;B fIzdrh d/ jo/e \/so ftu Io{oh j?. fJj ;kvhP\;hns Bz{ fBykoD bJh th, pVk wjZstg{oB o'b ndk eodk j?.

4H gqd{PDgqd{PD s'A Gkt j?, d{fPs j'Dk. tksktoB d/ gqfeqse ;zs[bB ftu rVpVh Bkba, tksktoB gqd{fPs

j[zdk j?. gkDh ftu rzd fwb e/, gkDh dk gqd{PD j[zdk j?. P'o^Pokp/ Bkba nktkI dk gqd{PD jz[dk j?.PfjoheoB ns/ ftfrnkBe gqrsh ekoB th gqd{PD c?b fojk j?. tZXdh iB;zfynk ekoB th, gqd{PDc?b fojk j?. euok, Xz{nK, rzdrh ekoB, ;kj b?Dk fdB^p^fdB n"yk j[zdk ik fojk j?. ghD Bz{ rzdkgkDh fwbadk j?. fJj gkDh, ;kvhnK |;bK Bz{ \okp eodk j?. |?eNohnK, eko\kB/, wPhBK d/ P'oBkba \{B dk d"ok, wkBf;e dpkU, pfjokgB nkfd fpwkohnK tZX ojhnK jB. doZ\s bZrk e/, P'oxNk e/, ;kXkoD fIzdrh ihn e/, n;hA fJjBK gqd{PDK s'A pu ;ed/ jK. gqd{PD, ;kBz{ Pohoe ns/wkBf;e s"o s/ phwko pDkT[Adk j?. fJ; s'A pukU ftu jh, ;kvh GbkJh j?. ;kBz{ jo soQK d/ gqd{PDs'A puD dh b'V j?.

5H Go{D^j~fsnk;kv/ d/P ftu, pI[or b'eK bJh, e'Jh ;wkie ;[oZfynk BjhA ns/ Bk jh, uzrk ihtB ihT{D

d/ ;kXB jB. fJ;/ bJh, ;ko/ w[zvk ukj[zd/ jB. e[Vh sK ftnkj wro'A, ;j[fonK dh j' iKdh j?.go, w[zvk nkgD/ xo jh ofjzdk j?. dki dh gozgok th, Go{D^jZfsnk dk ekoB j?. w[zfvnK Bkba,tzP ubdk j?. w[zv/ xo dk fuok} jz[d/ jB, fgU dh fuZsk Bz{ w[zv/ jh nZr fdzd/ jB nkfd XkoktKgqubs jB. e[VhnK d/ ;wki ftu ;[oZfyns ofjD dh e'Jh rkozNh BjhA. jkbKfe, ni'e/ ;w/A ftu,fJj g[okDhnK XkoDktK N[ZN ojhnK jB. j[D sK bZrdk j? fe e[VhnK jh, wK^fgT[ dh ;/tk eodhnK

94

jB. id'A sZe g[okDhnK XkoktK g{oh soQK N[ZN e/, ueBku{o BjhA j' ikDrhnK ns/ BthnK f;jswzdgozgoktK ;Ekgs BjhA j'DrhnK, T[d'A sZe e[VhnK bJh, f;jswzd^;[oZfyns wkj"b, fsnko BjhA j';edk ns/ Bk jh Go{D^jZfsnk Bz{, g{oh soQK o'fenk ik ;edk j?. Go{D^jZfsnk Bz{ o'e e/ jh, n;hAf;jswzd^;wki dh f;oiDk eo ;ed/ jK.

6H ;w/A dh edo;wK, g?;/ s'A tZX wjZstPkbh j?. fJ; Bz{ popkd BjhA eoBk ukjhdk. fJj edh th o[edk BjhA.

jw/PK nkgDh ukb/ ubdk ofjzdk j?. fijVk ;wK bzx ikt/, T[j w[V e/ gqkgs BjhA jz[dk. ;w/A dhedo eoB tkbak pzdk jh, tX/o/ ;|b jz[dk j?. ;w/A dh :'r tos'A jh, wB[Zy Bz{ wjkB pDkT[Dftu ;jkfJe j[zdh j?. fijV/ fJ; dh :'r tos'A eoB dh EK, nikJhA jh ;w/A Bz{ popkd eod/ofjzd/ jB, ;wK T[jBK Bz{ popkd eo e/ oZy fdzdk j?. ;wK r[IkoB bJh BjhA jz[dk, ;r'A ihT{DbJh j[zdk j?. fijVk ftnesh, ;w/A dh edo eofdnK, fJ; Bz{ ihT{Adk j?l T[jh n;b fIzdrh ihnfojk j?. Gkt/A, d/P Bz{ }[bkwh dhnK izIhoK ftu'A nkIkd eokT[Dk j't/ ns/ Gkt/A, d/P Bz{ ftek; dhokj T[go s'oBk j't/l fJ; soQK d/ ezwl ;w/A dh :'r tos'A eo e/ jh ;zGt j' ;ed/ jB. ;',;w/A Bz{ nkgDh ok;^gz{ih tKr jh \ou'$tos' ns/ fJ;dh edo eo'. fJj s[jkBz{, nkpkd th eo;edk j? ns/ popkd th.

7H ftfrnkB ns/ seBkb'ihftfrnkB, frnkB dk Gzvko j? ns/ seBkb'ih, fJ; frnkB Bz{ ftjko ftu fbnk e/ t;sK$

;/tktK dk T[sgkdB eoBk j?. fJjBK okjhA wB[Zyh^ftek; d/ okj y[ZbQd/ jB. fJjBK okjhA, wB[Zyh^fIzdrh ;"yh pDdh j?. fufes;k^ftfrnkB B/, wB[Zyh gq/PkBhnK Bz{ xNkfJnk j?. wPhBK okjhA T[d:'rKdk ftek; j'fJnk j?. fdB'^fdB tZXdhnK wB[Zyh^;wZf;nktK Bz{, ftfrnkB s/ seBkb'ih dh wdd Bkbajb eoB ftu, wdd fwb ojh j?. nZiebQ fJ; dh wdd Bkba jh, wB[Zyh GbkJh d/ okj y[ZbQ oj/jB. nZi ftfrnkB s/ seBkb'ih ekoB jh, ;koh d[BhnK fJe rb'pb fgzv torh bZrdh j?. g{ohd[Bhnk, frnkB ns/ ;{uBktK Bz{, fwzNK^;fezNK ftu jh, go;go nkdkB^gqdkB eo ;edh j?.

8H t~Xdh wfjzrkJhnZieZbQ Io{oh t;sK d/ w[Zb, jo o'I tZX oj/ jB. d[ZX, fxT[, dkbaK, ;pIhnK, fpibh, gkDh,

wekB, d[ekB, dtkJhnK, vhIb, g?No'b, r?; nkfd. jo o'I toshnK ikD tkbahnK uhIK d/ w[Zb,n;wkB S{j oj/ jB. fJ; Bkba }ohpK, fdjkVhdkoK ns/ sB\kj T[go r[Ikok eoB tkfbnK Bz{,d' t/b/ dh o'Nh ykDh n"yh j' ojh j?. tgkohnK T[go fJ; dk pj[sk |oe BjhA g?Adk, feT[Afe,T[j nkgDhnK t;sK dhnK ehwsK tXk b?Ad/ jB. fJ; Bkba, nkw nkdwh dhnK ;wZf;nktK j'o thtZX iKdhnK jB. ;oeko ubkT[D tkba/ gqshfBXK Bz{, fJ; gk;/ fXnkB d/D dh b'V j?. T[j nkgDhnKsB\kjK sK, id'A ukj[D ns/ fizBhnK ukj[D tXk b?Ad/ jB. go, nkw b'eK Bz{ fJ; wfjzrkJh dh wko

95

s'A pukT[Dk th, T[jBK dh fIzw/tkoh j?. Io{oh t;sK, fijVhnK wB[Zy dh fIzdrh puk ;edhnK jB,T[jBK dhnK ehwsK T[go, Io{o ;oekoh fBnzsoD j'Dk ukjhdk j?.

