ART 3

• Modern Art Unit• “What is it?”• “A kindergardner could make that!”• “Why would anyone do THAT?”• -Jackson Pollock-Action Painter

Factors That Influence Art In Any Culture

• Geography Politics• Economics Society• Religion

Pre-HistoricArtwork was created to record

history and as a form of expression

Painting: Cave Paintings

Sculpture: Fetishes

Architecture: Post and Lintel

PREHISTORIC 35,000 BCE-2000 BCE

• Pre-historic art discovered from up to 35,000 years ago• Artwork was created to record history and as a form of

expression**• Cave paintings were oldest form of paint in a watercolor

medium*• Creation of post and lintel architectural forms – doorway

structures*• Caves of Lascaux - oldest known cave paintings

Altamira Spain

Fetish – protective spirit

Stonehenge

• Post and Lintel - based on religion• Giant carved stones - megaliths - based on religion• Fetishes - small carved stones• Petroglyphs - stone carvings

EGYPTIAN:Art of continuity, stability, and

order

Painting: Wall Painting, Heiroglyphics

Sculpture: Pharoahs, Sphinx

Architecture: Pyramids

EGYPTIAN 3000-800 BCArt of continuity, stability, and

order**-Pyramids, obelisk, heiroglyphics*

Religion based on resurrection of the soul in the spirit world

-Pharoahs were living gods in Old period

-Art had “rules” and did not change = established by priests for continuity, order, and eternity**-

Wall Painting

Heiroglyphics/wall carving, pharoahs, and sphinx

Pyramids

Obelisk & Heiroglyphics

GREEK Physical beauty over perfection

Painting: Vase Painting

Sculpture: Idealized Realism of God, Heros, Athletes

Architecture: 3 Decorative Orders, Temples

GREEK 800-100 BC

• Physical beauty over perfection=perfection of state through perfection of individual**

• Golden mean - Ideal proportion: developed by Greeks and used by Renaissance artists to modern day for composition*

• Architecture, sculpture, columns, vases*• Idealized realism and emotion

Pottery - Vases

Greek Sculpture

Idealized Realism – Archaic, Contrapposto, Gods, Athletes

3 Orders of Decorative Style*

Greek Architectural Orders

Acropolis

Parthenon on the Acropolis

ROMAN:Known for realism and character in their sculpture –

incorporated Greek developments – great architectrual and engineering achievements

Painting: Wall paintings/Frescoe

Sculpture: Realistic busts/Virism

Architecture: Arch, Aqueduct, Colloseum, Pantheon

ROMAN 500 BC-300ADKnown for realism and character in their sculpture – incorporated Greek

developments – great architectrual and engineering achievemnts**

• Greatest contribution was architecture and engineering• Government• Arch - rounded doorway – KEYSTONE*• Dome*• Aqueduct• Colliseum – gladiator games AD80

Pompeii Frescoes

Roman Sculpture

• Sculpture was known for its ordinary people =• Realism and character**• Minimum of idealizing**• Admired Greek art• Jesus, Mohammed

Sculpture portraits

Invention of Concrete

Vaults

Pantheon

Sarcophagus – burial of the deadwith onset of Christianity

Architecture and the arch

• Roman aqueduct*• Arch of Constantine

Roman Dome

• Hagia Sophia in Constantinople (Istanbul) Turkey built 532-537

Roman Arche

MEDIEVAL:Age of Faith

Painting: Illuminated Manuscripts

Mosaics

Sculpture: Ireland’s High Crosses

Architecture: Monasteries, Basilica Plan

EARLY CHRISTIANMEDIEVAL/Dark Ages

AGE OF FAITH: 500-1000AD

• Religious subject matter**• Bible, illuminated manuscripts, mosaics, castles*• Mosaics=compositions made up of tiny bits of stone or

glass - forerunner to stained glass windows• Present day languages, universities, libraries, bookmaking,