9H feskpK dh d';sh

feskpK, ;kvk jw/PK dk ;kEh jB. i/ ;kv/ e'ba feskpK jB sK n;hA edh fJeZb wfj;{; BjhAeod/. feskpK, ;kBz{ G?Vh ;zrs s'A pukT[AdhnK jB. fJ; Bkba, ;kvk frnkB, ;{uBk ns/ f;nkDgtZXdh j?. fJj ;kBz{, ;jh o;sk fdyKdhnK jB. fJj ;kvh, gq/oBk s/ T[sPkj tXkT[AdhnK jB.fJj ;kv/ fdb ns/ fdwk} Bz{ ;zs[fbs oZydhnK jB. feskpK dh u'D, uzr/ d';sK tKr eo', sK i',fJj ;kBz{ uzrk ftnesh pDkT[D. fi; xo ftu feskpK j'D, T[; xo d/ pZu/, nkgD/ nkgfJBQK tZb o[fus j' iKd/ jB. fJ; bJh Io{oh j? fe n;hA nkgD/ gfotko s/ ;wki Bz{, feskpK Bkbai'VhJ/. nkgD/ d';sK ns/ foPs/dkoK Bz{, T[gjko d/D bJh, uzrhnK feskpK th \ohdD dhnkds gkJhJ/.

10H BkBe d[yhnk ;G ;z;ko

r[o{ BkBe d/t ih dh fbyh fJj s[Ze, wB[Zyh^ihtB dh nNZb ;ZukJh j?. jo wB[Zy Bz{ G[b/ykj[zdk j? fe fJe T[jh d[Zyh j?l pkeh ;ko/ ;[Zyh jB. }ohp nkdwh, g?;/ dh szrh ekoB ns/ nwhonkdwh, Pohoe s/ wkBf;e o'rK ekoB d[yh ofjzdk j?. d[ZyK ftu fxfonk pzdk jh, ;zxoP eodkj?. ;zxoP okjhA ftek; d/ okj y[ZbQd/ jB. r[o{ BkBe dh T[ukoh fJj s[Ze, nkgD/ nkg ftu fJeb'e^nykD dk o{g XkoD eo u[Zeh j?. r[o{ BkBe nB[;ko, ;[Zyh f;o| T[jh j?, fi; B/ Bkw Bz{ nkXkopDk fbnk j?. P/\ pkpk |ohd ih th efjzd/ jB fe L “cohdk w? ikfBnk d[y[ w[M e{ d[y[ ;pkfJn?ifr] T{u/ ufV e? d/fynk sK xfo xfo J/jk nfr]”

11H xo dk G/dh bzek Ykjt/

fJj s[Ze th, fJe nykD jh j?. id'A s[jkv/ xo dk jh e'Jh pzdk, s[jkBz{ B[e;kB gj[zukD dhe'fPP eo/ sK T[; t/ba/, fJj nykD p'fbnk iKdk j?. oktD d/ Gok ftGhPD B/ jh, nkgD/ Gok dhikB, wzih d/ gkt/ ftu pzBQh iK X[zBh ftu j'D dk G/d, okw Bz{ dZf;nk ;h. fi; ekoB T[; dh;'B/ dh bzek, Yfj Y/oh j' rJh ns/ T[; dh ikB th rJh. fJ;/ soQK, s[jkv/ gfotko dk e'Jh ihn,foPs/dko, d';s iK fgnkok pzdk, s[jkvh e'Jh ewI'oh d{finK Bz{ dZ;/l fi; ekoB, s[jkBz{ B[e;kBj't/ sK fJjh ejkts Y[Zedh j?. nZiebQ u'DK ;w/A, tZy' tZyohnK gkoNhnK d/ pzd/, nkgDhnK gkoNhnKftu'A fBeb e/, d{ihnK gkoNhnK ftu ik e/, d{ihnK gkoNhnK Bz{ |kfJdk gj[zukT[Ad/ jB sK T[jBKT[go th fJj nykD Y[Zedk j? fe xo dk G/dh, bzek Ykjt/.

96

12H n"osK dh ;[o~fynk

fgZSb/ e[ZM ;kbK s'A, n"osK dk wjkBroK ftu ofjDk ;[oZfyns BjhA ofj frnk. pbksekos/ r?Aro/g dhnK xNBktK tZXdhnK jh ik ojhnK jB. fJ; ftu, S'Nh T[wo dhnK, itkB s/ tZvhT[wo dhnK shthnK th Pkfwb jB. xo, pkjo, ezw tkbahnK EktK T[gol Gkt feXo/ th n"os;[oZfyns BjhA. Xkowe fdZ;D tkba/ pkg{, pkp/, gkyzvh, ;kX{^;zs, fJjBK ezwK ftu fInkdk nZr/jB. nZi d/ ;w/A dh b'V j? fe n"osK, ;oekoK ns/ ;wki fJ; gqfs u/szB j't/, sK i' n"osK th;wki ftu nkIkdh Bkba, nkgDh fIzdrh ;BwkB Bkba ihT{ ;eD. Xkowe nzX^ftPtk; ns/ nzBQhPoXk, fJ; gk;/, tZv/ B[e;kB dk ekoB pD oj/ jB. nZi shthnK Bz{ gVQk fbyk e/, nkgDh ;[oZfynknkg eo ;eD d/ :'r pDkT[D dh b'V j?. wkfgnK dk th |oI j? fe T[j nkgDhnK itkB s/ \{p;{osXhnK Bz{, fJjBK gkyzvh pkfpnK dhnK u/bhnK pDB s'A o'eD ns/ nkgD/ pZfunK Bz{, :'r f;Zfynkd/D, sK i', n;hA nkgD/ ;wki Bz{ fJ; ekfpb pDk ;ehJ/ fe fJ; ftu, n"osK nkgDh fJZIs s/;[oZfynk tkbah fIzdrh ihT{ ;eD.

3H4 (n) ftfrnkgB fbyDkfgnko/ ftfdnkoEhT[ ` s[jkv/ fJwfsjkB bJh nZi d/ ;w/A ns/ b'V nB[;ko, ‘ftfrnkgB’ fJe

Io{oh ftP/ d/ s"o ’s/, s[jkv/ ;b/p; ftu oZfynk frnk j?. t?;/ sK s[;hA, ‘ftfrnkgB’ Ppd s'AikD{ jh j't'r/, go s[jkBz{ ftfrnkgB dhnK ftP/PsktK, b'VK, wzrK, fe;wK, T[d/PK nkfd pko/ th,g{oh ikDekoh j'Dh ukjhdh j?, sK jh s[;hA, efj ;ed/ j' fe s[jkBz{, fJ; ftP/ pko/ g{oB o{g ftuikDekoh jkf;b j' u[Zeh j?. fJBQK ;G rZbK Bz{ fXnkB ftu oZyfdnK, n;hA fJ; gkm ftu, b'VhAdhikDekoh d/D dh g{oh e'fPP eoKr/. fJ; ftP/ pko/ ikDekoh dh b'V, f;o| gqhfynk gk; eoBbJh jh BjhA, pbfe fBZih fIzdrh ftu th i/ fe;/ Bz{ ‘ftfrnkgB’ pko/ ikDekoh BjhA j? sK ;wfMnkiKdk j? fe fJj wB[Zy sK pj[s fgZS/ jh ofj frnk j?.

fJwfsjkBK ftu g[ZS/ rJ/ gqPBK Bz{ jZb eofdnK, s[jkvk fbfynk ‘ftfrnkgB’, E'VQ/ PpdK ftub'VhAdh ikDekoh d/D tkbak ns/ gqGkfts eoB tkbak j'Dk ukjhdk j?. j[D n;hA, fJBQK ;G rZbK Bz{fXnkB ftu oZyfdnK, fJ; ftP/ pko/ uouk nkozG eod/ jK.

ftfrnkgB fe; Bz{ efjzd/ jB <nZi id'A n;hA, ftfrnkgB dh rZb eod/ jK sK ;G s'A gfjbK fJjh gqPB ;kv/ ;kjwD/ nkT[Adk

j? fe fJj ‘ftfrnkgB’, fi; dk g{oh d[BhnK ftu uouk j?, fJj j[zdk eh j? < nZieZbQ jo S'N/pZu/ Bz{ fJj sK gsk j[zdk j? fe NhHthH ’s/ ftfrnkgB fdykJ/ ik oj/ jB. go, T[BQK e'b'A ftfrnkgBdk noE g[ZfSnk ikt/ sK dZ;Dk w[Pfeb j' ikt/rk. e[ZM Ppd, ;kvh o'IkBk fIzdrh ftu n?B/ gqubsj' iKd/ jB fe T[BQK Bz{ n;hA ;fji/ jh, nkgD/ ihtB ftu rqfjD sK eo b?Ad/ jK. go, id'A ;kv/e'ba'A e'Jh fJjBK PpdK dk noE gZ[Sdk j? sK n;hA g{oh soQK, T[BQK Bz{ noE dZ;D ftu ;|b

97

BjhA j[zd/. n;hA PpdK ftu T[bM e/ ofj iKd/ jK. ;kBz{ fJj th :kd BjhA ofjzdk fe PpdK d/fJ;s/wkb Bkba jh n;hA, fe;/ Bz{ gqGkfts BjhA eo ;ed/ iK nkgDk ezw BjhA eo ;ed/. id'A sZefe ;kBz{, T[; d/ ;jh noE Bk gsk j'D.

;kXkoD PpdK ftu n;hA, ‘ftfrnkgB’ Ppd dk noE, ‘wPj{oh’ th b? ;ed/ jK. ftfrnkgBPpd d/ d' nzr jB ftOfrnkgB. ‘ft’ Bz{ n;hA nr/so d/ s"o ’s/ th fJ;s/wkb eod/ jK.

ft & gdkoE

frnkgB & ;{uBk iK ikDekoh

ftfrnkgB & gdkoEK pko/ ikDekoh d/Dk (j[D, gdkoEK d/ Bkba, ;/tktK th i[V rJhnK jB)

nzro/Ih ftu fJ; dk ;wkBkoEh Advertisement Ppd j[zdk j?. fJ; Ppd d/ th fszB gZXoK’s/ noE eo e/, fJ; Bz{ fJT[A ;wfMnk ik ;edk j? L^

Advert & fXnkB fdtkT[Dk iK ;zpzX dZ;Dk

Advertise & b'eK sZe gj[zukT[Dk

Advertisement & n\pkoK, N?bhftIB, ;'Pb whvhnk, gZfsqektK iK j'o sohfenK Bkba,nkgDhnK t;sK s/ ;/tktK tZb, b'eK dk fXnkB fdtkT[Dk.

fJT[A, n;hA efj ;ed/ jK nkgDh pDkJh t;s{ dk ftfrnkgB d/D dk wsbp j?, T[; t;s{tZb, b'eK dk fXnkB fdtkT[Dk. T[; dk ;zpzX dZ;d/ j'J/, T[; t;s{ pko/ b'eK Bz{ frnkB d/ e/,nkeofPs eoBk. sK fe, T[; t;s{ dk b'eK tZb'A fJ;s/wkb ehsk ikt/ ns/ t;sK pDkT[D iK;/tktK d/D tkba/ dh ftZeoh j' ikt/.

‘ftfrnkgB’ Bz{ n;hA, fJe tgkoe y/v th efj ;ed/ jK. nZi d/ wPhBh :[Zr ftu tgkoe\/so ftu, jo o'I BthnK^BthnK t;sK dk T[sgkdB j' fojk j?. pkIko ftu, fJBQK t;sK Bz{ftfrnkgB okjhA g/P ehsk ik ;edk j?. ftfrnkgB uhIK T[sgkfds eoB tkfbanK ns/ uhIK \ohdDtkfbanK Bz{, nkg; ftu i'VD dh eVh dk ezw eodk iK fJBQK Bz{ fJeZfmnK eodk j?. fJe tgkoh,nkgDhnK T[sgkfds t;sK Bz{ eJh sohfenK Bkba ftfrnkfgs eodk j?, fi; Bkba T[gG'rsktK$\ohdkoK Bz{, T[BQK t;sK pko/ frnkB gqkgs j[zdk j? ns/ T[BQK d/ wB ftu, T[BQK t;sK Bz{ \ohdDdh bkb;k g?dk j[zdh j?.

fJe uzr/ ftfrnkgB dhnK ftP/PsktK

fJe uzr/ ftfrnkgB dhnK e[ZM gqw[Zy ftP/PsktK j/mK fbyhnK jB L^

1H fJj wB[Zyh^wB'ftfrnkB T[go nkXkos j'D/ ukjhd/ jB. wB'ftfrnkB, wB[Zyh^wB d/nfXn?B Bkba ;zpzX oZydk j?. fJ; dk ftfrnkgB Bkba, B/V/ dk ;zpzX fJ; bJh j? fe

98

fe;/ th wB[Zy Bz{, fe;/ ftP/P^t;s{ dh \ohd tZb nkeofPs eoB bJh, ;kBz{ wB[Zyh^wBdhnK b'VK, fJZSktK ns/ ohMK dh ikDekoh j'Dh ukjhdh j?. fJj ikDekoh, wB'ftfrnBs'A jh gqkgs j[zdh j?. fJjh ekoB j? fe uzrk ftfrnkgB fbyDk nk;kB ezw BjhA, ;r'AfJ; bJh, vz{xh :'rsk dh b'V j[zdh j?. ftfrnkgB fbyD ftu ;G s'A tZvh :'rsk,wB'ftfrnkB dk frnkB jh wzBh iKdh j?. fw;kb ti'A e'Jh uhI, i/ n"osK d/ fJ;s/wkbdh j?, sK T[; dk ftfrnkgB, fJ; soQK dk j'Dk ukjhdk j? fijVk n"osK Bz{ \k; s"o’s/ nkeofPs eo ;e/. i/ e'Jh uhI nkdwhnK dh tos'A tkbah j?, sK T[BQK dh g;zd Bz{d/yfdnK jh, ftfrnkgB fsnko eoBk ukjhdk j?.

2H nkwdBh d/ tZy tZy gZXoK Bz{ d/yfdnK, ftfrnkgB nfijk j'Dk ukjhdk j? fe uhIK dhehws th, T[BQK dh \ohdD dh skes d/ nB[;ko j't/. fJ;/ soQK, ftfrnkgB fbyDt/ba/ fGzB fGzB t;s{nK Bz{ torK dh fdbu;gh ns/ T[BQK dh wzr Bz{ th fXnkB ftu oZyDkg?Adk j?. fJ; soQK, nkoEe fdqPNh s'A pD/, tZy' tZyo/ torK dhnK b'VK, ftfrnkgB b/yD Bz{ gqGkfts eodhnK jB. fw;kb ti'A, T[gobh wZX^Pq/Dh d/ b'eK dh nkoEe j?;hns,wfjzr/ w[Zb dhnK t;sK \ohdD tkbah j[zdh j?. T[BQK dh fdbu;gh Bz{ irkT[D bJh,ftfrnkgB nfijk j'Dk ukjhdk j? fe T[j T[sgkfds t;s{ Bz{, nwhoh iK T[~usk dk gqshepDk e/ g/P eo/. fit/A fe n;hA ;ko/ fJj sK ikDd/ jh jK fe b}Ioh eko, fJe nfijht;s{ j? fe i' nkw ftnesh BjhA \ohd ;edk ns/ f;bkJh wPhB, fJe nfijh t;s{j?, fi; Bz{ ;kXkoD ftnesh th \ohd ;edk j?. feT[Afe, T[; Bkba T[; Bz{ nkoEe wddth fwb ;edh j?.