“Age of Faith”, monasteries

Illuminated ManuscriptsIllustrated pages of the bible

Modern-day illustration

Mosaics

Ireland’s Crosses

Monasteries

Basillica Plan

Catacombs

Pendentive

Hagia Sophia

ROMANESQUEIn the Roman Manner

(describes early medieval Euopean church architecture)

Intense period of church building

Painting: Murals

Sculpture: Portals, Reliquaries

Architecture: Pilgrimage Churches

Castles

ROMANESQUE 1050-1200AD• Intense period of church**

building - the beginning of churches as we know them today

• *Cathedrals were dark and heavy, with few windows

• Based on Basillica plan• Unchecked warfare led to

evolvement of castles

Basillica plan - Basillica

Castles

Cathedral interiors-Romanesque

• Crypt of cathedral: Burgandy, France• Interior: Toscany, Italy• Churches in middle of villages surrounded by

walls for protection

Mural replace Mosaics in Churches

Sculpture - Cloister

Sculpture -Reliquaries

Sculpture -Portals

Romanesque sculpture

Sculpture – relief carvings used to tell stories of the bible

• Bas relief carvings: Notre Dame

• Statue: Notre Dame

Pilgrimage Churches

Castles

GOTHIC:Name given by later critics meaning vulgar and

barbarian** because era did not hold true to Greek and Roman ideals

Painting: Stained Glass Windows

Sculpture: Church “Items” - Pulpit

Architecture: Pointed Arch, Flying Buttresses, Cathedrals

GOTHIC 1100-1400Name given by later critics meaning vulgar and barbarian** because era did not hold true to Greek and Roman ideals

• Move towards lightness and grace**• Growth of trade and cities• End to feudal system: main interest

Still Christianity

Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales

Gothic-Stained Glass Windows*

• Added light to cathedrals• Stories of the bible• Minerals added to molten glass to attain bold

colors

Gothic - Frescoepigment applied to wet plasterdevelopment of this painting

technique

Gothic Sculpture – Low Relief

Pulpit – Baptistery, Pisa

Gothic architecture*pointed arche, *stained glass

Gothic architecture*flying buttresses

Gothic Rib Vault

Sculpture -Portals

Nave elevations of 4 French Cathedrals

Gothic - Gargoyles

Cathedrals – St Denis

RENAISSANCE:Re-Birth: return to the classics of Greek and Roman

art

Painting: Perspective – 3 geniuses

Sculpture: Gates of Paradise

Architecture: Florence Cathedral

RENAISSANCE

• Re-Birth: return to the classics of Greek and Roman art**• High Renaissance: Ninja Turtles! – the 3 biggies• *Artistic geniuses: Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael• *Age of painting• *Oil Paint- invention of oil paint: completely opens up the world to

painting• *Perspective - creating depth on a 2-d surface• Artists raised to own class, instead of craftsmen• Philosophers, writers, scientists, and artists - principles based on

science and math• **Ballet/tap invented, invention of printing press, 12-note music scale