3H ftfrnkgB dh ;G s'A tZvh ftP/Psk, T[; dh nkeoPD Pesh j?. fe;/ th ftfrnkgBbJh, fJj pj[s Io{oh rZb j? fe T[; Bz{, nfij/ nkeofPs Yzr Bkba g/P ehsk ikt/ feT[j tZX s'A tZX b'eK Bz{, nkgD/ tZb fyZu/. ;[zdo s/ n;odko fuZso$ub^fuZso tkba/ftfrnkgB, fInkdk uzr/ wzB/ iKd/ jB. fit/A fe s[;hA, nZieZbQ d{odoPB 's/ jh pj[s ;ko/ftfrnkgBK Bz{ d/yd/ j', fiBQK Bz{ tZy' tZyo/ YzrK Bkba g/P ehsk iKdk j?. jo fJeftfrnkgB, fJe^d{i/ s'A e[ZM edw, nZr/ tZfXnk gqshs j[zdk j?. T[; ftu i/ pZfunK dhnKr'bahnK, ukeb/NK, y/vK nkfd bJh ftfrnkgB j't/, sK T[; ftu pZfunK Bz{, nfij/ ezweod/ ftykfJnk iKdk j? fe pZu/ \[d^p^\[d, T[; tZb nkeofPs j' iKd/ jB ns/ nkgD/wksk^fgsk Bz{, T[; uhI Bz{ b? e/ d/D bJh fIZd eo e/, wBk jh b?Ad/ jB. eJh tko sKT[j, fJBQK ftfrnkgBK s'A n?B/ gqGkfts j' iKd/ jB fe nkg th T[BQK ftfrnkgBK ftug/P ehs/ pZfunK tKr jh, eoB dh e'fPP eod/ jB. pj[s S'N/ pZu/ th ftfrnkgB Bz{,pV/ fXnkB Bkba t/yd/$ ;[Dd/ jB.

4H ftfrnkgBK okjhA tZX s'A tZX wPj{oh eoB bJh, fJ; rZb dk th fXnkB oZyDk ukjhdkj? fe T[; ftu tZX s'A tZX d[jokT[ tkbah rZb th j't/, sK fe b'eK Bz{, T[BQK uhI pko/:kd oj/. fit/A fe, n;hA e'Jh rZb :kd eoBh j't/ sK T[; B{z d[jok e/ :kd eod/jK. T[;h soQK jh id'A sZe ftfrnkgBK dk d[jokT[ BjhA j[zdk, T[d'A sZe b'eK nzdo, T[;

99

uhI gqfs o[Zuh g?dk BjhA ehsh ik ;edh. fJ;/ bJh, fJe fJe uhI dh wPj{ohbJh s[;hA tZy tZy ;w/A s/ eJh eJh tko, T[; d/ ;zgoe ftu nkT[Ad/ j' ns/ s[jkvkwB eodk j? fe feT[A Bk fJ; Bz{ fJ;s/wkb eo e/ d/fynk ikt/. fJ;/ bJh sK id'As[;hA, f|bwK d/yD f;B/wk jkb ’u iKd/ j' iK xo ftu jh, d{odoPB 's/ e'Jh \k; ftP/’s/ gq'rokw nk fojk j't/, sK T[; ftu pko pko ftfrnkgB fdykJ/ iKd/ jB. feT[Afe,d{odoPB tkfbanK B{z gsk j[zdk j? fe fJ; ;w/A b'e, fJjBK ftfrnkgBK Bz{ fXnkBBkba d/yDr/.

5H nZi d/ wPhBh :[Zr ftu b'eK e'ba n?Bk ;wK BjhA j[zdk fe T[j, T[jBK uhIK tZb fXnkBd/ ;eD, fiBQK Bz{ T[j nkgDh tos'A ftu BjhA fbnkT[Ad/. ftfrnkgB pDkT[D iK fbyDtkba/a Bz{, fJ; rZb dk fXnkB oZyDk ukjhdk j?. ftfrnkgB T[jh ;|b wzfBnk iKdk j?,fijVk ;zy/g o{g ftu j[zdk j'fJnk th, Bt/A T[sgkd pko/ g{oh ikDekoh d/ ;e/. fInkdktZv/ ftfrnkgB, Bk sK b'eK Bz{ nkgD/ tZb nkeofPs eod/ jB ns/ Bk jh, b'eK ’s/ nkgDkgqGkt SZvd/ jB. fJ; s'A fJbktk, T[BQK T[~s/ T[sgkde Bz{ tX/o/ \ouk th eoBk g?Adk j?.fJ; s/I d"V ns/ o[M/t/A Goh fIzdrh ftu, id'A E'VQ/ ;w/A ns/ E'VQ/ PpdK tkb/a ftfrnkgBg/P ehs/ ikD, i' fe E'VQ/ ;w/A ftu, fe;/ t;s{ pko/ tZX s'A tZX ikDekoh d/ ;eD ns/b'eK Bz{, T[j t;s{ \ohdD tZb gq/fos eo ;eD, T[jh ftfrnkgB ;G s'A T[~sw ns/ ;|bwzB/ iKd/ jB.

ftfrnkgB d/ bkG ns/ T[d/P

ftfrnkgB d/ pj[s ;ko/ bkG j[zd/ jB, fJ;/ bJh sK nZieZbQ ftfrnkgBK d/ sohe/ ns/ ehwsKth n?BhnK tZX jB. T[sgkde Bz{ fJBQK ftfrnkgBK Bkba, ek|h |kfJdk j[zdk j?. fJ;/ bJh, T[jgfjbK nkgDh T[sgkfds t;s{ pko/, b'eK sZe ikDekoh gjz[ukT[Adk j?. s[;hA ikDd/ jh j' fe noE^Pk;sq dk fJj B/w j? fe fiT[A fiT[A fe;/ uhI dh wzr tZXdh j?, T[;/ soQK jh, T[; dh g{osh ’s/n;o g?Adk j? ns/ T[; dh ehws th tZX iKdh j?. ftfrnkgBK dk bkG, f;o| T[sgkdeK Bz{ jhBjhA j[zdk, ;r'A d/P d/ b'eK Bz{ th j[zdk j?.

T[sgkdeK Bz{ bkG

fJ; dk ;G s'A gfjbk ns/ tZvk bkG, sK T[sgkdeK Bz{ j[zdk j?. feT[Afe, T[j fi; BthA uhIdk T[sgkdB eod/ jB, T[; Bz{ pkIko ftu fbnk e/, tZX s'A tZX g?;k ewkT[Dk jh, T[BQK dk w{bT[d/P j[zdk j?. nkgD/ tZy tZy ftfrnkgBK okjhA, T[j b'eK Bz{ n?Bk gqGkfts eod/ jB fe b'e,nkgDhnK b'VK ns/ n?P'^nkokw Bz{ g{ok eoB bJh, fJBQK uhIK Bz{ \ohdd/ jB. id'A fJe tkoh pkIkoftu, T[BQK T[sgkdeK dhnK uhIK fInkdk frDsh ftu ftZeDhnK P[o{ j' iKdhnK jB sK T[BQK dh‘r[vftb’ pD iKdh j?, fi; dk |kfJd/wzd n;o, T[BQK d[nkok T[sgkfds nrbhnK t;s{nK dhftZeoh ’s/ th g?Adk j? ns/ T[j fJBQK ftfrnkgBK okjhA, eJh r[DK tX/o/ fteoh eo e/, tX/o/ bkGewkT[Ad/ jB.

100

d/P Bz{ bkG

ftfrnkgBK dk n;o d/P dh soZeh ns/ nkwdBh ’s/ th g?Adk j? ns/ ;oeko Bz{ th, bkG gqkgsj[zdk j?. id'A o/vhT[ ns/ d{odoPB nkfd okjhA ftfrnkgB g/P ehs/ iKd/ jB sK ;oeko Bz{, T[BQKftfrnkgBK s'A ekch nkwdB jz[dh j?. d{ik fJj fe fBZih ezgBhnK BthnK ns/ tZXhnk uhIKpDkT[AdhnK jB, fiBQK eoe/, d/P dk BK g{oh d[BhnK ftu th gqf;ZX jz[dk j? ns/ t;sK dh pkjob/w[beK ftu ftZeoh s'A, d/P Bz{ th nkoEe bkG gj[zudk j?. d/P ftu ns/ d/P d/ pkjo ftZeD rJ/wkb T[go, ;oeko Bz{ ihHn?~;HNhH ns/ j'o eJh soQK d/ N?~e; gqkgs j[zd/ jB.

T[gG'rsk Bz{ bkG

fJBQK ftfrnkgBK okjhA, T[gG'rsk Bz{ fJj bkG j[zdk j? fe T[BQK Bz{ xo p?fmnK jh, BthnKT[sgkfds uhIK pko/ ikDekoh jkf;b j' iKdh j?, fiBQK Bz{ fJ;s/wkb eo e/, T[j nkgDh fIzdrhBz{ j'o nkokwdkfJe pDk ;ed/ jB iK T[BQK uhIK dh pd"bs, nkoEe soZeh eo ;ed/ jB. fJ;soQK, n;hA d/yd/ jK fe ftfrnkgBK d/ pj[s tZv/ tZv/ bkG jB. ftfrnkgB fbyD ;w/A fJ; rZbdk fXnkB th oZyDk ukjhdk j? fe T[j ftfrnkfgs t;s{ d/ r[DK dh, jZd'A tZX skoh| Bk eo/, BjhAsK b'eK d/ wB ftu, T[; t;s{ pko/ pfDnk Gow N[ZN ikt/rk ns/ fJ; d/ Bkba T[j, T[; T[skgdedh pDkJh j'Jh th t;s{ Bz{ \ohdDk g;zd BjhA eoBr/. fJj' fij/ ftfrnkgB, Bk f;o| rkje d/ftPtk; Bz{ X'yk fdzd/ jB, go, T[j f;o| fJe tko jh X'yk d/ ;ed/ jB, tko tko BjhA. ;Gs'A tZvk B[e;kB, T[; t/b/a j[zdk j?, id'A ftfrnkgB ftu sK uhI dh ekch skoh| ehsh iKdh j?,go T[; dh n;bhns e[ZM j'o jh j[zdh j?. ftfrnkgBK dk wZ[y T[d/P, fe;/ uhI Bz{ tZX s'A tZXb'eK ftu gqubs eoBk ns/ tZX s'A tZX bkG ewkT[Ad/ j'J/ b'eK Bz{, fJBQK BthnK uhIK pko/ ikD{eokT[Dk j[zdk j?.

tgkoe \/so ftu ftfrnkgB dh EK

ftfrnkgB okjhA b'eK Bz{, T[BQK uhIK d/ wjZst s/ Io{os pko/ gsk bZrdk j?, fiBQK pko/, T[BQKB/ edh ;[fDnk th BjhA jz[dk. ftfrnkgBK okjhA jh fe;/ uhI dh wzr tZXdh j?, tgko d/ \/softu ftfrnkgBK dh pj[s wjZssk j?. feT[Afe, ftfrnkgB nkgD/ tgko Bz{ c?bkT[D ns/ tXkT[D bJh,;G s'A T[sw ;kXB j?. ftfrnkgB Bz{ tgkoe \/so ftu, ohVQ dh jZvh wzfBnk iKdk j?. i/ fe;/dh ohVQ dh jZvh ftu, e'Jh \okph nk ikt/, sK T[j nkgD/ ihtB Bz{ mhe sohe/ Bkba BjhA ubk;edk. T[j f;ZXh soQK T[m^p?m jh BjhA ;e/rk. fJ;/ soQK e'Jh th tgkoh tgko dh d[BhnK ftufpBK ftfrnkgB d/ BjhA fNZe ;edk. tgkoe \/so ftu, ftfrnkgB jh fJe n?;k w[ZbtkB ;kXBj?, fi; okjhA fJe tgkoh, d/P^d[BhnK d/ e'B/ e'B/ ftu, nkgDhnK T[sgkfds t;s{nK Bz{, wPj{oeo ;edk j?. nZieZbQ sK t?;/ th ftfrnkgBK d/ nfij/ Bt/A Bt/A sohe/ ;kjwD/ nk oj/ jB fejo e'Jh, fJBQK dh ;jkfJsk Bkba tgko dh d[BhnK ftu, ;G s'A nZr/ tZXDk ukjz[dk j?. ;Zuw[Zu,i/ fJj ftfrnkgB Bk j'D, sK nZi fizBh soZeh n;hA eo u[Ze/ jK, T[; s'A pj[s fgZS/ jh ofjiKd/. fJ; rZb Bz{ n;hA, fJT[A th efj ;ed/ jK fe nZi ftfrnkgB tgko d/ fdb dh XVeD pDu[Zfenk j?. i/ fJj XVeD pzd j' ikt/, sK ;kok tgko jh mZg j' e/ ofj ikt/.

101

ftfrnkgBK dh gqeko tzv

fiT[A fiT[A d[BhnK ftu, jo gk;/ soZeh j' ojh j?, T[; d/ Bkba Bkba, ftfrnkgBK d/ th eJhBt/A Bt/A sohe/ ;kjwD/ nk oj/ jB. n;hA ;ko/ jh ikDd/ jK fe ;VeK d/ feBko/ ozr^fpozr/,nkeofPs eoB tkba/ p'ov, j'ofvzr, dhtkoK 's/ bZr/ j'J/ tZv/ tZv/ fJPfsjkol d[ekBK d/ pkjo M"AgVhB[wk p'ov T[j fJPfsjko fijV/ fe b'eK Bz{ jZE'A jZEhA tzv/ iKd/ jB, fJj ;ko/, ftZeoh tXkT[D d/IohJ/ j[zd/ jB. i/ n;hA f|bw t/yD iKd/ jK sK T[~E/ th gfjbK, ftfrnkgBK dhnK ;bkJhv;fdykT[Ad/ jB. o/vhT[ ns/ d{odoPB th, fJBQK tgkoe ftfrnkgBK d/ wjZstg{oB IohJ/ jB. nZieZbQsK d{odoPB ftu, tZy tZy sohfenK d/ ftfrnkgB, wB'ozie Yzr Bkba g/P ehs/ iKd/ jB. nZieZbQsK S'N/ s'A S'Nk pZuk th, wK ns/ j'o E'VQ/ fij/ Ppd f;ZyD s'A pknd, fJBQK ftfrnkgBK dh ;[oBkba ;[o fwbk e/, T[j' fijhnK jh rZbK$joesK eoBhnK P[o{ eo fdzdk j?.