Sculpture – Baptistery Doors of Florence Cathedral - Ghiberti

Sculpture – Donatello-first free-standing nude since antiquity

-emphasis on naturalisme

Painting - Altarpieces

Botticelli – Birth of Venus-first painting of full-length female nude

since antiquity-established image of female beauty

Masaccio - Perspective in frescoes

Mantegna - Perspective

Book of Hours

Architecture - BrunelleschiFlorence Cathedral Dome

Brunelleschi

• Florence cathedral

High RenaissanceLEONARDO DaVINCI

• Artistic masters/geniuses** - 3 BIGGIES• Math genius• Scientific inventor

Leonardo DaVinci

• The Last Supper - Milan convent

• St. Jerome - Vatican museum

DaVinci - scienific studies

• Distance from Sun to Earth and size of the Moon

• Geometric Figure

Michaelangelo Buonoratti

• Sculptor• Painter• Artist to the Pope

Sistine Chapel Ceiling

Detail - Sistine Chapel Ceiling

Michaelangelo - sculptor

The Pieta

Raphael

Portraiture

• Double Portrait

• Self-Portrait

Religion

• St. Paul Preaching in Athens

• St. Paul and the Dragon

Giorgionne - Landscape

Michelangelo – Architecture -Laurentian Library Vestibule

NORTHERN RENAISSANCERenaissance ideals in Germany**

Albrecht Durer – Germany

Oil paint invented in Flanders, expressionism, satire*

Durer - Printmaking

Merode Altarpiece - Campin

MANNERISM- 1500s

• Italian = manner or style**• Revolt against the Renaissance- art of 16th

century**• Art appealing to the emotions – • -Distortion, acidic use of colors, twisted

positionioning, dramatic contrasts• Protestant Reformation*

Tintoretto

Entombment

El Greco

BAROQUE -1600s

• Exaggerated motion, overt emotion, drama, vivid contrast**

• Pushed by the Catholic church in response to the Protestant Reformation using direct and emotional involvement:

• Counter Reformation*• Aristocracy concerned with impressing

visitors – opulent• Shakespeare, Bach, Opera, Miltions

Paradise Lost, Contrapposto*• French Salon Soceity, Louis XIV,

Palace of Versaille*• -Rule by Divine Right

:

Rubens

• -Richness of color and ornamentation with emphasis on dynamic works that presented imagery in the most dramatic way possible

Bernini

Bernini

• “Faun Teased by Children”

“Neptune and Dolphin

Velasquez

Caravaggio

Caravaggio

• Boy Bitten by a Lizard

• David with the Head of Goliath

Borromini - architecture

Louis XIV

Palace of Versaille

DUTCH ART – 1600s

• “Genre Painting” - scenes from everyday life**• No market for religious paintings• Expressive work*• Patrons wanted works portraying their lives

Rembrandt van Rijn

Vermeer

Hals

ROCOCCO-1750 France

Reaction against grandeur of Baroque-King Louis XIV• Subjects of love and romance, playful and witty• Ornamental and decorative** • Like Baroque, with greater control and elegance• Academies (schools), Salons (art shows)*• French: rocaille=stone, coquilles=shells• Barroco=irregular pearl

Academies and Salon Shows

Academies = established art schools such as the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture in Paris. Provided instruction and sponsored exhibitions and exerted great

control over the art scene

Salons = annual exhibitions sponsored by the acedemies which were subsidized by the government and supported limited range of artistic freedom. The shows focused on

traditional subjects and highly polished techniques.

Watteau

• “The Pilgrimmage to Cythura”

• “Meeting in Open Air”

Fragonard

• “The Swing”

• “Loveletter”

NEO-CLASSICALlate 1700s

• Return to the classics of Greek and Roman art**

• Emphasis on subject and realistic style

• David’s “Oath of the Horatti”

• Era ushered in with the French Revolution

• Emphasized line, order, and cool detachment

Death of Marrat

ROMANTICISMLate 1700’s – mid 1800’s

• Reaction to the Industrial Revolution

• Revolt against aristocactic social and political norms.

• *Strong emotion as an authentic source of the aesthetic experience – horror, terror, awe

• Intuition and emotion over enlightened rationalism**

• French revolution• Exotic themes• Beethoven, Chopin, Wagner

ROMANTICISM

• Awe-inspiring *“fake” compositions based on nature**• Art periods become shorter and start to run together, and

artists span many “schools” due to longer life• Ideas came from writers and philosophers

Goya - Spanish

William Blake

Gericault

Gericault - French

Delacroix - French

Delacroix

Turner - English

Thomas Cole

Bierstadt

REALISM 1850-1900

• Reaction against Romanticism• Re-evaluation of reality where artists felt that only the things of ones

own lifetime are real• Depicted everyday life and the out-of-doors*• Disaproved of historical and fictional subjects because they were not

real and visible and therefore not of the present world• Painting in “pleine aire”*• Beginning of new techniques*

Courbet

Millet – The Gleaners

Daumier

Eduard MAnet

Bouguerreau