ftfrnkgB d/ ;kXBK dh gqeko tzv eoB bZfrnK, n;hA T[j g{o/ ;kXB$IohJ/ BjhA frDk;eKr/, fijV/ nZieZbQ gqubs jB. feT[Afe, o'I jh sK e'Jh Bk e'Jh tZX gqGkfts eoB tkbak ns/tZX s'A tZX b'eK d/ ;zgoe ftu nkT[D tkbak ;kXB, bZG fbnk iKdk j? sK fe T[; ftu th, b'eKBz{ e'Jh pdbkT[ BIo nkt/ ns/ T[BQK Bz{ \ohdD bJh T[sPkfjs ehsk ik ;e/. pdbkT[ jh, fIzdrhdk Bkw j?. i/ ;G e[ZM ekch d/o sZe fJe' fijk jh ubdk oj/rk sK th ;kvh fIzdrh ftu, Bho;sknkT[Dh ;[Gkte j' iKdh j?. fJ;/ bJh sK E'VQ/ E'VQ/ fdBK pknd, fJe jh uhI d/ ftfrnkgB ftuth eZ[M pdbkT[ fbnkfJnk iKdk j?. edh, ';/b' brk fdZsh iKdh j? ns/ edh, T[; d/ Bkba e[ZM w[|sT[gjko d/D dk n?bkB eo fdZsk iKdk j?. sK fe b'e nkgDk |kfJdk jkf;b eoB d/ uZeo ftu,T[sgkde Bz{ th g{ok g{ok |kfJdk gj[zukT[D. nZieZbQ ;'Pb whvhnk ns/ tZy' tZyohnK n?g; d/ okjhAth, pV/ gqGktPkbh ftfrnkgB fdZs/ iKd/ jB.

ftfrnkgBK bJh eJh sohfenK$;kXBK dk fJ;s/wkb ehsk iKdk j?. fit/A fe L o/vhT[,d{odoPB, n\pkoK, gZfsqektK, fJPfsjko, g';No, tZv/ tZv/ p'ov, p?Bo, f;B/wk, e/pb NhHthH ns/EK EK x[zw e/, bkT{v ;gheoK okjhA ftfrnkgB d/Dk. pZ; ;N?AvK, w?No' gb/N|kowK, w?No' o/bK d/pkjoh fjZf;nK Bz{ ozr^pozrk g/AN eo e/ nkfd. pZ;K s/ o/brZvhnK ftu T[~uk T[~uk p'b e/, nkgDht;s{ dh wPj{oh eoBk ns/ w[|s ;?Agb$Bw{Bk, s'j|k nkfd d/Dk. xo xo ik e/, nkgDhnK uhIKxZN w[Zb ’s/ d/Dk ns/ Bkba, w[|s s'j|/ d/Dk. fJZE'A sZe fe pZ;K$o/brZvhnK s/ ijkIK ftu ;|oeoB bJh fwbD tkbahnK fNeNK okjhA th, ftfrnkgB fdZs/ ikD bZr gJ/ jB.

fJBQK s'A fJbktk, j'o th eJh sohe/ jB, fijV/ ftfrnkgBK d/ ;kXBK d/ o{g ftu tos/ iKd/jB. s[jkv/ fJwfsjkB bJh, ftfrnkgB d/ fijV/ sohe/ dh tX/o/ rZb ehsh iKdh j?, T[j n\pkohftfrnkgB j?. n\pkoK, ftfrnkgB bJh pVh wjZstg{oB G{fwek fBGkT[AdhnK jB. jo soQK dhnKt;s{nK ns/ ;/tktK d/ ftfrnkgB, n\pkoK ftu fdZs/ ik ;ed/ jB. fJj tgko Bz{ nZr/ tXkT[Dftu, g{oh soQK ;jkfJe jz[dhnK jB. i/ fJe T[d:'rgsh iK tgkoh nkgD/ tgko Bz{ nZr/ tXkT[Dkukj[zdk j? sK T[j nkgD/ pDkJ/ ;wkB dh wPj{oh bJh iK j'o b'VK g{ohnK eoB bJh, n\pko ftuftfrnkgB fdzdk j?. fJj ftfrnkgB, f;ZX/ iK nf;ZX/ s"o ’s/, wkbe ns/ B"eo, d'jK bJh ‘b'Vj?’, ekbw okjhA th wdd eodk j?.

102

n\pkoK ftu Sg/ ftfrnkgBK dh frDsh th, fdB'^fdB tZXdh ik ojh j?. feT[Afe, n\pkodh ;kv/ ihtB ftu pj[s nfjwhns j[zdh j?. n\pkoK, fJe n?;k Iohnk jB, i' seohpB joo'I ;kv/ ;zgoe ftu nkT[AdhnK jB. tZy' tZyohnK n\pkoK, tZy' tZyohnK EktK s'A SgdhnK jBns/ d{i/ okiK ftu th G/ihnK iKdhnK jB. fi; Bkba, d/P ftd/P dhnK \poK s'A fJbktk pj[s;kohnK Io{oh t;sK, b'VK nkfd dh ikDekoh th, ;kBz{ ftfrnkgBK okjhA fJBQK n\pkoK s'A gqkgsj' iKdh j?. fJBQK ftfrnkgBK dh SgkJh dh ehws th, T[;h o|sko Bkba tZXdh ik ojh j?, fi;o|sko Bkba, ftfrnkgBK bJh n\pkoK ftu gzB/. fJZE'A sZe fe j[D n\pkoK d/ gfjb/ ns/ nk\ohgzB/, ftfrnkgB jh j[zd/ jB. \poK ns/ b/y nkfd, nzdob/ fjZf;nK ftu ik e/, d[i?bk ;EkB gqkgseod/ ik oj/ jB. j[D gfjb/ ;EkB T[go ftfrnkgB ns/ d{i/^shi/ ;EkB T[go \poK s/ b/y nkfddh gozgok pDdh ik ojh j?. ni'e/ ;w/A ftu fJj n\pkoh ftfrnkgB th, nkwdBh d/ tZv/ ;q's;wM/ iKd/ jB. n\pkoh ftfrnkgBK dh n?Bh Gowko j' rJh j? fe n\pkoK SkgD tkfbanK Bz{,ftfrnkgB bJh EK sK tXkT[Dh jh gJh j?, Bkba/ SgkJh d/ nZyo th S'N/ j' rJ/ sK fe tZX s'AtZX ftfrnkgB, E'VQh irQk ftu nk ;eD. ftfrnkgBK dk th fpbe[b T[jh jkb ikgdk j?,fit/A wjKBro ftu b'eK dh GhV ns/ T[BQK d/ ;wkT[D bJh EK dh xkN s/ Bkb jh tZXdhnK ehwsK.

n\pkoK ftu tZy tZy fe;wK d/ ftfrnkgBK bJh, tZy tZy \kB/ iK ekbw Bhns ehs/ rJ/j[zd/ jB. fJe' fe;w d/ ftfrnkgBK bJh e[ZM ftP/P EK Bhns ehsh jz[dh j?, eZ[M j'o fe;w d/ekbwK bJh, j'o tZyoh EK Bh:s ehsh j[zdh j?. fJj ;G ekbw, ftP/ nB[;ko jh Bhns ehs/ j[zd/jB fit/A fe L^

\kbh EktK, b'V j?, fBbkwh, nkw ;{uBk, ikfJdkd ftekT{, to dh b'V, ezfBnK dh b'V, r[nku/dh Gkb, gkm dk G'r, yohdDk s/ t/uDk, ukjhdk j?, dk\b/ bJh, i'fsP, N?Avo B'fN;, s;thoK ;fjse[ZM fJPfsjkoh ftfrnkgB, ndkbsh ;{uBktK, BK dh spdhbh, ikfJdkd s'A p/d\bh, nghb ns/o[Irko ;/tktK nkfd nkfd.

ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ fJ; rZb dk th fXnkB oj/ fe i/ fJwfsjkB ftu gZ[S/ rJ/ gqPB ftu, fJjBjhA fbfynk frnk fe ftfrnkgB, fe; f;ob/y j/m fbyDk j? < sK th, T[BQK bJh Io{oh j? feg[ZS/ rJ/ gqPB d/ T[~so d/ Bkba Bkba, T[; dk f;ob/y th fbyD. nZr/ ub e/ (gkm Bzpo L 8’u) n;hA e[ZM ftfrnkgBK dhnK T[dkjoDK, s[jkvh ;j{bs bJh g/P eoKr/.

B'N L fJ; gkm dh fsnkoh bJh, fiBQK wjZstg{oB ;whfynk^g[;seK s'A ;jkfJsk bJh rJh j?,T[BQK dh ft;fsqs ;{uh, fJ; gkm Bzpo L 8 d/ nzs ’s/ doI ehsh rJh j?. i/eoftfdnkoEh, fJ; ftP/ T[go j'o vz{xh ikDekoh jkf;b eoBk b'ud/ jB, T[j fJBQK g[;seKdk nfXn?B th eoB.

gqPBktbhgqPB 1H g?ok ouBk fe; Bz{ efjzd/ jB < fJ; Bz{ fbyfdnK fejVhnK, rZbK dk fXnkB oZyDk g?Adk

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gqPB 7H f;B/wk ns/ N?bhftIB ftu nkT[D tkb/a ftfrnkgBK pko/, ;zy/g B'N fby'.


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104

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3H id'A n;hA e'Jh ftfrnkgB, fe;/ n\pko ftu SgtkT[Dk j't/ sK T[; dk w[Zb, n;hA PpdKns/ EK d/ fj;kp Bkba d/Dk j[zdk j?. fJ; bJh, ;kBz{ fJBQK ftfrnkgBK ftu E'VQ/ PpdKokjhA, nkgDh rZb g/P eoBh ukjhdh j?.

4H fJj Io{oh BjhA j[zdk fe ftfrnkgB, ftnkeoBe s"o ’s/ mhe j't/. i/ n;hA ftfrnkgBBz{ ftnkeoBe s"o ’s/ mhe fbyD dh e'fPP eoKr/, sK T[BQK dk nkeko tZvk j' ikt/rkns/ T[j tZX EK x/oDr/. Bkba jh, w[Zb th tZX d/Dk gt/rk. nkgDh rZb Bz{, xZN s'A xZNPpdK ftu g/P eoBk j[zdk j?. f;o| n?Bk fXnkB oj/ fe s[jkvh rZb, d{i/ sZe ;gZPNo{g ftu gj[zu ;e/.


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“gfjb/ fJ;s/wkb eo/A, fco ftPtk; eo/A.”

111

t;s{ gqfs ftPtk; eoB s'A gfjbK, T[; dk fJ;s/wkb eoB bJh, T[gG'rsk B{z gq/fos eodhj?.

fJe 20^25 ;fezNK d/ ftfrnkgB dh, fJe ‘w[Zy$e/Adoh sZ[e’ (Tag Line) jh, ftfrnkgB ns/t;s—d'jK dk ;ko g/P eoB dh ;woZEk ;kfps eodh j?.

ni'e/, ftPt wjKwkoh ‘B'tb L e'o'Bk tkfJo;’ d/ w[Pfeb ;w/A ftu ftfrnkgB irs Bz{ t;sKdh ftZeoh ftu tkX/ bJh ns/ T[gG'rsk Bz{ wBkT[D$foMkT[D bJh, eJh b'VhAdhnK spdhbhnK ehshnKjB. jkbKfe, fJj fJ; pkIkotkd dh ewhA j?, T[;dh ;hwk (drawback) j? fe nZi dk tgkoh, t;s{dh ftZeoh Bz{, e/tb nkgD/ w[Bk|/ d/ BIohJ/ s'A ubzs oZydk j?. T[gG'rsk d/ Gb/^p[o/ Bkba, T[;dk e'Jh ;zpzX BjhA fojk iK efj bt', f|Zek g? frnk j?.

e'o'Bk wjKwkoh Bz{ th tgkohnK B/, ftfrnkgBK dh nkV ftu pj[s ubkeh Bkba, nkgD/ tgkodk fJe Iohnk pDk fbnk j?. ‘;kpD’ dk T[sgkdB eoB tkbah brGr jo/e ezgBh B/, fJ; Bz{nkgD/ bkG Bz{ u'yk eoB dk t;hbk pDkT[D ftu, e'Jh e;o BjhA SZvh.

‘fvN"b’, ‘bkJh|p[nkfJ’ torhnK, Pohoe tkfJo;êhNkD{nK fto[ZX, nkgD/ ;kpD Bz{ T[~sw dZ;DtkbahnK ezgBhnK, j[D nkgD/ gdkoE Bz{, e'o'Bk d/ ehNkD{nK T[go th 90# s'A 99H99# sZe jkthj'D dk dkntk eodhnK jB. fJj' fij/ dknt/, d{;ohnK t;sK d/ ftfrnkgB th eo oj/ jB.

gozs{, soe ofjs fJj ftfrnkgB, fgZSb/ T[sgkdB ns/ ftZeoh bkG Bz{, pk\{ph ;wMD tkbakwB[Zy, fJ; rZb ’s/ gqPB u[Zedk j? fe i/eo 99# sZe e'o'Bk^feNkD{nK Bz{ jokT[D dh Pesh, f;o|fJe ;kpD dh fNZeh ftu j?, sK ftPt Go d/ ‘f;js ftGkr’, fJe |h;dh feNkD{nK fgZS/, ‘t?e;hB’d/ fBowkD bJh, fdBôks fwjBs feT[A eo oj/ jB < tgko \/so d/ S'N/ s'A tZv/ tor sZe, brGrjo fe;/ B/, fJ; ;w/A ;?^;[Zuwsk (personal hygene) bJh b'VhAd/ ‘;?BhNkJhIo’, ‘j?Av tkP’, ‘wk;e’nkfd dk fBowkD ekoi, nkozG eo fdZsk j?.

T[dkjoD ti'A, Pohoe szdo[;sh bJh skes dk wzso—‘u:tBgokP’ d/D tkbah ‘vkpo’ ezgBhth, ;?BhNkJhIo dk fBowkDêkoi nkozG eo uZ[eh j?. fJ; j?Av ;?BhNkJhIo ns/ ;kXkoD;?BhNkJhIo d/ \/so ftu, Bt/A Bt/A pqKv j'Ad ftu nk uZ[e/ jB.

g[oksB iVQhnK p{NhnK ;fjs, uwVh Bz{ e'wb ns/ w[bkfJw pDkT[D tkb/a ;kpD dk gquko eoBtkba/, j[D fJjBK Bz{ jh, e'o'Bk tkfJo; dk d[PwD dZ;D dk dkntk eo oj/ jB. eZ[M T[dkjoDKt/y' L^

! Bzpo 1 ;kpD L

w[zvk ^ pkjo ;/ ;wkB nk frnk (pkjo'A ;wkB fbnKdk j?)

e[Vh ^ np ;kp[B ;/ jkE X'B/ eh pkoh j? (j[D jZE X'D dh tkoh j?)

112

! \[Pp{dko uzdB tkbk ;zs{o ;kpD L

HHHfdB w/A d' pko BjkB/ ;/ jw tkfJo; e' |?bB/ ;/ o'e ;es/ j?A

(jo o'I, d' tkoh Bjk e/, n;hA tkfJo; B{z c?bD s'A o'e ;ed/ jK)

! ‘fvN"b’ e'ftv^19 f\bk| n;odko

99H9 ch;dh IowK dk BkP eo/.

! mzve gj[zukT[D tkbak f;zE'b ;kpD$;?BhNkJhIo L

\[d f;zE'b^;tZS j'tKr/ sK jh

sK jh f;zE'b^;tZS j'J/rk Gkos

e'o'Bk s'A pu', f;zE'b tos'.

pj[s ;kohnK ezgBhnK B/ sob gdkoE ti'A, ;?BhNkJhIo pDkT[D/ nkozG eo fdZs/ jB. fJ;d"V ftu, ;z[dosk ns/ mzve gj[zukT[D tkb/a ;kpD, w[Zy s"o ’s/ jZE X'D d/ fBod/PK Bz{ nkXko pDke/ ezgBhnK, nkgD/ ftfrnkgBK ns/ gquko ftu, nkgD/ T[sgkd Bz{ T[~sw fdykT[D dh j'V ftu jB.fit/A fe L^

! ;z[dosk tXkT[D d/ gdkoE t/uD tkbah ‘c/no n?Av btbh’ th, fe;/ s'A fgZS/ BjhA, 'c/;tkP' d/ ftfrnkgB ftu T[; dk eEB j? L

HHHjkE'A e' ;[oZefPs eo bhnk (jZEK Bz{ ;[oZfyns eo fbnk)

np wz{j e' Gh ;[oZefPs eo b' (j[D wz{j Bz{ th ;[oZfyns eo bt')

c/no n?Av btbh c/; tkP

fJ;/ gqeko ‘nkjko’ ;zpzXs eJh ftfrnkgBK d/ T[dkjoD, fJ;/ gqeko dh GkPk Bz{ tos e/,nkgD/ T[sgkdK dh ftZeoh tXk oj/ jB. fit/A fe L^

! jkofbe; L

“HHH;No'Ar fJwhT{fBNh bJh ftNkfwB ;hH vhH

n?Av fize :[esHHH”

113

! “B'tk P[~X fxT[ ykT[ l fJwhT{fBNh tXkT[l szdo[;s oj', fpwkoh GikT[”

! etkfbNh tkbI L

Happiness is Essential $ y[Ph Io{oh j?

;zs[fbs nkjko d/ s"o ’s/ ;/tB eo'.

! o?Zv b/pb ukj^g~sh L

“fJeKstk; j'J/ gV";h bJh L d{o ofj e/ th e/no ftyk ;ed/ jK.”

! gq'NhB?Ze; L

d; g"PfNe sZsK Bkba fJwT[{fBNh tXkT[D ftu wdd eo/

szdo[;sh tXkJ/l eo'Bk s'A pukt/.

t;sK s'A fJbktk, NhHthH irs ftu, ‘fpr w?fIe’ ns/ ‘Ih’ d/ u?BbK tZb'A, b'eK Bz{ jZE X'Ddh gq/oBk d/D bJh, fdB ’u eJh tko fJ; fBod/P d/ Bkba Bkba, ;eqhB s/ 20 ;fezN dk ;wK,xVh ftyk e/, doPeK bJh fJzsIko ehsk ikD bZrk. sK i' T[sBk fuo, Bk sK doPeK dk gq'rokwS[ZN/ ns/ tkfJo; s'A pukn \kso, jZE th X's/ ikD. fJT[A, tkfJo; s'A vo dh GktBk Bz{, ftfrnkgBKdh d[BhnK ftu, G[BkfJnk ik fojk j?. ;zg{oB s"o ’s/, ftfrnkgB dh wkBf;esk Bkba i[Vh GkPkdk w[Zy e/Ado, t;sK dh ftZeoh tXkT[D ns/ T[jBK Bz{ b'e fgnkok pDkT[D tZb ekoiPhb jz[dh j?.ni'e/ pdbd/ :[Zr ftu, ftfrnkgBK ftu tos/ ikD tkba/ PpdK okjhA, t;sK dh ftZeoh Bz{ gqGkftseoB dh g[oI'o e'fPP ehsh iKdh j?. t;sK d/ fBowkD ftu, c/o^pdb eoB Bkba'A, ftfrnkgBdh GkPk Bz{ pdb e/, fezBh j[fPnkoh Bkba tgkoh tor, nkgD/ T[sgkd Bz{ t/uD ftu s/Ih Bkba ;|bj' fojk j?. fJj pVh j?okBh dh rZb j?.

uzr/ T[gG'rsk pD' l ikrfos oj' l ;[u/s oj'.

B'N L fJ; gkm dh fsnkoh bJh, fiBQK wjZstg{oB ;whfynk^g[;seK s'A ;jkfJsk bJh rJh j?,T[BQK dh ft;fsqs ;{uh, fJ; gkm d/ nzs ’s/ doI ehsh rJh j?. i/eo ftfdnkoEh, fJ;ftP/ T[go j'o vz{xh ikDekoh jkf;b eoBk b'ud/ jB, sK T[j fJZE/ nZr/ fdZshnK rJhnKg[;seK dk nfXn?B th eoB.

114

gqPBktbh

gqPB 1H ftfrnkgB fbyDk, fJe ebk j? L ;gZPN eo'.

gqPB 2H j/mK fbfynK ftu'A fe;/ fJe pko/ ftfrnkgB fby' ns/ n\pko ftu SgD bJh, etfozrb?No th BZEh eo' L^

(T) ojkfJPh gbkN dh ftZeoh

(n) ;wkie^ftZE pDk e/ oy'

(J) d[ekB feokJ/ T[go d/D ;zpzXh

(;) g[;se^w/bk

gqPB 3H ni'e/ ;w/A ftu ftfrnkgBK dh pdbdh GkPk pko/, ;zy/g B'N fby'.

gqPB 4H w'pkfJb |'B ns/ ftfrnkgB dk go;go foPsk eh j? <

;jkfJe g[;se ;{uh

1H nP'e wjkiB, ftfrnkgB, (u"Ek ;z;eoD), 2008, jfonkDk ;kfjs nekdwh, gzue{bk.

2H vkH ftB'd r'do/, gq:'iBw{be fjzdh, 1991, wjkokPNo oki fjzdh ;kfjs nekdwh, pzpJh.

3H n?;Hn?;H fdbrho, iB;zgoe, 1986, gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh, gfNnkbk.

4H vhHnkoH ro'to, ;{uBk ;/tktK, 1993, gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh, gfNnkbk.

5H e/tb e[wko, wk; e"wBhe/PB fJB fJzvhnk, 2002, ikfJe', fdZbh.

6H n?BHn?bH Bkrgkb, ftfrnkgB L fvIkfJB s/ SgkJh ebk, 1995, gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh,gfNnkbk.

7H nB{g f;zx, ;zgkdB s/ gqekPB gqfefonk, 1994, gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh, gfNnkbk.

8H wfjzdo gqskg f;zx s/ ;/tk f;zx, ;zXoG s/ ;{uBk ;q's, 1994, gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh, gfNnkbk.

9H n?vhNo; nk| n?B;kfJeb'ghvhnk pqhN?fBek, pqhN?fBek o/vh o?coz;, n?B;kfJeb'ghvhnk,(fibd gfjbh), fJwgbf;;, BthA fdZbh.

10H gqhfwzro, n?b?Ae; s/ j'o, n?B;kfJeb'ghvhnk g'fJNoh n?Av g"fJfNe;, 1974, dh w?efwbBgq?; fbwfNv, bzvB.

115

11H fbNb ftbhnw s/ j'o, dh P'oNo nke;c"ov fJzrfbP fvePBoh, 1980, nke;c'ov.

12H cb"no;, o"io (;zgkH), J/ fvePBoh nk| wkvoB feqfNeb Now;, 1973, okio n?Av ehiBgkZb, bzvB.

13H noftzd e[wko, g~soeko n"o g~soekfosk gqhePD, 2002, ;kwfne, fdZbh.

14H Xho/Ado towk (;zgkH), fjzdh ;kfjs: e"P, ;zwsL 2020, frnkB wzvb fbwfNv, tkokD;h.

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